PKT?ۭ| [| [refs.MYDw~??@Larsen, K. Gilliland, J. Hess, P. Tucker, P. Irwin, J. He, M. Z.2009~The Influence of the Physical Environment and Sociodemographic Characteristics on Children's Mode of Travel to and From School520-526!American Journal of Public Health993california safe routes urban form active transportation built environment public-health food deserts walking neighborhood prevalence frameworkMar!Objectives. We examined whether certain characteristics of the social and physical environment influence a child's mode of travel between home and school. Methods. Students aged 11 to 13 years from 21 schools throughout London, Ontario, answered questions from a travel behavior survey. A geographic information system linked survey responses for 614 students who lived within 1 mile of school to data on social and physical characteristics of environments around the home and school. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the influence of environmental factors on mode of travel (motorized vs "active") to and from school. Results. Over 62% of students walked or hiked to school, and 72% from school to home. The likelihood of walking or biking to school was positively associated with shorter trips, male gender, higher land use mix, and presence of street trees. Active travel from school to home was also associated with lower residential densities and lower neighborhood incomes. Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate that active travel is associated with environmental characteristics and suggest that school planners should consider these factors when siting schools in order to promote increased physical activity among students. (Am J Public Health. 2009;99:520-526. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135319)!://WOS:000263808400026WLarsen, Kristian Gilliland, Jason Hess, Paul Tucker, Patricia Irwin, Jennifer He, MeiziWOS:00026380840002610.2105/ajph.2008.135319l~?@Andrews, C. J.20087Greenhouse gas emissions along the rural-urban gradient847-8700Journal of Environmental Planning and Management516Wglobal warming land use carbon accounting transect New Jersey energy use planners treesNovThis paper investigates how land use relates to greenhouse gas emissions, using data Sources that are readily available to municipal planners. It presents a causal framework linking settlement patterns to greenhouse gas emissions via landscape impacts (deforestation, carbon sequestration by soils and plants, urban heat island), infrastructure impacts (transportation-related emissions, waste management-related emissions, electric transmission and distribution losses) and buildings (residential, commercial). This is not a full accounting because it does not include impacts from industrial activities, agriculture and consumer behavior not related to land use, such as food consumption and air travel. Exploratory case studies of municipalities lying along a gradient of increasing Population density suggest that per-capita carbon dioxide emissions vary widely, following an inverted 'U' shape, with post-war Suburbs riding the pinnacle. Reflecting their central regional roles, municipalities with good jobs-to-housing ratios have higher per-capita emissions because they host both residential and commercial buildings. Buildings typically contribute more emissions than personal transportation. Vehicle-miles traveled per capita shrink most dramatically at very high population densities and where transit options exist. Changing land-use patterns is a political challenge because localism and outdated zoning ordinances Subvert regional solutions. Technical fixes, especially green buildings, must be part of the solution.!://WOS:000262849800008Andrews, Clinton J.WOS:00026284980000810.1080/09640560802423780;~?Donovan, G. H. Butry, D. T.2010;Trees in the city: Valuing street trees in Portland, Oregon77-83Landscape and Urban Planning942Street trees Urban forestry Hedonic valuation Portland Oregon on-the-market urban forest property-values amenity value prices time impact sales greenFebwWe use a hedonic price model to simultaneously estimate the effects of street trees on the sales price and the time-on-market (TOM) of houses in Portland, Oregon. On average, street trees add $8870 to sales price and reduce TOM by 1.7 days. In addition. we found that the benefits of street trees spill over to neighboring houses. Because the provision and maintenance of street trees in Portland is the responsibility of adjacent property owners, our results suggest that if the provision of street trees is left solely to homeowners, then there will be too few street trees from a societal perspective. Published by Elsevier B.V.!://WOS:000274605400002$Donovan, Geoffrey H. Butry, David T.WOS:000274605400002!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.07.019~?*Burley, S. Robinson, S. L. Lundholm, J. T.20085Post-hurricane vegetation recovery in an urban forest111-122Landscape and Urban Planning852seed bank regeneration disturbance soil succession management new-york-state seed-bank catastrophic wind old-growth boreal forest plant-communities gap regeneration deciduous forest north-carolina nova-scotiaAprUrban forests are increasingly vulnerable to catastrophic disturbance, and their isolation and human use may challenge the ability of vegetation to recover spontaneously. We examined vegetation responses to recent hurricane disturbance in a temperate mixedwood urban forest: Point Pleasant Park in Halifax, Nova Scotia, which suffered over 70% canopy loss during Hurricane Juan in fall 2003. In 2005 we surveyed 30 paired plots with disturbed and intact tree canopies to assess early regeneration patterns and seed banks. Native early successional tree species dominated seed bank and seedling layers. Soil properties were similar between intact and disturbed urban plots and local reference forests, thus long-term woody debris removal, hurricane disturbance and subsequent clean-up activities have not caused substantial soil degradation. Non-native species were not abundant throughout the park but were concentrated at the park boundary adjacent to residential neighbourhoods. The results of this study suggest that urban forests can show natural successional trajectories after catastrophic disturbance, and management is probably not necessary for forest recovery in Point Pleasant Park. Conversely, intervention to speed up regeneration of shade-tolerant canopy species may be desired by local citizens, so managers will have to balance conflicting values in developing a restoration plan for the park. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:0002552339000044Burley, Scott Robinson, Sarah L. Lundholm, Jeremy T.WOS:000255233900004!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.10.003/~?;Payton, S. Lindsey, G. Wilson, J. Ottensmann, J. R. Man, J.2008DValuing the benefits of the urban forest: a spatial hedonic approach717-7360Journal of Environmental Planning and Management516spatial econometrics urban forest benefits housing prices hedonic model urban form land use residential property-values house prices land-use open space amenities vegetationNovThis paper measures the benefits of the urban forest by examining its effect on housing prices. A Geographic Information System is used to develop a measure of the urban forest, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, from satellite imagery and to construct other variables from a variety Of Sources. Spatial hedonic housing price models for the Indianapolis/Marion County area are estimated. The models indicate that greener vegetation around a property has a positive, significant effect on housing price, holding everything else constant. This effect is dominated by measures at the neighborhood level. These findings indicate that property owners value the urban forest, Lit least in part, by the premium they pay to live in neighborhoods with greener, denser vegetation. These findings also indicate that public action to maintain and enhance the urban forest may be warranted. Planners and urban foresters can use these findings to inform public and policy debates over urban forestry programs and proposals.!://WOS:000262849800001FPayton, Seth Lindsey, Greg Wilson, Jeff Ottensmann, John R. Man, JoyceWOS:00026284980000110.1080/096405608024235097~?$Cho, S. H. Kim, S. G. Roberts, R. K.2011oValues of environmental landscape amenities during the 2000-2006 real estate boom and subsequent 2008 recession71-910Journal of Environmental Planning and Management541environmental amenity landscape real estate boom recession spatial hedonic model open space price indexes repeat-sales urban sprawl model selection consumer marketThis research suggests that consumers' marginal willingness to pay for environmental landscape attributes, such as water view, developed open space and forest-land open space, decreased during the 2008 recession compared to the 2000-2006 real estate boom. Estimates were obtained from a spatial hedonic housing price model after controlling for household location patterns and structural differences between the periods. Because the decline in amenity values was probably due to a temporary deterioration in economic conditions, the amenity values will probably rebound with economic recovery. Thus, development decisions based on the lower estimated amenity values measured during a temporary deterioration in economic conditions may be determined suboptimal post-economic recovery.!://WOS:0002846289000054Cho, Seong-Hoon Kim, Seung Gyu Roberts, Roland K. SiWOS:00028462890000510.1080/09640568.2010.502760 ~?$Lee, S. W. Taylor, P. D. Hong, S. K.2008fModerating effect of forest cover on the effect of proximity to chemical facilities on property values171-176Landscape and Urban Planning862moderation effects trees vegetation tax base property values geographic information systems (GIs) toxics release inventory (TRI) urban forest house prices open spaces inner-city land-use impact neighborhood vegetation amenities recoveryMay/Numerous studies on housing markets indicate that neighborhood amenities such as trees and open space increase property values while the presence of hazardous facilities, pollution and flooding risks decreases housing prices. However, previous studies have focused on the direct impacts of neighborhood characteristics on housing prices using the Hedonic Price Model (HPM). Potential interactive relationships among neighborhood characteristics have not been clearly tested. This study examines direct impacts of urban forest on property values and indirect impact on the relationship between Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) chemical facilities and tax base property values in Tarrant County, Texas. Distance to hazardous chemical sites and the amount of foliage coverage within neighborhoods are measured using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and regressed to tax base property values. To test the indirect impact of trees coverage on the relationship between TRI sites and property values, the moderation model is examined with more foliage coverage (MF) parcels and less foliage coverage (LF) parcels. The empirical result of this study confirms the findings of previous studies suggesting negative influences of hazardous facilities, and positive effects from trees on housing prices. Furthermore, this study uncovers that amount of tree coverage within a neighborhood have an indirect impact on housing values. Specifically, trees in neighborhood environments significantly reduce the negative influence of distance to TRI hazardous chemical facilities. Negative influences of TRI hazardous chemical facilities appear not to be significant in many-treed neighborhoods while hazardous chemical facilities show negative influences on housing values in neighborhoods less-covered by trees. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000256568100007,Lee, Sang-Woo Taylor, Pat D. Hong, Sung-KwonWOS:000256568100007!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.02.002r~? Zhu, P. Y. Zhang, Y. Q.20080Demand for urban forests in United States cities293-300Landscape and Urban Planning843-4population growth economic development urban land value urban forests United States local public-goods residential property air-quality trees values pricesMarExtensive economic investigations have shown a variety of benefits derived from urban forests, but study on demand for urban forests remains limited. This study investigates the impact of selected potential factors on the demand for urban forests at the city level. An empirical economic model is used to examine and estimate the demand for urban forests in all cities with population over 100,000 in the United States. The empirical findings suggest that the demand for urban forests is elastic with respect to price and highly responsive to changes in income. Urban forest area increases as total population grows but at a lower rate than population growth. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000253749800011Zhu, Pengyu Zhang, YaoqiWOS:000253749800011!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.09.005~?MArcher, K. L. Bratton, S.2010[Forest Succession and Grazing in William Cameron Park, an Urban Natural Area in Waco, Texas39-51Castanea7515landscape determinants prairies remnant pattern coverMarWilliam Cameron Park is a 166 ha civic park located at the confluence of the Brazos and Basque Rivers in Waco, Texas. During the pre-settlement period (first contact-1849), an oak-red cedar forest flourished on the ridge-top. In the early settlement phase (18491910), villagers cleared much of the ridge-top for logging and later for grazing. During the late settlement period (1910-present-day), vegetative cover increased markedly after the dedication of Cameron Park released ridge-top pastures. This release event resulted in delayed and differential regeneration of forest cover, first in Juniperus spp. and then in broadleaved species. Regeneration of deciduous species not only occurred after that of Juniperus spp. but initially followed historic fence-lines. Broadleaf species moved into the interiors of former pastures only within the last few decades, first in species such as Ulmus crassifolia and Quercus sinuuta and later in Fraxinus texensis. The oldest ridge-top trees were Quercus fusiformis, whose size and canopy shape indicated that early settlers frequently left them to act as shade trees within pastures. Though invasion by exotic species is a management concern, historic sources reported that exotic plants, such as Ligustrum spp. were uncommon in the early 20th century. Current successional trends indicate that invasive species and anthropogenic pressures will prevent the forest's vegetation from returning to a historic species distribution.!://WOS:000277862100003!Archer, Kenna Lang Bratton, SusanWOS:000277862100003~? .Netusil, N. R. Chattopadhyay, S. Kovacs, K. F.2010`Estimating the Demand for Tree Canopy: A Second-Stage Hedonic Price Analysis in Portland, Oregon281-293Land Economics862cspatial dependence property-values amenity value urban forest air-quality open spaces impact modelsMaypThe benefits of large patches of tree canopy are estimated by applying a hedonic price model to the sale of single-family residential properties in Portland, Oregon. The first-stage analysis provides evidence of diminishing returns from increasing tree canopy past a certain level. The second-stage analysis uses a survey of property owners' preferences and socioeconomic characteristics to overcome the problem of endogeneity. Average benefit estimates for the mean canopy cover within XI mile of properties in the study area, using the second-stage model, are between 0.75% and 2.52% of the mean sale price. (JEL Q21, Q51)!://WOS:0002764809000058Netusil, Noelwah R. Chattopadhyay, Sudip Kovacs, Kent F.WOS:000276480900005~?cNemec, K. T. Allen, C. R. Alai, A. Clements, G. Kessler, A. C. Kinsell, T. Major, A. Stephen, B. J.2011_Woody Invasions of Urban Trails and the Changing Face of Urban Forests in the Great Plains, USA241-256American Midland Naturalist1652united-states ecosystem services lonicera-maackii species invasion acer-platanoides plant invasions seed predators nest predation exotic shrubs landscapeApr$Corridors such as roads and trails can facilitate invasions by non-native plant species. The open, disturbed habitat associated with corridors provides favorable growing conditions for many non-native plant species. Bike trails are a corridor system common to many urban areas that have not been studied for their potential role in plant invasions. We sampled five linear segments of urban forest along bike trails in Lincoln, Nebraska to assess the invasion of woody non-native species relative to corridors and to assess the composition of these urban forests. The most abundant plant species were generally native species, but five non-native species were also present: white mulberry (Morus alba), common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) and elm (Ulmus spp.). The distribution of two of the woody species sampled, common buckthorn and honeysuckle, significantly decreased with increasing distance from a source patch of vegetation (P = 0.031 and 0.030). These linear habitats are being invaded by non-native tree and shrub species, which may change the structure of these urban forest corridors. If non-native woody plant species become abundant in the future, they may homogenize the plant community and reduce native biodiversity in these areas.!://WOS:000289222700004Nemec, Kristine T. Allen, Craig R. Alai, Aaron Clements, Greg Kessler, Andrew C. Kinsell, Travis Major, Annabel Stephen, Bruce J.WOS:000289222700004~?)Dobbs, C. Escobedo, F. J. Zipperer, W. C.2011OA framework for developing urban forest ecosystem services and goods indicators196-206Landscape and Urban Planning993-4Urban ecosystem Urban soils Ecosystem services Disservices Florida air-pollution composite indicators vegetation soils landscape prices health cities areas usaMarThe social and ecological processes impacting on urban forests have been studied at multiple temporal and spatial scales in order to help us quantify, monitor, and value the ecosystem services that benefit people. Few studies have comprehensively analyzed the full suite of ecosystem services, goods (ESG), and ecosystem disservices provided by an urban forest. Indicators, however, are one approach that could be used to better understand the structure of an urban forest, the suite of ESG provided by urban forests, and their influence on human well-being using a simple, innovative and repeatable metric. This study presents a framework for developing indicators using field data, an urban forest functional model, and the literature. Urban tree and soil indicators for groups of ecosystem functions were used to statistically analyze the effects of urban morphology and socioeconomics on urban forest ESG. Findings show that the most influential ESG indicators were tree cover, soil pH, and soil organic matter. Indicators were significantly influenced by land use and time since urbanization, while analyses of property values and household income did not yield any particularly significant results. The indicators presented in this paper present a first approach to non-monetary valuation of urban forest ESG and can be used to develop urban forest structure management goals and to monitor the effects of urban greening policies on human well-being. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:0002871210000029Dobbs, Cynnamon Escobedo, Francisco J. Zipperer, Wayne C.WOS:000287121000002!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.11.004~?GLandry, S. M. Chakraborty, J.2009PStreet trees and equity: evaluating the spatial distribution of an urban amenity 2651-2670Environment and Planning A4111uenvironmental justice inner-city political ecology land uses accessibility vegetation access air neighborhoods forestNovUWhile urban disamenities and pollution sources have received considerable attention in environmental justice research, few studies have examined sociospatial inequities associated with the distribution of desirable land uses. In this paper we focus on addressing this limitation by investigating the environmental equity implications of street trees-an important publicly financed amenity that provides several direct and indirect benefits to urban residents. The specific objective was to determine if the spatial distribution of public right-of-way trees is equitable with respect to race and ethnicity, income, and housing tenure in the city of Tampa, Florida, USA. We seek to extend research on equity analysis of urban amenities through several methodological innovations, including: (a) accounting for the heterogeneity of urban land use; (b) utilizing high-resolution remote sensing techniques to quantify parcel-specific tree cover; and (c) using multivariate regression models that control for spatial dependence within the data. The results support the inequity hypothesis by indicating a significantly lower proportion of tree cover on public right-of-way in neighborhoods containing a higher proportion of African-Americans, low-income residents, and renters. These findings have important implications for local public investment and policy strategies.!://WOS:000272493400009%Landry, Shawn M. Chakraborty, JayajitWOS:00027249340000910.1068/a41236&~?5McPherson, E. G. Simpson, J. R. Xiao, Q. F. Wu, C. X.2011=Million trees Los Angeles canopy cover and benefit assessment40-50Landscape and Urban Planning991~Ecosystem services Urban forestry Tree canopy cover Tree benefits urban forest california vegetation health asthma costs areasJanAThe Million Trees LA initiative intends to improve Los Angeles's environment through planting and stewardship of 1 million trees. The purpose of this study was to measure Los Angeles's existing tree canopy cover (TCC), determine if space exists for 1 million additional trees, and estimate future benefits from the planting. High-resolution QuickBird remote sensing data, aerial photographs, and geographic information systems were used to classify land cover types, measure TCC, and identify potential tree planting sites. Benefits were forecast for planting of 1 million trees between 2006 and 2010, and their growth and mortality were projected until 2040. Two scenarios reflected low (17%) and high (56%) mortality rates. Numerical models were used with geographic data and tree size information for coastal and inland climate zones to calculate annual benefits and their monetary value. Los Angeles's existing TCC was 21%, and ranged from 7 to 37% by council district. There was potential to add 2.5 million additional trees to the existing population of approximately 10.8 million, but only 1.3 million of the potential tree sites are deemed realistic to plant. Benefits for the 1-million-tree planting for the 35-year period were $1.33 billion and $1.95 billion for the high- and low-mortality scenarios, respectively. Average annual benefits were $38 and $56 per tree planted. Eighty-one percent of total benefits were aesthetic/other, 8% were stormwater runoff reduction, 6% energy savings, 4% air quality improvement, and less than 1% atmospheric carbon reduction. Published by Elsevier B.V.!://WOS:000285179500005@McPherson, E. Gregory Simpson, James R. Xiao, Qingfu Wu, ChunxiaWOS:000285179500005!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.08.011 ~?%Greene, C. S. Millward, A. A. Ceh, B.2011Who is likely to plant a tree? The use of public socio-demographic data to characterize client participants in a private urban forestation program29-38Urban Forestry & Urban Greening101Non-profit organization Participation Private property Residential tree planting Private property Toronto united-states shade trees forestry vegetation reduction attitudes patterns behavior toronto canadaCity trees, and the ecosystems of which they are a part, provide important benefits to urban residents. In many cities across North America, suitable locations for the planting of trees - expansion of the urban forest - are mostly confined to privately owned land. Our primary motivation for conducting this study was to investigate whether aggregate socio-demographic characteristics, represented geographically by census tract, have explanatory value concerning participation in a large urban forestation program. Specifically, we used 2006 Statistics Canada census data and known geographic locations of participants in a privately administered urban forestation program to conduct a two-stage multiple regression analysis for East York, Etobicoke, Markham, North York, Scarborough, Toronto, and York (all densely populated centres within the Greater Toronto Area of southern Ontario, Canada). A priori assumptions about program participants were evaluated first based on a review of the literature and through solicitation of expert opinion. The second step employed an exploratory data analysis approach to identify variables that may have differed from a priori assumptions. Results indicate that there are marked regional differences in both the a priori assumptions, as well as in the variables identified through the exploratory regression analysis. The explanatory ability of the baseline regression model is strongest for East York and weakest for Markham, whereas the ability to explain program participation using the exploratory regression model is strongest for Markham and weakest for North York. While participation of Toronto and York residents is largely explained by a dwelling-specific variable (the number of homes constructed pre-1946), the participation of Markham residents is typified by a gender-specific income variable (the number of females reporting a gross income range of $50 to <$60k). Beyond provision of location-specific client information, our study presents a methodological framework that is of value to the refinement of current forestation efforts and to future target marketing of similar initiatives. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.!://WOS:0002890243000055Greene, Christopher S. Millward, Andrew A. Ceh, BrianWOS:00028902430000510.1016/j.ufug.2010.11.004~?B&Lange, E. Hehl-Lange, S. Brewer, M. J.2008fScenario-visualization for the assessment of perceived green space qualities at the urban-rural fringe245-256#Journal of Environmental Management8933D visualization Scenarios Survey Green space Landscape perception Esthetic, recreational and ecological values landscape view information realism forest limits parkNovThe provision of green space is increasingly being perceived as an important factor for quality of life. However, green spaces often face high developmental pressure. The main objective of this study is to investigate a prospective approach to green space planning by combining three-dimensional (3D) visualization of green space scenarios and survey techniques to facilitate improved participation of the public. Aside from the 'Status quo', scenarios 'Agriculture', 'Recreation', 'Nature conservation' and 'Wind turbines' are visualized ill three dimensions. In order to test responses, a survey was conducted both in print format and on the Internet. Overall, 49 different visualizations that belong to one of the scenarios were available in the survey and were rated according to the perceived esthetic, recreational and ecological values. The highest rated scenes include vegetation elements such as meadows with orchards, single trees, shrubs or forest. The least attractive scenes are those where buildings are highly dominant or where there are no vegetation elements. Based on the ratings for the individual images and on the corresponding scenarios, our stud), shows that there is high potential for improving the existing landscape. All suggested changes are either rated about equal to or considerably, higher than the status quo, with the scenario 'Nature conservation' receiving the highest scores. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:0002598806000103Lange, Eckart Hehl-Lange, Sigrid Brewer, Mark J. SiWOS:00025988060001010.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.061 ~?Smith, D. A. Gehrt, S. D.2010BBat Response to Woodland Restoration within Urban Forest Fragments914-923Restoration Ecology186Anabat bat activity buckthorn invasive species prescribed fire restoration canonical correspondence-analysis foraging insectivorous bats habitat use boreal forest landscape communities disturbance selection patterns featuresNovIn urban environments, woodland areas are typically fragmented and subject to invasive species encroachment, woody overgrowth, and natural succession. In response to negative impacts, conservationists and land managers have implemented restoration strategies to enhance the integrity of woodlands. Because woodland habitat is important for bats (Order Chiroptera), alterations to forest structures may affect how bats utilize forest fragments in urban environments. We evaluated relationships among restoration efforts, microhabitat characteristics and overall bat activity, and interspecific variation among bats in response to woodland characteristics. We monitored bats in nine woodland forest preserves representing various stages of restoration within the Chicago metropolitan area in 2004 and 2005. Overall bat activity was positively related to prescribed burning, invasive species removal, and small tree density (7.7-20 cm dbh) and inversely related to shrub density and clutter at 0-6 m heights. There was interspecific variation in response to alterations in woodland structure, with Lasiurus borealis (L. borealis) positively associated with small and medium (20.1-33 cm) tree densities and inversely related to clutter at 0-9 m; Myotis spp. positively associated with canopy cover, clutter at 6-9 m, and small and medium tree densities; and Lasionycteris noctivagans (L. noctivagans) positively associated with more open forests. Eptesicus fuscus (E. fuscus) activity was not strongly associated with any measured vegetation variable. Our results demonstrate bats positively respond to some forms of woodland restoration in urban landscapes. However, species-specific responses to vegetation differed and should be taken into consideration when developing management plans.!://WOS:000283718000015!Smith, Debra A. Gehrt, Stanley D.WOS:000283718000015 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2009.00538.x~?Millward, A. A. Sabir, S.2010IStructure of a forested urban park: Implications for strategic management 2215-2224#Journal of Environmental Management9111_Forested urban park STRATUM i-Tree Leaf area Age structure Strategic management leaf-area treesNov7Informed management of urban parks can provide optimal conditions for tree establishment and growth and thus maximize the ecological and aesthetic benefits that trees provide. This study assesses the structure, and its implications for function, of the urban forest in Allan Gardens, a 6.1 ha downtown park in the City of Toronto, Canada, using the Street Tree Resource Analysis Tool for Urban Forest Managers (STRATUM). Our goal is to present a framework for collection and analysis of baseline data that can inform a management strategy that would serve to protect and enhance this significant natural asset. We found that Allan Garden's tree population, while species rich (43), is dominated by maple (Acer spp.) (48% of all park trees), making it reliant on very few species for the majority of its ecological and aesthetic benefits and raising disease and pest-related concerns. Age profiles (using size as a proxy) showed a dominance of older trees with an inadequate number of individuals in the young to early middle age cohort necessary for short- to medium-term replacement. Because leaf area represents the single-most important contributor to urban tree benefits modelling, we calculated it separately for every park tree, using hemispheric photography, to document current canopy condition. These empirical measurements were lower than estimates produced by STRATUM, especially when trees were in decline and lacked full canopies, highlighting the importance of individual tree condition in determining leaf area and hence overall forest benefits. Stewardship of natural spaces within cities demands access to accurate and timely resource-specific data. Our work provides an uncomplicated approach to the acquisition and interpretation of these data in the context of a forested urban park. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000281459400014 Millward, Andrew A. Sabir, SennaWOS:00028145940001410.1016/j.jenvman.2010.06.006~??Abd-Elrahman, A. H. Thornhill, M. E. Andreu, M. G. Escobedo, F.2010hA community-based urban forest inventory using online mapping services and consumer-grade digital images249-260EInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation124i-Tree UFORE Web mapping Community involvement Digital image Photogrammetry close-range photogrammetry self-calibration camerasAugCommunity involvement in gathering and submitting spatially referenced data via web mapping applications has recently been gaining momentum. Urban forest inventory data analyzed by programs such as the i-Tree ECO inventory method is a good candidate for such an approach. In this research, we tested the feasibility of using spatially referenced data gathered and submitted by non-professional individuals through a web application to augment urban forest inventory data. We examined the use of close range photogrammetry solutions of images taken by consumer-grade cameras to extract quantitative metric information such as crown diameter, tree heights and trunk diameters. Several tests were performed to evaluate the accuracy of the photogrammetric solutions and to examine their use in addition to existing aerial image data to supplement or partially substitute for standard i-Tree ECO field measurements. Digital images of three sample sites were acquired using different consumer-grade cameras. Several photogrammetric solutions were performed using the acquired image sets. Each model was carried out using a relative orientation process followed by baseline model scaling. Several distances obtained through this solution were compared to the corresponding distances obtained through direct measurements in order to assess the quality of the model scaling approach. Measured i-Tree ECO field plot inventory data, online aerial image measurements and photogrammetric observations were compared. The results demonstrate the potential for using aerial image digitizing in addition to ground images to assist in participatory urban forest inventory efforts. Published by Elsevier B.V.!://WOS:000279207600004NAbd-Elrahman, Amr H. Thornhill, Mary E. Andreu, Michael G. Escobedo, FranciscoWOS:00027920760000410.1016/j.jag.2010.03.003 ~?0Bentsen, P. Lindholst, A. C. Konijnendijk, C. C.2010UReviewing eight years of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening: Taking stock, looking ahead273-280Urban Forestry & Urban Greening94Green space Research review Scientific journal Urban forest Urban green space management landscape countries ecology space needs Since its launch in 2002, the journal Urban Forestry & Urban Greening (UFUG) has welcomed research from a range of disciplines and perspectives, with the aim of enlarging the body of knowledge on topics related to use, planning, design, values, and establishment of urban and pen-urban woody and non-woody vegetation. Here, we present a review of all scientific contributions published in the journal's first eight volumes (159 in all), and provide suggestions for improving the future content of UFUG. A framework for review was developed based on the journal's Aims and Scope, which set out the journal's ambitions related to, e.g. scientific diversity and international scope. The journal's achievements until now were assessed by analysing all scientific contributions for type of paper, type of green space, research theme, type of science, research method(s), and nationality of first author. Our review shows that the large majority of the contributions have been research papers. Regarding type of green space studied or considered, the overall green structure, woodland, as well as trees have been well covered, with parks having been studied much less. When looking at research themes, UFUG's envisaged variety of topics is evident. The physicality of green space, green space management, and the experience of green space have been given most attention, with less attention for valuation and governance aspects. Most UFUG contributions have been rooted in the social or natural sciences, with about one fifth of all papers involving more than one discipline, and the humanities being almost absent. Scientific diversity can also be seen from the wide range of research methods applied. The journal lives up to its international scope, with a large number of countries present. However, most first authors have been based in Europe and North America, with the USA and Scandinavia being particularly dominant. For the further development of the fields of urban forestry and urban greening, it is important that UFUG helps foster scientific debate and advancement. This will require greater focus on review papers, meta-studies, short communications, and on theoretical and methodological issues in general. Thematically, several relevant topics within urban forestry and urban greening, such as organisational aspects of green space management, could be given more attention. Also, normative issues such as the common understanding of 'green' as something inherently 'good' need to be addressed more critically. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000286792300001=Bentsen, Peter Lindholst, A. Christian Konijnendijk, Cecil C.WOS:00028679230000110.1016/j.ufug.2010.06.003~?7Rines, D. Kane, B. Dennis, H. Ryan, P. Kittredge, D. B.2010=Urban forestry priorities of Massachusetts (USA) tree wardens295-301Urban Forestry & Urban Greening94OUrban forest management Volunteers 50 united-states community forestry programsIAs part of a survey we sent to tree wardens (individuals responsible for public trees) in communities in Massachusetts, USA, we examined which urban forest management tools and activities were most important to tree wardens themselves. Tree wardens generally agreed that inter-departmental communication and Chapter 87 (a state law promulgating the powers of a tree warden) were more important than having a qualified tree warden, an advocacy/advisory group, or a management plan (measures recognized by the USDA Forest Service in the Community Accomplishment Reporting System). Nearly all tree wardens prioritized removing dead and hazard trees. We discuss management implications of our results, paying particular attention to the importance of state laws in supporting urban forest management. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000286792300003@Rines, David Kane, Brian Dennis, H. Ryan, P. Kittredge, David B.WOS:00028679230000310.1016/j.ufug.2010.06.006 $~?ACTidball, K. G. Krasny, M. E. Svendsen, E. Campbell, L. Helphand, K.20108Stewardship, learning, and memory in disaster resilience591-609 Environmental Education Research165-6resilience communities of practice civic ecology urban stewardship memory disaster social learning adaptive comanagement management knowledge evolution recovery context systems waterIn this contribution, we propose and explore the following hypothesis: civic ecology practices, including urban community forestry, community gardening, and other self-organized forms of stewardship of green spaces in cities, are manifestations of how memories of the role of greening in healing can be instrumentalized through social learning to foster social-ecological system (SES) resilience following crisis and disaster. Further, we propose that civic ecology communities of practice within and across cities help to leverage these memories into effective practices, and that these communities of practice serve as urban iterations of the collaborative and adaptive management practices that play a role in SES resilience in more rural settings. We present two urban examples to build support for this hypothesis: the Living Memorials Project in post-9/11 New York City, and community forestry in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. These cases demonstrate what we refer to as a memorialization mechanism that leads to feedbacks critical to SES resilience. The process begins immediately after a crisis, when a spontaneous and collective memorialization of lost ones through gardening and tree planting ensues, following which a community of practice emerges to act upon and apply these memories to social learning about greening practices. This in turn may lead to new kinds of learning, including about collective efficacy and ecosystem services production, through a kind of feedback between remembering, learning, and enhancing individual, social, and environmental well-being. This process, in the case of greening in cities, may confer SES resilience, through contributing to both psychological-social resistance and resilience and ecosystem benefits.!://WOS:000283318900009YTidball, Keith G. Krasny, Marianne E. Svendsen, Erika Campbell, Lindsay Helphand, KennethWOS:00028331890000910.1080/13504622.2010.505437~?Wolf, K. L. Kruger, L. E.2010AUrban Forestry Research Needs: A Participatory Assessment Process39-44Journal of Forestry1081Purban forestry urban ecology research assessment Delphi method Pacific NorthwestJan-Feb9New research initiatives focusing on urban ecology and natural resources are underway Such programs coincide with increased local government action in urban forest planning and management, adivities that are enhanced by scientific knowledge. This project used a participatory stakeholder process to explore and understand urban forestry research and technology transfer needs in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The approach can be readily used for any geographic region or metropolitan area. A two-phase, abbreviated Delphi process was conducted, inviting input from urban forestry professionals, academics, and agency-based managers. Research issues were identified and prioritized within three themes: urban forest resource, resource management, and community framework. The results serve as a stakeholder relevant research framework to guide science proposals for funding initiatives of regional and national levels. Notable is major support by respondents for a better understanding of the transactional dynamics of human systems and urban natural resources.!://WOS:000273621000008"Wolf, Kathleen L. Kruger, Linda E.WOS:000273621000008|~? 2Staudhammer, C. L. Escobedo, F. Luley, C. Bond, J.2009PPatterns of Urban Forest Debris from the 2004 and 2005 Florida Hurricane Seasons193-196$Southern Journal of Applied Forestry334eemergency management i-Tree ordinary kriging debris removal costs urban forest management wind damageNovUrban tree debris generation and damage resulting from seven hurricanes during the 2004 and 2005 Florida hurricane seasons was analyzed using a random sample of communities in highly affected counties. Woody debris amounts, rates, and costs for cleanup were quantified, as were the spatial patterns of damage across the state. Average debris volume per mile of street segment was 488 cubic yards, and cost of removal and disposal averaged $21.50 per cubic yard. Urban forest structure, community characteristics, and hurricane severity influenced debris and cost results. Spatial analyses indicated that debris results were clustered into northwest and southeast areas of the state, which represent two distinct ecoregions in Florida. Although southeastern Florida had much higher costs per cubic yard than the northwest, the debris volume per road mile was higher in the northwest portion of the state. On a per-mile basis, Hurricane Ivan was responsible for the greatest debris volume, and Hurricane Katrina was the most expensive. These results can be used to help communities plan for hurricane response and management activities and to estimate potential damage to their urban forest resource.!://WOS:000272012700007LStaudhammer, Christina L. Escobedo, Francisco Luley, Christopher Bond, JerryWOS:000272012700007~?!Jim, C. Y. Chen, W. Y.2009:Ecosystem services and valuation of urban forests in China187-194Cities264Urban forest Ecosystem service Economic value Contingent valuation Hedonic pricing Recreation value Amenity value China contingent valuation guangzhou china citygreen model green spaces trees city amenities emissions impacts pricesAugUrban forests are integral components of urban ecosystems, which could generate significant ecosystem services, such as offsetting carbon emission, removing air pollutants, regulating the microclimate, and recreation. These ecosystem services contribute to improving environmental quality, quality of life, and sustainable urban development. Despite a long history of inserting vegetation in human settlements in China, modern scientific study of this natural-cum-cultural resource did not start until the 1990s. Specifically, the identification and valuation Of ecosystem services provided by urban forests are relatively new but fast growing research fields. This paper reviews studies on the major ecosystem services provided by urban forests in China, including microclimatic amelioration (mainly evapotranspiration-cooling effects), carbon dioxide sequestration, oxygen generation, removal of gaseous and particulate Pollutants, recreational and amenity. Various valuation techniques have been applied, most of which are still at the embryonic stage. There are rooms to improve the research scope and methods. Some pertinent research gaps and implications on current and future development of urban forestry in China were distilled from the research findings. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000268657400002Jim, C. Y. Chen, Wendy Y.WOS:00026865740000210.1016/j.cities.2009.03.003 Lurban trees; Acer campestre; Average lifespan; Mean life expectancy; Mortality; Population half-life; Survivorship curveLow street treenext term survival rates and the resulting short lifespans are frequently discussed~?# Whitehead, M.2009_The Wood for the Trees: Ordinary Environmental Injustice and the Everyday Right to Urban Nature662-6814International Journal of Urban and Regional Research3335geography life archaeology ecology forest things cityXThis article explores the potential for a more ordinary sense of urban environmental justice. While great progress has been made over the last 30 years in connecting environmental politics to the everyday concerns of urban residents, this article claims that the urbanization of environmentalism has produced a very narrow sense of what everyday forms of justice may be. Drawing on a Lefebvrian-inspired interpretation of everyday life, this article exposes a residual set of ordinary socio-ecological injustices that persist in urban space. While rarely addressed in either environmental politics or urban policy, this article claims that these expressions of ordinary injustice have a significant impact on the capabilities of disadvantaged urban communities to live out a full life. Drawing on the case of the Black Country Urban Forest in the English West Midlands - the largest urban woodland project in the UK - analysis considers how the spatial location and scalar constitution of the project appear to draw attention to the spaces of ordinary environmental neglect in cities. Further analysis shows, however, that the desire to address simultaneously questions of social and ecological injustice, which is typical in such large-scale urban greening initiatives, can actually compromise the ability of such schemes to resolve ordinary forms of urban injustice.!://WOS:000270588100005Whitehead, MarkWOS:000270588100005 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00862.x~?$(Seeland, K. Dubendorfer, S. Hansmann, R.2009Making friends in Zurich's urban forests and parks: The role of public green space for social inclusion of youths from different cultures10-17Forest Policy and Economics111Leisure activities Urban green space Urban forest Social inclusion Youth Cross-cultural friendships Switzerland community sustainability leisure places integration context growJanAIntegrating the distinct cultures of foreign resident youths is a challenge for Swiss political and educational institutions. An empirical survey of pupils (n=437) and teachers in selected schools of the city and metropolitan area of Zurich investigated leisure activities in urban forests and public green spaces for their potential to facilitate social interaction between Swiss and immigrant young people. Patterns of socialising and making friends in these outdoor locations were found to differ depending on age, school level, gender and the percentage of immigrants in each residential area. Public urban green spaces were found to play an important role for children and youths in making contacts and friends across cultures, which is considered a prerequisite for social inclusion. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:0002622066000021Seeland, Klaus Dubendorfer, Sabine Hansmann, RalfWOS:00026220660000210.1016/j.forpol.2008.07.005~?%Bridges, C. A.2008FApplying Spatial Analysis Techniques to Assess Tennessee Urban Forests184-186$Southern Journal of Applied Forestry324Iurban forestry GIS spatial analysis urban-rural interface Tennessee treesNovAlthough the social, economic, and ecological benefits of urban forests have been well-documented, fewer efforts have been made to conduct landscape level assessments of urban forest canopy. This technical note describes how spatial analysis techniques were used to evaluate urban forest canopy cover in 133 municipal urban areas across Tennessee. Municipalities were compared based on participation in the Tree City USA program. Although urban forests vary greatly, results indicated that cities participating in this community forestry initiative exhibit higher levels of urban forest canopy cover. The integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing data presents now opportunities for community foresters to efficiently and effectively monitor urban ecosystems and formulate appropriate policy responses that can help to ensure forest sustainability across the urban-rural interface.!://WOS:000260804000006Bridges, Christopher A.WOS:000260804000006~?C-Nordh, H. Hartig, T. Hagerhall, C. M. Fry, G.2009LComponents of small urban parks that predict the possibility for restoration225-235Urban Forestry & Urban Greening84Design Pocket park Landscape architecture Stress Restorative environments Vegetation environments preferences benefits landscapes attention recovery stress healthIn densifying cities, small green spaces such as pocket parks are likely to become more important as settings for restoration. Well-designed small parks may serve restoration well, but earlier research on restorative environments does not provide detailed information about the specific components of the physical environment that support restoration. In this study we assessed the extent to which hardscape, grass, lower ground vegetation, flowering plants, bushes, trees, water, and size predicted the judged possibility for restoration in small urban green spaces. We took individual parks as the units of analysis. The parks were sampled from Scandinavian cities, and each park was represented by a single photo. Each photo was quantified in terms of the different objective park components and also rated on psychological variables related to restoration. The ratings on the psychological variables being away, fascination, likelihood of restoration, and preference were provided by groups of people familiar with such parks. The variables most predictive of the likelihood of restoration were the percentage of ground surface covered by grass, the amount of trees and bushes visible from the given viewing point, and apparent park size. Formal mediation analyses indicated distinctive patterns of full and partial mediation of the relations between environmental components and restoration likelihood by being away and fascination. Our results provide guidance for the design of small yet restorative urban parks. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000272374600001-Nordh, H. Hartig, T. Hagerhall, C. M. Fry, G.WOS:00027237460000110.1016/j.ufug.2009.06.003~?D8Bowler, D. E. Buyung-Ali, L. Knight, T. M. Pullin, A. S.2010VUrban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence147-155Landscape and Urban Planning973Urban planning Urban temperature Heat wave Adaptation strategy Public health Climate change heat-island thermal comfort climate-change ground cover city parks land-use vegetation areas temperature environmentSepV'Urban greening' has been proposed as one approach to mitigate the human health consequences of increased temperatures resulting from climate change. We used systematic review methodology to evaluate available evidence on whether greening interventions, such as tree planting or the creation of parks or green roofs, affect the air temperature of an urban area. Most studies investigated the air temperature within parks and beneath trees and are broadly supportive that green sites can be cooler than non-green sites. Meta-analysis was used to synthesize data on the cooling effect of parks and results show that, on average, a park was 0.94 degrees C cooler in the day. Studies on multiple parks suggest that larger parks and those with trees could be cooler during the day. However, evidence for the cooling effect of green space is mostly based on observational studies of small numbers of green sites. The impact of specific greening interventions on the wider urban area, and whether the effects are due to greening alone, has yet to be demonstrated. The current evidence base does not allow specific recommendations to be made on how best to incorporate greening into an urban area. Further empirical research is necessary in order to efficiently guide the design and planning of urban green space, and specifically to investigate the importance of the abundance, distribution and type of greening. Any urban greening programme implemented would need to be appropriately designed and monitored to continue to evaluate benefit to human health through reducing temperature. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000281189100001FBowler, Diana E. Buyung-Ali, Lisette Knight, Teri M. Pullin, Andrew S.WOS:000281189100001!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006~?EVoss, M. Sugumaran, R.2008Seasonal effect on tree species classification in an urban environment using hyperspectral data, LiDAR, and an object-oriented approach 3020-3036Sensors85remote sensing object oriented hyperspectral LiDAR tree species urban airborne laser scanner resolution imagery small-footprint forest identification leaf vegetation segmentation height ikonosMayThe objective of the current study was to analyze the seasonal effect on differentiating tree species in an urban environment using multi-temporal hyperspectral data, Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data, and a tree species database collected from the field. Two Airborne Imaging Spectrometer for Applications (AISA) hyperspectral images were collected, covering the Summer and Fall seasons. In order to make both datasets spatially and spectrally compatible, several preprocessing steps, including band reduction and a spatial degradation, were performed. An object-oriented classification was performed on both images using training data collected randomly from the tree species database. The seven dominant tree species (Gleditsia triacanthos, Acer saccharum, Tilia Americana, Quercus palustris, Pinus strobus and Picea glauca) were used in the classification. The results from this analysis did not show any major difference in overall accuracy between the two seasons. Overall accuracy was approximately 57% for the Summer dataset and 56% for the Fall dataset. However, the Fall dataset provided more consistent results for all tree species while the Summer dataset had a few higher individual class accuracies. Further, adding LiDAR into the classification improved the results by 19% for both fall and summer. This is mainly due to the removal of shadow effect and the addition of elevation data to separate low and high vegetation.!://WOS:000257248800007#Voss, Matthew Sugumaran, RamanathanWOS:00025724880000710.3390/s8053020~?FTBorst, H. C. Miedema, H. M. E. de Vries, S. I. Graham, J. M. A. van Dongen, J. E. F.2008pRelationships between street characteristics and perceived attractiveness for walking reported by elderly people353-361#Journal of Environmental Psychology284Elderly people Walking Perceived attractiveness Physical environment Pedestrians physical-activity urban design neighborhood older population mobility crime environment prevention difficultyDec\Walking is important for the health of elderly people. Previous studies have found a relationship between neighbourhood characteristics, physical activity and related health aspects. The multivariate linear regression model presented here describes the relationships between the perceived attractiveness of streets for walking along and (physical) street characteristics. Two hundred and eighty-eight independently living elderly people (between 55 and 80 years old) participated in the study. Street characteristics were assessed along homogeneous street subsections defined as 'links'. Positively related to perceived attractiveness of links were the following street characteristics: slopes and/or stairs, zebra crossings, trees along the route, front gardens, bus and train stops, shops, business buildings, catering establishments, passing through parks or the city centre, and traffic volume. Litter oil the street, high-rise buildings, and neighbourhood density of dwellings were negatively related to perceived link attractiveness. Overall, the results suggest that three main aspects affect perceived attractiveness of streets for walking, namely tidiness of the street, its scenic value and the presence of activity or other people along the street. The results are discussed within the context of these three aspects. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000261503300005eBorst, Hieronymus C. Miedema, Henk M. E. de Vries, Sanne I. Graham, Jamie M. A. van Dongen, Jef E. F.WOS:00026150330000510.1016/j.jenvp.2008.02.010 #~?*GDoody, B. J. Sullivan, J. J. Meurk, C. D. Stewart, G. H. Perkins, H. C.2010eUrban realities: the contribution of residential gardens to the conservation of urban forest remnants 1385-1400Biodiversity and Conservation195Bird dispersal Extinction debt Fragmentation Interdisciplinary research Matrix New Zealand Resilience Social science Urban ecology habitat fragmentation new-zealand plant extinction native plants biodiversity consequences australia framework resource biologyMaylUrbanization has destroyed and fragmented previously large areas of habitat. Small remnants that still exist in numerous cities will be unable to sustain many viable wild plant populations if they do not expand into the surrounding urban matrix. Residential gardens form a significant component of urban green space in many cities and therefore could play a role in redressing this problem. Our ecological and social scientific study examined factors influencing the dispersal and regeneration of 12 bird-dispersed native woody species from Riccarton Bush, a 7.8 ha urban forest remnant, into surrounding residential properties in Christchurch, New Zealand. Over 125 years, the reported number of native vascular plant species in the Bush has declined by a third. Some species, particularly Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, the dominant woody species in the Bush, are being dispersed by birds and establishing in residential gardens predominantly within 250 m of the forest margin. These juveniles are not reaching maturity as most gardeners tend to remove all non-planted woody species. This suggests natural potential for regeneration exists but is insufficient without active human intervention. Our survey results show people are supportive of native plants in general but lack knowledge of the species. They are willing to plant locally appropriate woody species if provided with plants, information, and, most importantly, control over the location of plantings. Residential gardens consequently have the potential to play a major role in the conservation of urban biodiversity especially for species suited to the functions and size of gardens.!://WOS:000276485300014WDoody, Brendan J. Sullivan, Jon J. Meurk, Colin D. Stewart, Glenn H. Perkins, Harvey C.WOS:00027648530001410.1007/s10531-009-9768-2~?+4Conway, D. Li, C. Q. Wolch, J. Kahle, C. Jerrett, M.2010oA Spatial Autocorrelation Approach for Examining the Effects of Urban Greenspace on Residential Property Values150-169,Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics412Housing value Urban greenspace Hedonic pricing model Spatial dependence house prices open-space land-use hedonic prices air-quality neighborhood impact amenities trees specificationAug3This paper presents spatially explicit analyses of the greenspace contribution to residential property values in a hedonic model. The paper utilizes data from the housing market near downtown Los Angeles. We first used a standard hedonic model to estimate greenspace effects. Because the residuals were spatially autocorrelated, we implemented a spatial lag model as indicated by specification tests. Our results show that neighborhood greenspace at the immediate vicinity of houses has a significant impact on house prices even after controlling for spatial autocorrelation. The different estimation results from non-spatial and spatial models provide useful bounds for the greenspace effect. Greening of inner city areas may provide a valuable policy instrument for elevating depressed housing markets in those areas.!://WOS:000280074400003TConway, Delores Li, Christina Q. Wolch, Jennifer Kahle, Christopher Jerrett, MichaelWOS:00028007440000310.1007/s11146-008-9159-6~?IManning, W. J.2008tPlants in urban ecosystems: Essential role of urban forests in urban metabolism and succession toward sustainability362-370BInternational Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology154urban forest BVOCs urban metabolism and succession urban waste and energy ozone trees sequestration hydrocarbons pollution citiesAugThe urban forest has several positive effects on urban metabolism: reducing urban runoff, consequent sewer overloads and resulting water pollution; and reducing heat islands through shading and transpirational cooling by tree leaves, which also reduces energy required for cooling buildings. It is likely that urban trees can mitigate CO2 emissions from combustion, thus reducing overall emissions from power plants. This has been modelled, but has not been verified by actual measurements. Large computer models have been used to predict uptake of air pollutants by urban trees. There is, however, considerable uncertainty about the validity of the predictions from these models. Very few real uptake data are available. Urban trees emit small biogenic volatile hydrocarbons (BVOCs), with amounts varying by species. BVOCs can become part of the photochemical oxidant cycle, increasing ozone levels in cities. It is likely, but unverified, that the urban forest can improve the quality of life for city residents. There is much to be learned about the characteristics and ecophysiology of trees selected for large urban plantings. Additional research will help to elaborate more fully the role of urban forests in urban metabolism and succession toward sustainability.!://WOS:000259156800012Manning, William J.WOS:00025915680001210.3843/SusDev.15.4:12~?RVan Laerhoven, F.2010sGoverning community forests and the challenge of solving two-level collective action dilemmas-A large-N perspective539-5467Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions203Community forestry Collective action Governance IFRI common-pool resources local enforcement group-size heterogeneity management institutions cooperation governance conservation incentivesAuglThe effectiveness of forest governance practices has consequences that range from the local to the global level. In general, the study of community forest governance relies heavily on case-study materials. The strength of single case and small-N comparative studies is related to the ability to uncover the nuances of time and place specific particularities. A recognized weakness of this approach relates to the fact that results cannot easily be extrapolated. For my analysis, I use a large-N, cross-national dataset instead. What constitutes an effective local forest governance regime? I show that especially monitoring - and to a lesser extent, maintenance - is correlated with improving forest conditions. When are effective governance regimes likely to emerge? I show that social capital, organization, leadership and autonomy contribute to the development of institutions for collective action. How does competition between forest users affect governance? I provide empirical evidence that two-level collective action dilemmas hinder the emergence of effective governance regimes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000279974000021Van Laerhoven, Frank SiWOS:00027997400002110.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.04.005c~?K)Karanikola, P. Tampakis, S. Rantzoudi, E.2008OEVALUATION OF THE PROBLEMS CREATED BY TREES AND BUSHES TO THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT698-709/Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology93[urban environment problems created by trees and bushes reliability analysis factor analysisUrban green undoubtedly updates humans' quality of life in the cities has a positive impact to the microclimate and air's texture, improves both architectural and aesthetics view of cities and represents nature in the structured environment. Nevertheless, the advantages offered by green areas in the cities also create problems, which when tracked down and handled in due time do not have an impact on the citizens' positive image towards green areas. Some of the most commonly planted trees in urban zones are known to be the greatest producers of pollen and they are allergenic species during florescence period to some people, while other problems are the raising of pavements' plates, dead leaves and fruits in the surrounding areas during fall, damages caused to the electricity and water supply transport network, visibility impediment to drivers and possible accidents' provocation, damages caused by breaking of boughs and falling of trees due to the wind and finally the encumbrance for their care cost. The present research investigates with the aid of simple random sampling through a self-management questionnaire the evaluation of the above-mentioned problems caused by the presence of trees and bushes in the urban area, in the citizens of Orestiada. A reliability and factorial analysis were applied to control the problems created from a multi-thematic approach in order to examine the variables' reliability of the questionnaire and their validity, respectively.!://WOS:000260354500024)Karanikola, P. Tampakis, S. Rantzoudi, E.WOS:000260354500024~?H~Pataki, D. E. Carreiro, M. M. Cherrier, J. Grulke, N. E. Jennings, V. Pincetl, S. Pouyat, R. V. Whitlow, T. H. Zipperer, W. C.2011mCoupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions27-36(Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment91zunited-states carbon storage common ragweed climate-change air-pollution soil-nitrogen inner-city energy use trees ecologyFebUrban green space is purported to offset greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, remove air and water pollutants, cool local climate, and improve public health. To use these services, municipalities have focused efforts on designing and implementing ecosystem-services-based "green infrastructure" in urban environments. In some cases the environmental benefits of this infrastructure have been well documented, but they are often unclear, unquantified, and/or outweighed by potential costs. Quantifying biogeochemical processes in urban green infrastructure can improve our understanding of urban ecosystem services and disservices (negative or unintended consequences) resulting from designed urban green spaces. Here we propose a framework to integrate biogeochemical processes into designing, implementing, and evaluating the net effectiveness of green infrastructure, and provide examples for GHG mitigation, stormwater runoff mitigation, and improvements in air quality and health.!://WOS:000286845400005Pataki, Diane E. Carreiro, Margaret M. Cherrier, Jennifer Grulke, Nancy E. Jennings, Viniece Pincetl, Stephanie Pouyat, Richard V. Whitlow, Thomas H. Zipperer, Wayne C. SiWOS:00028684540000510.1890/090220N~?/4Salim, S. M. Buccolieri, R. Chan, A. Di Sabatino, S.2011sNumerical simulation of atmospheric pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon: Comparison between RANS and LES103-1137Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics992-3CFD Pollutant dispersion Street canyon LES RANS large-eddy simulations boundary-layer scalar dispersion wind-tunnel flow model field transport treesFeb-MarPrediction accuracy of pollutant dispersion within an urban street canyon of width to height ratio W/H=1 is examined using two steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence closure models, the standard k-epsilon and Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) coupled with the advection-diffusion method for species transport. The numerical results, which include the statistical properties of pollutant dispersion, e.g. mean concentration distributions, time-evolution and three-dimensional spreads of the pollutant, are then compared to wind-tunnel (WT) measurements. The accuracy and computational cost of both numerical approaches are evaluated. The time-evolution of the pollutant concentration (for LES only) and the mean (time-averaged) values are presented. It is observed that amongst the two RANS models, RSM performed better than standard k-epsilon except at the centerline of the canyon walls. However, LES, although computationally more expensive, did better than RANS in predicting the concentration distribution because it was able to capture the unsteady and intermittent fluctuations of the flow field, and hence resolve the transient mixing process within the street canyon. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000288722700003KSalim, Salim Mohamed Buccolieri, Riccardo Chan, Andrew Di Sabatino, SilvanaWOS:00028872270000310.1016/j.jweia.2010.12.002!~?0Jim, C. Y. Tsang, S. W.2011IBiophysical properties and thermal performance of an intensive green roof 1263-1274Building and Environment466Intensive green roof Sky woodland Thermal insulation performance Biophysical properties Energy budget model Energy consumption life-cycle assessment shade trees energy use buildings mitigation protection plants powerJun Green roofs have been increasingly enlisted to alleviate urban environmental problems associated with urban heat island effect and stormwater quantity and quality. Most studies focus on extensive green roofs, with inadequate assessment of the complex intensive type, subtropical region, and thermal insulation effect. This study examines the physical properties, biological processes, and thermal insulation performance of an intensive green roof through four seasons. An experimental woodland installed on a Hong Kong building rooftop was equipped with environmental sensors to monitor microclimatic and soil parameters. The excellent thermal performance of the intensive green roof is verified. Even though our site has a 100 cm thick soil to support tree growth, we found that a thin soil layer of 10 cm is sufficient to reduce heat penetration into building. Seasonal weather variations notably control transpiration and associated cooling effect. The tree canopy reduces solar radiation reaching the soil surface, but the trapped air increases air temperature near the soil surface. The substrate operates an effective heat sink to dampen temperature fluctuations. In winter, the subtropical green roof triggers notable heat loss from the substrate into the ambient air, and draws heat upwards from warmer indoor air to increase energy consumption to warm indoor air. This finding deviates from temperate latitude studies. The results offer hints to optimize the design and thermal performance of intensive green roofs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000287897200004Jim, C. Y. Tsang, S. W.WOS:00028789720000410.1016/j.buildenv.2010.12.013~?2Lehrbass, B. Wang, J. F.2010iTechniques for object-based classification of urban tree cover from high-resolution multispectral imagery S287-S297"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing36 oriented approach airborne areas.A city's trees provide many environmental and social benefits. To ensure the long-term prosperity of its urban forest, a city should have an effective forest management plan that is guided by timely and accurate spatial information. High-spatial-resolution colour-infrared imagery is a commonly available source of forestry information, but accurate automated tree cover extraction in an urban environment remains a challenge. Presented is an effective, semiautomatic, object-based method for urban tree cover extraction, applied to 23 645 ha of 30 cm colour-infrared imagery of London, Ontario, Canada. Detailed methods, including some new techniques, are presented for the empirical selection of segmentation and classification parameters, the selection of subclasses and training samples, rule-based error correction, and image object border smoothing. A majority-voting interpretation of sample points was performed to reduce the subjectivity of the accuracy assessment. A test of the overall classification accuracy using the proposed method on a 2 km x 2 km image tile showed an improvement of 12.8% over that of a traditional maximum likelihood classification. The overall classification accuracy achieved for the entire city was 89.73%, with user's and producer's accuracy for trees of 75.61% and 86.36%, respectively.!://WOS:000286725700009 Lehrbass, Brad Wang, Jinfei 2 SiWOS:000286725700009~?4 Young, R. F.20105Managing municipal green space for ecosystem services313-321Urban Forestry & Urban Greening94lManagement Public goods Society of Municipal Arborists Urban forest tree wardens urban areas forestry citiesCities are the dominant form of human settlement. As centers of economic growth and population they are focal points of both ecological disturbance (through resource consumption and land conversion) and the provision of public goods. Ecosystem services provided by municipal forests and green space are positioned to address both these arenas. While technical means to mainstreaming this approach have grown, the importance municipal foresters' departments place on pursuing this objective and their department's engagement in actions necessary for its realization is under-researched. I surveyed the membership of the Society for Municipal Arborists to address this gap. I found that municipal foresters perceived the management of municipal green space to enhance ecosystem services to be increasingly significant to the goals and actions of their departments. Survey respondents expected this role to grow in importance, matching or exceeding some traditional objectives of their profession. While most perceived traditional services such as tree planting and maintenance, and social outputs like beautification and enhancing public health to remain high departmental priorities; respondents rated managing municipal green space to produce ecosystem services such as enhanced energy and climate management, water quality and habitat and biodiversity as more important to their department than traditional objectives such as maintenance of property values and protection of power lines. As responsibility for the management of urban green space resides predominantly at the municipal level, the importance municipal foresters' departments place on managing for ecosystem services is fundamental to advancing this strategy for the delivery of public goods in urban centers. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000286792300005Young, Robert F.WOS:00028679230000510.1016/j.ufug.2010.06.007~?5(Poudyal, N. C. Siry, J. P. Bowker, J. M.2010}Urban forests' potential to supply marketable carbon emission offsets: A survey of municipal governments in the United States432-438Forest Policy and Economics126\Urban forestry Carbon credits Supply Climate change Municipalities storage sequestration usaJulThis study assesses the motivation, willingness, and technical as well as managerial capacities of U.S. cities to store carbon and sell carbon offsets. Based on a national survey of urban foresters, arborists, and other officials responsible for urban forest management within U.S. municipal governments, results indicate that local governments are interested in selling carbon offsets. An estimated Probit discrete choice model shows that the chance of a city participating in carbon trading is positively influenced by a number of factors including: (1) level of urbanization, (2) management's knowledge of carbon sequestration, (3) revenue generation from offset sales, (4) population education level, and (5) familiarity with carbon market institutions such as the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX). The cost of living, as reflected by median home prices, appears to be inversely related to the probability of participation. Currently, a number of cities have the technical and managerial capacity to establish quality carbon offset criteria such as enforceability, additionality, verifiability, and baseline establishment. However, many cities are still unaware of carbon sequestration opportunities, and there appears to be a fundamental disconnect to market participation. The results also suggest that municipal governments would gain from a better understanding of the costs and benefits associated with urban forest carbon storage. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000280535000005/Poudyal, Neelam C. Siry, Jacek P. Bowker, J. M.WOS:00028053500000510.1016/j.forpol.2010.05.002~?N"Hill, E. Dorfman, J. H. Kramer, E.2010MEvaluating the impact of government land use policies on tree canopy coverage407-414Land Use Policy272fLocal governments Tree canopy Tree ordinances Urban forests united-states urban programs cities growthAprMany cities around the world are experiencing the negative effects associated with not sustaining a sufficient level of tree canopy coverage. Tree canopy provides environmental benefits such as clean water and air, erosion prevention, climate control. and native species habitat and provides economic benefits such as higher housing values and lower energy expenditures. We study local government policies in a large U.S. metropolitan area (the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area) to find which policies perform the best at preserving or increasing urban forests. Empirical analysis reveals that a set of effective tree ordinance clauses, zoning ordinances, and having high quality smart growth projects in the community all help in preserving tree canopy in economically and environmentally meaningful amounts. Other actions, such as simply having a tree ordinance, designating a key management person in charge of tree programs, the presence of a tree board, and multiple communication channels were shown to be ineffective for our data set. Because benefits from tree canopy accrue to the local government's budget, to residents and to business owners, the entire community should gain from the passage of effective policies to preserve their local tree canopy. Estimated economic benefits from preserving tree canopy through an effective set of public policies are in the range of $10-15 million annually in an average county, mostly due to savings on stormwater management. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:0002731105000345Hill, Elizabeth Dorfman, Jeffrey H. Kramer, ElizabethWOS:000273110500034 10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.05.007~?P-Kirkpatrick, J. B. Daniels, G. D. Davison, A.2011ZTemporal and spatial variation in garden and street trees in six eastern Australian cities244-252Landscape and Urban Planning1013Education Household income Private yard trees Public trees Urban forest Wealth urban forest amenities green space inner-city landscape patterns political-economy vegetation socioeconomics netherlands environment tasmaniaJun`Trees are an economically, socially and culturally important component of cities, yet, in single city studies, appear to be less dense in areas of low income and educational status than in areas of high income and education status. We found that this pattern occurred in six Australian cities over the period 1961-2006, with conditions in 1961 predicting those in 2006. Tree presence in gardens conformed similarly to predictors between cities, but the presence of street trees and the type of both street or garden trees did not. Our data suggest that it would be possible to plan to double the number of street trees in Australian cities in present circumstances, but that significant increases in garden tree numbers would depend on increasing the income and higher education attainment of lower socioeconomic groups. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000291522500004-Kirkpatrick, J. B. Daniels, G. D. Davison, A.WOS:000291522500004!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.029 n~?Q)Kontogianni, A. Tsitsoni, T. Goudelis, G.2011|An index based on silvicultural knowledge for tree stability assessment and improved ecological function in urban ecosystems914-919Ecological Engineering376Urban forestry Silvicultural characteristics Tree stability index Crown asymmetry index Wind load mechanical stability vegetation wind spruce forest damage snow usaJun?Trees in the city not only have an ornamental function but also a role in improving the ecological function in urban ecosystems that has been substantially disturbed by human activities such as environmental pollution. Today the ecological role of urban greenery is clearer than ever and is included in the new scientific field of ecological engineering, which is the design of sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both. Trees in an urban environment show many difficulties in surviving in it because the ecological conditions that exist in the cities are worse than these of the nature. One of these seems to be the heavy wind loads. But even though rough surfaces slow down the wind speed, tall buildings can cause wind tunnel effects that stress a tree as much or even more than if it was positioned in an exposed, unprotected site. An urban tree must be able to endure all the damages and loads from the wind throughout its life. The ability of a tree to withstand wind loads of gale forces depends on its shape and its dimensions. The objective of this paper is the evaluation of tree stability based on the aboveground silvicultural characteristics in order to create an empirical index which can correlate tree stability with these features. Silvicultural characteristics that play the greatest role on tree stability are crown ratio (CR), crown asymmetry index (CAI), and tree height (H). Consequently, tree stability index (TSI) is formed by them. According to TSI values, tree stability was classified in three categories (classes): high, moderate and crucial stability. The limits of the transition from one class to another, as the classes themselves are depended on the number of variables that represent silvicultural characteristics. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:0002913724000139Kontogianni, Aimilia Tsitsoni, Thekla Goudelis, GerasimosWOS:00029137240001310.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.01.015A~?8Ivanov, K. Keiper, J.2010`Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) diversity and community composition along sharp urban forest edges 3917-3933Biodiversity and Conservation1914Edge effects Functional groups Ohio Species richness Winkler litter extraction species richness estimators central amazonia southern california fragmented forests functional-groups population-size habitat edges conservation landscape responsesDec The effects of forest edge on ant species richness and community composition were examined within an urbanized area of northeast Ohio. The ground-dwelling ant fauna was inventoried in three deciduous forest fragments that have resulted from human disturbance. We surveyed ants via leaf-litter extraction along 150 m transects positioned perpendicular to the forest edge. We collected 4,670 individuals from 14 genera and 29 species. Samples closest to the forest edge contained more species and accumulated species at a higher rate than did samples located in the forest interior. Our rarefied and expected richness estimates revealed a decline of species richness from edge to forest interior. The higher ant richness at the forest edge was due mostly to the presence of species characteristic of the neighboring open habitats. Although most of the typical forest ant species were represented equally at the edge and at the forest interior, a few responded to the presence of edges with changes in their relative abundance and frequency of occurrence. Forest edges had a higher proportion of opportunistic species and a lower proportion of cryptic ants, whereas interior locations exhibited a more even distribution among ant functional groups. In addition, we documented a community composition shift between the edge and the forest interior. Consistent with previous findings, we suggest that the edge effects are most pronounced within 25 m of the forest edge, which may have implications for the overall conservation of forest-dwelling fauna.!://WOS:000284644800006Ivanov, Kaloyan Keiper, JoeWOS:00028464480000610.1007/s10531-010-9937-34~?9=Rines, D. Kane, B. Kittredge, D. B. Ryan, H. D. P. Butler, B.2011WMeasuring urban forestry performance and demographic associations in Massachusetts, USA113-118Urban Forestry & Urban Greening102`Community Accomplishment Reporting Systems (CARs) Tree warden Urban forest tree wardens programsFThe United States Forest Service measures successful management of the urban forest by the number of communities that have achieved some or all of four parameters described by the Community Accomplishment Reporting System. The four parameters address whether a community has: (1) a management plan, (2) professional staff, (3) urban forestry ordinances/policies, and (4) an advocacy/advisory organization. We surveyed tree wardens in the Massachusetts' communities to determine how many communities met each parameter, as well as other indicators of urban forest management. Nearly all responding communities met 1 performance parameter, but only 15% met all 4 parameters. Communities with greater population were more successful in achieving the parameters than those with smaller population. (C) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000290930400006MRines, David Kane, Brian Kittredge, David B. Ryan, H. Dennis P. Butler, BrettWOS:00029093040000610.1016/j.ufug.2010.12.0051~?:$Lugo-Perez, J. Sabat-Guernica, A. M.2011tStructure and composition of woody plants in urban forest remnants with different adjacent land-use and slope aspect45-58Urban Ecosystems1416puerto-rico landscape fragmentation ecosystems impactsMarThe plant community in the karst forest is influenced by mesoclimatic conditions, such as temperature and humidity and these conditions are in turn influenced by topographic features. Urban areas adjacent to karstic forest remnants also have the potential to influence mesoclimatic variables and may serve as a source of exotic species. We described the temperature and relative humidity of karstic forest remnants at slopes with combinations of either southeast (SE) or northwest (NW) aspect, and adjacent to either urban (URB) or secondary forest (SF). We also compared forest structure and composition on these slopes to understand the interaction between forest aspect and adjacent land use on the plant community. URB-SE slopes had highest temperature and lowest humidity among all adjacent land use-aspect combinations. Understory species in SE slopes had similar richness and diversity independently of adjacent land use, however within NW aspect, slopes adjacent to urban areas showed higher values than slopes adjacent secondary forest. Canopy trees species in slopes adjacent to secondary forest were more diverse and rich in SE than in NW, although no differences between aspects were detected within URB-adjacent slopes. Understory species composition was different among the four land use-aspect combinations. However, composition of canopy trees species was different only between aspect types. Most exotic species in the sites were associated with previous agricultural practices and not with current land use. Our results show a temporal and spatial influence of anthropogenic systems on the plant community in karstic forest remnants at a suburban area of Puerto Rico.!://WOS:000289932100004-Lugo-Perez, Javier Sabat-Guernica, Alberto M.WOS:00028993210000410.1007/s11252-010-0139-2 \rainfall intercepted by forest canopies is applied to estimate measurements of the average runoff from the roofs of six houses made in a previous study of hydrological processes in an urban environment. The model is applied using values of the m~?= Hunter, M. R.2011Impact of ecological disturbance on awareness of urban nature and sense of environmental stewardship in residential neighborhoods131-138Landscape and Urban Planning1012Street trees Wellbeing Place attachment Urban forest Green infrastructure Public rights-of-way street trees place attachment climate-change health landscape benefits behavior vegetation attitudes responsesMayExperience with nature contributes to human wellbeing and environmental stewardship. Both may be affected when people experience local environmental disturbances. I test the hypothesis that relatively gradual ecological disturbance in urban areas increases awareness and appreciation of urban nature and environmental stewardship. In recent years the Emerald Ash Borer killed 10,000 street trees in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Information on residents attitudes and behavior regarding urban nature and street trees was collected from a mailed survey returned by 594 homeowners. Residential properties in the sample were distributed across the city as 24 pairs of nearest neighbor streets, including a "treatment street" (>70% street trees lost) and a "control street" (<30% street trees lost). Findings indicate that those experiencing tree loss were significantly more engaged with nature and more willing to participate in stewardship. The degree of increased engagement was directly related to the individual's proximity to the disturbance. Proximity to the loss was also a significant contributor to respondents' appreciation of urban nature and the feeling that street trees enhance sense of wellbeing. However, regardless of proximity to tree loss, responses to items concerning appreciation of urban nature and the feeling that street trees enhance sense of wellbeing were extremely high. The results of this study suggest that recovery from ecological disturbance may be best supported by stewardship activities that engage citizens in what the care about, in ways that foster wellbeing of both the self and the urban ecosystem. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000290743800004Hunter, MaryCarol R.WOS:000290743800004!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.005~?>%Conway, T. M. Shakeel, T. Atallah, J.2011MCommunity groups and urban forestry activity: Drivers of uneven canopy cover?321-329Landscape and Urban Planning1014Urban forest Business improvement areas Resident associations Environmental inequality business improvement districts political-economy street trees vegetation landscape neighborhoods toronto phoenix ecology impactJun[Urban forests provide a range of environmental, social, economic and health benefits, but because the distribution of canopy cover is uneven across many metropolitan areas, there is unequal access to the benefits. While recent work has documented the socioeconomic factors correlated with uneven distributions - including neighborhood wealth, presence of renters, and different ethnocultural groups - less attention has been paid to the ways local actors foster such inequalities. This paper explores the urban forestry activities of two types of community groups (business improvement areas and resident associations) in the Greater Toronto Area (Ontario, Canada), to begin to fill the gap in our understanding of the influence local actors have on urban forest patterns. Specifically, we explored (1) the types of urban forestry-related activities these groups conduct and (2) the relationship between a group's level of involvement in urban forestry and neighborhood socioeconomic conditions, basic group characteristics, and its municipality's urban forestry program. The results indicate business improvement areas' activity levels are primarily related to the municipal setting. On the other hand, the extent of resident associations' activities are correlated with median household income, percent of owner-occupied dwellings and type of housing, suggesting that resident associations may be supporting the uneven distribution of the urban forest. The paper ends with a discussion of the motivators and limiters associated with the community groups' urban forestry activities. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:0002918432000030Conway, Tenley M. Shakeel, Tooba Atallah, JoannaWOS:000291843200003!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.037 ~?S/Albright, T. P. Chen, H. Chen, L. J. Guo, Q. F.2010The ecological niche and reciprocal prediction of the disjunct distribution of an invasive species: the example of Ailanthus altissima 2413-2427Biological Invasions128Distribution models Ecological niche Generalized linear models Invasive species Simple Bayes Tree-of-heaven resource selection functions plant invasions north-america models climate forest hypothesis evolution patterns growthAugKnowledge of the ecological niches of invasive species in native and introduced ranges can inform management as well as ecological and evolutionary theory. Here, we identified and compared factors associated with the distribution of an invasive tree, Ailanthus altissima, in both its native Chinese and introduced US ranges and predicted potential US distribution. For both ranges separately, we selected suites of the most parsimonious logistic regression models of occurrence based on environmental variables and evaluated these against independent data. We then incorporated information from both ranges in a simple Bayesian model to predict the potential US distribution. Occurrence of A. altissima in both ranges exhibited a unimodal response to temperature variables. In China, occurrence had negative relationships with topographic wetness and forest cover and positive relationships with precipitation and agricultural and urban land use. In the US, A. altissima was associated with intermediate levels of forest cover and precipitation. The Bayesian model identified 58-80% of 10-arc minute grid cells in the conterminous US as containing suitable areas for A. altissima. The best model developed from Chinese data applied to the US matched most areas of observed occurrence but under-predicted occurrence in lower probability areas. This discrepancy is suggestive of a broadening of the ecological niche of A. altissima and may be due to such factors as less intense competition, increased potency of allelopathy, and novel genotypes formed from multiple introductions. The Bayesian model suggests that A. altissima has the potential to substantially expand its distribution in the US.!://WOS:0002796828000066Albright, Thomas P. Chen, Hao Chen, Lijun Guo, QinfengWOS:00027968280000610.1007/s10530-009-9652-8 ~?T8Weckel, M. E. Mack, D. Nagy, C. Christie, R. Wincorn, A.2010OUsing Citizen Science to Map Human-Coyote Interaction in Suburban New York, USA 1163-1171Journal of Wildlife Management745Canis latrans citizen science coyotes suburban Westchester County wildlife conflict urban-environment activity patterns canis-latrans habitat management landscape projectJulThe expansion of coyotes (Canis latrans) into the northeastern United States is a major challenge to wildlife professionals, especially in suburban and urban areas where reports of human coyote interaction (HCI) are on the rise. To assist wildlife professionals in identifying potential hot spots of interaction and homeowners in evaluating their risk of a backyard encounter, we used the techniques of citizen science to build a landscape model of HCI for suburban residential properties in Westchester County, New York, USA. We distributed surveys via school children (kindergarten to grade 12) as part of a voluntary class assignment, to maximize the number of homeowners participating in our study and to provide learning experiences for students. Of 6,000 surveys distributed to schools, >1,500 students interviewed their parents on whether a coyote had been seen or heard on their property from 2003 to 2006. Although surveys could not be distributed randomly owing to the participatory process of individual schools, we did receive responses from across Westchester County, representing the spectrum from the most rural to the most urban towns. Homeowners who encountered (i.e., seen or heard) a coyote on their property were on average 50% closer to forest, 36% closer to grassland, and 66% farther from medium- to high-intensity development, complementing existing knowledge on urban coyote habitat use. Our model seemed robust in predicting an independent set of coyote observations (r = 0.88). Based on this model, we generated a map describing the probability of HCI that can be used by both wildlife professionals and homeowners. Regarding the former, state wildlife agencies could more precisely target education campaigns on how to live with coyotes where the possibility of HCI was greatest. Homeowners, in turn, could evaluate their own risk and modify behaviors that would make their property less attractive to coyotes. Furthermore, in creating a descriptive model of HCI from citizen-generated data, we demonstrated how citizen science can be a useful exploratory tool, generating a wealth of data over a large geographic area in a short period, especially when the inquest is appropriate to stakeholder participation in data collection.!://WOS:000279290700031UWeckel, Mark E. Mack, Deborah Nagy, Christopher Christie, Roderick Wincorn, AnastasiaWOS:00027929070003110.2193/2008-512 L~?U'Jutras, P. Prasher, S. O. Mehuys, G. R.2010CARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK PREDICTION OF STREET TREE GROWTH PATTERNS983-992Transactions of the Asabe533+Artificial neural networks Classification prediction Decision support systems Multidimensional correspondence analysis Multivariate linkage clustering Radial basis functions Street trees Urban forestry Urban tree growth modeling yield prediction classification parameters performance vegetation formMay-JunMunicipal administrations annually allocate a large budget to preserve their urban trees. However, survival and growth rates of street trees vary drastically as they are strongly influenced by adverse environmental conditions. Consequently, arboricultural programs must be locally adapted to provide care to stressed trees. Artificial neural networks were used to identify poorly growing trees by learning from growth patterns detected by multivariate statistical analyses. Seven species that are representative of 75% of the Montreal street tree population were sampled: Acer platanoides L., Acer saccharinum. L., Celtis occidentalis L., Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., Gleditsia triancanthos L., Tilia cordata Mill., and Ulmus pumila L. Individuals were of different age, dissimilar morphological characteristics, and had variable distribution among urban ecological zones. Radial basis function networks (RBFs) were selected as the model type. To assess RBFs robustness and predictive capability on unknown data, global and specific cluster classification was used. When global classification was estimated, the lowest accurate prediction value was 83% and the highest 93%. The average, value for all species taken together was 89%. Similarly, the classification success within groups per species was adequate. For most species, test files prediction accuracy ranged from 80% to almost 100%. This indicates that RBFs are well suited for classification decisions. These results have an impact on the management of street trees. Given the present findings, integrating robust predictive algorithms into data banks as a decision-support system is a conceivable avenue. Artificial-intelligence-based models might probably become important elements of efficient street tree management plans.!://WOS:000280272500033'Jutras, P. Prasher, S. O. Mehuys, G. R.WOS:000280272500033~?V4Kweon, B. S. Ellis, C. D. Leiva, P. I. Rogers, G. O.2010=Landscape components, land use, and neighborhood satisfaction500-517,Environment and Planning B-Planning & Design373kquality-of-life residential satisfaction determinants environment community density adults health city viewMayNeighborhood satisfaction is an important component of life satisfaction. As a contributor to life satisfaction, neighborhood satisfaction is influenced by individual and household background variables. However, there is limited understanding of how physical environments influence neighborhood satisfaction. This paper examines the effect of landscape components (structures, pavement, trees) and land use (residential, commercial, and open space) on neighborhood satisfaction. A survey of 276 respondents in College Station, Texas, was georeferenced and analyzed with landscape components and land-use GIS data. A structural equation model (SEM) examines the relationships among background variables, land use, landscape components, and neighborhood satisfaction simultaneously. Landscape components and land use were both found to play an important role in neighborhood satisfaction. Trees were found to have a positive effect on neighborhood satisfaction while structures were negative. Pavement, when commercial land use and structures in the SEM model were accounted for, shows a positive relationship with neighborhood satisfaction, suggesting that not all pavement is seen as undesirable. Commercial land use was also found to have a negative effect on neighborhood satisfaction, while background variables have no significant impact. The amount and arrangement of land uses and landscape components in neighborhoods may improve the well-being of residents by increasing their neighborhood satisfaction.!://WOS:000279236000008IKweon, Byoung-Suk Ellis, Christopher D. Leiva, Pedro I. Rogers, George O.WOS:00027923600000810.1068/b35059 ~?WfBrown, L. R. Cuffney, T. F. Coles, J. F. Fitzpatrick, F. McMahon, G. Steuer, J. Bell, A. H. May, J. T.2009RUrban streams across the USA: lessons learned from studies in 9 metropolitan areas 1051-10693Journal of the North American Benthological Society284urbanization urban intensity algae diatoms macroinvertebrates fishes contrasting environmental settings polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons united-states land-use macroinvertebrate assemblages biological assessments diatom assemblages fish communities illinois streams assessment toolsDecStudies of the effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems have usually focused on single metropolitan areas. Synthesis of the results of such studies have been useful in developing general conceptual models of the effects of urbanization, but the strength of such generalizations is enhanced by applying consistent study designs and methods to multiple metropolitan areas across large geographic scales. We summarized the results from studies of the effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems in 9 metropolitan areas across the US (Boston, Massachusetts; Raleigh, North Carolina; Atlanta, Georgia; Birmingham, Alabama; Milwaukee-Green Bay, Wisconsin; Denver, Colorado; Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas; Salt Lake City, Utah; and Portland, Oregon). These studies were conducted as part of the US Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program and were based on a common study design and used standard sample-collection and processing methods to facilitate comparisons among study areas. All studies included evaluations of hydrology, physical habitat, water quality, and biota (algae, macroinvertebrates, fish). Four major conclusions emerged from the studies. First, responses of hydrologic, physical-habitat, water-quality, and biotic variables to urbanization varied among metropolitan areas, except that insecticide inputs consistently increased with urbanization. Second, prior land use, primarily forest and agriculture, appeared to be the most important determinant of the response of biota to urbanization in the areas we studied. Third, little evidence was found for resistance to the effects of urbanization by macroinvertebrate assemblages, even at low levels of urbanization. Fourth, benthic macroinvertebrates have important advantages for assessing the effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems relative to algae and fishes. Overall, our results demonstrate regional differences in the effects of urbanization on stream biota and suggest additional studies to elucidate the causes of these underlying differences.!://WOS:000273886000023Brown, Larry R. Cuffney, Thomas F. Coles, James F. Fitzpatrick, Faith McMahon, Gerard Steuer, Jeffrey Bell, Amanda H. May, Jason T.WOS:00027388600002310.1899/08-153.1~?X9Kennedy, E. H. Beckley, T. M. McFarlane, B. L. Nadeau, S.2009:Rural-Urban Differences in Environmental Concern in Canada309-329Rural Sociology743|social-psychological context ecological paradigm forest sector land-use behavior attitudes residents activism beliefs issuesSepDistinctions between rural and urban populations are well documented in environmental sociology literature. Rural and urban places may exert different influences on participation in environmentally supportive behavior (ESB) as well as on other forms of environmental concern (EC). The influence of these distinct geographies may be due to present circumstances or because of childhood socialization in these places. Using data from a national survey in Canada (n = 1,664), we use cognitive (basic values, environmental worldview, and environmental attitude) and behavioral indicators (Public and private sphere) of EC to explore differences among rural and urban populations and we include analyses accounting for place of socialization. We extend the conventional private sphere category of ESB by including stewardship behaviors. Results showed few differences between rural and urban residents on indicators of EC. Rural residents, however, scored higher on altruistic values, placed a higher priority oil the environment, and reported higher participation in recycling and stewardship behaviors. Analysis that included place of socialization showed differences on environmental world-view, basic values, and some ESB. In terms of ESB, we conclude that residence and place of socialization may be less of a factor than opportunity and highlight the importance of providing services and facilities. We recommend future research on residence and ESB include a variety of behaviors that reflect Opportunities for both rural and urban residents.!://WOS:000269740000001NKennedy, Emily Huddart Beckley, Thomas M. McFarlane, Bonita L. Nadeau, SolangeWOS:000269740000001~?Y9Navarro, V. Candel, M. Yustres, A. Sanchez, J. Alonso, J.2009-Trees, soil moisture and foundation movements810-818Computers and Geotechnics365VUnsaturated soils Shrinkage/swelling Foundations Trees Buildings Numerical model rootsJunTrees growing close to buildings in urban landscapes may change the soil moisture around foundations, producing shrinkage and swelling. This paper presents a numerical solver to estimate the movements resulting from these volumetric strains. This tool will be of assistance in both designing the footings of new buildings and in the analysis of damage associated with buildings that have already been constructed. The conceptual model used is based on current knowledge of the hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils. Its numerical implementation is simple, making it easy for users to make changes as they see fit. The program has been verified, validated, and applied in a real stabilization problem. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:0002662272000139Navarro, V. Candel, M. Yustres, A. Sanchez, J. Alonso, J.WOS:00026622720001310.1016/j.compgeo.2009.01.008~?ZMannarini, T. Fedi, A.2009EMULTIPLE SENSES OF COMMUNITY: THE EXPERIENCE AND MEANING OF COMMUNITY211-227Journal of Community Psychology372spsychological sense urban neighborhoods identity participation context environment dimensions responses index crimeMar5This study contributes to the debate on the meaning of community and sense of community, and attempts to clarify the relationship between sense of community and civic and political, participation. The authors interviewed 76 participants about. their views and feelings about community. Forty-seven were active members of political parties, neighborhood and cultural associations, and volunteers helping disadvantaged people. Twenty-nine had never been involved in any kind of social or political group. Results showed that (a) the experience of commodity emerging from participants' discourse is not. remarkably different front the academic meaning of community, and (b) the way individuals perceive community is linked both to sense of community and to civic and political participation. (c) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.!://WOS:000263381900006Mannarini, Terri Fedi, AngelaWOS:00026338190000610.1002/jcop.20289 1~?[5Goltsman, S. Kelly, L. McKay, S. Algara, P. Wight, L.2009]RAISING "FREE RANGE KIDS": CREATING NEIGHBORHOOD PARKS THAT PROMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP90-106Journal of Green Building42physical-activity children playSprIn the past decade, city living has made a tremendous comeback. Across the country, people have returned to urban centers and suburban areas have become more urbanized. As concerns increase about urban sprawl and our carbon footprint, as transit-oriented development encourages living closer to transit, work, retail, education, and cultural attractions, and as we redesign cities up rather than out, one critical element is missing: an engagement with nature. Specifically, what's missing are natural outdoor environments that connect children with nature in their daily lives; nurture active, healthy children; and grow nature-connected children who will become conservation-minded adults, passionate about the health of the biosphere and prepared to act to conserve the earth for future generations. Our challenge is recognizing the interdependence of the health of our environment and the health of people, and turning that recognition into action by creating new kinds of outdoor environments with an urgent focus on engaging children with nature. This requires a shift in thinking away from manicured park lawns and manufactured play equipment (however high quality), toward recreating the natural environment that once existed-restructured for child play. In their planning, design, and management, neighborhood parks can become community gardens, outdoor learning environments, and urban wild spaces, the centers of our "natural neighborhoods." This paper discusses the role that well-designed neighborhood parks can play in children's physical health and human development and, ultimately, the health of planet Earth. Through three examples of park transformations, it shows how cities are re-developing existing urban parks into neighborhood natural areas. The paper provides guiding principles and performance requirements for developing outdoor environments, and, finally, it provides resources to help achieve the vision of effective natural spaces.!://WOS:000268199300007HGoltsman, Susan Kelly, Laurel McKay, Susan Algara, Patricia Wight, LarryWOS:000268199300007 ~?\<Kirnbauer, M. C. Kenney, W. A. Churchill, C. J. Baetz, B. W.2009PA prototype decision support system for sustainable urban tree planting programs3-19Urban Forestry & Urban Greening81+Decision support Urban forest Tree planting~The prototype decision support system (PDSS) described within this paper represents one of the first of its kind in the urban forest/civil engineering research arena. The primary objective of this research was to develop a user-friendly, intuitive PDSS that provides users with tools for improved micro-management of the urban forest canopy. The secondary objective was to generate further discussion with respect to the relevance of viewing the urban forest as a municipal infrastructure, and designing and implementing sound management plans with the same rigor and attention to detail that is adhered to in the design and implementation of its civil engineering counterparts. The PDSS is divided into seven modules: (1) determination of potential native and non-native tree species available for planting; (2) defining the plantable and non-plantable areas in a defined region; (3) determination of planting locations; (4) species diversity assignment; (5) evaluating age distribution; (6) evaluating canopy cover, and (7) shadow analysis. Within each module the PDSS provides flexibility with respect to user input and constraints and for ease of use contains downloadable user reference guides. The PDSS was developed in three components, using three commonly used software programs: (1) SMODT, which is a south to south-central Ontario, Canada database of trees, developed in Microsoft Access Database; (2) ArcTrees, which is a GIS-based application that uses customized tools to map the plantable and non-plantable area in the urban environment, and (3) TreeModules, which uses a customized user interface in Microsoft Excel to carry out functions for Module I and Modules 3 through 7 inclusive. The PDSS uses rule-based algorithms that interact with expert knowledge and heuristics to draw inferences based on guided user inputs, through customized user-interfaces. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000264338300002<Kirnbauer, M. C. Kenney, W. A. Churchill, C. J. Baetz, B. W.WOS:00026433830000210.1016/j.ufug.2008.11.002 (~?]McDonnell, M. J. Hahs, A. K.2008The use of gradient analysis studies in advancing our understanding of the ecology of urbanizing landscapes: current status and future directions 1143-1155Landscape Ecology23107Urban-rural gradients Biodiversity Landscape ecology Urbanization Characterizing urban landscapes Melbourne, Australia Auckland, New Zealand Tree species richness land-use gradient rural gradient urbanization gradient exurban development species richness plant community diversity assemblages patterns ecosystemDec~Over the past decade, the urban-rural gradient approach has been effectively used to study the ecology of cities and towns around the world. These studies have focused on understanding the distribution of plants and animals as well as ecosystem processes along gradients of urbanization that run from densely urbanized inner city to more rural exurban environments. We reviewed 300 papers investigating urbanization gradients that were published in peer-reviewed journals between 1990 and May 2007. Sixty-three percent of the papers investigated the distribution of organisms along urbanization gradients. Only five papers addressed the measures used to quantify the urbanization gradient itself. Within the papers addressing the distribution of organisms, 49% investigated the responses of birds to urbanization gradients, and < 10% of the papers investigated more cryptic organisms. Most of these studies utilized a variety of broad measures of urbanization, but future advances in the field will require the development of some standardized broad measures to facilitate comparisons between cities. More specific measures of urbanization can be used to gain a mechanistic understanding of species and ecosystem responses to urbanization gradients. While the gradient approach has made a significant contribution to our understanding of the ecology of cities and towns, there is now a need to address our current knowledge gaps so that the field can reach its full potential. We present two examples of research questions that demonstrate how we can enhance our understanding of urbanization gradients, and the ecological knowledge that we can obtain from them.!://WOS:000261790600002McDonnell, Mark J. Hahs, Amy K.WOS:00026179060000210.1007/s10980-008-9253-4~?^@Luther, D. Hilty, J. Weiss, J. Cornwall, C. Wipf, M. Ballard, G.2008Assessing the impact of local habitat variables and landscape context on riparian birds in agricultural, urbanized, and native landscapes 1923-1935Biodiversity and Conservation178birds habitat conservation riparian landscape context shrub richness urbanization vineyards mammalian predators community structure species richness forest conservation california usa homogenization fragmentation biodiversityJulLarge tracts of natural habitat are being replaced by agriculture and urban sprawl in Mediterranean regions worldwide. We have limited knowledge about the effects of human activities on native species in these landscapes and which, if any, management practices might enhance the conservation of native biodiversity within them. Through a citizen volunteer bird-monitoring project, we compared bird abundance and species richness in northern Californian riparian zones surrounded by vineyards, urban areas, and natural areas. We assessed both local and landscape-level variables that may enhance native bird diversity in each land use type. We also demonstrate a new statistical approach, generalized estimating equations, to analyze highly variable data, such as that collected by volunteers. Avian abundance was highly correlated with both landscape context and local habitat variables, while avian richness was correlated with local habitat variables, specifically shrub richness, and percent of tree cover. In particular, shrub species richness has a strong positive correlation with riparian-preferring bird species. This suggests that active local management of riparian zones in human-dominated landscapes can increase our ability to retain native bird species in these areas.!://WOS:000257367300009RLuther, David Hilty, Jodi Weiss, Jack Cornwall, Caitlin Wipf, Missy Ballard, GrantWOS:00025736730000910.1007/s10531-008-9332-5~?_Wachter, S. M. Wong, G.2008IWhat is a tree worth? Green-city strategies, signaling and housing prices213-239Real Estate Economics362&urban trees; valuation; social capitalSummWe investigate the correlation between curbside tree plantings and housing price movements in Philadelphia from 1998 to 2003, comparing two programs, one by the Philadelphia Horticultural Society (PHS) that requires block-group effort that focuses on low-income neighborhoods and the other by the Fairmount Park Commission that is individual-based without specific target areas. A 7 to 11% price differential is identified within 4,000 feet of the Fairmount tree plantings. We argue that this is largely driven by either social capital creation or a signaling mechanism, on top of an intrinsic tree value (around 2%). Findings using the PHS tree program suggest that development of social capital or environmentally conscious behavior might be a less important channel. Any positive changes brought by the PHS tree plantings were not detected with sufficient statistical power.!://WOS:000255495900002Wachter, Susan M. Wong, GraceWOS:00 ~?`Shandas, V. Messer, W. B.2008sFostering Green Communities Through Civic Engagement Community-Based Environmental Stewardship in the Portland Area408-418,Journal of the American Planning Association744rcommunity-based urban watersheds environmental management stewardship community-university partnerships managementProblem: Urban development can fragment natural habitats, alter hydrologic systems, and modify energy flows and nutrient cycles. The literature on mitigating ecological impacts of urban development contains extensive support for engineered infrastructure, but few studies have characterized the factors that foster effective involvement of community members in urban ecological restoration. Purpose: This article aims to explain why one community-initiated environmental stewardship program has been successful, and offers lessons on how to use community resources to establish similar programs elsewhere. We ask: ( 1) How can citizens become more involved in the stewardship of their local watershed? ( 2) What is the optimal mix of local technical expertise and community capacity? and ( 3) What innovations and accommodations must public agencies make to improve community involvement in environmental stewardship? Methods: We draw on data from surveys, interviews, and participant reports from 12 years of Portland's Community Watershed Stewardship Program (CWSP) to characterize the prerequisites to developing an effective community-based environmental management program. Results and conclusions: We conclude that programs encouraging the public to participate in environmental planning and stewardship need flexibility to allow innovation and accommodation in the planning process. We observe that community partners have great success completing projects they themselves initiate, and that are physically located nearby. We also find that developing a partnership with a local university was an important component of this effective environmental stewardship program. Takeaway for practice: Community-based watershed stewardship programs, if designed correctly, have the potential to increase citizen trust in government, improve the biophysical environment, and foster participants' ecological understanding. Involving the community in urban watershed management programs fills gaps between what public institutions can achieve and what the community needs. This coproduction provides opportunities for citizens to develop ownership of the local landscape, which may in turn increase the number of community groups involved, and the overall geographic reach of restoration projects.!://WOS:000260575600002Shandas, Vivek Messer, W. BarryWOS:00026057560000210.1080/01944360802291265~?a(Swan, C. M. Healey, B. Richardson, D. C.2008The role of native riparian tree species in decomposition of invasive tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) leaf litter in an urban stream27-35 Ecoscience151detritivore invasive species leaf decomposition riparian forest diversity stream restoration urban streams bottom-up control ecosystem processes headwater streams current knowledge processing rates plant diversity willow leaves top-down land-use breakdownIncreasingly, interactions between human and natural systems centre on the multi-scale restoration of ecosystems. Humans rely on ecosystem services provided by streams, yet human activities degrade water quality worldwide. Re-planting streamside vegetation is a common restoration practice, since trees reduce runoff and stabilize banks. But does riparian tree biodiversity matter? Detrital inputs from riparian vegetation impact in-stream processes, e.g., leaf decomposition. Since the increasing distribution of invasive plant species alters the structure of streamside forest communities, input of invasive litter to streams could alter such processes. We followed decomposition rates of the invasive tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima, TOH) and 6 native leaf species in an urban stream and complemented this effort with laboratory feeding experiments employing the same treatments and 2 common aquatic detritivores. TOH breakdown was rapid, exceeding native leaf decay. Mixing TOH with native species reduced its decay compared to TOH alone; however, the feeding study demonstrated that detritivores preferred TOH over native species. Subsequent estimates of species-specific structural integrity revealed TOH poorly resisted breakage. The relatively tougher nature of native species may slow TOH breakdown by armouring the invasive litter against the highly variable flow regime characteristic of urban streams. The presence of native riparian tree species may mediate how invasive trees decompose in human-impacted streams.!://WOS:000254728300004:Swan, Christopher M. Healey, Benjamin Richardson, David C.WOS:000254728300004,10.2980/1195-6860(2008)15[27:tronrt]2.0.co;2O?b"Pickett, S. T. A. Cadenasso, M. L.2008\Linking Ecological and Built Components of Urban Mosaics: An Open Cycle of Ecological Design8-12Journal of Ecology961British Ecological Societylarchitecture; city; design; development; ecosystem; experiment; planning; restoration; suburb; urban ecologyI1. By the end of this decade, the majority of people will live in cities and suburban areas. Urban areas, including suburbs and exurbs, are expanding rapidly worldwide. 2. Plant ecology has largely ignored cities, or has primarily focused on the discrete urban green spaces within cities. 3. Plant ecology is increasingly engaging urban ecosystems as integrated natural-human systems, in which human agency is part of the complex of feedbacks. 4. Linking plant ecology with urban design (architecture, landscape architecture, civil engineering and urban planning) can help to integrate research and understanding of plants into the structure of cities, and to make use of urban design projects as ecological research tools. 5. Synthesis. A cycle of ecological design illustrates the linkage of plant ecological research with the ongoing transformation of urban systems by urban designers and civil society. Quality of life, human health, public appreciation of ecological processes in cities, and scientific understanding can all2|s), DBH, stem density, and basal area along the 100-m gradient from the forest edge. We also used a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) analysis to describe how species composition changed along the gradient. Our findings showed that S, H, and Ss did not change along the 100-m gradient. The NMS confirmed that species composition was not different in the edge subplots (0-10 m from edge) compared to all other subplots and therefore was not impacted by continual, local disturbance along forest edges. However, we found that forest structure changed along the gradient with the exception of mean DBH; stem density and total basal area varied along the 100-m gradient. There was greater stem density along the edge of the forest (0-5 m and 10-20 m from edge) compared to the other interior subplots. Some of the interior subplots (10-20 m and 60-70 m from the edge) had a higher total basal area than the remaining plots. As expected, we also found that there was a negative linear relationship between DBH and stem density for all subplots. Our results confirm trends found in previous studies that community structure parameters (stand density and basal area) differ between forest edges and their respective forest interiors, but did not agree with previous research, which found species composition to be affected by edges. We believe the regular pruning of the forest edge adjacent to the power-lines explains our observed differences in forest structure, but tree species richness, diversity, similarity, and composition may be determined by the disturbance of larger-scale ecological processes. Our results show how power-line placement within a fragmented urban forest can affect the structure of the adjacent forest, and we recommend that the ecological effects of power-line corridors should be further investigated and incorporated into the larger body of literature on forest fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Southeastern Naturalist is the property of Humboldt Field Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=60877427&site=ehost-live&scope=siteiPowell, Amanda S. 1 Lindquist, Erin S. 2; Email Address: erinlind@meredith.edu; Affiliation: 1: Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706 2: Department of Biological Sciences, Meredith College, 3800 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27607-5298; Source Info: 2011, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p25; Subject Term: URBANIZATION; Subject Term: FORESTS & forestry; Subject Term: ELECTRIC lines; Subject Term: TREES; Subject Term: SPECIES diversity; Subject Term: MEREDITH College (Raleigh, N.C.); Subject Term: RALEIGH (N.C.); Subject Term: NORTH Carolina; Number of Pages: 14p; Document Type: Article1528709260877427a9h EBSCOhost| 500 m); however, several species had competitive models across multiple scales. Habitat selection by birds within the urban matrix is the result of a combination of factors operating at both proximate and broader spatial scales. Efforts to manage and design urban areas to benefit native birds require both fine-scale (e.g., individual landowners and landscape design) and larger landscape actions (e.g., regional comprehensive planning). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Diversity & Distributions is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=59813519&site=ehost-live&scope=sitePennington, Derric N. 1 Blair, Robert B. 2; Affiliation: 1: Conservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, 200 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA 2: Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 200 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Source Info: May2011, Vol. 17 Issue 3, p506; Subject Term: HABITAT selection; Subject Term: BIRDS -- Breeding; Subject Term: RIPARIAN areas; Subject Term: URBAN ecology (Biology); Subject Term: BIOPHYSICS; Subject Term: LANDSCAPE design; Number of Pages: 13p; Illustrations: 1 Color Photograph, 3 Charts, 1 Graph, 1 Map; Document Type: Article1366951659813519 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00750.xa9h EBSCOhost|<}_Escobedo, Francisco J. Luley, Christopher J. Bond, Jerry Staudhammer, Christina Bartel, Charles2009@Hurricane Debris and Damage Assessment for Florida Urban Forests100-106Arboriculture & Urban Forestry352HURRICANES ENVIRONMENTAL aspects URBAN forestry WINDFALL (Forestry) TREE hazard evaluation FLORIDA Emergency Management Hurricane i-Tree Tree Pruning Tree Removal Urban Forest Management Wind DamageArticleThe article presents a study on the impact of hurricane on urban forest structure in Florida. It states that many studies have affirmed that hurricane winds can seriously damage trees and landscapes. The study sampled the trees that were affected by the hurricanes that hit Florida in 2004 and 2005. The result notes that tree canopy, wind speed, and percentage of urban developed land had important effects on debris amount. Characterization of debris and damaged caused by hurricane are discussed.http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=37011137&site=ehost-live&scope=site|Escobedo, Francisco J. 1; Email Address: fescobed@ufl.edu Luley, Christopher J. 2 Bond, Jerry 3 Staudhammer, Christina 1 Bartel, Charles 4; Affiliation: 1: University of Florida- IFAS School of Forest Resources and Conservation P.O. Box 110806 Gainesville, Florida 32611, U.S. 2: Urban Forestry LLC 6050 Hicks Rd. Naples, NY 14512, U.S. 3: Urban Forestry LLC 3904 Willowdale Lane Geneva, NY 14456, U.S. 4: Florida Division of Emergency Management 2555 Shumard Oak Boulevard Tallahassee, FL 32399, U.S.; Source Info: Mar2009, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p100; Subject Term: HURRICANES; Subject Term: ENVIRONMENTAL aspects; Subject Term: URBAN forestry; Subject Term: WINDFALL (Forestry); Subject Term: TREE hazard evaluation; Subject Term: FLORIDA; Author-Supplied Keyword: Emergency Management; Author-Supplied Keyword: Hurricane; Author-Supplied Keyword: i-Tree; Author-Supplied Keyword: Tree Pruning; Author-Supplied Keyword: Tree Removal; Author-Supplied Keyword: Urban Forest Management; Author-Supplied Keyword: Wind Damage; NAICS/Industry Codes: 561730 Landscaping Services; Number of Pages: 7p; Illustrations: 3 Charts, 2 Graphs; Document Type: Article1935529737011137a9h EBSCOhost|<~"Muller, Robert N. Bornstein, Carol2010;Maintaining the Diversity of California's Municipal Forests18-26Arboriculture & Urban Forestry361FOREST policy URBAN forestry FOREST biodiversity CITIES & towns QUESTIONNAIRES CALIFORNIA Diversity InvasiveSpecies MunicipalForest UrbanForestArticleThe article presents a study that assesses the policies aimed to promote urban forest diversity in 49 municipalities in California and evaluates the street tree component of each community's municipal forest. It mentions that questionnaires were sent to all municipalities of the state. Its result showed that maintaining species diversity is an objective in managing their forest. Moreover, the street tree investories showed high existing diversity within California's communities.http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=48094154&site=ehost-live&scope=site%Muller, Robert N. Bornstein, Carol; Source Info: Jan2010, Vol. 36 Issue 1, p18; Subject Term: FOREST policy; Subject Term: URBAN forestry; Subject Term: FOREST biodiversity; Subject Term: CITIES & towns; Subject Term: QUESTIONNAIRES; Subject Term: CALIFORNIA; Author-Supplied Keyword: California; Author-Supplied Keyword: Diversity; Author-Supplied Keyword: InvasiveSpecies; Author-Supplied Keyword: MunicipalForest; Author-Supplied Keyword: UrbanForest; NAICS/Industry Codes: 561730 Landscaping Services; Number of Pages: 9p; Document Type: Article1935529748094154a9h EBSCOhost |<%Groffman, Peter M. Pouyat, Richard V.2009)Methane Uptake in Urban Forests and Lawns 5229-5235"Environmental Science & Technology4314SOIL microbiology RESEARCH SINKS (Atmospheric chemistry) SOIL physical chemistry METHANE -- Environmental aspects COMPARATIVE studies LAND use -- Environmental aspects FORESTS & forestry LAWNS BALTIMORE (Md.) MARYLANDArticleThe largest natural biological sink for the radiatively active trace gas methane (CH4) is bacteria in soils that consume CH4 as an energy and carbon source. This sink has been shown to be sensitive to nitrogen (N) inputs and alterations of soil physical conditions. Given this sensitivity, conversion of native ecosystems to urban, suburban, and exurban managed lawns thus has potential to affect regional CH4 budgets. We measured CH4 fluxes monthly from four urban forest, four rural forest and four urban lawn plots in the Baltimore, MD, metropolitan area from 2001 to 2005. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of urban atmospheric and land use change on CH4 uptake and the importance of these changes relative to other greenhouse forcings in the urban landscape. Rural forests had a high capacity for CH4 uptake (1.68 mg m-2 day-1). This capacity was reduced in urban forests (0.23 mg m-2 day-1) and almost completely eliminated in lawns. Possible mechanisms for these reductions include increases in atmospheric N deposition and CO2 levels, fertilization of lawns, and alteration of soil physical conditions that influence diffusion. Although conversion ef native forests to lawns had dramatic effects on CH4 uptake, these effects do not appear to be significant to statewide greenhouse gas forcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology is the property of American Chemical Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=43564952&site=ehost-live&scope=siteGROFFMAN, PETER M. 1; Email Address: groffmanp@caryinstitute.org POUYAT, RICHARD V. 2; Affiliation: 1: Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Box AB, Milibrook New York 12545. 2: U.S. Forest Service, Rosslyn Plaza, Building C, 1601 North Kent Street, Fourth Floor, Arlington, Virginia 22209.; Source Info: 7/15/2009, Vol. 43 Issue 14, p5229; Subject Term: SOIL microbiology; Subject Term: RESEARCH; Subject Term: SINKS (Atmospheric chemistry); Subject Term: SOIL physical chemistry; Subject Term: METHANE -- Environmental aspects; Subject Term: COMPARATIVE studies; Subject Term: LAND use -- Environmental aspects; Subject Term: FORESTS & forestry; Subject Term: LAWNS; Subject Term: BALTIMORE (Md.); Subject Term: MARYLAND; Number of Pages: 7p; Document Type: Article0013936X43564952a9h EBSCOhostH|<Koester, Heiko2008&NATIVE PLANTS AND URBAN SUSTAINABILITY323-3330Native Plants Journal (Indiana University Press)93Indiana University PressENDEMIC plants URBAN forestry SOLAR energy -- Passive systems WATER conservation EUGENE (Or.) OREGON bioswale cover crops greywater heat island effect living roof native medicinal plant perennial food plant roundwood urban forests urban lumberArticleFall2008The article presents 15 possible applications of native plants in sustainable urban systems. The native plants range from passive solar retrofits to greywater systems and are loosely arranged into the general headings of the urban forest, water conservation, and "grow your own." It is suggested, based on the experiences of the author in Eugene, Oregon, that native plants could be given a larger role in making cities sustainable. Native plants have superior adaptation to local climatic stresses, as well as pest and disease resistance.http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=35571185&site=ehost-live&scope=siteKoester, Heiko 1; Email Address: urbanecogardens@gmail.com; Affiliation: 1: Landscape Designer and Owner, Urban Ecogardens, PO Box 732, Eugene, OR 97440; Source Info: Fall2008, Vol. 9 Issue 3, p323; Subject Term: ENDEMIC plants; Subject Term: URBAN forestry; Subject Term: SOLAR energy -- Passive systems; Subject Term: WATER conservation; Subject Term: EUGENE (Or.); Subject Term: OREGON; Author-Supplied Keyword: bioswale; Author-Supplied Keyword: cover crops; Author-Supplied Keyword: greywater; Author-Supplied Keyword: heat island effect; Author-Supplied Keyword: living roof; Author-Supplied Keyword: native medicinal plant; Author-Supplied Keyword: perennial food plant; Author-Supplied Keyword: roundwood; Author-Supplied Keyword: urban forests; Author-Supplied Keyword: urban lumber; NAICS/Industry Codes: 561730 Landscaping Services; Number of Pages: 11p; Illustrations: 14 Color Photographs, 1 Black and White Photograph; Document Type: Article1522833935571185a9h EBSCOhost |<Byrne, Jason Wolch, Jennifer2009TNature, race, and parks: past research and future directions for geographic research743-765Progress in Human Geography336Sage Publications, Ltd.PARKS RESEARCH parks ENVIRONMENTAL research SOCIAL ecology PARKS -- Public use cultural landscape environmental justice nature political ecology race urban parksArticle&Geographic research on parks has been wide-ranging but has seldom examined how and why people use parks, leaving these questions to leisure science, which privileges sociodemographic variables over urban socio-spatial explanations (eg, historical, political-economic, and location factors). This article examines recent geographic perspectives on park use, drawing upon environmental justice, cultural landscape, and political ecology paradigms to redirect our attention from park users to a more critical appreciation of the historical, socio-ecological, and political-economic processes that operate through, and in turn shape, park spaces and park-going behaviors. We challenge partial, user-orientated approaches and suggest new directions for geographic research on parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Progress in Human Geography is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=45386925&site=ehost-live&scope=siteByrne, Jason 1; Email Address: jason.byrne@griffith.edu.au Wolch, Jennifer 2; Affiliation: 1: Griffith School of Environment, G31, 3.06 Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia 2: College of Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley, 230 Wurster Hall 1820, Berkeley, CA 94720 1820, USA; Source Info: Dec2009, Vol. 33 Issue 6, p743; Subject Term: PARKS; Subject Term: RESEARCH parks; Subject Term: ENVIRONMENTAL research; Subject Term: SOCIAL ecology; Subject Term: PARKS -- Public use; Author-Supplied Keyword: cultural landscape; Author-Supplied Keyword: environmental justice; Author-Supplied Keyword: nature; Author-Supplied Keyword: political ecology; Author-Supplied Keyword: race; Author-Supplied Keyword: urban parks; NAICS/Industry Codes: 712190 Nature Parks and Other Similar Institutions; Number of Pages: 23p; Illustrations: 1 Diagram; Document Type: Article030913254538692510.1177/0309132509103156a9h EBSCOhost |<_Swoczyna, Tatiana Kalaji, Hazem M. Pietkiewicz, Stefan Borowski, Jacek Zaras-Januszkiewicz, Ewa2010oPhotosynthetic apparatus efficiency of eight tree taxa as an indicator of their tolerance to urban environments65-75 Dendrobiology63*Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Dendrologii TREES in cities TREES PHYSIOLOGY BIOCOMPATIBILITY PLANT varieties CHLOROPHYLL -- Synthesis ROADSIDE improvement ENVIRONMENTAL aspects PEAR RED oak GINKGO WARSAW (Poland) POLAND chlorophyll a fluorescence Performance Index salinity stress street environment urban treesArticleUrban trees, especially those growing in close proximity to roads, suffer from different kinds of stress. Most of roadside stress factors are impossible to be avoided therefore the selection of tolerant tree species andcultivars is of high importance. In our research we usedthe activity of photosystem II andchlorophyll relative content to monitor physiological state of 8 species andcultivars growing in urban environments in Warsaw. We comparedyoung trees growing 2-3 m away from the roadandothers growing minimum 8 meters away. The experiment allowed us to indicate the most tolerant taxa to roadside conditions: Gleditsia triacanthos, Pyrus calleryana 'Chanticleer', Platanus x hispanica 'Acerifolia' and Acer campestre. We foundthat Quercus rubra is relatively tolerant. Tilia x europaea 'Pallida', Tilia cordata 'Greenspire' and Ginkgo biloba should not be planted in harmful habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Dendrobiology is the property of Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Dendrologii and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=51707268&site=ehost-live&scope=site'Swoczyna, Tatiana Kalaji, Hazem M. Pietkiewicz, Stefan Borowski], Jacek Zaras-Januszkiewicz, Ewa; Source Info: May2010, Vol. 63, p65; Subject Term: TREES in cities; Subject Term: TREES; Subject Term: PHYSIOLOGY; Subject Term: BIOCOMPATIBILITY; Subject Term: PLANT varieties; Subject Term: CHLOROPHYLL -- Synthesis; Subject Term: ROADSIDE improvement; Subject Term: ENVIRONMENTAL aspects; Subject Term: PEAR; Subject Term: RED oak; Subject Term: GINKGO; Subject Term: WARSAW (Poland); Subject Term: POLAND; Author-Supplied Keyword: chlorophyll a fluorescence; Author-Supplied Keyword: Performance Index; Author-Supplied Keyword: salinity stress; Author-Supplied Keyword: street environment; Author-Supplied Keyword: urban trees; Number of Pages: 11p; Illustrations: 4 Charts, 5 Graphs; Document Type: Article1641130751707268a9h EBSCOhost A|<Sweeney, Brendan2009[Producing liminal space: gender, age and class in northern Ontario's tree planting industry569-5868Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography165 RoutledgeTREE planting FORESTS & forestry -- Ontario LIMINALITY FOREST products industry SOCIAL space TREE planters (Persons) NATURAL resources SEX differences (Psychology) ONTARIO gender liminality liminal space spaces of productionArticleDrawing upon qualitative data, this article examines how tree planters in northern Ontario, Canada engage with liminality in terms of gender, class, age and space. In doing so, it provides insight into concepts of gender liminality and the variegated experiences of males and females in liminal space. The article focuses on four aspects of the liminal engagement. First, the spaces of tree planting are liminal as they are marked by homelife and worklife, but dominated by neither. Second, gender performances are liminal, as males perform masculinities seldom necessary or appropriate - yet often valorized - in their permanent communities, while females (who make up nearly half of the workforce) are offered opportunities to work and succeed in a traditionally male industry. However, success often requires that they adopt certain masculine traits. Third, most tree planters are in the interstitial age of 'youth', somewhere between adolescence and adulthood. Finally, tree planters are generally members of affluent urban middle-classes, yet the work they perform is more readily associated with rural or peripheral working-classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=44099600&site=ehost-live&scope=siteSweeney, Brendan 1; Affiliation: 1: Department of Geography, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Source Info: Oct2009, Vol. 16 Issue 5, p569; Subject Term: TREE planting; Subject Term: FORESTS & forestry -- Ontario; Subject Term: LIMINALITY; Subject Term: FOREST products industry; Subject Term: SOCIAL space; Subject Term: TREE planters (Persons); Subject Term: NATURAL resources; Subject Term: SEX differences (Psychology); Subject Term: ONTARIO; Author-Supplied Keyword: gender liminality; Author-Supplied Keyword: liminal space; Author-Supplied Keyword: spaces of production; Author-Supplied Keyword: tree planting; NAICS/Industry Codes: 113210 Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products; NAICS/Industry Codes: 321999 All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing; NAICS/Industry Codes: 321113 Sawmills; NAICS/Industry Codes: 111421 Nursery and Tree Production; NAICS/Industry Codes: 561730 Landscaping Services; Number of Pages: 18p; Illustrations: 1 Color Photograph, 1 Map; Document Type: Article0966369X4409960010.1080/09663690903148432a9h EBSCOhost Լ<7Nikolaos, Karanikolas Dimitra, Vagiona Agapi, Xifilidou2011sREAL ESTATE VALUES AND ENVIRONMENT: A CASE STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE VALUES861-868*International Journal of Academic Research3CASE studies MARKET value REAL property NATURAL disasters WETLANDS NOISE pollution natural and social environment Real estate market values Case StudyThis paper surveys the main issues in literature on real estate market and environment. The real estate business is one of the basic economic sectors in the world. However, it is world-wide accepted that the real estate market is affected and formed not only by economic and productive factors, but, also, by various qualitative characteristics of the natural and human environment, in which each real estate activity is performed. The legal framework that provide the specifications and the restrictions that should be followed in cases of proximity to urban green spaces, to water resources, to unusual topography and to possible, future or past, manifestation of natural disasters assure the importance of the above in the real estate market. Moreover, quantitive assessment and results reinforce further their significance. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the above parameters in the field of real estate, through a detailed literature review both to European and American areas. Conclusively, this study and its results arouse the need for collaboration of all scientific sectors so as to satisfy all needs and include all preferences, in order to develop the real estate market in a sustainable way with respect to the environment- an idea that the majority of scientists and researchers support for all sectors of human activity throughout the last decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Academic Research is the property of International Journal of Academic Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=59737590&site=ehost-live&scope=siteAccession Number: 59737590; Nikolaos, Karanikolas 1 Dimitra, Vagiona 1 Agapi, Xifilidou 2; Affiliation: 1: Lecturers, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Urban-Regional Planning and Development Engineering 2: Post Graduate Student, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Civil Engineering (GREECE); Source Info: Jan2011, Vol. 3 Issue 1, p861; Subject Term: CASE studies; Subject Term: MARKET value; Subject Term: REAL property; Subject Term: NATURAL disasters; Subject Term: WETLANDS; Subject Term: NOISE pollution; Author-Supplied Keyword: natural and social environment; Author-Supplied Keyword: natural disasters; Author-Supplied Keyword: Real estate market values; NAICS/Industry Codes: 531190 Lessors of Other Real Estate Property; NAICS/Industry Codes: 531210 Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers; Number of Pages: 8p; Illustrations: 2 Charts, 2 Graphs; Document Type: Case Study20754124*International Journal of Academic Researcha9h EBSCOhost |<Ghorbanian, Mahshid2011TRECOGNIZING NEIGHBORHOOD SATISFACTION; SIGNIFICANT DIMENSIONS AND ASSESSMENT FACTORS273-282*International Journal of Academic Research31*International Journal of Academic ResearchNEIGHBORHOODS SATISFACTION COMMUNITIES -- Social aspects QUALITY of life SEGREGATION SUBURBANIZATION SUBURBS SOCIAL context COMMUNITY relations SOCIAL conditions dimensions of neighborhood satisfaction neighborhood neighborhood satisfactionArticletThis study looks at the relation of attributes of the neighborhood and satisfaction with them to evaluate the overall neighborhood satisfaction. The concept of neighborhood has been severely blurred if not lost as a result of the development practices of the last several decades. So research must first come to a conclusion regarding how to define a neighborhood. Then it will reveal the concept of satisfaction and the term in neighborhood scale. Since Neighborhood satisfaction refers to residents' overall evaluation of their neighborhood and dimensions of satisfaction consist different issues which refer to the aspects, characteristics, and features of the residential environment, so several factors that influence the neighborhood satisfaction will be introduced in various categories as the result of the essay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Academic Research is the property of International Journal of Academic Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=59737706&site=ehost-live&scope=siteGhorbanian, Mahshid 1; Affiliation: 1: Islamic Azad University, Salmas Branch (IRI); Source Info: Jan2011, Vol. 3 Issue 1, p273; Subject Term: NEIGHBORHOODS; Subject Term: SATISFACTION; Subject Term: COMMUNITIES -- Social aspects; Subject Term: QUALITY of life; Subject Term: SEGREGATION; Subject Term: SUBURBANIZATION; Subject Term: SUBURBS; Subject Term: SOCIAL context; Subject Term: COMMUNITY relations; Subject Term: SOCIAL conditions; Author-Supplied Keyword: dimensions of neighborhood satisfaction; Author-Supplied Keyword: neighborhood; Author-Supplied Keyword: neighborhood satisfaction; Author-Supplied Keyword: satisfaction; Number of Pages: 10p; Illustrations: 1 Diagram, 2 Charts; Document Type: Article2075412459737706a9h EBSCOhost|<!Nali, Cristina Lorenzini, Giacomo2009?Residents' Perception of Tree Diseases in the Urban Environment87-93Arboriculture & Urban Forestry352ENVIRONMENTAL psychology TREE declines RESPONDENTS PUBLIC opinion polls PLANT diseases URBAN ecology (Biology) COLLEGE students DecliningTrees Group InterviewsArticleThe article presents a survey which determines the perception of residents concerning tree diseases in the urban environment. It notes that urban greenspaces are important for the citizen's health and well-being. It also says that the presence of trees is also important for the improvement of urban environments. However, diseased, declining or dead trees may become a risk factor for the citizen. It details the results of the survey based on balanced sample of interviews by university students.http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=37011135&site=ehost-live&scope=siteNali, Cristina 1; Email Address: cristina.nali@agr.unipi.it Lorenzini, Giacomo 1; Affiliation: 1: University of Pisa — CDSL via del Borghetto 80 Pisa 56124, Italy; Source Info: Mar2009, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p87; Subject Term: ENVIRONMENTAL psychology; Subject Term: TREE declines; Subject Term: RESPONDENTS; Subject Term: PUBLIC opinion polls; Subject Term: PLANT diseases; Subject Term: URBAN ecology (Biology); Subject Term: COLLEGE students; Author-Supplied Keyword: DecliningTrees; Author-Supplied Keyword: Environmental Psychology; Author-Supplied Keyword: Group Interviews; NAICS/Industry Codes: 541910 Marketing Research and Public Opinion Polling; Number of Pages: 7p; Illustrations: 3 Charts; Document Type: Article1935529737011135a9h EBSCOhost|<Ruiliang, Pu Desheng, Liu2011mSegmented canonical discriminant analysis of in situ hyperspectral data for identifying 13 urban tree species 2207-2226'International Journal of Remote Sensing328REMOTE sensing SPECTROMETER INFRARED imaging SPECTRUM analysis DISCRIMINANT analysis PRINCIPAL components analysis TREES in citiesArticle A total of 458 in situ hyperspectral data were collected from 13 urban tree species in the City of Tampa, FL, USA using a spectrometer. The 13 species include 11 broadleaf and two conifer species. Three different techniques, segmented canonical discriminant analysis (CDA), segmented principal component analysis (PCA) and segmented stepwise discriminate analysis (SDA), were applied and compared for dimension reduction and feature extraction. With each of the three techniques, 10 features were extracted or selected from four spectral regions, visible (VIS: 1412-1797 nm), near-infrared (NIR: 707-1352 nm), mid-infrared 1 (MIR1: 1412-1797 nm) and mid-infrared 2 (MIR2: 1942-2400 nm), and used to discriminate the 13 urban tree species with a linear discriminate analysis (LDA) method. The cross-validation results, based on training samples that were used in the feature reduction step, and the results calculated from the test samples were used for evaluating the ability of the in situ hyperspectral data and performance of the segmented CDA, PCA and SDA to identify the 13 tree species. The experimental results indicate that a satisfactory discrimination of the 13 tree species was achieved using the segmented CDA technique (average accuracy (AA) = 96%, overall accuracy (OAA) = 96% and kappa = 0.958 from the cross-validation results; AA = 90%, OAA = 90% and kappa = 0.896 from the test samples) compared to the segmented PCA and SDA techniques, respectively (AA = 76% and 86%, OAA = 78% and 87%, and kappa = 0.763 and 0.857 from the cross-validation results; AA = 79% and 88%, OAA = 80% and 89%, and kappa = 0.782 and 0.879 from the test samples). In this study, the segmented CDA transformation is effective for dimension reduction and feature extraction for species discrimination with a relatively limited number of training samples. It outperformed the segmented PCA and SDA methods and produced the highest accuracies. The NIR and MIR1 regions have greater power for identifying the 13 species compared to the VIS and MIR2 spectral regions. The results indicate that CDA or segmented CDA could be applied broadly in mapping forest cover types, species identification and/or other land use/land cover classification practices with hyperspectral remote sensing data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=60122958&site=ehost-live&scope=siteRuiliang Pu 1; Email Address: rpu@usf.edu Desheng Liu 2; Affiliation: 1: Department of Geography, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, NES 107, Tampa, FL 33620, USA 2: Departments of Geography and Statistics, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Source Info: 4/20/2011, Vol. 32 Issue 8, p2207; Subject Term: REMOTE sensing; Subject Term: SPECTROMETER; Subject Term: INFRARED imaging; Subject Term: SPECTRUM analysis; Subject Term: DISCRIMINANT analysis; Subject Term: PRINCIPAL components analysis; Subject Term: TREES in cities; Number of Pages: 20p; Illustrations: 1 Diagram, 4 Charts, 2 Graphs, 1 Map; Document Type: Article014311616012295810.1080/01431161003692040a9h EBSCOhost|<McPherson, E. Gregory2010-Selecting Reference Cities for i-Tree Streets230-240Arboriculture & Urban Forestry365COMPUTER programs FORESTS & forestry TREES PRECIPITATION (Meteorology) LISBON (Portugal) PORTUGAL UNITED States Benefit-Cost Analysis i-Tree Streets Municipal Forests Street Tree Inventory Urban Forest ValuationArticleThe article describes a systematic process for choosing reference cites for i-Tree Streets, a computer program that measures municipal forest structure, function and value using tree growth and geographic data from 16 U.S. reference cities and illustrates this for Lisbon, Portugal. Criteria for selection include tree species composition, heating and cooling degree days and yearly precipitation. The cities of Modesto and Claremont in California emerged as the best match for Lisbon.http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=54116601&site=ehost-live&scope=siteMcPherson, E. Gregory 1; Affiliation: 1: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1731 Research Park Dr. Davis, CA 95618, U.S.; Source Info: Sep2010, Vol. 36 Issue 5, p230; Subject Term: COMPUTER programs; Subject Term: FORESTS & forestry; Subject Term: TREES; Subject Term: PRECIPITATION (Meteorology); Subject Term: LISBON (Portugal); Subject Term: PORTUGAL; Subject Term: UNITED States; Author-Supplied Keyword: Benefit-Cost Analysis; Author-Supplied Keyword: i-Tree Streets; Author-Supplied Keyword: Municipal Forests; Author-Supplied Keyword: Street Tree Inventory; Author-Supplied Keyword: Urban Forest Valuation; Number of Pages: 11p; Illustrations: 7 Charts, 1 Map; Document Type: Article1935529754116601a9h EBSCOhost l|<Dunn, Alexandra Dapolito2010rSITING GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: LEGAL AND POLICY SOLUTIONS TO ALLEVIATE URBAN POVERTY AND PROMOTE HEALTHY COMMUNITIES41-66/Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review371Boston College Law School}INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) URBAN poor PUBLIC health WATER quality AIR pollution QUALITY of life SUSTAINABLE urban developmentArticleGreen infrastructure is an economically and environmentally viable approach for water management and natural resource protection in urban areas. This Article argues that green infrastructure has additional and exceptional benefits for the urban poor which are not frequently highlighted or discussed. When green infrastructure is concentrated in distressed neighborhoods--where it frequently is not--it can improve urban water quality, reduce urban air pollution, improve public health, enhance urban aesthetics and safety, generate green collar jobs, and facilitate urban food security. To make these quality of life and health benefits available to the urban poor, it is essential that urban leaders remove both legal and policy barriers to implementing green infrastructure projects. This Article argues that overcoming these obstacles requires quantified methods and regulatory reform. Increased public financing and other incentives are also necessary. Furthermore, legal structures that facilitate green solutions must be put in place. Lastly, awareness of green infrastructure solutions among policy makers and the wider public must be enhanced so that our nation's more distressed urban populations may realize the benefits that such solutions yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review is the property of Boston College Law School and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=48650838&site=ehost-live&scope=site Dunn, Alexandra Dapolito 1; Affiliation: 1: Assistant Dean of Environmental Law Programs and Adjunct Professor of Law, Pace University School of Law; Source Info: 2010, Vol. 37 Issue 1, p41; Subject Term: INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics); Subject Term: URBAN poor; Subject Term: PUBLIC health; Subject Term: WATER quality; Subject Term: AIR pollution; Subject Term: QUALITY of life; Subject Term: SUSTAINABLE urban development; NAICS/Industry Codes: 525120 Health and Welfare Funds; Number of Pages: 26p; Document Type: Article0190703448650838a9h EBSCOhost dԼ<;Merse, Cynthia L. Buckley, Geoffrey L. Boone, Christopher G20096Street Trees And Urban Renewal: A Baltimore Case Study65-81Geographical Bulletin 50<Merse, Cynthia L. Buckley, Geoffrey L. Boone, Christopher G.aCASE studies TREES in cities URBAN renewal LANDSCAPES STREETS Baltimore street trees urban forest Case StudyFor centuries, street trees have persisted as enduring features of the urban landscape. Evidence shows that investing in "green infrastructure" not only contributes to a healthy ecosystem but offers economic and social benefits as well. Despite these advantages, the popularity of street trees has waxed and waned over the years in cities across the United States. The urban forest in Baltimore, Maryland has not been immune to these fluctuations, despite the city's reputation for innovative tree care and the emphasis city officials placed on street tree planting as part of the urban renewal programs of the 1950s and 1960s. One Baltimore neighborhood in particular, Bolton Hill, turned to tree-planting as a means to restore its standing as one of the city's most desirable sections in which to live. This paper examines how the lessons and challenges of the past may help Baltimore realize its ambitious goals for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Geographical Bulletin is the property of Geographical Bulletin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=45224868&site=ehost-live&scope=siteAccession Number: 45224868; Merse, Cynthia L. 1; Email Address: newtjp12@aol.com Buckley, Geoffrey L. 2; Email Address: buckleyg@ohio.edu Boone, Christopher G. 3; Email Address: Christopher.G.Boone@asu.edu; Affiliation: 1: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, Virginia 22302. 2: Department of Geography, Clippinger Labs 109, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979. 3: Global Institute for Sustainability and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3211.; Source Info: Nov2009, Vol. 50 Issue 2, p65; Subject Term: CASE studies; Subject Term: TREES in cities; Subject Term: URBAN renewal; Subject Term: LANDSCAPES; Subject Term: STREETS; Author-Supplied Keyword: Baltimore; Author-Supplied Keyword: street trees; Author-Supplied Keyword: urban forest; Author-Supplied Keyword: urban renewal; Number of Pages: 17p; Illustrations: 5 Black and White Photographs, 2 Maps; Document|<Wolf, Kathleen L.2009-Strip Malls, City Trees, and Community Values33-40Arboriculture & Urban Forestry351URBAN forestry TREES in cities URBAN beautification URBAN land use SHOPPING malls CONSUMER behavior NORTHWEST, Pacific Contingent valuation mall preference public response retail roadside survey visual qualityArticleThe article discusses a study which assessed public response to urban forest and landscape options in three major U.S. cities in the Pacific Northwest. The survey asked residents to indicate their preferences and perceptions concerning visual quality, retail perceptions, patronage behavior, and pricing for goods and services. It reveals respondents' preference for landscaped roadsides and willingness-to-pay more for goods and services in well-landscaped malls.http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=36463289&site=ehost-live&scope=siteWolf, Kathleen L. 1; Email Address: kwolf@u.washington.edu; Affiliation: 1: Research Social Scientist, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.; Source Info: Jan2009, Vol. 35 Issue 1, p33; Subject Term: URBAN forestry; Subject Term: TREES in cities; Subject Term: URBAN beautification; Subject Term: URBAN land use; Subject Term: SHOPPING malls; Subject Term: CONSUMER behavior; Subject Term: NORTHWEST, Pacific; Author-Supplied Keyword: Contingent valuation; Author-Supplied Keyword: mall; Author-Supplied Keyword: preference; Author-Supplied Keyword: public response; Author-Supplied Keyword: retail; Author-Supplied Keyword: roadside; Author-Supplied Keyword: survey; Author-Supplied Keyword: visual quality; NAICS/Industry Codes: 925120 Administration of Urban Planning and Community and Rural Development; NAICS/Industry Codes: 561730 Landscaping Services; Number of Pages: 8p; Illustrations: 2 Black and White Photographs, 1 Diagram, 3 Charts; Document Type: Article1935529736463289a9h EBSCOhostD|<Pavao-Zuckerman, Mitchell A.2008LThe Nature of Urban Soils and Their Role in Ecological Restoration in Cities642-649Restoration Ecology164Wiley-BlackwellURBAN soils SOIL ecology SOIL formation RESTORATION ecology SOIL management URBAN ecology (Sociology) URBANIZATION CITIES & towns SOIL restoration resilience urban ecologyArticleCurrent and predicted trends indicate that an increasing proportion of the world’s population is living in urban and suburban places. The nature of the urban environment becomes an important factor if we are concerned with the restoration and preservation of biodiversity and ecosystems in and around cities. This article highlights the varied impacts of cities on soils and their implications for restoration planning and expectations of restoration “success.” Urban soils exist in different historical and formational trajectories than their local nonurbanized counterparts due to direct anthropogenic disturbance and indirect environmental impacts from urbanization. Therefore, urban soils often exhibit altered physical, chemical, and biological characteristics in comparison to local nonurbanized soils. Several unique features of urban soils and urban ecosystems pose particular issues for ecological restoration or the improvement of degraded soil conditions in cities. The creation of novel soil types, conditions that promote invasion by non-natives, the strong influence of past land use on soil properties, and the presence of strong interactions and alternative stable states set up unique difficulties for the restoration of urban soils. Soils in urban restorations are a medium that can be deliberately manipulated to improve site conditions or in the monitoring of soil conditions as indices of ecosystem status. Including an explicit role for strong manipulations of soils in urban ecosystems changes how we approach baselines, management, and reference conditions in urban ecological restoration. With an understanding of urban soil ecological knowledge, we can guide aspects of urban ecological restoration toward successful outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Restoration Ecology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=35481801&site=ehost-live&scope=sitePavao-Zuckerman, Mitchell A. 1; Email Address: mzuckerman@arizona.edu; Affiliation: 1: Biosphere 2, PO Box 210158B, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0158, U.S.A.; Source Info: Dec2008, Vol. 16 Issue 4, p642; Subject Term: URBAN soils; Subject Term: SOIL ecology; Subject Term: SOIL formation; Subject Term: RESTORATION ecology; Subject Term: SOIL management; Subject Term: URBAN ecology (Sociology); Subject Term: URBANIZATION; Subject Term: CITIES & towns; Subject Term: SOIL restoration; Author-Supplied Keyword: resilience; Author-Supplied Keyword: soil formation; Author-Supplied Keyword: urban ecology; NAICS/Industry Codes: 115112 Soil Preparation, Planting, and Cultivating; Number of Pages: 8p; Illustrations: 1 Diagram, 1 Chart, 1 Graph; Document Type: Article1061297135481801 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00486.xa9h EBSCOhost -|<Konijnendijk, Cecil C.2010AThe Role of Forestry in the Development and Reform of Green Belts241-254Planning Practice & Research252 RoutledgeFOREST management FORESTS & forestry -- Research OPEN spaces -- Law & legislation GREENBELTS GOVERNMENT policy COMMUNITY forests -- Law & legislation LANDSCAPES MANAGEMENTArticleForests and forestry have played an important role in the implementation of green belts. They offer important lessons for green belt planning reform. Experiences have been gained with multi-stakeholder approaches and overcoming stakeholder resistance to open space allocation. Forestry near towns has had to balance the interests of different levels of government, crucial in a time of deregulation and decentralization. Integrative approaches such as urban forestry and community forestry contribute to green space planning beyond the urban-rural divide. Finally, urban forests and community forests are multifunctional landscapes, where 'forest' in a judicial sense is only one element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Planning Practice & Research is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=51743962&site=ehost-live&scope=site1Konijnendijk, Cecil C.; Email Address: cck@life.ku.dk; Source Info: Apr2010, Vol. 25 Issue 2, p241; Subject Term: FOREST management; Subject Term: FORESTS & forestry -- Research; Subject Term: OPEN spaces -- Law & legislation; Subject Term: GREENBELTS; Subject Term: GOVERNMENT policy; Subject Term: COMMUNITY forests -- Law & legislation; Subject Term: LANDSCAPES; Subject Term: MANAGEMENT; NAICS/Industry Codes: 541712 Reseach and Development in the Physical, Engineering, and Life Sciences (except Biotechnology); Number of Pages: 14p; Document Type: Article026974595174396210.1080/02697451003740270a9h EBSCOhost D|<2Sander, Heather Polasky, Stephen Haight, Robert G.2010kThe value of urban tree cover: A hedonic property price model in Ramsey and Dakota Counties, Minnesota, USA 1646-1656Ecological Economics698REAL property -- Valuation RESEARCH TREES in cities AUTOREGRESSION (Statistics) LAND use -- Environmental aspects ECOLOGICAL economics EXTERNALITIES (Economics) MINNESOTAArticleUrban tree cover benefits communities. These benefits' economic values, however, are poorly recognized and often ignored by landowners and planners. We use hedonic property price modeling to estimate urban tree cover's value in Dakota and Ramsey Counties, MN, USA, predicting housing value as a function of structural, neighborhood, and environmental variables, including tree cover, using a spatial simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) error model. We measure tree cover as percent tree cover on parcels, and within 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000m. Results show that tree cover within 100 and 250m is positive and statistically significant. A 10% increase in tree cover within 100m increases average home sale price by $1371 (0.48%) and within 250m increases sale price by $836 (0.29%). In a model including both linear and squared tree cover terms, tree cover within 100 and 250m increases sale price to 40–60% tree cover. Beyond this point increased tree cover contributes to lower price. Tree cover beyond 250m did not contribute significantly to sale price. These results suggest significant positive effects for neighborhood tree cover, for instance, for the shading and aesthetic quality of tree-lined streets, indicating that tree cover provides positive neighborhood externalities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] Copyright of Ecological Economics is the property of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=51149850&site=ehost-live&scope=siteSander, Heather 1; Email Address: evans324@umn.edu Polasky, Stephen 2 Haight, Robert G. 3; Affiliation: 1: Conservation Biology Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA 2: Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA 3: Northern Forest Research Station, St. Paul, MN, USA; Source Info: Jun2010, Vol. 69 Issue 8, p1646; Subject Term: REAL property -- Valuation; Subject Term: RESEARCH; Subject Term: TREES in cities; Subject Term: AUTOREGRESSION (Statistics); Subject Term: LAND use -- Environmental aspects; Subject Term: ECOLOGICAL economics; Subject Term: EXTERNALITIES (Economics); Subject Term: MINNESOTA; Number of Pages: 11p; Document Type: Article092180095114985010.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.03.011a9h EBSCOhost |<,Runfola, Daniel Miller Hankins, Katherine B.2010,Urban Dereliction as Environmental Injustice345-3679ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies93-Centre for Social, Spatial & Economic JusticeFORECLOSURE ENVIRONMENTAL justice MUNICIPAL government SOCIAL injustice ATLANTA (Ga.) GEORGIA Atlanta procedural justice urban derelictionArticleDWith double-digit foreclosure rates and new home sales dropping to all-time lows, American cities are increasingly suffering from property abandonment and dereliction. In this paper, we identify urban dereliction as an important and under examined phenomenon in American cities, and one that warrants attention under the conceptual umbrella of environmental justice. An environmental justice approach that emphasizes both distributional and procedural justice provides an important lens through which to examine abandonment and dereliction. We provide an empirical example of dereliction in Atlanta neighborhoods and report preliminary findings from a study of the distribution of urban neglect and the presence (or absence) of resident activism in both high- and low-dereliction areas. Our study indicates that some residents in high-dereliction areas, while acutely aware of dereliction and actively involved in neighborhood and community organizations, are unsuccessful in pressuring city government agencies to enforce code violations and to maintain the physical infrastructure. By examining the procedural abilities of residents to address urban dereliction, we call attention to the relations of social power that shape the uneven geographies of urban neglect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies is the property of Centre for Social, Spatial & Economic Justice and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=63157376&site=ehost-live&scope=siteRunfola, Daniel Miller 1; Email Address: drunfola@clarku.edu Hankins, Katherine B. 2; Email Address: khankins@gsu.edu; Affiliation: 1: Clark University, Graduate School of Geography 950 Main Street Worcester, MA 01610, U.S.A. 2: Georgia State University, Department of Geosciences PO Box 4105 Atlanta, GA 30302, U.S.A.; Source Info: Oct2010, Vol. 9 Issue 3, p345; Subject Term: FORECLOSURE; Subject Term: ENVIRONMENTAL justice; Subject Term: MUNICIPAL government; Subject Term: SOCIAL injustice; Subject Term: ATLANTA (Ga.); Subject Term: GEORGIA; Author-Supplied Keyword: Atlanta; Author-Supplied Keyword: environmental justice; Author-Supplied Keyword: procedural justice; Author-Supplied Keyword: urban dereliction; Number of Pages: 23p; Document Type: Article1492973263157376a9h EBSCOhost1|< Ingram, Mrill2008+Urban Ecological Restoration. (Cover story)175-177Ecological Restoration263University of Wisconsin Press#RESTORATION ecology PROTECTED areasArticleThe article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by Andrew Newman on the obstacles that prevent marginalized people from participating in urban restoration and another by Dan Salas on restoration planning for a protected area.http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=34285280&site=ehost-live&scope=siteIngram, Mrill; Source Info: Sep2008, Vol. 26 Issue 3, p175; Subject Term: RESTORATION ecology; Subject Term: PROTECTED areas; Number of Pages: 3p; Document Type: Article1543406034285280a9h EBSCOhost |<9Cumming, Anne Buckelew Twardus, Daniel B. Nowak, David J.2008LUrban Forest Health Monitoring: Large-Scale Assessments in the United States341-346Arboriculture & Urban Forestry346URBAN forestry FOREST health AGRICULTURE -- United States UNITED States Forest health monitoring forest inventory and analysis (FIA) U.S. urban forest effects model (UFORE) Wisconsin UNITED States. Forest ServiceArticleThe article presents a study on the methods to monitor urban forest structure, function and health which was developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Five states established the pilot studies using the USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis protocol and Forest Health Monitoring program data collection standards. Urban forest health monitoring data collection and analysis is feasible and can be implemented nationally after the pilot studies in five states in the U.S.http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=35354729&site=ehost-live&scope=siteCumming, Anne Buckelew 1; Email Address: acumming@fs.fed.us Twardus, Daniel B. 2; Email Address: dtwardus@fs.fed.us Nowak, David J. 3; Email Address: dnowak@fs.fed.us; Affiliation: 1: Forester, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area 180 CanField Street Morgantown, WV 26505, U.S. 2: Forest Health Group Leader, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area 180 Canfield Street Morgantown, WV 26505, U.S. 3: Research Forester/Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station 5 Moon Library State University of New York, College Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.; Source Info: Nov2008, Vol. 34 Issue 6, p341; Subject Term: URBAN forestry; Subject Term: FOREST health; Subject Term: AGRICULTURE -- United States; Subject Term: UNITED States; Author-Supplied Keyword: Forest health monitoring; Author-Supplied Keyword: forest inventory and analysis (FIA); Author-Supplied Keyword: U.S.; Author-Supplied Keyword: urban forest effects model (UFORE); Author-Supplied Keyword: urban forestry; Author-Supplied Keyword: Wisconsin; Company/Entity: UNITED States. Forest Service; NAICS/Industry Codes: 561730 Landscaping Services; Number of Pages: 6p; Illustrations: 6 Charts; Document Type: Article1935529735354729a9h EBSCOhost Q|< Marks, Britni K. Duncan, R. Scot2009MUse of Forest Edges by Free-ranging Cats and Dogs in an Urban Forest Fragment427-436Southeastern Naturalist83!Humboldt Field Research InstituteRHABITAT (Ecology) FOREST ecology FORESTS & forestry PREDATORY animals CATS RACCOONArticleFree-ranging Felis catus (Domestic Cat ) and Canis familiaris (Domestic Dog) can greatly impact native prey populations, but little is known about their occurrence in urban forest fragments. In this study, we used camera traps to photograph (capture) cats, dogs, and native wildlife in a 409-ha urban forest in Birmingham, AL from Jan-Apr 2007. Habitat treatments included forest interior and forest edges by industrial lands, neighborhoods with higher house values, and neighborhoods with lower house values. We employed both conservative (n = 31) and liberal (n = 64) methods of tallying the number of individual dogs, cats, and native mammals captured. Dogs and cats combined comprised 19% (conservative) and 26% (liberal) of all photographic captures. Procyon lotor (Raccoon) were the most abundant of the 7 native species at 32% (conservative) and 53% (liberal) of all captures. Dogs were more abundant in neighborhood edges, and cats were more abundant in the forest interior. Cats and dogs combined were 75% (conservative) and 86% (liberal) of captures from the forest interior. Captures of native species were far more frequent in neighborhood edges (conservative = 86.9%, and liberal = 92.3%) than in other treatments. These findings demonstrate that exotic predators can be an important ecological presence in certain portions of urban forest fragments, and more extensive studies of their impact are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Southeastern Naturalist is the property of Humboldt Field Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=44498743&site=ehost-live&scope=siteMarks, Britni K. 1 Duncan, R. Scot 1; Email Address: sduncan@bsc.edu; Affiliation: 1: Biology Department, Birmingham-Southern College, 900 Arkadelphia Road, Birmingham, AL 35254; Source Info: 2009, Vol. 8 Issue 3, p427; Subject Term: HABITAT (Ecology); Subject Term: FOREST ecology; Subject Term: FORESTS & forestry; Subject Term: PREDATORY animals; Subject Term: CATS; Subject Term: RACCOON; Number of Pages: 10p; Document Type: Article1528709244498743a9h EBSCOhostu;|<0Nemec, Kristine T.; Allen, Craig R.; Alai, Aaron2011_Woody Invasions of Urban Trails and the Changing Face of Urban Forests in the Great Plains, USA241-256American Midland Naturalist16526University of Notre Dame / American Midland NaturalistmWOODY plants ALIEN plants PLANT species FORESTS & forestry CORRIDORS (Ecology) HABITAT (Ecology) GREAT PlainsArticlehttp://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=59903689&site=ehost-live&scope=site1Source Info: Apr2011, Vol. 165 Issue 2, p241; Subject Term: WOODY plants; Subject Term: ALIEN plants; Subject Term: PLANT species; Subject Term: FORESTS & forestry; Subject Term: CORRIDORS (Ecology); Subject Term: HABITAT (Ecology); Subject Term: GREAT Plains; Number of Pages: 16p; Docu ~?)Ager, A. A. Valliant, N. M. Finney, M. A.2010A comparison of landscape fuel treatment strategies to mitigate wildland fire risk in the urban interface and preserve old forest structure 1556-1570Forest Ecology and Management2598Wildfire risk Wildland urban interface Burn probability Wildfire simulation models wildfire risk management scenarios relative risk spread growth usa california behavior oregon reductionMarDWe simulated fuel reduction treatments on a 16,000 ha study area in Oregon, US, to examine tradeoffs between placing fuel treatments near residential structures within an urban interface, versus treating stands in the adjacent wildlands to meet forest health and ecological restoration goals. The treatment strategies were evaluated by simulating 10,000 wildfires with random ignition locations and calculating burn probabilities by 0.5 m flame length categories for each 30 m x 30 m pixel in the study area. The burn conditions for the wildfires were chosen to replicate severe fire events based on 97th percentile historic weather conditions. The burn probabilities were used to calculate wildfire risk profiles for each of the 170 residential structures within the urban interface, and to estimate the expected (probabilistic) wildfire mortality of large trees (>53.3 cm) that are a key indicator of stand restoration objectives. Expected wildfire mortality for large trees was calculated by building flame length mortality functions using the Forest Vegetation Simulator, and subsequently applying these functions to the burn probability outputs. Results suggested that treatments on a relatively minor percentage of the landscape (10%) resulted in a roughly 70% reduction in the expected wildfire loss of large trees for the restoration scenario. Treating stands near residential structures resulted in a higher expected loss of large trees, but relatively lower burn probability and flame length within structure buffers. Substantial reduction in burn probability and flame length around structures was also observed in the restoration scenario where fuel treatments were located 5-10 km distant. These findings quantify off-site fuel treatment effects that are not analyzed in previous landscape fuel management studies. The study highlights tradeoffs between ecological management objectives on wildlands and the protection of residential structures in the urban interface. We also advance the application of quantitative risk analysis to the problem of wildfire threat assessment. Published by Elsevier B.V.!://WOS:0002762929000231Ager, Alan A. Valliant, Nicole M. Finney, Mark A.WOS:00027629290002310.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.032 ~?@Amoroso, G. Frangi, P. Piatti, R. Fini, A. Ferrini, F. Faoro, M.2011NEvaluation of Shrubs for Side Slope Greening and Protection in Urban Landscape359-366Horttechnology213mulch low-maintenance ornamental value plant management revegetation weed control chlorophyll-a fluorescence tolerance stress plants mulches impact treesJun Shrubs are often used for side slope greening and protection in the urban landscape. Only a few species are commonly used in the European city environment, bestowing upon cities a monotonous appearance. The aim of this 3-year trial, set up at Fondazione Minoprio (Vertemate con Minoprio; Como, Italy), was to evaluate the performance of 25 shrub species grown on a slope during three seasons (2007-09). Moreover, to evaluate the influence of weeds on plant growth and the weeding time, two mulches (biodegradable textile and polypropylene fabric) were used in comparison with bare soil (control). Shrubs were planted in late Spring 2007. To simulate urban conditions, no pruning or disease control were applied. Irrigation was carried out only in the driest periods of the first summer. Plant height and percent cover were measured every 2 months, whereas plant phenology and state of health were recorded weekly. Chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were evaluated on two different drought-tolerant species during the third growing season. At the end of the trial shoot biomass was measured and root characteristics (root density and specific root length) were determined. Weeds were removed twice in the first and third years and three times in the second year. Time for weed removal was recorded for each experimental plot. Results show that the highest growth (height and biomass) was detected in mulched plots, probably because of both limited weed competition for water and nutrients and lower water loss by evaporation. Plants grown in bare soil showed higher root density and finer roots compared with mulched plants; this may be explained by the necessity of the plant root system to explore the soil to reach for water. Differences in growth, groundcovering, and root characteristics were observed among species. As a result of higher mulching cost and the poorer root characteristics of mulched plants, bare soil and fast growing shrubs should be used to limit weed competition and assure a satisfactory slope greening and consolidation.!://WOS:000292408000014^Amoroso, Gabriele Frangi, Piero Piatti, Riccardo Fini, Alessio Ferrini, Francesco Faoro, MarcoWOS:000292408000014v~?Asadian, Y. Weiler, M.2009\A New Approach in Measuring Rainfall Interception by Urban Trees in Coastal British Columbia16-25(Water Quality Research Journal of Canada441Aurban environment throughfall interception loss stormwater runoff Interception loss plays an important role in controlling the water balance of a watershed, especially where urban development has taken place. The aim of this study was to illustrate the importance of urban trees as a form of 'green infrastructure' where they reduce stormwater runoff and rainwater intensity. In addition, trees cause a delay in precipitation reaching the ground. Interception loss was studied in the North Shore of British Columbia. We applied a unique methodology for measuring throughfall under six different urban trees using a system of long polyvinyl chloride pipes hung beneath the canopy capturing the throughfall and draining it to a rain gauge attached to a data logger. Different tree species (Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] and western red cedar [Thuja plicata]) in variable landscape sites (streets, parks, and natural forested areas) and elevations were selected to ensure that the system adequately captured the throughfall variability. Interception and throughfall were monitored over a one year cycle for which the results of seven discrete storm events for coniferous trees from the District of North Vancouver during 2007 to 2008 are presented. Cumulative gross precipitation for seven selected events was 377 mm. Average canopy interception during these events for Douglas-fir and western red cedar were 49.1 and 60.9%, where it corresponded to average net loss of 20.4 and 32.3 mm, respectively. The interception loss varied depending on canopy structure, climatic conditions, and rainfall characteristics.!://WOS:000207849500003Asadian, Yeganeh Weiler, MarkusWOS:000207849500003 ~?4Barrett, K. Helms, B. S. Guyer, C. Schoonover, J. E.2010_Linking process to pattern: Causes of stream-breeding amphibian decline in urbanized watersheds 1998-2005Biological Conservation1439Eurycea Flooding Impervious surface Stream Urban land-cover west georgia salamanders impact populations disturbance ecosystems landscape hydrology piedmontSepSufficient data have been collected to document negative effects of urbanization on many abiotic parameters, aquatic insects, and fish. Recently, stream-breeding salamanders have been observed to decrease in density in urban areas. We employed a two-step process to determine the mechanism(s) most likely responsible for salamander decline in disturbed streams. First, we conducted a 2-year survey of larval two-lined salamanders (Eurycea cirrigera) and abiotic variables among 12 streams in western Georgia, USA surrounded by land disturbed by urbanization and pasture. From these surveys we constructed hypotheses that might explain differences in observed larval salamander density among streams. A model in which increased watershed impervious surface causes an increase in spate (i.e., high water flow) frequency and magnitude, which then leads to decreased larval density had the most support This analysis led to a second step in which we conducted an experiment using artificial streams lined with substrates commonly found in urban and forested streams (sand/sand with detritus and gravel-pebble/pebble-cobble, respectively). We placed salamander larvae in the artificial stream channels and subjected them to increasing water velocity. Larvae on sand-based substrates common to urban streams were flushed from the artificial stream at significantly lower velocities than larvae on rock-based substrates. The experimental data were consistent with the hypothesis generated from field sampling that high water velocities in urban streams result in decreased larval retention in streams. Our result emphasizes the need for upland habitat restoration in urban areas, which will reduce run-off and improve stream habitat quality. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000281125400009=Barrett, Kyle Helms, Brian S. Guyer, Craig Schoonover, Jon E.WOS:00028112540000910.1016/j.biocon.2010.05.001o~?<Bartens, J. Day, S. D. Harris, J. R. Dove, J. E. Wynn, T. M.2008_Can Urban Tree Roots Improve Infiltration through Compacted Subsoils for Stromwater Management? 2048-2057 Journal of Environmental Quality376soil dynamics nutrientNov-DecGlobal land use patterns and increasing pressures on water resources demand creative urban stormwater management. Strategies encouraging infiltration can enhance groundwater recharge and water quality. Urban subsoils are often relatively impermeable, and the construction of many stormwater detention best management practices (D-BMPs) exacerbates this condition. Root paths can act as conduits for water, but this function has not been demonstrated for stormwater BMPs where standing water and dense subsoils create a unique environment. We examined whether tree roots can penetrate compacted subsoils and increase infiltration rates in the context of a novel infiltration BMP (I-BMP). Black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) trees, and an unplanted control, were installed in cylindrical planting sleeves surrounded by clay loam soil at two compaction levels (bulk density = 1.3 or 1.6 g Cm-3) in irrigated containers. Roots of both species penetrated the more compacted soil, increasing infiltration rates by an average of 153%. Similarly, green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) trees were grown in CUSoil (Amereq Corp., NewYork) separated from compacted clay loam subsoil (1.6 g cm(-3)) by a geotextile. A drain hole at mid depth in the CUSoil layer mimicked the overflow drain in a stormwater I-BMP thus allowing water to pool above the subsoil. Roots penetrated the geotextile and subsoil and increased average infiltration rate 27-fold compared to unplanted controls. Although high water tables may limit tree rooting depth, some species may be effective tools for increasing water infiltration and enhancing groundwater recharge in this and other I-BMPs (e.g., raingardens and bioswales).!://WOS:000260941800006NBartens, Julia Day, Susan D. Harris, J. Roger Dove, Joseph E. Wynn, Theresa M.WOS:00026094180000610.2134/jeq2008.0117~?<Bartens, J. Day, S. D. Harris, J. R. Wynn, T. M. Dove, J. E.2009ZTranspiration and Root Development of Urban Trees in Structural Soil Stormwater Reservoirs646-657Environmental Management444Best management practices (BMPs) Sap flow Transpiration Urban forestry Urban hydrology woody-plants growth management hydrology responses quality sites maple flow usaOctStormwater management that relies on ecosystem processes, such as tree canopy interception and rhizosphere biology, can be difficult to achieve in built environments because urban land is costly and urban soil inhospitable to vegetation. Yet such systems offer a potentially valuable tool for achieving both sustainable urban forests and stormwater management. We evaluated tree water uptake and root distribution in a novel stormwater mitigation facility that integrates trees directly into detention reservoirs under pavement. The system relies on structural soils: highly porous engineered mixes designed to support tree root growth and pavement. To evaluate tree performance under the peculiar conditions of such a stormwater detention reservoir (i.e., periodically inundated), we grew green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) and swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor Willd.) in either CUSoil or a Carolina Stalite-based mix subjected to three simulated below-system infiltration rates for two growing seasons. Infiltration rate affected both transpiration and rooting depth. In a factorial experiment with ash, rooting depth always increased with infiltration rate for Stalite, but this relation was less consistent for CUSoil. Slow-drainage rates reduced transpiration and restricted rooting depth for both species and soils, and trunk growth was restricted for oak, which grew the most in moderate infiltration. Transpiration rates under slow infiltration were 55% (oak) and 70% (ash) of the most rapidly transpiring treatment (moderate for oak and rapid for ash). We conclude this system is feasible and provides another tool to address runoff that integrates the function of urban green spaces with other urban needs.!://WOS:000270448900004NBartens, Julia Day, Susan D. Harris, J. Roger Wynn, Theresa M. Dove, Joseph E.WOS:00027044890000410.1007/s00267-009-9366-9~?(Bartens, J. Wiseman, P. E. Smiley, E. T.2010LStability of landscape trees in engineered and conventional urban soil mixes333-338Urban Forestry & Urban Greening94qPrunus serrulata Skeletal soil Structural soil Tree planting pits Tree uprooting Ulmus parvifolia pavement forestUrban trees are frequently exposed to unsuitable soil conditions that can hamper root system development, potentially affecting both tree health and stability. Engineered soil designs have been developed to increase soil volume for trees planted in confined spaces, and past research has shown that these designs improve growing conditions. However, tree stability in these engineered soils has received limited attention from researchers. In this study, we evaluated the stability of two tree species of contrasting soil quality tolerance (Prunus serrulata and Ulmus parvifolia) after 3 years growth in two skeletal soil mixes, in a suspended pavement design (uncompacted soil), and in a conventionally prepared soil pit. Tree stability was evaluated by measuring trunk resistance to a lateral deflecting force applied with a rope winch system under both ambient and near-saturated soil conditions. Although heavily irrigating the experimental soils had no effect on tree stability, species-specific responses to soil mixes were observed. P. serrulata grown in the gravel-based skeletal soil showed greater trunk deflection resistance than trees grown in the other soil treatments, yet the stability of U. parvifolia was unaffected by soil type. These species-specific responses were consistent with earlier observations of root development in which P. serrulata grew up to 60 times greater root length in gravel-based skeletal soil whereas U. parvifolia root growth was similar in all soil treatments. This research provides evidence that certain tree species planted in conventional tree pits may be more prone to uprooting due to poor root development and that root anchorage might be improved for these species by utilizing a skeletal soil mix. Published by Elsevier GmbH.!://WOS:0002867923000071Bartens, Julia Wiseman, P. Eric Smiley, E. ThomasWOS:00028679230000710.1016/j.ufug.2010.06.005~?Biondi, D. Leal, L.2009TSilvicultural nursery behavior of native species for potential use in urban forestry313-319Scientia Forestalis3783CPruning Adventitious budding Seedling production Mixed shade forestSepWith the general goal of knowing the behavior of Casearia sylvestris, Maytenus evonymoides and Solanum pseudoquina in the nursery, this research had the specific aim of evaluating total seedling height, diameter, number of buds, and branching height in these three species after pruning treatments of shaping with standard seedling quality for urban forestry. A fully randomized experimental design with factorial arrangement in plots was used; being factor A the three tested species; and factor B in five levels (pruning treatments in different levels - control, 0, 3, 6 and 9 months); a total of 15 treatments and eight repetitions. Solanum pseudoquina and Maytenus evonymoides presented the best increase in height and diameter. Casearia sylvestris did not respond satisfactorily to pruning. Maytenus evonymoides was the species that presented the best urban forestry characteristics in the nursery.!://WOS:000272185500009Biondi, Daniela Leal, LucianaWOS:000272185500009 ~?2Brydon, J. Oh, I. Wilson, J. Hall, K. Schreier, H.2009SEvaluation of Mitigation Methods to Manage Contaminant Transfer in Urban Watersheds1-15(Water Quality Research Journal of Canada441vimperviousness trace metals sediment quality cumulative effect diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) detention pondsThree case studies on trace metal contamination in urban stormwater are presented from the Greater Vancouver area of British Columbia. In the first case study, the spatial and temporal variability in trace metals in sediments were determined in the completely urbanized Brunette watershed. A natural lake in the middle of the watershed acts as a sediment detention system, and an analysis of the sediment core showed the historic accumulation of metal and selective organic contaminants in sediments since the early 1800s. Suspended sediments transported during storm events showed significantly higher concentrations of trace metals than bedload sediments, and the largest proportion of the geochemically active metals was found to be associated with the organic-sulphur-based fraction. Benthic organism survival tests showed mixed results with lower survival and growth in urban sediments than in control sediments from a forested watershed. In the second case study, significant correlations were obtained between percent impervious cover and trace metal concentrations in 28 subwatersheds with various degrees of urbanization. It is shown that imperviousness combined with traffic density can significantly improve the prediction of metal contamination in highly urbanized watersheds. In the third case study five urban stormwater detention systems were examined over one year to determine how effective these systems were in removing metal contamination. The results were highly variable depending on a wide range of physical conditions, land use activities, traffic volume, and detention system designs. The range of total metal detention was between -15 to +72% for copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), while iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) retention was generally poor. Labile Zn was more effectively retained in four of the five ponds, and a significant relationship was found between percent imperviousness, traffic volume, and Zn concentrations in water, sediment, and labile form.!://WOS:000207849500002>Brydon, Julia Oh, Iwata Wilson, Julie Hall, Ken Schreier, HansWOS:000207849500002 ~?Buda, A. R. DeWalle, D. R.2009Dynamics of stream nitrate sources and flow pathways during stormflows on urban, forest and agricultural watersheds in central Pennsylvania, USA 3292-3305Hydrological Processes2323nitrate sources hydrologic flow paths karst hydrology stable isotopes land-use water quality isotopic composition stable-isotopes river-basin fresh-water atmospheric deposition hydrograph separation canopy interactions mississippi river united-states land usesNov]Understanding the influence of storm events on nitrate (NO(3)(-)) dynamics is important for efficiently managing NO(3)(-) pollution. In this study, five sites representing a downstream progression of forested uplands underlain by resistant sandstone to karst lowlands with agricultural, urban and mixed land-use were established in Spring Creek, a 201 km(2) mixed land-use watershed in central Pennsylvania. USA. At each site, stream water was monitored during six storm events in 2005 to assess changes in stable isotopes of NO(3)(-) (delta(15)N-NO(3)(-) and delta(18)O-NO(3)(-)) and water (delta(18)O-H(2)O) from baseflow to peakflow. Peakflow fractions of event NO(3)(-) and event water were then computed using two-component mixing models to elucidate NO(3)(-) flow pathway differences among the five sites. For the forested upland site, storm size appeared to affect NO(3)(-) sources and flow pathways. During small storms (<35 mm, rainfall), greater event NO(3)(-) fractions than event water fractions indicated the prevalence of atmospheric NO(3)(-) source contributions at peakflow. During larger storms (>35 mm rainfall), event NO(3)(-) fractions were less than event water fractions at peakflow suggesting that NO(3)(-) was flushed from stored sources via shallow subsurface flow pathways. For the urbanized site, wash-off of atmospheric NO(3)(-) was an important NO(3)(-) source at peakflow, especially during short-duration storms where event water contributions indicated the prevalence of overland flow. In the karst lowlands, very low fractions of event water and even lower fractions of event NO(3)(-) at peakflow suggested the dominance of ground water flow pathways during storms. These ground water flow pathways likely flushed stored NO(3)(-) sources into the stream, while deep soils in the karst lowlands also may have promoted NO(3)(-) assimilation. The results of this study illustrated how NO(3)(-) isotopes and delta(18)O-H(2)O could be combined to show key differences in water and NO(3)(-) delivery between forested uplands, karst valleys and fully urbanized watersheds. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.!://WOS:000271452600003"Buda, Anthony R. DeWalle, David R.WOS:00027145260000310.1002/hyp.7423>~?Burton, M. L. Samuelson, L. J.2008`Influence of urbanization on riparian forest diversity and structure in the Georgia Piedmont, US99-115 Plant Ecology1951forest regeneration Ligustrum sinense land cover land-use plant diversity rural gradient united-states carbon pools urban tree landscapes vegetation disturbanceMar[Riparian forests are increasingly threatened by urban expansion and land use change worldwide. This study examined the relationships between landscape characteristics and woody plant diversity, structure, and composition of small order riparian corridors along an urban-rural land use gradient in the Georgia Piedmont, US. Riparian plant diversity, structure, and composition were related to landscape metrics and land use. Species richness was negatively associated with impervious surfaces and landscape diversity, and positively associated with forest cover and largest forest patch index. Shannon species diversity was strongly related to the biomass of non-native species, especially for the regeneration layer. Urban sites were characterized by high richness of non-native and pioneer species. Developing sites were dominated by the non-native shrub, Ligustrum sinense Lour., and several native overstory trees, mainly Acer negundo L. While agricultural and managed forest sites were composed of ubiquitous species, unmanaged forest sites had a structurally distinct midstory indicative of reduced disturbance. Urban and agricultural land uses showed decreased native stem densities and signs of overstory tree regeneration failure. Results from this study highlight the impact of the surrounding landscape matrix upon riparian forest plant diversity and structure.!://WOS:000252800700010%Burton, Michele L. Samuelson, Lisa J.WOS:00025280070001010.1007/s11258-007-9305-x~?$Byrne, L. B. Bruns, M. A. Kim, K. C.2008REcosystem Properties of Urban Land Covers at the Aboveground-Belowground Interface 1065-1077 Ecosystems117urban ecology lawns mulch habitat structure microclimate earthworms soils nitrous-oxide fluxes soil carbon organic-matter united-states litter decomposition microbial biomass gas-exchange ecology forest grasslandNovUnderstanding of ecological differences among urban land covers can guide the sustainable management of urbanized landscapes for conservation of ecosystem services. The objective of our study was to compare ecosystem properties at the aboveground-belowground interface of three land-cover types commonly found in residential landscapes: lawns, bark mulch, and gravel mulch. Using unmowed vegetation as a reference land cover, we measured surface soil variables (to 5 cm depth), CO2 fluxes, and ground temperatures in experimental field plots within 3 years after their creation. Each land cover had a distinctive set of ecosystem properties. Mulched plots had significantly warmer soil and surface temperatures, wetter soils and faster surface litter decomposition than vegetated plots. Variables associated with soil C and earthworm numbers were consistently lowest in gravel-covered soils, whereas bark mulch plots had highest earthworm abundances, lowest soil bulk density, and temporally variable soil organic matter dynamics. Compared to unmowed plots, lawns had higher soil carbon, CO2 fluxes, and temperatures but lower earthworm abundances especially during 2005 drought conditions. We conclude that ecosystem properties of the land covers were influenced by the composition, density, and arrangement of materials comprising their aboveground habitat structures. We discuss our results within an ecosystem services framework and suggest that interpretations of our findings depend on in situ urban environmental contexts and landscape management objectives. Future studies of urban land covers, their ecosystem properties and associated ecosystem services are needed to help provide a scientific basis for sustainable urban landscape management.!://WOS:000260510000004-Byrne, Loren B. Bruns, Mary Ann Kim, Ke ChungWOS:00026051000000410.1007/s10021-008-9179-3 ~?Cadenasso, M. L. Pickett, S. T. A. Groffman, P. M. Band, L. E. Brush, G. S. Galvin, M. E. Grove, J. M. Hagar, G. Marshall, V. McGrath, B. P. Oneil-Dunne, J. P. M. Stack, W. P. Troy, A. R.2008iExchanges across land-water-scape boundaries in urban systems - Strategies for reducing nitrate pollution213-232-Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology 20081134 urban cities watershed boundaries nitrate water pollution land cover urban design Baltimore Maryland riparian nonpoint source restoration riparian zones nutrient discharges river restoration nitrogen-cycle green roofs ecosystems streams vegetation retention ecologyConservation in urban areas typically focuses on biodiversity and large green spaces.. However, opportunities exist throughout urban areas to enhance ecological functions. An important function of urban landscapes is retaining nitrogen thereby reducing nitrate pollution to streams and coastal waters. Control of nonpoint nitrate pollution in urban areas was originally based on the documented importance of riparian zones in agricultural and forested ecosystems. The watershed and boundary frameworks have been used to guide stream research and a riparian conservation strategy to reduce nitrate pollution in urban streams. But is stream restoration and riparian-zone conservation enough? Data from the Baltimore Ecosystem Study and other urban stream research indicate that urban riparian zones do not necessarily prevent nitrate from entering, nor remove nitrate from, streams. Based on this insight, policy makers in Baltimore extended the conservation strategy throughout larger watersheds, attempting to restore functions that no longer took place in riparian boundaries. Two urban revitalization projects are presented as examples aimed at reducing nitrate pollution to stormwater, streams, and the Chesapeake Bay. An adaptive cycle of ecological urban design synthesizes the insights from the watershed and boundary frameworks, from new data, and from the conservation concerns of agencies and local communities. This urban example of conservation based on ameliorating nitrate water pollution extends the initial watershed-boundary approach along three dimensions: 1) from riparian to urban land-water-scapes; 2) from discrete engineering solutions to ecological design approaches; and 3) from structural solutions to inclusion of individual, household, and institutional behavior.!://WOS:000257506400009Cadenasso, M. L. Pickett, S. T. A. Groffman, P. M. Band, L. E. Brush, G. S. Galvin, M. E. Grove, J. M. Hagar, G. Marshall, V. McGrath, B. P. ONeil-Dunne, J. P. M. Stack, W. P. Troy, A. R.WOS:00025750640000910.1196/annals.1439.012]~?%Cao, X. Onishi, A. Chen, J. Imura, H.2010PQuantifying the cool island intensity of urban parks using ASTER and IKONOS data224-231Landscape and Urban Planning964Park cool island Land surface temperature Land use Shape ASTER IKONOS spaceborne thermal emission reflection radiometer aster land-surface temperature heat-island anthropogenic heat green areas separation climates indianapolis vegetationJunUrban parks can help mitigate urban heat island (UHI) effects and decrease cooling energy consumption in summer. However, it is unclear how park characteristics affect the formation of a park cool island (PCI). In this study, PCI intensity values for 92 parks in Nagoya, Japan were obtained from ASTER land surface temperature (LST) products and then correlated to detailed and use information derived from high-spatial-resolution IKONOS satellite data. The results indicate that (1) the cooling effect depends on the park size and seasonal radiation condition, and park size is non-linearly correlated to PCI intensity; (2) PCI intensity is mainly determined by the area of tree and shrub inside the park as well as the park shape, and grass has negative impact on PCI formation. The park vegetation and shape index (PVSI) proposed here well predicted PCI intensity of selected parks. These findings can help urban planners to understand PCI formation and design cool parks to counteract UHI effects. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000279457400003/Cao, Xin Onishi, Akio Chen, Jin Imura, HidefumiWOS:000279457400003!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.03.008~?Chen, F. Tang, J. M. Niu, Z.2008_Estimating the impact of urbanization on LAI and fPAR in the Baltimore-Washington corridor area S326-S337"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing34pspectral vegetation indexes land-use water-quality satellite imagery forest models algorithm cover modis climate&During the past 20 years the Baltimore-Washington corridor area has exhibited many classic characteristics of urbanization, including the loss of natural resources, landscape fragmentation, and declines in water quality. In this research, we estimated the impact of urbanization on leaf area index (LAI) and the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) absorbed by vegetation in the Baltimore-Washington corridor area. Multitemporal LAI and fPAR images were acquired using Landsat thematic mapper (TM) images from 1986 to 2004. The impact of urbanization on the vegetation productivity was further analyzed based on the changes of LAI and fPAR in different zoning areas between 1986 and 2004. The overlaid results of zoning, census data, and LAI and fPAR images proved that the productivity of urban greenness was greatly impacted by the urbanization when more human activities were involved. The image-based LAI and fPAR coupled with GIS zoning and census data proved their unique values in assessing the impact of urbanization on urban greenness.!://WOS:000261858800009nChen, Fang Tang, Junmei Niu, Zheng Fall Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union Dec , 2006 San Francisco, CAWOS:000261858800009 A~??Colunga-Garcia, M. Haack, R. A. Magarey, R. A. Margosian, M. L.2010Modeling Spatial Establishment Patterns of Exotic Forest Insects in Urban Areas in Relation to Tree Cover and Propagule Pressure108-118Journal of Economic Entomology1031invasive species nonindigenous species urban forest emerald ash borer asian longhorned beetle united-states freight transportation biological invasions coleoptera interceptions cerambycidae management borer barkFebAs international trade increases so does the prominence of urban areas as gateways for exotic forest insects (EFI). Delimiting hot spots for invasions (i.e., areas where establishment is likely) within urban areas would facilitate monitoring efforts. We used a propagule-pressure framework to delimit establishment hot spots of a hypothetical generalist EFI in six U.S. urban areas: Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, New York-Newark, and Seattle. We assessed how urban tree cover and propagule pressure interact to delimit establishment hot spots and compared the location of these hot spots with actual recent U.S. detections of two EFI: the Asian strain of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), and Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Using a lattice of 5-km-diameter cells for each urban area, we used the input data (urban tree cover and propagule pressure) to model establishment and Moran's I to delimit hot spots. We used urban population size and the area of commercial-industrial land use as indicators of propagule pressure in the model. Relative establishment of EFI was influenced more by the two propagule pressure indicators than by tree cover. The delimited land use-based hot spots for Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana and New York-Newark encompassed more of the actual detections of L. dispar and A. glabripennis, respectively, than the population-based hot spots. No significant difference occurred between hot spot types for A. glabripennis detections in the Chicago urban area. Implications of these findings for management and design of monitoring programs in urban areas are discussed.!://WOS:000274261700015PColunga-Garcia, Manuel Haack, Robert A. Magarey, Roger A. Margosian, Margaret L.WOS:00027426170001510.1603/ec09203~?DColunga-Garcia, M. Magarey, R. A. Haack, R. A. Gage, S. H. Qi, J. Q.2010qEnhancing early detection of exotic pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems using an urban-gradient framework303-310Ecological Applications202agricultural plant pests exotic species forest plant pests gradient analysis invasion risk nonindigenous species urban influence united-states invasions trade ecology pathway needsMarYUrban areas arc hubs of international transport and therefore are major gateways for exotic pests. Applying an urban gradient to analyze this pathway could provide insight into the ecological processes involved in human-mediated invasions. We defined an urban gradient for agricultural and forest ecosystems in the contiguous United States to (I) assess whether ecosystems nearer more urbanized areas were at greater risk of invasion, and (2) apply this knowledge to enhance early detection of exotic pests. We defined the gradient using the tonnage of imported products in adjacent urban areas and their distance to nearby agricultural or forest land. County-level detection reports for 39 exotic agricultural and forest pests of major economic importance were used to characterize invasions along the gradient. We found that counties with more exotic pests were nearer the urban end of the gradient. Assuming that the exotic species we analyzed represent typical invaders, then early detection efforts directed at 21-26% of U.S. agricultural and forest land would likely be able to detect 70% of invaded counties and 90% of the selected species. Applying an urban-gradient framework to current monitoring strategies should enhance early detection efforts of exotic pests, facilitating optimization in allocating resources to areas at greater risk of future invasions.!://WOS:000276635600001TColunga-Garcia, Manuel Magarey, Roger A. Haack, Robert A. Gage, Stuart H. Qi, JiaquoWOS:00027663560000110.1890/09-0193.1 ~?Cutway, H. B. Ehrenfeld, J. G.2010JThe influence of urban land use on seed dispersal and wetland invasibility153-167 Plant Ecology2101Exotic plant species Forested wetland Industrial Residential Urban Seed dispersal Edge structure forest edge structure white-tailed deer plant invasion new-jersey environmental-conditions understorey vegetation southern manitoba deciduous forest habitat edges national-parkSepUrban habitats are generally considered highly invaded by exotic species due to the frequency and extent of disturbance caused by human activities and development. Our previous study had demonstrated that forested wetlands within residential areas are more extensively invaded than wetlands within industrial-commercial areas. In this study, we investigate whether the structure of the forest edge and seed dispersal can explain the differential in the invasion of wetlands surrounded by industrial and residential land use. Our results indicate that edges of industrially bordered wetlands are denser, with vegetation concentrated at the boundary of tree growth, whereas the edges of residentially bordered wetlands are more open and diffuse. This difference influences the number of seeds and species capable of dispersing into the wetland. Less dense edges resulted in a higher number of seeds entering residential wetlands; however, there were no differences in the numbers of exotic seeds or exotic species in the seed rain residential and industrial wetlands. Although seed dispersal could not directly explain differences in the current extent of invasion of these sites, seed dispersal did follow corridor pathways, including ditches and trails that breach the edges and extend through the wetlands. These disturbances act as corridors for seed dispersal into both types wetlands and may play a role in introducing new species to the interior of the wetland, an outcome supported by a higher number of exotic species in the seed banks of residential sites. Our results suggest that both the type of adjoining land use and the provision of access to people on trails in urban wetlands can affect the composition of these communities.!://WOS:000280577900012)Cutway, Heather Bowman Ehrenfeld, Joan G.WOS:00028057790001210.1007/s11258-010-9746-5~?Dietz, M. E. Clausen, J. C.2008aStormwater runoff and export changes with development in a traditional and low impact subdivision560-566#Journal of Environmental Management874stormwater runoff impervious export low impact development nonpoint pollution water-quality impervious surfaces rain garden urbanization retention georgiaJunDevelopment continues at a rapid pace throughout the country. Runoff from the impervious surfaces in these watersheds continues to be a major cause of degradation to freshwater bodies and estuaries. Low impact development techniques have been recommended to reduce these impacts. In this study, stormwater runoff and pollutant concentrations were measured as development progressed in both a traditional development, and a development that used low impact development techniques. Increases in total impervious area in each watershed were also measured. Regression relationships were developed between total impervious area and stormwater runoff/pollutant export. Significant, logarithmic increases in stormwater runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus export were found as development occurred in the traditional subdivision. The increases in stormwater runoff and pollutant export were more than two orders of magnitude. TN and TP export after development was 10 and 1 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively, which was consistent with export from other urban/developed areas. In contrast, stormwater runoff and pollutant export from the low impact subdivision remained unchanged from pre-development levels. TN and TP export from the low impact subdivision were consistent with export values from forested watersheds. The results of this study indicate that the use of low impact development techniques on a watershed scale can greatly reduce the impacts of development on local waterways. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000256358500004"Dietz, Michael E. Clausen, John C.WOS:00025635850000410.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.026 S~?Ehrenfeld, J. G.2008kExotic invasive species in urban wetlands: environmental correlates and implications for wetland management 1160-1169Journal of Applied Ecology454forested wetlands human impacts land use nutrients soils species richness biological invasions forested wetlands ecosystem function plant invasions rural gradient south-africa new-jersey land-use landscapes ecologyAug: 1. Wetlands in urban regions are subjected to a wide variety of anthropogenic disturbances, many of which may promote invasions of exotic plant species. In order to devise management strategies, the influence of different aspects of the urban and natural environments on invasion and community structure must be understood. 2. The roles of soil variables, anthropogenic effects adjacent to and within the wetlands, and vegetation structure on exotic species occurrence within 21 forested wetlands in north-eastern New Jersey, USA, were compared. The hypotheses were tested that different vegetation strata and different invasive species respond similarly to environmental factors, and that invasion increases with increasing direct human impact, hydrologic disturbance, adjacent residential land use and decreasing wetland area. Canonical correspondence analyses, correlation and logistic regression analyses were used to examine invasion by individual species and overall site invasion, as measured by the absolute and relative number of exotic species in the site flora. 3. Within each stratum, different sets of environmental factors separated exotic and native species. Nutrients, soil clay content and pH, adjacent land use and canopy composition were the most frequently identified factors affecting species, but individual species showed highly individualistic responses to the sets of environmental variables, often responding in opposite ways to the same factor. 4. Overall invasion increased with decreasing area but only when sites > 100 ha were included. Unexpectedly, invasion decreased with increasing proportions of industrial/commercial adjacent land use. 5. The hypotheses were only partially supported; invasion does not increase in a simple way with increasing human presence and disturbance. 6. Synthesis and applications. The results suggest that a suite of environmental conditions can be identified that are associated with invasion into urban wetlands, which can be widely used for assessment and management. However, a comprehensive ecosystem approach is needed that places the remediation of physical alterations from urbanization within a landscape context. Specifically, sediment, inputs and hydrologic changes need to be related to adjoining urban land use and to the overlapping requirements of individual native and exotic species.!://WOS:000257497300019Ehrenfeld, Joan G.WOS:000257497300019 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01476.xp~? Endreny, T.2008LNaturalizing urban watershed hydrology to mitigate urban heat-island effects461-463Hydrological Processes223kphysiological equivalent temperature energy use shade trees management benefits surfaces cities index areasJan!://WOS:000253439900014Endreny, TheodoreWOS:00025343990001410.1002/hyp.6966~?Evans, K. L. Gaston, K. J. Frantz, A. C. Simeoni, M. Sharp, S. P. McGowan, A. Dawson, D. A. Walasz, K. Partecke, J. Burke, T. Hatchwell, B. J.2009_Independent colonization of multiple urban centres by a formerly forest specialist bird species 2403-24106Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences2761666colonization dispersal genetic divergence genetic diversity range expansion urban population-structure european blackbirds assignment methods urbanization evolution habitat polymorphism individuals simulation numberJul`Urban areas are expanding rapidly, but a few native species have successfully colonized them. The processes underlying such colonization events are poorly understood. Using the blackbird Turdus merula, a former forest specialist that is now one of the most common urban birds in its range, we provide the first assessment of two contrasting urban colonization models. First, that urbanization occurred independently. Second, that following initial urbanization, urban-adapted individuals colonized other urban areas in a leapfrog manner. Previous analyses of spatial patterns in the timing of blackbird urbanization, and experimental introductions of urban and rural blackbirds to uncolonized cities, suggest that the leapfrog model is likely to apply. We found that, across the western Palaearctic, urban blackbird populations contain less genetic diversity than rural ones, urban populations are more strongly differentiated from each other than from rural populations and assignment tests support a rural source population for most urban individuals. In combination, these results provide much stronger support for the independent urbanization model than the leapfrog one. If the former model predominates, colonization of multiple urban centres will be particularly difficult when urbanization requires genetic adaptations, having implications for urban species diversity.!://WOS:000266990700010Evans, Karl L. Gaston, Kevin J. Frantz, Alain C. Simeoni, Michelle Sharp, Stuart P. McGowan, Andrew Dawson, Deborah A. Walasz, Kazimierz Partecke, Jesko Burke, Terry Hatchwell, Ben J.WOS:00026699070001010.1098/rspb.2008.1712~?Fitzgerald, J. M. Loeb, R. F.2008;Historical ecology of Inwood Hill Park, Manhattan, New York281-293'Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society1352comparative floras forest restoration historical ecology invasive plants urban forests urban park vegetation bronx county vegetation urbanApr-JunColonial period agriculture and vegetation clearance practices during the American Revolution destroyed the pre-Columbian forest of Inwood Hill Park, Manhattan, New York. Native species plantings in early estates spread to form the park's forest, and post-1850 estates introduced non-native species. Parks Department management practices from 1930 to 1985 reduced forest cover, Filled wetlands, and caused the number of non-native and invasive shrub and vine species to nearly triple. Liriodendron tulipifera L. and Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume have been identified as the dominant species in the Valley Forest since 1930. Prunus serotina Ehrh., Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. and Viburnum acerifolium L. have continued to form fire-adapted stands in the East Ridge and Slopes Forest. In 2003, the highest density for M-units serotina occurred in the repeatedly disturbed stands of the West Ridge and Slopes Forest. Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande, an invasive species, was present only in the Ridge Tops Forest in 1985 and has become the dominant non-native herb species in all of the forests. The invasive shrub and vine species Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb., Lonicera japonica Thunb., L. maackii (Rupr.) Maxim., and Rosa multiflora Thunb. have become the dominants in the cleared areas of the Ridge Tops Forest. Sixteen woody invasive species are displacing native species across the park. Soil eroding into the salt marsh has caused the dominance of upland disturbance species. Replacing invasive species with native species has had mixed Success because of limited funding to maintain plantings in the dry, impoverished soils of the park and areas treated with herbicides. Assessment methods for the restoration projects and for monitoring long-term species changes are recommended.!://WOS:000257900200012%Fitzgerald, Judith M. Loeb, Robert F.WOS:00025790020001210.3159/07-ra-046.1+h~?)Gash, J. H. C. Rosier, P. T. W. Ragab, R.2008FA note on estimating urban roof runoff with a forest evaporation model 1230-1233Hydrological Processes2286urban hydrology; interception; Gash model; roof runoffAprqA model developed for estimating the evaporation of  5~?7Gift, D. M. Groffman, P. M. Kaushal, S. S. Mayer, P. M.2010iDenitrification Potential, Root Biomass, and Organic Matter in Degraded and Restored Urban Riparian Zones113-120Restoration Ecology181denitrification nitrate nitrogen riparian urban nitrate removal constructed wetlands river restoration forested wetlands groundwater ecosystems landscape streams terrestrial watershedsJanHydrologic changes associated with urbanization often lead to lower water tables and drier, more aerobic soils in riparian zones. These changes reduce the potential for denitrification, an anaerobic microbial process that converts nitrate, a common water pollutant, into nitrogen gas. In addition to oxygen, denitrification is controlled by soil organic matter and nitrate. Geomorphic stream restorations are common in urban areas, but their effects on riparian soil conditions and denitrification have not been evaluated. We measured root biomass, soil organic matter, and denitrification potential (anaerobic slurry assay) at four depths in duplicate degraded, restored, and reference riparian zones in the Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A., metropolitan area. There were three main findings in this study. First, although reference sites were wet and had high soil organic matter, they had low levels of nitrate relative to degraded and restored sites and therefore there were few differences in denitrification potential among sites. Evaluations of riparian restorations that have nitrate removal by denitrification as a goal should consider the complex controls of this process and how they vary between sites. Second, all variables declined markedly with depth in the soil. Restorations that increase riparian water tables will thus foster interaction of groundwater nitrate with near-surface soils with higher denitrification potential. Third, we observed strong positive relationships between root biomass and soil organic matter and between soil organic matter and denitrification potential, which suggest that establishment of deep-rooted vegetation may be particularly important for increasing the depth of the active denitrification zone in restored riparian zones.!://WOS:000273551600013EGift, Danielle M. Groffman, Peter M. Kaushal, Sujay S. Mayer, Paul M.WOS:000273551600013 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00438.x ~?PGober, P. Brazel, A. Quay, R. Myint, S. Grossman-Clarke, S. Miller, A. Rossi, S.2010nUsing Watered Landscapes to Manipulate Urban Heat Island Effects: How Much Water Will It Take to Cool Phoenix?109-121,Journal of the American Planning Association761urban heat island (UHI) LUMPS model scenarios urban heat island mitigation water resource planning colorado river-basin climate-change surface fluxes land-use hydrology areas parameterization classification vegetation resourcesProblem: The prospect that urban heat island (UHI) effects and climate change may increase urban temperatures is a problem for cities that actively promote urban redevelopment and higher densities. One possible UHI mitigation strategy is to plant more trees and other irrigated vegetation to prevent daytime heat storage and facilitate nighttime cooling, but this requires water resources that are limited in a desert city like Phoenix. Purpose: We investigated the tradeoffs between water use and nighttime cooling inherent in urban form and land use choices. Methods: We used a Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS) model to examine the variation in temperature and evaporation in 10 census tracts in Phoenix's urban core. After validating results with estimates of outdoor water use based on tract-level city water records and satellite imagery, we used the model to simulate the temperature and water use consequences of implementing three different scenarios. Results and conclusions: We found that increasing irrigated landscaping lowers nighttime temperatures, but this relationship is not linear; the greatest reductions occur in the least vegetated neighborhoods. A ratio of the change in water use to temperature impact reached a threshold beyond which increased outdoor water use did little to ameliorate UHI effects. Takeaway for practice: There is no one design and landscape plan capable of addressing increasing UHI and climate effects everywhere. Any one strategy will have inconsistent results if applied across all urban landscape features and may lead to an inefficient allocation of scarce water resources. Research Support: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant SES-0345945 (Decision Center for a Desert City) and by the City of Phoenix Water Services Department. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF.!://WOS:000273342900007gGober, Patricia Brazel, Anthony Quay, Ray Myint, Soe Grossman-Clarke, Susanne Miller, Adam Rossi, SteveWOS:00027334290000710.1080/01944360903433113~?8Gonzales, E. K. Wiersma, Y. F. Maher, A. I. Nudds, T. D.2008SPositive relationship between non-native and native squirrels in an urban landscape356-3638Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie865eastern grey squirrels plant invasions red squirrels sciurus-carolinensis population-dynamics interspecific competition tamiasciurus-douglasii gray squirrels forest diversityMayParadoxically, non-native species sometimes displace native species that appear to be well adapted to local landscapes. That many landscapes have been altered by humans, creating habitat suitable for non-native species, helps explain this apparent paradox. We asked whether the abundance of native Douglas (Tomiasciurus douglasii (Bachman, 1839)) and northern flying (Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)) squirrels was best explained by the abundance of non-native eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin, 1788), the proportion of urban development, or both using available squirrel abundance data from wildlife shelters and land-use maps. There was no evidence that non-native squirrels replaced native squirrels given that their abundances were positively related, whereas native squirrels varied negatively with the amount of development. The best model explaining variation in the abundance of Douglas and northern flying squirrels incorporated both eastern grey squirrels and development, which is consistent with the-hypothesis that regional declines in native squirrels are more likely to be predicated by the alteration of native conifer habitats by humans independent of the effects of non-native squirrels.!://WOS:0002566266000038Gonzales, E. K. Wiersma, Y. F. Maher, A. I. Nudds, T. D.WOS:00025662660000310.1139/z08-006q~?tGrimm, N. B. Foster, D. Groffman, P. Grove, J. M. Hopkinson, C. S. Nadelhoffer, K. J. Pataki, D. E. Peters, D. P. C.2008pThe changing landscape: ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution across climatic and societal gradients264-272(Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment65temperate forest ecosystems urban ecological-systems land-use change nitrogen deposition united-states shade trees heat-island energy use saturation impactJunUrbanization, an important driver of climate change and pollution, alters both biotic and abiotic ecosystem properties within, surrounding, and even at great distances from urban areas. As a result, research challenges and environmental problems must be tackled at local, regional, and global scales. Ecosystem responses to land change are complex and interacting, occurring on all spatial and temporal scales as a consequence of connectivity of resources, energy, and information among social, physical, and biological systems. We propose six hypotheses about local to continental effects of urbanization and pollution, and an operational research approach to test them. This approach focuses on analysis of "megapolitan" areas that have emerged across North America, but also includes diverse wildland-to-urban gradients and spatially continuous coverage of land change. Concerted and coordinated monitoring of land change and accompanying ecosystem responses, coupled with simulation models, will permit robust forecasts of how land change and human settlement patterns will alter ecosystem services and resource utilization across the North American continent. This, in turn, can be applied globally.!://WOS:000256328900007Grimm, Nancy B. Foster, David Groffman, Peter Grove, J. Morgan Hopkinson, Charles S. Nadelhoffer, Knute J. Pataki, Diane E. Peters, Debra P. C.WOS:00025632890000710.1890/070147~?JGroffman, P. M. Williams, C. O. Pouyat, R. V. Band, L. E. Yesilonis, I. D.2009GNitrate Leaching and Nitrous Oxide Flux in Urban Forests and Grasslands 1848-1860 Journal of Environmental Quality385northeastern united-states northern hardwood forest kentucky bluegrass turf land-use change chesapeake bay soil carbon community composition deciduous forest organic-carbon rural gradientSep-Oct6Urban landscapes contain a mix of land-we types with different patterns of nitrogen (N) cycling and export. We measured nitrate (NO(3)(-)) leaching and soil:atmosphere nitrous oxide (N(2)O) flux in four urban grassland and eight forested long-term study plots in the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area. We evaluated ancillary controls on these fluxes by measuring soil temperature, moisture, and soil:atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide on these plots and by sampling a larger group of forest, grass, and agricultural sites once to evaluate soil organic matter, microbial biomass, and potential net N mineralization and nitrification. Annual NO(3)(-) leaching ranged from 0.05 to 4.1 g N m(-2) yr(-1) and was higher in grass than forest plots, except in a very, dry year and when a disturbed forest plot was included in the analysis. Nitrous oxide fluxes ranged from 0.05 to >0.3 g N m(-2) yr(-1), with few differences between grass and forest plots and markedly higher fluxes in wet years. Differences in NO(3)(-) leaching and N(2)O flux between forests and grasslands were not as high as expected given the higher frequency of disturbance and fertilization in the grasslands. Carbon dioxide flux, organic matter, and microbial biomass were as high or higher in urban grasslands than in forests, suggesting that active carbon cycling creates sinks for N in vegetation and soil in these ecosystems. Although urban grasslands export more N to the environment than native forests, they have considerable capacity for N retention that should be considered in evaluations of land-use change.!://WOS:000269627400008^Groffman, Peter M. Williams, Candiss O. Pouyat, Richard V. Band, Lawrence E. Yesilonis, Ian D.WOS:00026962740000810.2134/jeq2008.0521t~?Gulezian, P. Z. Nyberg, D. W.2010IDistribution of invasive plants in a spatially structured urban landscape161-168Landscape and Urban Planning954tAlliaria Urbanization gradient Invasive plants Urban ecology Vacant lots Land use population biology ecology patternAprPlants that are invasive in conservation land also exist as 'wild' elements within planned urban landscapes. We investigated the relationship of the abundances of 10 invasive species to variables of urban spatial structure [land use (houses, apartments, commercial/industrial, or vacant), impervious surface, distance from city center, distance from forest preserve, income] at an individual block scale of analysis. Eighty blocks (about 2 ha each) distributed along a 15-mile (24 km) transect from the center of Chicago, IL, USA west to the county line were inventoried for abundance of three woody species, five biennial forbs and two grasses. Nine of the ten invasive species were found, with an average of 2.74 of our 10 species per block. Collectively, abundance was negatively related to percent impervious surface, and presence was negatively related to local income. No invasive species' abundance was structured by distance and only one of the 10 species, burdock, had any significant correlations with land use. This general lack of connection to urban land use is surprising and suggests most plant species find opportunities for colonization and reproduction independent of land use in the built urban environment. There is also evidence that the built urban environment may be a sink for these invasive plant species, with populations in forest preserves sending more propagules into the built environment than they receive from it. Published by Elsevier B.V.!://WOS:000277501800002#Gulezian, Paul Z. Nyberg, Dennis W.WOS:000277501800002!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.12.013F~?"Hall, S. J. Huber, D. Grimm, N. B.20089Soil N(2)O and NO emissions from an arid, urban ecosystem.Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences113G1nitrogen-oxide emissions nitric-oxide forest ecosystems united-states land-use tropospheric chemistry biogenic emissions reactive nitrogen sonoran desert gas emissionsFebWe measured soil nitrogen (N) cycling and fluxes of N(2)O and NO in three land-use types across the metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona. Urbanization increased N(2)O emissions compared to native landscapes, primarily due to the expansion of fertilized and irrigated lawns. Fluxes of N(2)O from lawns ranged from 18 to 80 mu g N m(-2) h(-1) and were significantly larger than managed xeric landscapes (2.5-22 mu g N m(-2) h(-1)) and remnant desert sites within the urban core (3.7-14 mu g N m(-2) h(-1)). In contrast, average NO fluxes from lawns were not significantly different from native desert when dry (6-80 mu g N m(-2) h(-1) lawn; 5-16 mu g N m(-2) h(-1) desert) and were lower than fluxes from deserts after wetting events. Furthermore, urbanization has significantly altered the temporal dynamics of NO emissions by replacing pulse-driven desert ecosystems with year-round irrigated, managed lawns. Short-term, pulse-driven emissions of NO from wetting of dry desert soils may reach 35% of anthropogenic emissions within a day after summer monsoon storms. If regional O(3) production is NO(x)-limited during the monsoon season, fluxes from warm, recently wet arid soils may contribute to summer O(3) episodes.!://WOS:000253531900001,Hall, Sharon J. Huber, David Grimm, Nancy B.WOS:000253531900001G01016 10.1029/2007jg000523~?Harris, T. B. Manning, W. J.20108Nitrogen dioxide and ozone levels in urban tree canopies 2384-2386Environmental Pollution1587iAcer rubrum NO(x) Photochemical oxidant cycle Air pollution Urban forest Street trees atmosphere exchangeJul!://WOS:000279063600005%Harris, Tanner B. Manning, William J.WOS:00027906360000510.1016/j.envpol.2010.04.007'~?KHarrison, M. D. Groffman, P. M. Mayer, P. M. Kaushal, S. S. Newcomer, T. A.2011:Denitrification in Alluvial Wetlands in an Urban Landscape634-646 Journal of Environmental Quality402ground-water denitrification riparian zones constructed wetlands chesapeake bay nitrous-oxide aquatic ecosystems stream restoration nitrate removal hot moments river-basinMarRiparian wetlands have been shown to be effective "sinks" for nitrate N (NO(3)(-)), minimizing the downstream export of N to streams and coastal water bodies. However, the vast majority of riparian denitrification research has been in agricultural and forested watersheds, with relatively little work on riparian wetland function in urban watersheds. We investigated the variation and magnitude of denitrification in three constructed and two relict oxbow urban wetlands, and in two forested reference wetlands in the Baltimore metropolitan area. Denitrification rates in wetland sediments were measured with a 15N-enriched NO(3)(-) "push-pull" groundwater tracer method during the summer and winter of 2008. Mean denitrification rates did not differ among the wetland types and ranged from 147 +/- 29 mu g N kg soil(-1) d(-1) in constructed stormwater wetlands to 100 +/- 11 mu g N kg soil(-1) d(-1) in relict oxbows to 106 +/- 32 mu g N kg soil(-1) d(-1) in forested reference wetlands. High denitrification rates were observed in both summer and winter, suggesting that these wetlands are sinks for NO(3)(-) year round. Comparison of denitrification rates with NO(3)(-) standing stocks in the wetland water column and stream NO(3)(-) loads indicated that mass removal of NO(3)(-) in urban wetland sediments by denitrification could be substantial. Our results suggest that urban wetlands have the potential to reduce NO(3)(-) in urban landscapes and should be considered as a means to manage N in urban watersheds.!://WOS:000287574000037\Harrison, Melanie D. Groffman, Peter M. Mayer, Paul M. Kaushal, Sujay S. Newcomer, Tamara A.WOS:00028757400003710.2134/jeq2010.0335~?Hart, M. Sailor, D.2009qQuantifying the influence of land-use and surface characteristics on spatial variability in the urban heat island397-406#Theoretical and Applied Climatology953-4phong-kong residential developments thermal-behavior air-quality city climate summer areas environment simulationMarThe urban thermal environment varies not only from its rural surroundings but also within the urban area due to intra-urban differences in land-use and surface characteristics. Understanding the causes of this intra-urban variability is a first step in improving urban planning and development. Toward this end, a method for quantifying causes of spatial variability in the urban heat island has been developed. This paper presents the method as applied to a specific test case of Portland, Oregon. Vehicle temperature traverses were used to determine spatial differences in summertime similar to 2 m air temperature across the metropolitan area in the afternoon. A tree-structured regression model was used to quantify the land-use and surface characteristics that have the greatest influence on daytime UHI intensity. The most important urban characteristic separating warmer from cooler regions of the Portland metropolitan area was canopy cover. Roadway area density was also an important determinant of local UHI magnitudes. Specifically, the air above major arterial roads was found to be warmer on weekdays than weekends, possibly due to increased anthropogenic activity from the vehicle sector on weekdays. In general, warmer regions of the city were associated with industrial and commercial land-use. The downtown core, whilst warmer than the rural surroundings, was not the warmest part of the Portland metropolitan area. This is thought to be due in large part to local shading effects in the urban canyons.!://WOS:000263899800015!Hart, Melissa A. Sailor, David J.WOS:00026389980001510.1007/s00704-008-0017-5 T~?0Heckmann, K. E. Manley, P. N. Schlesinger, M. D.2008\Ecological integrity of remnant montane forests along an urban gradient in the Sierra Nevada 2453-2466Forest Ecology and Management2557exotic plant species Lake Tahoe montane forest structure Sierra Nevada snags and logs urban gradient mixed-conifer forest coarse woody debris lake tahoe basin habitat fragmentation plant diversity protected areas human impact biotic homogenization exurban development ecosystem servicesAprUrban development typically has extensive and intensive effects on native ecosystems, including vegetation communities and their associated biota. Increasingly, urban planning strives to retain elements of native ecosystems to meet multiple social and ecological objectives. The ecological integrity of native forests in an urbanizing landscape is challenged by a myriad of impacts, such as forest management and invasive species. Environmental protection efforts in the Lake Tahoe basin, spanning the California/Nevada border in the Sierra Nevada mountains, over the past half century have resulted in the retention of thousands of parcels of remnant native forest located throughout the urbanizing landscape. The basin landscape provides an opportunity to evaluate the effects of land development on the composition and structure of remnant native forests along a gradient of urbanization. We sampled 118 sites located in remnant forests in the lower montane zone surrounded by 0-70% development. We also sampled forest structure in the landscape surrounding 75 of these sites to evaluate the contribution of remnant forests to the retention of native forest elements in the larger landscape. We characterized plant species composition and cover, vertical structure, and the density of trees, snags, and logs, as well as levels of ground disturbance and human activity. We found that remnant native forests retained much of their compositional and structural character along the development gradient, including large tree density, total canopy cover, and plant species richness. Notable exceptions were reductions in the density and decay stage of snags and logs, and the density of understory trees. We also observed increases in the richness and cover of herb and grass species and increases in the number of exotic plant species. In contrast, structural complexity was reduced in the landscape surrounding forest remnants in all measures except large tree density. We conclude that remnant native forests contribute significantly to maintaining native species in an urbanizing landscape, and that land conservation practices have an important role to play in protecting native forest ecosystems. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:0002561439000410Heckmann, K. E. Manley, P. N. Schlesinger, M. D.WOS:00025614390004110.1016/j.foreco.2008.01.005 G ~?/Herb, W. R. Janke, B. Mohseni, O. Stefan, H. G.2008?Ground surface temperature simulation for different land covers327-343Journal of Hydrology3563-4MHeat transfer; Land use; Pavement; Vegetation; Temperature; Thermal pollutionJulA model for predicting temperature time series for dry and  ~?0Imhoff, M. L. Zhang, P. Wolfe, R. E. Bounoua, L.2010SRemote sensing of the urban heat island effect across biomes in the continental USA504-513Remote Sensing of Environment1143Urban heat island Remote sensing MODIS Land surface temperature Biomes Landsat Impervious surface area land-surface temperature united-states impervious surface primary productivity tropical city satellite modis vegetation impact urbanizationMar` Impervious surface area (ISA) from the Landsat TM-based NLCD 2001 dataset and land surface temperature (LST) from MODIS averaged over three annual cycles (2003-2005) are used in a spatial analysis to assess the urban heat island (UHI) skin temperature amplitude and its relationship to development intensity, size, and ecological setting for 38 of the most populous cities in the continental United States. Development intensity zones based on %ISA are defined for each urban area emanating outward from the urban core to the non-urban rural areas nearby and used to stratify sampling for land surface temperatures and NDVI. Sampling is further constrained by biome and elevation to insure objective intercomparisons between zones and between cities in different biomes permitting the definition of hierarchically ordered zones that are consistent across urban areas in different ecological setting and across scales. We find that ecological context significantly influences the amplitude of summer daytime UHI (urban-rural temperature difference) the largest (8 degrees C average) observed for cities built in biomes dominated by temperate broadleaf and mixed forest. For all cities combined, ISA is the primary driver for increase in temperature explaining 70% of the total variance in LST. On a yearly average, urban areas are substantially warmer than the non-urban fringe by 2.9 degrees C, except for urban areas in biomes with and and semiarid climates. The average amplitude of the UHI is remarkably asymmetric with a 4.3 degrees C temperature difference in summer and only 1.3 degrees C in winter. In desert environments, the LSTs response to ISA presents an uncharacteristic "U-shaped" horizontal gradient decreasing from the urban core to the outskirts of the city and then increasing again in the suburban to the rural zones. UHI's calculated for these cities point to a possible heat sink effect. These observational results show that the urban heat island amplitude both increases with city size and is seasonally asymmetric for a large number of cities across most biomes. The implications are that for urban areas developed within forested ecosystems the summertime UHI can be quite high relative to the wintertime UHI suggesting that the residential energy consumption required for summer cooling is likely to increase with urban growth within those biomes. Published by Elsevier Inc.!://WOS:000274820700005>Imhoff, Marc L. Zhang, Ping Wolfe, Robert E. Bounoua, LahouariWOS:00027482070000510.1016/j.rse.2009.10.008~~?uJariwala, S. P. Kurada, S. Moday, H. Thanjan, A. Bastone, L. Khananashvili, M. Fodeman, J. Hudes, G. Rosenstreich, D.2011ZAssociation between Tree Pollen Counts and Asthma ED Visits in a High-Density Urban Center442-448Journal of Asthma485asthma emergency department pollen pollutants emergency-room visits inner-city children air-pollution respiratory illnesses ozone exposure fungal spores exacerbations admissions montreal weatherJunBackground. Asthma exacerbation patterns are cyclic in nature and often correlate with air particle concentrations. Objective. To examine the relationship between asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits and outdoor air quality for pediatric and adult patients in a high asthma prevalence area, the New York City borough of the Bronx. Methods. Numbers of daily asthma-related adult and pediatric ED visits during one complete year (1999) were obtained from the seven major Bronx hospitals. Daily values of nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), ozone (O(3)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), and pollen counts were acquired. Results. Asthma-related ED visit numbers were highest in December-January and lowest in July. There were three distinct peaks of increased asthma ED visits: winter (December-January), spring (late April-May), and fall (October). The spring peak was the most striking and coincided with high tree pollen counts (tree pollen: r = 0.90, p = .03). We observed a positive correlation between asthma ED visits in the winter and SO(2) and NO(x) levels. Winter peaks of SO(2) and NO(x) in early December appeared to precede the winter asthma peak. Conclusions. The spring asthma peak is closely associated with increased tree pollen counts, and the asthma increase at this time is likely due to allergic reactions to pollen. No significant associations could be established with the fall peak. The winter peak correlates with elevated SO(2) and NO(x) levels.!://WOS:000290870400003Jariwala, Sunit P. Kurada, Satya Moday, Heather Thanjan, Andy Bastone, Laurel Khananashvili, Moisey Fodeman, Jason Hudes, Golda Rosenstreich, DavidWOS:00029087040000310.3109/02770903.2011.567427 PSh~?Kaushal, S. S. Groffman, P. M. Band, L. E. Shields, C. A. Morgan, R. P. Palmer, M. A. Belt, K. T. Swan, C. M. Findlay, S. E. G. Fisher, G. T.2008gInteraction between urbanization and climate variability amplifies watershed nitrate export in Maryland 5872-5878"Environmental Science & Technology42169watershed; urbanization; urban-to-rural gradient; NitrateAugWe investigated regional effects of urbanization and land use change on nitrate concentrations in approximately 1,000 small streams in Maryland during record drought and wet years in 2001−2003. We  \~?AKaushal, S. S. Groffman, P. M. Mayer, P. M. Striz, E. Gold, A. J.2008KEffects of stream restoration on denitrification in an urbanizing watershed789-804Ecological Applications183Chesapeake Bay USA eutrophication nitrogen stream restoration urbanization push-pull test riparian forest chesapeake bay nitrate removal united-states nitrogen-retention headwater streams rate coefficients northeastern usa lowland streamsAprIncreased delivery of nitrogen due to urbanization and stream ecosystem degradation is contributing to eutrophication in coastal regions of the eastern United States. We tested whether geomorphic restoration involving hydrologic "reconnection'' of a stream to its floodplain could increase rates of denitrification at the riparian-zone-stream interface of an urban stream in Baltimore, Maryland. Rates of denitrification measured using in situ N-15 tracer additions were spatially variable across sites and years and ranged from undetectable to > 200 mu g N center dot( kg sediment)(-1) center dot d(-1). Mean rates of denitrification were significantly greater in the restored reach of the stream at 77.4 +/- 12.6 mu g N center dot kg(-1) center dot d(-1) ( mean 6 SE) as compared to the unrestored reach at 34.8 +/- 8.0 mu g N center dot kg(-1) center dot d(-1). Concentrations of nitrate-N in groundwater and stream water in the restored reach were also significantly lower than in the unrestored reach, but this may have also been associated with differences in sources and hydrologic flow paths. Riparian areas with low, hydrologically "connected'' streambanks designed to promote flooding and dissipation of erosive force for storm water management had substantially higher rates of denitrification than restored high "nonconnected'' banks and both unrestored low and high banks. Coupled measurements of hyporheic groundwater flow and in situ denitrification rates indicated that up to 1.16 mg NO3--N could be removed per liter of groundwater flow through one cubic meter of sediment at the riparian-zone-stream interface over a mean residence time of 4.97 d in the unrestored reach, and estimates of mass removal of nitrate-N in the restored reach were also considerable. Mass removal of nitrate-N appeared to be strongly influenced by hydrologic residence time in unrestored and restored reaches. Our results suggest that stream restoration designed to "reconnect'' stream channels with floodplains can increase denitrification rates, that there can be substantial variability in the efficacy of stream restoration designs, and that more work is necessary to elucidate which designs can be effective in conjunction with watershed strategies to reduce nitrate-N sources to streams.!://WOS:000255437500020PKaushal, Sujay S. Groffman, Peter M. Mayer, Paul M. Striz, Elise Gold, Arthur J.WOS:00025543750002010.1890/07-1159.1~?BKnapp, S. Kuhn, I. Wittig, R. Ozinga, W. A. Poschlod, P. Klotz, S.2008>Urbanization causes shifts in species' trait state frequencies375-388Preslia804compositional data plant traits species distribution patterns urban ecology urban flora vascular plants plant functional types compositional data leaf traits urban dispersal biodiversity habitats richness patterns floraNovUrbanization is one of the most extreme forms of land transformation. It is supposed to change the frequencies of species trait states in species assemblages. We hypothesize that the flora of urban and rural areas differs in the frequency of trait states and ask which traits enable a plant to cope with the urban environment. We tested our hypothesis in Germany, which was divided into grid-cells of ca 130 km(2). We distinguished urbanized (with more than 33% urban land use; n = 59), agricultural (with more than 50% agricultural land use; n = 1365) and semi-natural (with more than 50% forest and semi-natural land use; n = 312) grid-cells and calculated the proportions of plant species per trait state in each grid-cell. Multiple linear regressions explained the log-transformed ratio of one proportion to another with land use (urban, agricultural, semi-natural) and the environmental parameters (climate, topography, soils and geology). Additionally, linear mixed effect models accounted for the effects of land use and biogeography and differences in sample size of the three grid-cell types. Urbanized and rural areas showed clear differences in the proportion of trait states. Urbanized grid-cells had e.g., higher proportions of wind-pollinated plants, plants with scleromorphic leaves or plants dispersed by animals, and lower proportions of insect-pollinated plants, plants with hygromorphic leaves or plants dispersed by wind than other grid-cells. Our study shows that shifts in land use can change the trait state composition of plant assemblages. Far-reaching urbanization might consequently homogenize our flora with respect to trait state frequency.!://WOS:000261548600003XKnapp, Sonja Kuehn, Ingolf Wittig, Ruediger Ozinga, Wim A. Poschlod, Peter Klotz, StefanWOS:000261548600003~? Kowarik, I.20116Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation 1974-1983Environmental Pollution1598-9Biodiversity loss Biological invasions Exotic species Nature conservation Ecosystem services species richness plant invasions propagule pressure forest restoration avian assemblages biological flora human-population rural gradients central-europe global changeAug-Sep^With increasing urbanization the importance of cities for biodiversity conservation grows. This paper reviews the ways in which biodiversity is affected by urbanization and discusses the consequences of different conservation approaches. Cities can be richer in plant species, including in native species. than rural areas. Alien species can lead to both homogenization and differentiation among urban regions. Urban habitats can harbor self-sustaining populations of rare and endangered native species, but cannot replace the complete functionality of (semi-)natural remnants. While many conservation approaches tend to focus on such relict habitats and native species in urban settings, this paper argues for a paradigm shift towards considering the whole range of urban ecosystems. Although conservation attitudes may be challenged by the novelty of some urban ecosystems, which are often linked to high numbers of nonnative species, it is promising to consider their associated ecosystem services, social benefits, and possible contribution to biodiversity conservation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000292670800003Kowarik, Ingo Conference on Urban Environmental Pollution - Overcoming Obstacles to Sustainability and Quality of Life Jun 20-23, 2010 Boston, MA SiWOS:00029267080000310.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.022~?;Lee, S. W. Hwang, S. J. Lee, S. B. Hwang, H. S. Sung, H. C.2009vLandscape ecological approach to the relationships of land use patterns in watersheds to water quality characteristics80-89Landscape and Urban Planning922Water quality Land use pattern Land use planning Spatial configuration aquatic ecosystems nutrient streams management metrics scaleSepcIt is widely accepted that strong ties exist between land uses and the water quality of adjacent aquatic systems within a watershed. Recently, studies of the relationships between land uses and water quality have also begun to consider the spatial configuration of land uses. Here we investigated the spatial configuration of land uses within watersheds in South Korea and examined how spatial patterns of urban, agricultural, and forest land uses measured at both landscape and class levels, related to water quality in adjacent reservoirs from landscape ecological perspective. The results indicate that water quality of reservoirs is closely associated with both the proportions of land use and the configurations of urban, agricultural, and forest areas. Water quality is more likely to be degraded when there is high interspersion of various land use types and when a large number of different land use types exist within a watershed. For urban land uses, high patch and edge densities, and urban land use as the largest patch, were also associated with water quality degradation, as were higher degrees of patch density and edge density for agricultural land uses. Water quality is likely better if forest patches are unfragmented, have a high value for the largest patch proportion, have complex patch shape, and are aggregated. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000268660500003HLee, Sang-Woo Hwang, Soon-Jin Lee, Sae-Bom Hwang, Ha-Sun Sung, Hyun-ChanWOS:000268660500003!10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.02.008~?Liu, H. Weng, Q. H.2008sSeasonal variations in the relationship between landscape pattern and land surface temperature in Indianapolis, USA199-219'Environmental Monitoring and Assessment1441-3landscape patterns land surface temperatures landscape metrics seasonal variation urban areas urban heat-island remote-sensing data temporal analysis spatial-pattern forest vegetation environment drought houston texasSepuThis paper intended to examine the seasonal variations in the relationship between landscape pattern and land surface temperature based on a case study of Indianapolis, United States. The integration of remote sensing, GIS, and landscape ecology methods was used in this study. Four Terra's ASTER images were used to derive the landscape patterns and land surface temperatures (LST) in four seasons in the study area. The spatial and ecological characteristics of landscape patterns and LSTs were examined by the use of landscape metrics. The impact of each land use and land cover type on LST was analyzed based on the measurements of landscape metrics. The results show that the landscape and LST patterns in the winter were unique. The rest of three seasons apparently had more agreeable landscape and LST patterns. The spatial configuration of each LST zone conformed to that of each land use and land cover type with more than 50% of overlap in area for all seasons. This paper may provide useful information for urban planers and environmental managers for assessing and monitoring urban thermal environments as result of urbanization.!://WOS:000258781700019Liu, Hua Weng, QihaoWOS:00025878170001910.1007/s10661-007-9979-5v~?;Meierdiercks, K. L. Smith, J. A. Baeck, M. L. Miller, A. J.20108Heterogeneity of Hydrologic Response in Urban Watersheds 1221-12373Journal of the American Water Resources Association466flooding hydrologic cycle precipitation streamflow geographic information system urbanization stormwater management ) portland metropolitan-area land-use change northeastern illinois impervious cover drainage-basin united-states urbanization climate floods flowDecThe changing patterns of streamflow associated with urbanization are examined through analyses of discharge and rainfall records for the study watersheds of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES). Analyses utilize a decade (1999-2008) of observations from a dense U.S. Geological Survey stream gaging network and Hydro-NEXRAD radar rainfall fields. The principal study watershed of the BES is Gwynns Falls (171 km2). Focus is given to two Gwynns Falls basins with contrasting patterns and histories of development, Dead Run and Upper Gwynns Falls. The sharp contrasts in streamflow properties between the basins reflect the differences in urban development prior to implementation of stormwater management regulations (much of Dead Run) and development for which stormwater management is an integral part of the hydrologic system (Upper Gwynns Falls). The mean annual runoff in Dead Run (558 mm) is 35% larger than that of Upper Gwynns Falls; larger contrasts in runoff properties typify the "warm season" and are linked to storm event hydrologic response. Spatial heterogeneities in storm event response are reflected in seasonal and diurnal properties of streamflow. Analyses of storm event response are presented for June 2006, during which monthly rainfall over the BES region ranged from less than 150 to more than 500 mm. Baisman Run, the BES forest reference watershed, and Moores Run, a highly urbanized watershed in Baltimore City, provide "end-member" representations of urban impacts on streamflow.!://WOS:000284769000010MMeierdiercks, Katherine L. Smith, James A. Baeck, Mary Lynn Miller, Andrew J.WOS:000284769000010 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00487.xM~?Mirzaei, P. A. Haghighat, F.2010AApproaches to study Urban Heat Island - Abilities and limitations 2192-2201Building and Environment4510Urban Heat Island Simulation Observation Countermeasure Outdoor air quality mesoscale meteorological model wind environment energy-balance thermal environment pedestrian-level boundary-layer canopy model part i numerical-simulation coupled simulationOctUrban Heat Island (UHI) has significant impacts on the buildings energy consumption and outdoor air quality (OAQ). Various approaches, including observation and simulation techniques, have been proposed to understand the causes of UHI formation and to find the corresponding mitigation strategies. However, the causes of UHI are not the same in different climates or city features. Thus, general conclusion cannot be made based on limited monitoring data. With recent progress in computational tools, simulation methods have been used to study UHI. These approaches, however, are also not able to cover all the phenomena that simultaneously contribute to the formation of UHI. The shortcomings are mostly attributed to the weakness of the theories and computational cost. This paper presents a review of the techniques used to study UHI. The abilities and limitations of each approach for the investigation of UHI mitigation and prediction are discussed. Treatment of important parameters including latent, sensible, storage, and anthropogenic heat in addition to treatment of radiation, effect of trees and pond, and boundary condition to simulate UHI is also presented. Finally, this paper discusses the application of integration approach as a future opportunity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved!://WOS:000279464900015&Mirzaei, Parham A. Haghighat, FariborzWOS:00027946490001510.1016/j.buildenv.2010.04.001v~?7Morani, A. Nowak, D. J. Hirabayashi, S. Calfapietra, C.2011qHow to select the best tree planting locations to enhance air pollution removal in the MillionTreesNYC initiative 1040-1047Environmental Pollution1595Urban forestry UFORE Planting priority index Air pollution Carbon united-states urban trees model ozone vegetation quality population prediction dispersion impactsMayHighest priority zones for tree planting within New York City were selected by using a planting priority index developed combining three main indicators: pollution concentration, population density and low canopy cover. This new tree population was projected through time to estimate potential air quality and carbon benefits. Those trees will likely remove more than 10 000 tons of air pollutants and a maximum of 1500 tons of carbon over the next 100 years given a 4% annual mortality rate. Cumulative carbon storage will be reduced through time as carbon loss through tree mortality outweighs carbon accumulation through tree growth. Model projections are strongly affected by mortality rate whose uncertainties limit estimations accuracy. Increasing mortality rate from 4 to 8% per year produce a significant decrease in the total pollution removal over a 100 year period from 11 000 tons to 3000 tons. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000290192400004Morani, Arianna Nowak, David J. Hirabayashi, Satoshi Calfapietra, Carlo 24th Biannual Meeting of the Adaptation of Forest Ecosystems to Air Pollution and Climate Change Mar, 2010 Antalya, TURKEY SiWOS:00029019240000410.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.022~?Niinemets, U. Penuelas, J.2008EGardening and urban landscaping: Significant players in global change60-65Trends in Plant Science132organic-compound emissions climate-change species richness cold-hardiness north-america urbanization trees ecology plants modelFeb@Global warming leads to shifts in vegetation types in given temperate environments. The fastest species movement is due to the globalized supply and use of exotic plants in gardening and urban landscaping. These standard practices circumvent dispersal limitations and biological and environmental stresses; they have three major global impacts: (i) the enhancement of biological invasions, (ii) the elevation of volatile organic compound emissions and the resulting increase in photochemical smog formation, and (iii) the enhancement Of CO2 fixation and water use by gardened plants. These global effects, none of which are currently considered in global-change scenarios, are increasingly amplified with further warming and urbanization. We urge for quantitative assessment of the global effects of gardening and urban landscaping.!://WOS:000254762000002Niinemets, Uelo Penuelas, JosepWOS:00025476200000210.1016/j.tplants.2007.11.009 ~?Oneal, A. S. Rotenberry, J. T.2008QRiparian plant composition in an urbanizing landscape in southern California, USA553-567Landscape Ecology235development non-native plants oak woodland orange County plant community ordination riparian habitat vegetation willow urbanization northern sydney united-states new-york forest impacts streams indicators systemsMayIn coastal southern California, natural riparian corridors occur in a landscape mosaic comprised of human land uses (mainly urban and suburban development) interspersed among undeveloped areas, primarily native shrublands. We asked, does the composition of the landscape surrounding a riparian survey point influence plant species distribution, community composition, or habitat structure? We expected, for example, that invasive non-native species might be more abundant as the amount of surrounding urbanization increased. We surveyed 137 points in riparian vegetation in Orange County, California, along an urbanization gradient. Using logistic regression we analyzed 79 individual plant species' distributions, finding 20 negatively associated and 12 positively associated with the amount of development within a 1-km radius around the survey points, even after accounting for the effects of elevation. However, after summarizing plant community composition with Detrended Correspondence Analysis we observed that, overall, community composition was not statistically correlated with the amount of development surrounding a survey point once the association between development and elevation was taken into account. Non-native species were not particularly associated with increasing development, but instead were distributed throughout vegetation and urbanization gradients. However, the extent of the tree and herb layers (structural attributes) was associated with development, with the tree layer increasing and the herb layer decreasing as urbanization increased. Thus, although the degree of surrounding urbanization appears to influence the distribution of a number of individual plant species, overall composition of the community in our study system seemed relatively unaffected. Instead, we suggest that community composition reflected larger-scale environmental conditions, such as stream order and other variables associated with elevation, and/or regional-scale disturbances, such as historic grazing or enhanced atmospheric deposition of nitrogen.!://WOS:000254964600006#Oneal, Amber S. Rotenberry, John T.WOS:00025496460000610.1007/s10980-008-9210-2h~?aPataki, D. E. Pataki D. E. Boone, C. G. Hogue, T. S. Jenerette, G. D. McFadden, J. P. Pincetl, S.2011YEcohydrology Bearings-Invited Commentary Socio-ecohydrology and the urban water challenge341-347 Ecohydrology42Bforest; water; supply; quality; flood control; drought; managementMarUrban water systems are highly engineered. However, hydrology and ecology are still cl ~?wPataki, D. E. Emmi, P. C. Forster, C. B. Mills, J. I. Pardyjak, E. R. Peterson, T. R. Thompson, J. D. Dudley-Murphy, E.2009`An integrated approach to improving fossil fuel emissions scenarios with urban ecosystem studies1-14Ecological Complexity61Urban ecology Biocomplexity Carbon dioxide CO(2) emissions Mediated modeling regional energy demand carbon-dioxide climate-change united-states co2 emissions terrestrial ecosystems canadian cities seasonal cycle shade trees water-vaporMar;The future trajectory of fossil fuel emissions is one of the largest uncertainties in predicting climate change. While global emissions scenarios are ultimately of interest for climate modeling, many of the factors that influence energy and fuel consumption operate on a local rather than global level. However, there have been relatively few comprehensive studies of the ecological and socioeconomic processes that will determine the future trajectory of net carbon dioxide (CO(2)) emissions at local and regional scales. We conducted an interdisciplinary, whole ecosystem study of the role of climate, urban expansion, urban form, transportation, and the urban forest in influencing net CO(2) emissions in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, a rapidly urbanizing region in the western U.S. Our approach involved a detailed emissions inventory validated with atmospheric measurements, as well as a system dynamics model of future CO(2) emissions developed in collaboration with local stakeholders. The model highlighted the importance of a positive feedback between urban land development and transportation investments that may strongly affect emissions by amplifying declines in developmental densities and increases in vehicular traffic. Simulations suggested that while doubling the density of tree planting would have a negligible effect on total urban CO(2) emissions, land use and transportation policies that dampen the intensity of the urban sprawl feedback could result in a 22% reduction in CO(2) emissions by 2030 relative to a business as usual scenario. We suggest that by advancing our mechanistic understanding of energy and fuel consumption regionally, this urban ecosystem approach has great potential for improving emissions scenario studies if replicated in other cities and urbanizing regions. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000263512900001wPataki, D. E. Emmi, P. C. Forster, C. B. Mills, J. I. Pardyjak, E. R. Peterson, T. R. Thompson, J. D. Dudley-Murphy, E.WOS:00026351290000110.1016/j.ecocom.2008.09.003 ~?4Pataki, D. E. McCarthy, H. R. Litvak, E. Pincetl, S.2011CTranspiration of urban forests in the Los Angeles metropolitan area661-677Ecological Applications213Mecohydrology Jacaranda spp. Koelreuteria paniculata Lagerstroemia indica Malosma laurina sap flow transpiration Ulmus parvifolia urban forests urban water use sap flux-density eucalyptus-grandis trees canopy transpiration flow measurements water-use energy-balance heat-pulse hydraulic conductance stand transpiration radial patternsApr, Despite its importance for urban planning, landscape management, and water management, there are very few in situ estimates of urban-forest transpiration. Because urban forests contain an unusual and diverse mix of species from many regions worldwide, we hypothesized that species composition would be a more important driver of spatial variability in urban-forest transpiration than meteorological variables in the Los Angeles (California, USA) region. We used constant-heat sap-flow sensors to monitor urban tree water use for 15 species at six locations throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area. For many of these species no previous data on sap flux, water use, or water relations were available in the literature. To scale sap-flux measurements to whole trees we conducted a literature survey of radial trends in sap flux across multiple species and found consistent relationships for angiosperms vs. gymnosperms. We applied this relationship to our measurements and estimated whole-tree and plot-level transpiration at our sites. The results supported very large species differences in transpiration, with estimates ranging from 3.2 +/- 2.3 kg.tree(-1).d(-1) in unirrigated Pinus canariensis (Canary Island pine) to 176.9 +/- 75.2 kg.tree(-1).d(-1) in Platanus hybrida (London planetree) in the month of August. Other species with high daily transpiration rates included Ficus microcarpa (laurel fig), Gleditsia triacanthos (honeylocust), and Platanus racemosa (California sycamore). Despite irrigation and relatively large tree size, Brachychiton populneas (kurrajong), B. discolor (lacebark), Sequoia sempervirens (redwood), and Eucalyptus grandis (grand Eucalyptus) showed relatively low rates of transpiration, with values, 45 kg.tree(-1).d(-1). When scaled to the plot level, transpiration rates were as high as 2 mm/d for sites that contained both species with high transpiration rates and high densities of planted trees. Because plot-level transpiration is highly dependent on tree density, we modeled transpiration as a function of both species and density to evaluate a likely range of values in irrigated urban forests. The results show that urban forests in irrigated, semi-arid regions can constitute a significant use of water, but water use can be mitigated by appropriate selection of site, management method, and species.!://WOS:000290661300003JPataki, Diane E. McCarthy, Heather R. Litvak, Elizaveta Pincetl, StephanieWOS:00029066130000310.1890/09-1717.1 ]~?.Pennington, D. N. Hansel, J. R. Gorchov, D. L.2010yUrbanization and riparian forest woody communities: Diversity, composition, and structure within a metropolitan landscape182-194Biological Conservation1431Development Disturbance Exotic species Indicator species Land cover Riparian forests Urbanization shrub lonicera-maackii southwestern ohio forests non-indigenous shrub ailanthus-altissima amur honeysuckle urban ecosystems invasive shrub land-cover spatial heterogeneity stream ecosystemsJan Understanding how urban land-use structure contributes to the abundance and diversity of riparian woody species can inform management and conservation efforts. Yet, previous studies have focused on broad-scale (e.g., urban to exurban) land-use types and have not examined more local-scale changes in land use (e.g., the variation within "urban"), which could be important in urban areas. In this paper we examine how local-scale characteristics or fine-scale urban heterogeneity affect(s) the diversity, composition, and structure of temperate woody riparian vegetation communities in the highly urbanized area of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. We use an information-theoretic approach to compare vegetation models and canonical correspondence analyses to compare species responses to urban variables. We found that urban riparian areas can harbor a high diversity of native canopy and shrub species (38 and 41, respectively); however, native and exotic woody plant species responded differently to urbanization. Exotic canopy species increased with the level of urbanization while native canopy and understory species declined. Understory species diversity displayed a greater response to urbanization than did canopy diversity, suggesting temporal lags in canopy response to disturbances associated with present and recent land-use changes. Certain native and exotic woody species represent ecological indicators of different levels of urbanization. Native species characteristic of pre-European settlement conditions were restricted to the wide riparian forests with little urban encroachment. Several native early-successional species appear tolerant to urbanization. Two exotic species, the tree Ailanthus altissima and the shrub Lonicera maackii, were the most abundant and ubiquitous woody species and appear to exploit urban disturbances. These exotic species invasions have the potential to modify forest composition and ecological function of urban riparian systems. In addition, altered hydrology may be a contributing factor as canopy and understory stem density of high-moisture-requiring species decreased with an increase in impervious surface and grass cover and with proximity to roads and railroads. In the face of urbanization, maintaining wide riparian forests and limiting building, road and railroad development within these areas may help reduce the invasion of exotic species and benefit hydrological function in temperate riparian areas. Published by Elsevier Ltd.!://WOS:0002743542000258Pennington, Derric N. Hansel, James R. Gorchov, David L.WOS:00027435420002510.1016/j.biocon.2009.10.002 "~?)Pennington, D. N. Hansel, J. Blair, R. B.2008The conservation value of urban riparian areas for landbirds during spring migration: Land cover, scale, and vegetation effects 1235-1248Biological Conservation1415birds urbanization riparian landscape conservation stopover migration bird community structure residential development habitat selection species-diversity breeding birds spatial scale stopover site urbanization ecology forestMayUrbanization changes bird community structure during the breeding season but little is known about its effects on migrating birds. We examined patterns of habitat use by birds at the local and landscape level during 2002 spring migration at 71 riparian plots along an urban gradient in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Using linear regression, we examined variation in relative density, species richness, and evenness of four migratory guilds associated with natural land covers and building area at four scales (50, 100, 250, 500 m radial buffers). We also examined the influence of local vegetation using multiple regression models. As building area increased, riparian forests tended to be narrower and have fewer native trees and shrubs. In general, native birds were positively associated with tree cover (within 250500 m of stream) and native vegetation, and negatively with building area (within 250 m); exotic species responded inversely to these measures. Short-distance migrants and permanent residents displayed the weakest responses to landscape and vegetation measures. Neotropical migrants responded strongest to landscape and vegetation measures and were positively correlated with areas of wide riparian forests and less development (>250 m). Resident Neotropical migrants increased with wider riparian forests (>500 m) without buildings, while en-route migrants utilized areas having a wide buffer of tree cover (250500 m) regardless of buildings; both were positively associated with native vegetation composition and mature trees. Consequently, developed areas incorporating high native tree cover are important for conserving Neotropical migrants during stopover. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:0002570084000084Pennington, Derric N. Hansel, James Blair, Robert B.WOS:00025700840000810.1016/j.biocon.2008.02.021 $F~?/Peters, E. B. McFadden, J. P. Montgomery, R. A.2010SBiological and environmental controls on tree transpiration in a suburban landscape.Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences115urban water-balance sap flux-density stand transpiration leaf-area canopy conductance deciduous forest catchment-scale soil-moisture gas-exchange heat-islandOctTree transpiration provides a variety of ecosystem services in urban areas, including amelioration of urban heat island effects and storm water management. Tree species vary in the magnitude and seasonality of transpiration owing to differences in physiology, response to climate, and biophysical characteristics, thereby complicating efforts to manage evapotranspiration at city scales. We report sap flux measurements during the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons for dominant tree species in a suburban neighborhood of Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. Evergreen needleleaf trees had significantly higher growing season means and annual transpiration per unit canopy area (1.90 kg H(2)O m(-2) d(-1) and 307 kg H(2)O m(-2) yr(-1), respectively) than deciduous broadleaf trees (1.11 kg H(2)O m(-2) d(-1) and 153 kg H(2)O m(-2) yr(-1), respectively) because of a smaller projected canopy area (31.1 and 73.6 m(2), respectively), a higher leaf area index (8.8 and 5.5 m(2) m(-2), respectively), and a longer growth season (8 and 4 months, respectively). Measurements also showed patterns consistent with the species' differences in xylem anatomy (conifer, ring porous, and diffuse porous). As the growing season progressed, conifer and diffuse porous genera had increased stomatal regulation to high vapor pressure deficit, while ring porous genera maintained greater and more constant stomatal regulation. These results suggest that evaporative responses to climate change in urban ecosystems will depend in part on species composition. Overall, plant functional type differences in canopy structure and growing season length were most important in explaining species' differences in midsummer and annual transpiration, offering an approach to predicting the evapotranspiration component of urban water budgets.!://WOS:000285009700004;Peters, Emily B. McFadden, Joseph P. Montgomery, Rebecca A.WOS:000285009700004G04006 10.1029/2009jg001266 ~?Puth, L. M. Burns, C. E.2009gNew York's nature: a review of the status and trends in species richness across the metropolitan region12-21Diversity and Distributions151habitat type historical change literature review New York metropolitan region species richness taxonomic group european urban floras southern new-england land-use change vascular flora long-island diversity conservation biodiversity forest urbanizationJan1The world's population is urbanizing, yet relatively little is known about the ecology of urban areas. As the largest metropolitan area in the USA, New York City is an ideal location to study the effects of urbanization. Here, we aim to produce a better understanding of the state of the research for species richness of flora and fauna across the New York metropolitan region. New York metropolitan region, USA. We conducted a review of the published and grey literature, in which we targeted studies of species richness, and categorized each study by habitat, location and taxonomic group. We found 79 studies reporting location-specific species richness data, resulting in 261 location-taxonomic group records. Of these, 26 records had data from multiple time periods; 17 showed decreases in species richness, six reported increases and three showed stable species richness. Of these 26 records, most declines were attributed to anthropogenic causes, such as habitat loss/degradation and invasive species, while most increases reflected recovery from major habitat loss or increases in exotic species. Overall, most records (84) were terrestrial, followed by those in freshwater (72) and mixed habitats (61). When parsed by taxonomic group, the most commonly studied groups were plants (76) and mammals (48). In general, we discovered fewer studies than expected reporting species richness, especially studies reporting species richness for more than one point in time. Most studies that did contain data over time reported declines in species richness, while several studies reporting increasing or stable species richness reflected increases in exotic species. This survey provides a crucial first step in establishing baseline ecological knowledge for the New York metropolitan region that should help prioritize areas for protection, research and development. Furthermore, this research provides insights into the impacts of urbanization across the USA and beyond and should help establish similar frameworks for ecological understanding for other metropolitan regions throughout the world.!://WOS:000261521400002"Puth, Linda M. Burns, Catherine E.WOS:000261521400002 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00499.x 1~?*Raciti, S. M. Groffman, P. M. Fahey, T. J.2008-Nitrogen retention in urban lawns and forests 1615-1626Ecological Applications187atmospheric-N deposition Baltimore (Maryland, USA) lawns and forests development and urban watersheds forests lawns and ecosystem processes mineralization N-15 nitrification nitrogen retention soil turfgrass urban microbial biomass nitrogen northern hardwood forest kentucky bluegrass turf temperate forest soil-nitrogen united-states direct extraction mass-balance home lawns fluxesOctLawns are a dominant cover type in urban ecosystems, and there is concern about their impacts on water quality. However, recent watershed-level studies suggest that these pervious areas might be net sinks, rather than sources, for nitrogen (N) in the urban environment. A N-15 pulse-labeling experiment was performed on lawn and forest plots in the Baltimore (Maryland, USA) metropolitan area to test the hypothesis that lawns are a net sink for atmospheric-N deposition and to compare and contrast mechanisms of N retention in these vegetation types. A pulse of N-15-NO3-, simulating a precipitation event, was followed through mineral soils, roots, Oi-layer/thatch, aboveground biomass, microbial biomass, inorganic N, and evolved N-2 gas over a one-year period. The N-15 label was undetectable in gaseous samples, but enrichment of other pools was high. Gross rates of production and consumption of NO3- and NH4+ were measured to assess differences in internal N cycling under lawns and forests. Rates of N retention were similar during the first five days of the experiment, with lawns showing higher N retention than forests after 10, 70, and 365 days. Lawns had larger pools of available NO3- and NH4+; however, gross rates of mineralization and nitrification were also higher, leading to no net differences in NO3- and NH4+ turnover times between the two systems. Levels of N-15 remained steady in forest mineral soils from day 70 to 365 (at 23% of applied N-15), but continued to accumulate in lawn mineral soils over this same time period, increasing from 20% to 33% of applied N-15. The dominant sink for N in lawn plots changed over time. Immobilization in mineral soils dominated immediately (one day) after tracer application (42% of recovered N-15); plant biomass dominated the short term (10 days; 51%); thatch and mineral-soil pools together dominated the medium term (70 days; 28% and 36%, respectively); and the mineral-soil pool alone dominated long-term retention (one year; 70% of recovered N-15). These findings illustrate the mechanisms whereby urban and suburban lawns under low to moderate management intensities are an important sink for atmospheric-N deposition.!://WOS:000259555900004*Raciti, S. M. Groffman, P. M. Fahey, T. J.WOS:00025955590000410.1890/07-1062.1 ~?sRadeloff, V. C. Stewart, S. I. Hawbaker, T. J. Gimmi, U. Pidgeon, A. M. Flather, C. H. Hammer, R. B. Helmers, D. P.2010XHousing growth in and near United States protected areas limits their conservation value940-945OProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1072conservation threats effectiveness parks reserves wildland-urban interface wolong nature-reserve southern california habitat biodiversity patterns usa fragmentation consequences diversityJanProtected areas are crucial for biodiversity conservation because they provide safe havens for species threatened by land-use change and resulting habitat loss. However, protected areas are only effective when they stop habitat loss within their boundaries, and are connected via corridors to other wild areas. The effectiveness of protected areas is threatened by development; however, the extent of this threat is unknown. We compiled spatially-detailed housing growth data from 1940 to 2030, and quantified growth for each wilderness area, national park, and national forest in the conterminous United States. Our findings show that housing development in the United States may severely limit the ability of protected areas to function as a modern "Noah's Ark." Between 1940 and 2000, 28 million housing units were built within 50 km of protected areas, and 940,000 were built within national forests. Housing growth rates during the 1990s within 1 km of protected areas (20% per decade) outpaced the national average (13%). If long-term trends continue, another 17 million housing units will be built within 50 km of protected areas by 2030 (1 million within 1 km), greatly diminishing their conservation value. US protected areas are increasingly isolated, housing development in their surroundings is decreasing their effective size, and national forests are even threatened by habitat loss within their administrative boundaries. Protected areas in the United States are thus threatened similarly to those in developing countries. However, housing growth poses the main threat to protected areas in the United States whereas deforestation is the main threat in developing countries.!://WOS:000273559300077Radeloff, Volker C. Stewart, Susan I. Hawbaker, Todd J. Gimmi, Urs Pidgeon, Anna M. Flather, Curtis H. Hammer, Roger B. Helmers, David P.WOS:00027355930007710.1073/pnas.0911131107 ~?Rajasekar, U. Weng, Q. H.2009Application of Association Rule Mining for Exploring the Relationship between Urban Land Surface Temperature and Biophysical/Social Parameters385-396.Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing754Uheat-island vegetation emissivity arizona phoenix climate impact cities images energyApr.This paper explores the relationship between remote sensing measurements of land surface temperature and biophysical/socioeconomic data by utilizing the association rule mining technique. The surfaces associated with urban uses typically radiate more heat as compared to its rural counterparts. There is a need to quantitatively analyze this contrast in temperature and the biophysical and social characteristics which influence it. Furthermore, in order to consider the urban heat island (UHI) effect, a parameterization is required to account for the urban surface characteristics impacts on the magnitude of land surface temperature (LST). The association rule mining model has demonstrated to bring in additional quantitative information concerning the relationship;; among urban parameters. The ASTER data from 2000 was used for the selection of appropriate variables to be used in the model. This information was then used for generating association rules between land-use land-cover (LULC) and LST information from 2000, 2001, and 2004. The results thus obtained quantitatively described the relationships between various urban parameters. It was found that there was little change in the percentage area of the LULC types from 2000 to 2004. This made the comparison of the results possible, In the case of the 2000 data, it was found that forest and impervious surfaces had strong association with temperature and scaled normalized difference vegetation index (SNDVI). Specific zones such as hospitals and universities had negative association with water. The comparison of data from 2000, 2001, and 2004 suggests that impervious surface and the zoning category of airport had a strong association. Nevertheless, the information extracted needs to be analyzed in greater detail in order to arrive at robust decision rules. Overall, the model so developed has demonstrated to be effective in predicting associations between urban EST and pertinent factors. This model could be useful for urban planners and environmental managers in quantifying rules that characterize a particular urban!://WOS:000264992100006%Rajasekar, Umamaheshwaran Weng, QihaoWOS:000264992100006$F? Roman, L. A.2011xStreet tree survival rates: Meta-analysis of previous studies and application to a field survey in Philadelphia, PA, USAUrban Forestry & Urban GreeningUrban & Fischerx ZF~?fShields, C. A. Band, L. E. Law, N. Groffman, P. M. Kaushal, S. S. Savvas, K. Fisher, G. T. Belt, K. T.2008wStreamflow distribution of non-point source nitrogen export from urban-rural catchments in the Chesapeake Bay watershedWater Resources Research449xland-use change nutrient discharges united-states nitrate-n river hydrologists restoration ecosystems retention dynamicsSepNitrogen (N) export from urban and urbanizing watersheds is a major contributor to water quality degradation and eutrophication of receiving water bodies. Methods to reduce N exports using best management practices (BMP) have targeted both source reduction and hydrologic flow path retention. Stream restoration is a BMP targeted to multiple purposes but includes increasing flow path retention to improve water quality. As restorations are typically most effective at lower discharge rates with longer residence times, distribution of N load by stream discharge is a significant influence on catchment nitrogen retention. We explore impacts of urbanization on magnitude and export flow distribution of nitrogen along an urban-rural gradient in a set of catchments studied by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES). We test the hypotheses that N export magnitude increases and cumulative N export shifts to higher, less frequent discharge with catchment urbanization. We find that increasing development in watersheds is associated with shifts in nitrogen export toward higher discharge, while total magnitude of export does not show as strong a trend. Forested reference, low-density suburban, and agricultural catchments export most of the total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) loads at relatively low flows. More urbanized sites export TN and NO(3)-at higher and less frequent flows. The greatest annual loads of nitrogen are from less developed agricultural and low-density residential (suburban/exurban) areas; the latter is the most rapidly growing land use in expanding metropolitan areas. A simple statistical model relating export distribution metrics to impervious surface area is then used to extrapolate parameters of the N export distribution across the Gwynns Falls watershed in Baltimore County. This spatial extrapolation has potential applications as a tool for predictive mapping of variations in export distribution and targeting stream channel restoration efforts at the watershed scale.!://WOS:000259206200003Shields, Catherine A. Band, Lawrence E. Law, Neely Groffman, Peter M. Kaushal, Sujay S. Savvas, Katerina Fisher, Gary T. Belt, Kenneth T.WOS:000259206200003W09416 10.1029/2007wr006360j~?,Shustack, D. P. Rodewald, A. D. Waite, T. A.2009NSpringtime in the city: exotic shrubs promote earlier greenup in urban forests 1357-1371Biological Invasions116Acer negundo Aesculus glabra Spring greenup Lonicera maackii Leafing phenology Urban heat island invasive shrub lonicera-maackii leaf phenology amur honeysuckle tree phenology climate-change united-states rural-areas urbanization conservationJunDespite the widespread recognition that urban areas are frequently dominated by exotic and invasive plants, the consequences of these changes in community structure have not been explicitly considered as an explanation for the pattern of advanced leaf phenology, or early greenup, reported in many urban areas. As such, we evaluated two hypotheses that could account for advanced greenup in forests along an urban to rural gradient: advanced phenology within individual species or differences in woody plant community. We monitored the spring leafing phenology of Aesculus glabra (Ohio buckeye), Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle), and Acer negundo (box elder) in 11 forests spanning an urban to rural gradient in central Ohio, USA. From February to April 2006, we monitored these species, recorded woody plant composition, and documented daily minimum and maximum temperatures at each site. We found a weak but general trend of advanced phenology within species in more urban landscapes. Monthly average minimum temperatures were higher with increasing urbanization while monthly average maximum temperatures were similar across the urban to rural gradient. We also found evidence for shifts in woody plant communities along the urbanization gradient, mainly driven by the abundance of L. maackii, an invasive exotic species, in the more urban forests. Because L. maackii leafs out weeks earlier than native woody species and is very abundant in urban forests, we suggest that the invasion of forests by this species can generate earlier greenup of urban forests.!://WOS:0002662387000148Shustack, Daniel P. Rodewald, Amanda D. Waite, Thomas A.WOS:00026623870001410.1007/s10530-008-9343-x]~?:Simon, J. A. Snodgrass, J. W. Casey, R. E. Sparling, D. W.2009QSpatial correlates of amphibian use of constructed wetlands in an urban landscape361-373Landscape Ecology243Urbanization Stormwater management Impervious surface Anura Caudata Habitat use stormwater treatment ponds adjacent land-use species richness sediment quality great-lakes conservation populations ontario water frogMarMany amphibian species rely on both aquatic and terrestrial habitats to complete their life cycles. Therefore, processes operating both within the aquatic breeding habitat, and in the surrounding uplands may influence species distributions and community composition. Moreover, changes in land use adjacent to breeding site may degrade aquatic habitats. To assess land use effects on pond-breeding amphibian assemblages, we investigated relationships between land use, breeding habitat conditions, and breeding amphibian use of constructed wetlands in urban environments of the Baltimore metropolitan area, USA. Forest and impervious surface associations with species richness and occurrence occurred at spatial scales ranging from 50 to 1,000 m, with strongest relationships at 500 m. Forest and impervious surface cover within 1,000 m of ponds were also related to water and sediment quality, which in turn were capable of explaining a proportion of the observed variation in species richness and occurrence. Taken together, our results suggest that forest and other land covers within relatively proximal distances to ponds (i.e., within 50-1,000 m) may be influencing species richness directly via the provisioning of upland habitat, and indirectly via influences on within pond habitat quality.!://WOS:000263419500006FSimon, Judith A. Snodgrass, Joel W. Casey, Ryan E. Sparling, Donald W.WOS:00026341950000610.1007/s10980-008-9311-yU~?OSoares, A. L. Rego, F. C. McPherson, E. G. Simpson, J. R. Peper, P. J. Xiao, Q.20116Benefits and costs of street trees in Lisbon, Portugal69-78Urban Forestry & Urban Greening102CUrban trees Tree benefits Real estate value Urban forest evaluationIt is well known that urban trees produce various types of benefits and costs. The computer tool i-Tree STRATUM helps quantify tree structure and function, as well as the value of some of these tree services in different municipalities. This study describes one of the first applications of STRATUM outside the U.S. Lisbon's street trees are dominated by Celtis australis L, Tilia spp., and Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, which together account for 40% of the 41,247 trees. These trees provide services valued at $8.4 million annually, while $1.9 million is spent in their maintenance. For every $1 invested in tree management, residents receive $4.48 in benefits. The value of energy savings ($6.20/tree), CO(2) reduction ($0.33/tree) and air pollutant deposition ($5.40/tree) were comparable to several other U.S. cities. The large values associated with stormwater runoff reduction ($47.80/tree) and increased real estate value ($144.70/tree) were substantially greater than values obtained in U.S. cities. Unique aspects of Lisbon's urban morphology and improvement programs are partially responsible for these differences. (C) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000290930400001OSoares, A. L. Rego, F. C. McPherson, E. G. Simpson, J. R. Peper, P. J. Xiao, Q.WOS:00029093040000110.1016/j.ufug.2010.12.001 J~?Stander, E. K. Ehrenfeld, J. G.2009ZRAPID ASSESSMENT OF URBAN WETLANDS: FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION261-276Wetlands291nitrogen nitrate denitrification nitrification HGM hydrology New Jersey forested wetlands hydrogeomorphic approach aquatic ecosystems riparian zones new-jersey denitrification mitigation soils usa urbanizationMar\The objective of this Study was to test the ability of existing hydrogeomorphic (HGM) functional assessment models and our own proposed models to predict rates of nitrate production and removal. functions critical to water quality protection, in forested riparian wetlands in northeastern New Jersey. In particular, the relationship between rapidly measured structural indicators and complex nitrogen (N) Cycling functions was evaluated as well as the ability of generalized biogeochemical models to predict rates of specific N cycling processes. Additional models were designed specifically to predict net nitrification and denitrification rates, using both rapid and non-rapid variables based on known controlling factors on these two processes. Existing models and our Own rapid models were not able to describe net nitrification and denitrification rates in urban riparian wetlands. Our additional models based on non-rapid variables, quantified through long-term hydrological monitoring and laboratory analyses of soil properties, successfully described net nitrification rates, but Surprisingly failed to adequately predict denitrification rates. The high variability in hydrological and soil properties and the complexity of site-specific relationships between disturbance, altered hydrology, and hydrologically driven N cycling processes in urban wetlands restricts our ability to predict denitrification rates using simple models. It is recommended that functional assessment models be designed to describe specific, process-based functions which are based on structural indicators that are well linked to process rates. These indicators Should be based on measurements from at least one year of hydrological monitoring and from simple laboratory measurements of soil properties. Detailed studies populations of wetlands may be necessary to validate specific forms of models.!://WOS:000265294500026%Stander, Emilie K. Ehrenfeld, Joan G.WOS:000265294500026~?Styers, D. M. Chappelka, A. H.2009xUrbanization and Atmospheric Deposition: Use of Bioindicators in Determining Patterns of Land-Use Change in West Georgia371-386Water Air and Soil Pollution2001-4 Atmospheric deposition Bioindicator Ecosystem Forest health Land-use change Lichens Metals Urban-to-rural gradient urban-rural gradient air-pollution united-states tree growth lichen communities epiphytic lichens lead accumulation trace-elements forest health new-yorkJunChanges in land use disrupt ecosystem patterns and processes and serve as precursors to other biotic and abiotic stressors. Forest ecosystems in the urban core typically differ structurally and functionally from those in rural areas. The overall objective of the study was to determine concentrations of selected air-borne contaminants (N, S, and heavy metals) over space and time and relate these to land-use changes. Elemental concentrations in lichens, soils, and tree cores were examined from 36 plots distributed along an urban-to-rural gradient surrounding Columbus, GA, USA. In situ lichen tissue exhibited the most significant differences among land-use types, with Cu, N, Pb, S, and Zn concentrations all significantly greater at urban sites. Lichen transplants revealed differences in concentrations between species, but not between land-use types. No discernable trends were observed regarding concentrations in soil and tree core data. Lichens appear to be a sensitive indicator of land-use change in this particular case study.!://WOS:000266487700031%Styers, Diane M. Chappelka, Arthur H.WOS:00026648770003110.1007/s11270-008-9919-1~?5Tooke, T. R. Coops, N. C. Goodwin, N. R. Voogt, J. A.2009mExtracting urban vegetation characteristics using spectral mixture analysis and decision tree classifications398-407Remote Sensing of Environment1132Urban Vegetation High spatial resolution Quickbird Spectral mixture analysis Decision tree classification Multispectral data inner-city land imagery cover model environment abundance healthFebCUrban vegetation cover is a critical component in urban systems modeling and recent advances in remote sensing technologies can provide detailed estimates of vegetation characteristics. In the present study we classify urban vegetation characteristics, including species and condition, using an approach based on spectral unmixing and statistically developed decision trees. This technique involves modeling the location and separability of vegetation characteristics within the spectral mixing space derived from high spatial resolution Quickbird imagery for the City of Vancouver, Canada. Abundance images, field based land cover observations and shadow estimates derived from a LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) surface model are applied to develop decision tree classifications to extract several urban vegetation characteristics. Our results indicate that along the vegetation-dark mixing line, tree and vegetated ground cover classes can be accurately separated (80% and 94% of variance explained respectively) and more detailed vegetation characteristics including manicured and mixed grasses and deciduous and evergreen trees can be extracted as second order hierarchical categories with variance explained ranging between 67% and 100%. Our results also suggest that the leaf-off condition of deciduous trees produce pixels with higher dark fractions resulting from branches and soils dominating the reflectance values. This research has important implications for understanding fine scale biophysical and social processes within urban environments. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000262897000011KTooke, Thoreau Rory Coops, Nicholas C. Goodwin, Nicholas R. Voogt, James A.WOS:00026289700001110.1016/j.rse.2008.10.005+F~?"Townsend-Small, A. Czimczik, C. I.2010?Carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in urban turfGeophysical Research Letters37Unitrous-oxide fluxes agriculture atmosphere grasslands methane forests soils lawn n2oJanUndisturbed grasslands can sequester significant quantities of organic carbon (OC) in soils. Irrigation and fertilization enhance CO(2) sequestration in managed turfgrass ecosystems but can also increase emissions of CO(2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). To better understand the GHG balance of urban turf, we measured OC sequestration rates and emission of N(2)O (a GHG similar to 300 times more effective than CO(2)) in Southern California, USA. We also estimated CO(2) emissions generated by fuel combustion, fertilizer production, and irrigation. We show that turf emits significant quantities of N(2)O (0.1-0.3 g N m(-2) yr(-1)) associated with frequent fertilization. In ornamental lawns this is offset by OC sequestration (140 g C m(-2) yr(-1)), while in athletic fields, there is no OC sequestration because of frequent surface restoration. Large indirect emissions of CO(2) associated with turfgrass management make it clear that OC sequestration by turfgrass cannot mitigate GHG emissions in cities. Citation: Townsend-Small, A., and C. I. Czimczik (2010), Carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in urban turf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L02707, doi: 10.1029/2009GL041675.!://WOS:000273898400003(Townsend-Small, Amy Czimczik, Claudia I.WOS:000273898400003L02707 10.1029/2009gl041675~?Tubby, K. V. Webber, J. F.2010CPests and diseases threatening urban trees under a changing climate451-459Forestry834ndutch elm disease fraxinus-excelsior ecosystem services inner-city environment plants canker range agent areasOct_The predicted change in our climate is likely to inflict particular stresses on the trees and other plants constituting urban and peri-urban greening schemes, and this may increase their susceptibility to certain pests and diseases. This review highlights the various ways in which climate change may affect the health of urban trees in Britain. In summary, climate change may alter patterns of disturbance from pathogens and herbivorous insects through physiological changes in the host plant. The expected changes in temperature and moisture availability will also directly affect the development and survival of the pests and pathogens, and their natural enemies, competitors and vectors. This may alter the impact of native pests and diseases and increase the populations of some species not currently recognized as pests to epidemic proportions. Perhaps most significantly, climate change is very likely to enhance the suitability of our climate for a range of non-native pests and pathogens, many of which are brought in unknowingly on infected planting stock sourced for new greening schemes. The global trade in 'plants for planting' is a recognized pathway for the accidental introduction of pests and pathogens even though plant health legislation exists to minimize such accidental introductions. The limitations of the procedures currently in place are discussed.!://WOS:000282432800011Tubby, K. V. Webber, J. F.WOS:00028243280001110.1093/forestry/cpq027k~?7Vallet, J. Beaujouan, V. Pithon, J. Roze, F. Daniel, H.2010oThe effects of urban or rural landscape context and distance from the edge on native woodland plant communities 3375-3392Biodiversity and Conservation1912Edge effect Plant forest species Urbanization Non-indigenous species Habitat affinity groups Woodlots species richness forest edge atmospheric deposition deciduous forest land-use vegetation fragmentation patterns adjacent habitatNov The increasing rate of urban sprawl continues to fragment European landscapes threatening the persistence of native woodland plant communities. The dynamics of woodland edges depend on the characteristics of woodland patches and also on landscape context. Our aim was to assess the extent of edge influences on the understorey vegetation of small native woodlands in rural and urban landscapes. The study was carried out in two cities of north-western France. Ten comparable woodlands, each of about 1.5 ha, were surveyed; five were situated adjacent to crops and five adjacent to built-up land. Vascular plant species were recorded in 420 3 x 3 m plots placed at seven different distances from the edge (from 0 to about 45 m from the edge). Soil pH, light levels, level of disturbance and tree and shrub cover were also recorded. Plant species were first classified as non-indigenous or indigenous and then three groups of indigenous species were distinguished according to their affinity for forest habitat (forest specialists, forest generalists and non-forest species). We inferred certain ecological characteristics of understorey vegetation by using Ellenberg values. An inter-class correspondence analysis was carried out to detect patterns of variation in plant community composition. Linear mixed models were used to test the effects of adjacent land use, distance from the edge and their interactions on the species richness of the different groups and on the ecological characteristics of vegetation. Total species richness, richness of forest generalists and of non-forest species decreased from edge to interior in both urban and rural woodlands. The number of non-indigenous species depended mainly on urban-rural landscape context. Urban woodland edges were not as rich in forest specialists as rural edges. More surprisingly, the number of forest specialists was higher in rural edges than in rural interiors. Community composition was mainly affected by urban-rural context and to a lesser degree by the edge effect: the community composition of urban edges resembled that of urban interiors whereas in rural woodlands vegetation near edges (up to 10 m) strongly differed from interiors with a pool of species specific to edges. Urban woodland vegetation was more nitrophilous than rural vegetation in both edges and interiors. A major difference between urban and rural vegetation was the distribution of basiphilous species according to distance from the edge. Generally edge vegetation was more basiphilous than interior vegetation however the presence of basiphilous species fell off quickly with distance from the edge in rural woodlands (in the first 10-15 m) and more slowly (from 25 m onwards) in urban woodlands. This pattern was linked to variation in measured soil pH. As regards the conservation of flora in small native woodlands, it appeared that invasion of exotic and non-forest species was currently limited in both urban and rural landscape contexts but might pose problems in the future, especially in urban woodlands. Forest species were not negatively affected by the edge effect and indeed edges seemed to provide important habitats for this group. Hence conservationists should pay particular attention to the protection of edges in urban woodlands.!://WOS:000282824300005SVallet, Jeanne Beaujouan, Veronique Pithon, Josephine Roze, Francoise Daniel, HerveWOS:00028282430000510.1007/s10531-010-9901-2~?Vidra, R. L. Shear, T. H.2008yThinking locally for urban forest restoration: A simple method links exotic species invasion to local landscape structure217-220Restoration Ecology162exotic species greenways landscape context landscape structure riparian buffers urban forest plant invasions habitat spread ecology cover roads usaJun!Restoring urban forests often involves eradicating exotic species and diligently guarding against future invasions. Understanding how landscape structure contributes to the distribution of exotic species may inform these management efforts. To date, the distribution of exotic species in forested patches has been correlated with the type of development surrounding the patch, with those surrounded by agricultural or urban development often more highly invaded. Yet, previous studies have categorized land use types and have not examined more local-scale changes in land use. These local changes may be particularly important in urban areas where forested patches are immediately surrounded by diverse land use types. Our study examined how two key aspects of landscape structure, patch size and adjacent land use, may influence patterns of exotic species invasion of riparian buffers within Raleigh and Cary, North Carolina, United States. We found that large patch size alone, in our case, wide riparian buffers, does not protect against exotic species invasion. Patches surrounded by higher canopy-cover landscapes (e.g., forests and older residential developments with mature canopy) were more likely to be invaded than those surrounded by less canopy cover (e.g., shopping malls and other commercial development). We attribute these results, in part, to increased pressure from exotic propagules from adjacent forests. When restoring urban forests, attention should be paid to local land use to better plan for successful, long-term eradication of exotic species.!://WOS:000256139400004$Vidra, Rebecca L. Shear, Theodore H.WOS:000256139400004 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00387.x~?$Wang, J. Endreny, T. A. Nowak, D. J.2008FMechanistic simulation of tree effects in an urban water balance model75-853Journal of the American Water Resources Association441UFORE-Hydro TOPMODEL canopy interception runoff reduction urban forest management Baltimore Maryland rainfall interception part 1 forest area infiltration performance topmodel storage rutterFebA semidistributed, physical-based Urban Forest Effects - Hydrology (UFORE-Hydro) model was created to simulate and study tree effects on urban hydrology and guide management of urban runoff at the catchment scale. The model simulates hydrological processes of precipitation, interception, evaporation, infiltration, and runoff using data inputs of weather, elevation, and land cover along with nine channel, soil, and vegetation parameters. Weather data are pre-processed by UFORE using Penman-Monteith equations to provide potential evaporation terms for open water and vegetation. Canopy interception algorithms modified established routines to better account for variable density urban trees, short vegetation, and seasonal growth phenology. Actual evaporation algorithms allocate potential energy between leaf surface storage and transpiration from soil storage. Infiltration algorithms use a variable rain rate Green-Ampt formulation and handle both infiltration excess and saturation excess ponding and runoff. Stream discharge is the sum of surface runoff and TOPMODEL-based subsurface flow equations. Automated calibration routines that use observed discharge has been coupled to the model. Once calibrated, the model can examine how alternative tree management schemes impact urban runoff. UFORE-Hydro model testing in the urban Dead Run catchment of Baltimore, Maryland, illustrated how trees significantly reduce runoff for low intensity and short duration precipitation events.!://WOS:000252846700007.Wang, Jun Endreny, Theodore A. Nowak, David J.WOS:000252846700007 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00139.x /~?Yang, J. L. Zhang, G. L.2011WWater infiltration in urban soils and its effects on the quantity and quality of runoff751-761Journal of Soils and Sediments115MCompaction; Infiltration rate; Runoff coefficient; Urban ecology; Urban soilsJul Purpose Urban soil characte~?.Yesilonis, I. D. Pouyat, R. V. Neerchal, N. K.2008Spatial distribution of metals in soils in Baltimore, Maryland: Role of native parent material, proximity to major roads, housing age and screening guidelines723-731Environmental Pollution1563Baltimore Ecosystem Study Heavy metals Urban landscapes northeastern united-states gis-based approach urban soils heavy-metals forest floor trace-elements new-york lead patterns zincDecRWe investigated the spatial distribution of heavy metal above-background (anthropic) contents of Cd, Co, Cu. Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, and Zn in Baltimore City surface soils and related these levels to potential contaminating sources. Composite soil samples (0-10 cm depth) were digested using a nitric and hydrochloric extraction technique. Slightly more than 10% of plots exceeded United States Environmental Protection Agency screening guidelines for Pb. In a principal component analysis, the first component corresponded to Co, Cr, and Fe, which are constituents of local mafic rocks. The second component corresponded to Cu, Pb, and Zn which were significantly higher within than beyond a 100 m buffer of the major roads within the city; furthermore, Pb and Zn were higher in older residential lots. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.!://WOS:000261678700018.Yesilonis, I. D. Pouyat, R. V. Neerchal, N. K.WOS:00026167870001810.1016/j.envpol.2008.06.010 ~?UZhang, C. Tian, H. Q. Pan, S. F. Liu, M. L. Lockaby, G. Schilling, E. B. Stanturf, J.2008Effects of Forest Regrowth and Urbanization on Ecosystem Carbon Storage in a Rural-Urban Gradient in the Southeastern United States 1211-1222 Ecosystems118carbon storage ecosystem model deforestation land use urbanizatioin southeastern United States land-use change net primary production primary productivity climate variability budget co2 atmosphere biomass models sinkDecForest regrowth after cropland abandonment and urban sprawl are two counteracting processes that have influenced carbon (C) sequestration in the southeastern United States in recent decades. In this study, we examined patterns of land-use/land-cover change and their effect on ecosystem C storage in three west Georgia counties (Muscogee, Harris, and Meriwether) that form a rural-urban gradient. Using time series Landsat imagery data including MSS for 1974, TM for 1983 and 1991, and ETM for 2002, we estimate that from 1974 to 2002, urban land use in the area has increased more than 380% (that is, 184 km(2)). Most newly urbanized land (63%) has been converted from forestland. Conversely, cropland and pasture area has decreased by over 59% (that is, 380 km(2)). Most of the cropland area was converted to forest. As a result, the net change in forest area was small over the past 29 years. Based on Landsat imagery and agricultural census records, we reconstructed an annual gridded data set of land-cover change for the three counties for the period 1850 to 2002. These data sets were then used as input to the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to simulate land-use effects on C fluxes and storage for the study area. Simulated results suggest that C uptake by forest regrowth (approximately 23.0 g C m(-2) y(-1)) was slightly greater than the amount of C released due to deforestation (approximately 18.4 g C m(-2) y(-1)), thus making the three counties a weak C sink. However, the relative importance of different deforestation processes in this area changed significantly through time. Although agricultural deforestation was generally the most important C-release process, the amount of C release attributable to urbanization has increased over time. Since 1990, urbanization has accounted for 29% of total C loss from the study area. We conclude that balancing urban development and forest protection is critically important for C management and policy making in the southeastern United States.!://WOS:000260951100001dZhang, Chi Tian, Hanqin Pan, Shufen Liu, Mingliang Lockaby, Graeme Schilling, Erik B. Stanturf, JohnWOS:00026095110000110.1007/s10021-006-0126-x~?&Zhang, X. Zhong, T. Wang, K. Cheng, Z.2009vScaling of impervious surface area and vegetation as indicators to urban land surface temperature using satellite data841-859'International Journal of Remote Sensing304eheat-island multisensor data index retrieval ndvi heterogeneity ecosystems algorithms terrain imageryVegetation and impervious surface as indicators of urban land surface temperature (LST) across a spatial resolution from 30 to 960 m were investigated in this study. Enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) data were used to retrieve LST in Nanjing, China. A land cover map was generated using a decision tree method from IKONOS imagery. Taking the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percent vegetation area (V) to present vegetated cover, and the normalized difference building index (NDBI) and percent impervious surface area (I) to present impervious surface, the correlation coefficients and linear regression models between the LST and the indicators were simulated. Comparison results indicated that vegetation had stronger correlation with the LST than the impervious surface at 30 and 60 m, a similar magnitude of correlation at 120 and 240 m, and a much lower correlation at 480 and 960 m. In total, the impervious surface area was a slightly better indicator to the LST than the vegetation because all of the correlation coefficients were relatively high (> 0.5000) across the spatial resolution from 30 to 960 m. The indicators of LST, V and I are slightly better than the NDVI and NDBI, respectively, based on the correlation coefficients between the LST and the four indices. The strongest correlation of the LST and vegetation at the resolution of 120 m, and the strongest correlation between the LST and impervious surface at 120, 480 and 960 m, denoted the operational scales of LST variations.!://WOS:000265409100003&Zhang, X. Zhong, T. Wang, K. Cheng, Z.WOS:00026540910000310.1080/01431160802395219ean rates of wet canopy evaporation and rainfall derived previously for forests and an estimate of the roof storage capacity derived from the data collected in the previous study. Although the model prediction is sensitive to the value of storage capacity, close correlation between the modelled and measured runoff indicates that the model captures the essential processes. It is concluded that the process of evaporation from an urban roof is sufficiently similar to that from a forest canopy for forest evaporation models to be used to give a useful estimate of urban roof runoff. !://WOS:000255154200015)Gash, J. H. C. Rosier, P. T. W. Ragab, R.WOS:00025515420001510.1002/hyp.6683 Dwet land surfaces is described, as part of a larger project to assess the impact of urban development on the temperature of surface runoff and coldwater streams. Surface heat transfer processes on impervious and pervious land surfaces were investigated for both dry and wet weather periods. The surface heat transfer equations were combined with a numerical approximation of the 1-D unsteady heat diffusion equation to calculate pavement and soil temperature profiles to a depth of 10 m. Equations to predict the magnitude of the radiative, convective, conductive and evaporative heat fluxes at a dry or wet surface, using standard climate data as input, were developed. A model for the effect of plant canopies on surface heat transfer was included for vegetated land surfaces. Given suitable climate data, the model can simulate the land surface and sub-surface temperatures continuously throughout a six month time period or for a single rainfall event. Land surface temperatures have been successfully simulated for pavements, bare soil, short and tall grass, a forest, and two agricultural crops (corn and soybeans). The simulations were run for three different locations in US, and different years as imposed by the availability of measured soil temperature and climate data. To clarify the effect of land use on surface temperatures, the calibrated coefficients for each land use and the same soil coefficients were used to simulate surface temperatures for a six year climate data set from Albertville, MN. Asphalt and concrete give the highest surface temperatures, as expected, while vegetated surfaces gave the lowest. Bare soil gives surface temperatures that lie between those for pavements and plant-covered surfaces. The soil temperature model predicts hourly surface temperatures of bare soil and pavement with root–mean–square errors (RMSEs) of 1–2 °C, and hourly surface temperatures of vegetation-covered surfaces with RMSEs of 1–3 °C.!://WOS:000258012100005:Herb, William R. Janke, Ben Mohseni, Omid Stefan, Heinz G.WOS:00025801210000510.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.04.020also investigated changes in nitrate-N export during the same time period in 8 intensively monitored small watersheds across an urbanization gradient in Baltimore, Maryland. Nitrate-N concentrations in Maryland were greatest in agricultural streams, urban streams, and forest streams respectively. During the period of record drought and wet years, nitrate-N exports in Baltimore showed substantial variation in 6 suburban/urban streams (2.9−15.3 kg/ha/y), 1 agricultural stream (3.4−38.9 kg/ha/y), and 1 forest stream (0.03−0.2 kg/ha/y). Interannual variability was similar for small Baltimore streams and nearby well-monitored tributaries and coincided with record hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay. Discharge-weighted mean annual nitrate concentrations showed a variable tendency to decrease/increase with changes in annual runoff, although total N export generally increased with annual runoff. N retention in small Baltimore watersheds during the 2002 drought was 85%, 99%, and 94% for suburban, forest, and agricultural watersheds, respectively, and declined to 35%, 91%, and 41% during the wet year of 2003. Our results suggest that urban land use change can increase the vulnerability of ecosystem nitrogen retention functions to climatic variability. Further work is necessary to characterize patterns of nitrate-N export and retention in small urbanizing watersheds under varying climatic conditions to improve future forecasting and watershed scale restoration efforts aimed at improving nitrate-N retention.!://WOS:000258439600009Kaushal, Sujay S. Groffman, Peter M. Band, Lawrence E. Shields, Catherine A. Morgan, Raymond P. Palmer, Margaret A. Belt, Kenneth T. Swan, Christopher M. Findlay, Stuart E. G. Fisher, Gary T.WOS:00025843960000910.1021/es800264f osely linked in semi-arid urban ecosystems in which surface characteristics, vegetation, and water flows are all highly transformed. Although these systems are human-dominated, there are many uncertainties in the water budgets of semi-arid cities, because evapotranspiration, runoff, groundwater recharge, and leakage are poorly constrained. Decision-making, governance, and socioeconomic factors play important roles in determining urban hydrologic budgets. We offer a framework to integrate these factors in studies that combine biophysical and social dimensions of the urban water system using the example of western US cities, which are facing critical issues in water supply and demand, and which can benefit from a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that determine water consumption, distribution and availability. Because of the severity of the water crisis in the western US, and the biophysical, institutional, and cultural barriers to developing and implementing new water management practices, this region provides useful lessons for addressing water challenges in other regions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.!://WOS:000289263900018WPataki, D. E. Boone, C. G. Hogue, T. S. Jenerette, G. D. McFadden, J. P. Pincetl, S. SiWOS:00028926390001810.1002/eco.209 v* be enhanced by participating in a cycle of ecological urban design.$http://www.jstor.org/stable/2014343500220477 t but inadequately quantified in urban forestry literature. This study addresses street tree survival rates with a meta-analysis of previous literature and a case study assessment ofstreet trees in Philadelphia, USA 2–10 years after planting. Reported survivorship rates from 16 previous studies were compiled. Estimated annual survival rates for individual past studies were mostly above 91.0%. To estimate the annual previous termstreet treenext term survival rate across multiple studies, a subset of previous studies was pooled for regression analysis of ln transformed cumulative survivorship vs. time since planting. Lifespan metrics were estimated using the annual survival rates determined from regression analysis. Based on the meta-analysis, we estimated that street tree annual survival rates ranged from 94.9 to 96.5%, and street tree population half-life ranged from 13 to 20 years. Estimated mean life expectancy ranged from 19 to 28 years, which is considerably longer than the 7- or 13-yearstreet tree average lifespan reported in previous studies. Estimated annual survival rates and lifespan metrics were similar in the Philadelphia case study. Urban forest researchers are encouraged to use demographic concepts and analyses in the study of tree survival and mortality, and to monitor previous termtreenext term survival at repeated time intervals every few years. 1618-8667 00255495900002 10.1111/j.1540-6229.2008.00212.x iristics, especially soil physical properties, are subject to dramatic changes due to compaction by intensive human activities, which may cause frequent flood events during the rainy seasons. The aim of this study was to explore the water infiltration characteristics of urban soils with different degrees of compaction and to determine the effects of infiltration on environmental problems in urban areas. Materials and methods Ten typical land use patterns with various vegetation and age were selected in Nanjing City, China to determine the infiltration rates by the dual-ring method. Three replicated sites were done in the same combined mode. At the same time, other soil physical and chemical properties that may affect infiltration rate were also determined. In addition, urban surface runoff coefficients were estimated according to final infiltrations and rain intensities in the different degrees of soil compaction. The quality of flood water from a strong rainstorm in a main road in Nanjing was analyzed. Results and discussion The final infiltration rates of urban soils were highly variable (from very slow to very fast). Low soil infiltration rates are related to many factors; however, urban soil compaction is the leading one. Infiltration rates decreased with an increase in the bulk density and with a reduction in the air-filled porosity. Thus, large amounts of macropores increase the infiltration rate and reduce surface runoff. Runoff coefficients of compacted soils with low infiltration rates were high, especially for extremely compacted soil. As a result, the prevalence of flooding is high in compacted soils, and the quality of surface runoff water is reduced during flooding events. The concentrations of NO3−-N, total nitrogen, molybdatereactive phosphorus, total phosphors, and suspended material in urban surface runoff were significantly higher than those observed in forested or agricultural watersheds. Conclusions In urban areas, low infiltration rates caused by soil compaction have negative effects on the ecoenvironment of the city and result in increased instantaneous flooding and poor surface water quality. Thus, to improve the eco-environment of urban areas, the amount of greenbelt soil must be increased and soil compaction must be reduced.!://WOS:000292312200005Yang, Jin-Ling Zhang, Gan-LinWOS:00029231220000510.1007/s11368-011-0356-1 F Type: Case Study07313292Geographical Bulletina9h EBSCOhost :ment Type: Article0003003159903689a9h EBSCOhostH?#Arentze, T. A. Timmermans, H. J. P.2005iAn analysis of context and constraints-dependent shopping behaviour using qualitative decision principles435-448 Urban Studies423 attitudesThis study investigates consumer choice of shopping centre in the context of individuals' daily activity schedules. The hypothesis tested is that activity schedules may constrain location choice and moderate preferences for locations. Observations are derived from an activity-diary data-set and a constraint-based model is used to identify the choice set in each case. A choice is described in terms of a heuristic selecting a location from a choice set. The method CART is used to find the decision tree that best fits the choice observations using a large set of predictors. The results indicate that schedules have a significant impact on location choice primarily by limiting the available time-window in a substantial proportion of cases and secondarily by moderating preferences. It is concluded therefore that spatial shopping models used for analysis or prediction should be based on activity-constrained choice sets at an individual level. © 2005 The Editors of Urban Studies.CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusNEindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands}?Bradley, G. A. Kearney, A. R.2007fPublic and professional responses to the visual effects of timber harvesting: Different ways of seeing42-54#Western Journal of Applied Forestry221attitudes tree removal timberJanThis study examines preferences and differences in preference among forest professionals and other forest stakeholders. Specifically, the study explores the underlying dimensions of preference and the stated rationale behind those preferences. Preferences were assessed for six different silvicultural treatments, including clearcutting, two-age cut, patch cut, group selection, commercial thin, and an unmodified control stand. Study participants were selected from six stakeholder groups: forest professionals, urban public, rural public, recreationists, environmentalists, and educators (n = 210). Results show that people's preferences tend to follow the same general trend across all groups, with higher preference for less intense harvests. Foresters tended to show significantly greater preference than most other groups for treatments where tree removal left moderate to large openings; this difference was most striking with respect to clearcuts. Analysis of people's stated rationale behind the preference ratings suggests that differences in preference are a function of differences in how people interpret the scene. Foresters were more likely to see the management depicted in a scene and to interpret these signs of management in a favorable light; other groups were more likely to respond to the aesthetics of the scene or to processes perceived to be damaging to the landscape. Implications for these differences in preference and perception are discussed. 0885-6095ISI:000244108100008?Clark, J. R. Matheny, N. P.1998RA model of urban forest sustainability: Application to cities in the United States112-120Journal of Arboriculture242 attitudes[The applicability of a model for urban forest sustainability was evaluated through a written survey. The model considers the character of the vegetation resource, community awareness of, and attitudes about, urban forests, and the management programs for the resource. Results from 25 U.S. cities were evaluated using the 20 criteria and four levels of performance found in the model. Although surveys were sent directly to mayors, urban forestry professionals completed the questionnaires. The average score for responding cities was 48.8, out of a maximum score of 80. The range in scores was 27 to 61. Criteria of sustainability with highest overall scores dealt with awareness of trees as a community resource and neighborhood action; the lowest scores involved the participation of private landholders in urban forest management and regional cooperation.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDHortScience, Inc., P.O. Box 754, Pleasanton, CA 94566, United States?Crow, T. Brown, T. De Young, R.2006The Riverside and Berwyn experience: Contrasts in landscape structure, perceptions of the urban landscape, and their effects on people282-299Landscape and Urban Planning753-49Chicago Frederick Law Olmsted Landscape design Natural capital Trees Urban landscapes attitudes Chicago urban landscapes trees landscape design Frederick Law Olmsted natural capital SATISFACTION ENVIRONMENT ATTACHMENT design issues urban forest value forest composition community issues design issues urban design Humans not only structure the landscape through their activities, but their perceptions of nature are affected by the spatial and temporal arrangements (structure) in the landscape. Our understanding of these interactions, however, is limited. We explored the relationship between landscape structure and peoples' perceptions of nature in the Chicago, IL, USA, suburbs of Riverside and Berwyn because they offer contrasting paradigms of an urban landscape. Designed in the 1800s by Frederick Law Olmsted, Riverside has several unique design elements (curvilinear streets, ample setbacks, parkways of variable width with mowed grass and naturalistic groupings of trees) that define the structure and composition of this landscape. The urban forest was the keystone of Olmsted's desire to create a harmonious community characterized by "refined sylvan beauty". In contrast, the adjacent community of Berwyn has right-angled streets with small lots and narrow setbacks for houses. Differences in landscape structure between the two communities produced differences in the diversity, size, and composition of woody vegetation. As measured by patch-size distribution, Riverside had greater diversity in landscape structure than Berwyn, and in turn, Riverside had greater diversity in the composition and size of the woody vegetation compared to Berwyn. Riverside tended toward a "natural" appearance with vegetation, while yards in Berwyn tended to be trimmed and edged. Significant differences between the mean ratings of Riverside and Berwyn respondents were found for six of seven community attribute categories. Riverside participants reported receiving greater benefit from the visual and nature-related features of the urban forest than did Berwyn respondents. Berwyn residents ranked social atmosphere for the community and locomotion (wayfinding) highest among the seven community attribute categories. Despite differences between the two communities, residents valued the green residential environment provided by vegetation. However, the more diverse urban landscape as measured by built structures, woody vegetation, and lot size and shape proved to be more satisfying to the residents of these two communities. The design concepts developed and implemented by Olmsted more than century ago in Riverside are still relevant to city planners striving to develop living environments that are satisfying to urban and suburban residents.CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusUSDA Forest Service, Washington, DC 20090, United States School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, United States U.S. Section of the International Association of Landscape Ecology IUFROWorking Party for Landscape Ecology Landscape Architecture Program, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment Program in the Environment, University of MichiganH?Dean, J.2005D"Said tree is a veritable nuisance": Ottawa's street trees 1869-193946-57Urban History Review341attitudes street trees0Street trees exist in an ambiguous space between built and natural environments, their status reflecting shifting attitudes towards the natural world. Their place was especially evident in debates over street trees in Ottawa between 1869 and 1939. In the late nineteenth century, homeowners were encouraged to plant trees, to bring esthetic order to the residential streetscape and to reduce miasma. But as they matured, the trees came into conflict with the rapidly expanding infrastructure of sidewalks, aspbalt paving, and utility wires. The Ottawa Horticultural Society, led by Dominion Horticulturalist W. T. Macoun, urged city council to have them managed professionally. In response, during the 1920s and 1930s the city engaged in an extensive program of tree trimming and removal, targeting the American elm.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus@Department of History, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ont., Canada?/Dickerson, S. D. Groninger, J. W. Mangun, J. C.2001UInfluences of community characteristics on municipal tree ordinances in Illinois, U.S318-325Journal of Arboriculture276?Community Municipal forestry Municipal tree ordinance attitudesWhile the overall objective of municipal tree ordinances is to provide safe and attractive community forests, the approach to addressing this issue varies profoundly among municipalities. This study explores the relationship between community characteristics and municipal tree ordinances using data from 151 Illinois communities. Results show significant correlations between ordinance provisions and community characteristics relating to wealth and education. Communities with higher mean income and level of education are more likely to have provisions biased toward the maintenance and protection of existing community trees, while communities where residents are less educated and poorer on average tend to have ordinances focused on community aesthetics and safety through resource improvement. Municipal governments, and the tree care professionals advising them, can use this information for guidance when revising or developing ordinances to match community preferences and objectives.CCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus^Department of Forestry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-4411, United States ?"Elmendorf, W. Watson, T. Lilly, S.2005_Arboriculture and urban forestry education in the United States: Results of an educators survey138-149Journal of Arboriculture313Arboriculture Certified Arborist College Components Curriculum Education Educator Green industry research Skills Student University Urban forestry urban soils attitudesIn June 2002, a 2-day arboriculture and urban forestry educator summit was hosted by the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) at The Morton Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois, U.S. During the energetic discussions, differences in opinions between educators became apparent regarding curriculum content such as urban soils, utility forestry, tree care safety, and land use planning. Differences were also apparent in discussions regarding important research topics and educational tools. Because of the limited number of educators at the summit, a broad mail survey effort was funded by ISA in 2003 to better define issues and determine whether there were important correlations between the attitudes of arboriculture and urban forestry educators. This survey asked arboriculture and urban forestry educators in the United States their opinions about the importance and adequate provision of many skills such as pruning, climbing, urban forest management, land use planning, and volunteer management. The survey also asked questions about the ISA Certified Arborist program, educational program components, the nature of outside relationships, important research topics, and educational tools. In both descriptive statistics and a chi-square test of independence, results of this study provided evidence that there were very consistent attitudes about arboriculture and urban forestry educational topics across participants. Our findings also indicated that the traditional educational topics of arboriculture (such as tree planting and pruning) were considered very important by almost all participants, while the broader educational topics of urban forestry (such as land use planning and volunteer management) were considered less, or not, important by many of the participants. These results may indicate a lack of understanding of the importance of multiskills and broader educational topics in urban forestry by both arboriculture and urban forestry educators. This study's results also supported the importance of experience and the ISA Certified Arborist program in shaping positive attitudes about safety and the importance of understanding tree structure. © 2005 International Society of Arboriculture.CCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus!Penn State School of Forest Resources, 108 Ferguson Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States Texas A and M University, Department of Forest Science, College Station, TX 77843, United States International Society of Arboriculture, P.O. Box 3129, Champaign, IL 61826, United States}?Elmendorf, W. F. Luloff, A. E.2006eUsing key informant interviews to better understand open space conservation in a developing watershed54-61Journal of Arboriculture322lGrowth and development Key informant Land use planning Open space benefits Open space conservation attitudesOpen space provides people and the places where they live with numerous, well-documented benefits, very similar to those of trees and other landscaping. Often lost in the complicated development and growth arena, planning for the conservation of the green infrastructure of open space is important for healthy communities. The process of open space conservation provides arborists and urban foresters with opportunities to involve the community in planning and activism. Conserved open space provides arborists and urban foresters with maintenance and management opportunities and responsibilities. Although expensive and time-consuming, key informant interviews helped provide a logical process for a deeper understanding of open space conservation in a developing Pennsylvania watershed. This qualitative process can be used by urban foresters and others in more inclusive and successful planning and decision making. As an investigative tool, the interviews provided information about attitudes, issues, and obstacles expressed by local leaders. The interviews also provided evidence that concerns expressed by experienced planners since the 1960s about land use planning and open space conservation in growing areas continue to be relevant today. © 2006 International Society of Arboriculture.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Community Forestry, Penn State School of Forest Resources, 108 Ferguson Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United StatesZ? Ewing, R.20002Asking transit users about transit-oriented design19-24Transportation Research Record1735 attitudesVisual-preference surveys are becoming popular in "visioning" projects, design charrettes, and other physical planning activities in which intensive public involvement is desired. In a survey, transit users, nonusers, and professionals were shown a series of paired slides of bus stops, asked to choose the stop from each pair at which they would prefer to wait, and asked to rate each stop chosen as a place to wait. Slides then were analyzed for content, with 19 features of bus stops and surroundings measured and quantified. Subsequent analysis showed that transit-oriented design features most affecting both choices ratings are a bus shelter at the stop, trees along the street leading to the stop, a vertical curb at the stop, the setback of the stop from the street edge, and a continuous sidewalk leading to the stop. Such a survey may help transit planners choose the best transit-stop locations and devote financial resources to the most promising transit-stop amenities, given the inevitable trade-offs involved.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusSurface Transportation Policy Proj., Rutgers University, Alan M. Voorhees Transportation Ctr., 120 Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States?Fazio, J. R. Krumpe, E. E.19994Underlying beliefs and attitudes about topping trees193-198Journal of Arboriculture254JArborists Attitudes Beliefs Topping Urban and community forestry attitudesqTopping trees has long been a problem in community forestry, not only by creating visual blight, but also by endangering the health of trees and the safety of pedestrians and property. Despite regulations in some cities and a long history of educational campaigns, the practice continues. In this study, a survey was conducted in one region of the United States to determine the reasons behind the continuing practice, in part by directly interviewing people who had requested or allowed their shade trees to be topped. The survey investigated attitudes toward topping, knowledge of basic tree care, how the individuals receive advice related to tree care, how their topping service was obtained, and related sociodemographic characteristics. A second survey was conducted among tree care companies in the same study area to allow comparisons and determine policies toward topping.CCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus|Dept. of Rsrc. Recr. and Tourism, Coll. Forest., Wildl. and Range Sci., University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, United States? Flannigan, J.2005JAn evaluation of residents' attitudes to street trees in southwest England219-241Arboricultural Journal284[Annoyances Benefits Pollarded trees Residents' perceptions Street trees Tree size attitudescThe majority of research into attitudes to street trees close to residents' homes has been undertaken in the USA, where a generally positive attitude towards such trees exists. Limited UK research thus far suggests less positive attitudes to street trees, which is reinforced by anecdotal reports from professional Arboriculturists who describe negative opinions by residents to nearby trees. Residents from three case study areas in southwest England were questioned about their attitudes to nearby street trees using the survey method developed by North American researchers (SOMMER et al., 1989; SCHROEDER and RUFFOLO, 1996). The survey assessed residents' overall opinion of the trees, attitude to pruning regimes and the Council's maintenance, satisfaction with the benefits and annoyance they receive from the trees, the trees' size, shape, and growth rate. Two case studies considered regularly pollarded street trees and one case study used non-pollarded trees. Residents had a generally good overall opinion of the tree near their home irrespective of tree type, rating visual attractiveness as the highest benefit and raking fallen leaves in autumn as the most annoying feature. Annoyances were rated less highly overall than benefits. Demographic factors appeared to have little influence on attitudes to trees although evidence was collected that found when physical ability is negatively affected by age overall opinion of nearby street trees reduces. No resident reported that the tree outside their home was too small or grew too slowly, suggesting that residents preferred smaller trees. © AB Academic Publishers 2005.CCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusZNorth Somerset Council, Weston Court, Oldmixon Crescent, Weston super Mare, United Kingdom?Foltete, J. C. Piombini, A.20075Urban layout, landscape features and pedestrian usage225-234Landscape and Urban Planning813BAccessibility Landscape preference Movement Space syntax attitudesYThe analysis of the factors which condition walking in the urban environment is an important issue in urban planning. The present work is based on the hypothesis that the landscape, in its entirety, plays a role in encouraging pedestrian movements. The frequency of pedestrian traffic in the streets is analyzed as a function of accessibility and landscape preferences with the help of a conceptual framework. By defining accessibility as the measurement of the integration of the space syntax, preferences are researched using multiple stepwise regression of visual variables. This method has been applied to an area in the city of Lille (France) where the pedestrian frequency has been recorded and the landscape elements inventoried. Initially, the local integration explains 25% of the variance of pedestrian frequency. The landscape variables present rather low correlations with this frequency, but the models of multiple regression reach 56% of explained variance. The view of squares, buildings with a commercial function and trees prove to be favourable for pedestrian movement, while residential buildings and small monuments act in a negative way. These results partly confirm previous studies, but they also add elements to the discussion on the relation between pedestrians and landscape in the urban environment. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusKThe?ma, UMR 6049 CNRS/University of Franche-Comte?, Besanc?on Cedex, France? Gorman, J.2004KResidents' opinions on the value of street trees depending on tree location36-44Journal of Arboriculture301:Residents' opinions and perceptions Street trees attitudesIThis research sought to determine whether there was a difference of opinion on the value of street trees among urban residents depending on whether residents had a street tree planted directly in front of their house. In response to a structured questionnaire, 676 residents of State College, Pennsylvania, U.S., gave their opinions of benefits and annoyances of street trees. Demographic findings utilized descriptive statistics to list the characteristics of the target population. This research showed that there was a statistically significant difference in residents' opinions depending on whether there was a street tree planted in front of their residence. In developing public policies related to street trees, it is recommended that further similar studies be conducted for better understanding of residents' opinions on this issue.CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus<576 East Third Street, South Boston, MA 02127, United States2? Hitchmough, J. D. Bonugli, A. M.1997TAttitudes of residents of a medium sized town in south west Scotland to street trees327-337Landscape Research223 attitudes)This paper considers the attitudes of residents, living in currently treeless streets in a Scottish town, to street trees. Four streets were selected for the study to provide a gradation from underprivileged to affluent. Most respondents did not see trees as important in improving the quality of their street. Trees were seen as most important in the two affluent streets, and least important in a low income street with a preponderance of elderly residents. Male respondents were significantly more likely to favour street tree planting than females. Other factors investigated, such as respondent age, and the degree of maintenance care and structural complexity demonstrated by respondents' front gardens, did not show statistically significant associations with the expressed preference for street trees.CCited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus?Iles, J. K. Vold, A. M.20030Landscape tree cultivar preferences in Iowa, U.S331-336Journal of Arboriculture296fGenetic diversity Plant material trends Survey questionnaire Tree preferences pests diseases attitudesA survey questionnaire was mailed to all 142 active members of the Iowa Nursery and Landscape Association to characterize landscape tree cultivar preferences among green-industry professionals and their clients. Respondents identified Acer rubrum 'Franksred' (Red Sunset® red maple), Acer saccharum 'Green Mountain' (sugar maple), Acer platanoides 'Pond' (Emerald Lustre? Norway maple), Acer X freemanii 'Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze® Freeman maple), Fraxinus americana 'Junginger' (Autumn Purple® white ash), Fraxinus pennsylvanica 'Patmore' (green ash), Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis 'Skycole' (Skyline® honeylocust), Tilia americana 'Redmond' (American linden), and Tilia cordata 'PNI 6025' (Greenspire® littleleaf linden) as the best-selling cultivars within nine species of trees. Betula nigra 'Cully' (Heritage® river birch) and Malus 'Prairifire' (crabapple) were identified as the best-selling cultivars in their respective genera. Considering all landscape trees sold in Iowa, our respondents identified Acer X freemanii 'Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze® Freeman maple) as the overall best-selling selection. Overuse of these popular selections, however, could be problematic should any prove susceptible to serious, health-threatening insects, diseases, or abiotic disorders.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopuslDepartment of Horticulture, Iowa State University, 106 Horticulture Hall, Ames, IA 50011-1100, United States ?Jetter, K. Paine, T. D.2004YConsumer preferences and willingness to pay for biological control in the urban landscape312-322Biological Control302(Biological control Economic cost Public support Urban landscape Willingness to pay attitudes pests diseases urban landscape biological control public support economic cost willingness to pay PEST-MANAGEMENT COLEOPTERA HOMOPTERA CURCULIONIDAE CALIFORNIA BENEFIT COST urban forest value preferencesUrban and suburban residents have more contact with the landscape environment than with any other exterior environment. They place high value on the aesthetic quality of the urban landscape and express significant concerns about managing insect herbivores that damage trees and shrubs. A comprehensive survey was initiated to assess the preference of urban residents for three pest management approaches (chemical pesticide, biorational insecticide, or introduction of a specific natural enemy) to control an introduced urban forest pest. Potential survey participants were initially contacted by telephone. Those agreeing to be interviewed were provided with written background information on the pest, the control options, and given one of 48 different cost and program attribute scenarios for implementation of the three approaches. They were contacted a second time by telephone for a final survey that asked them whether they were willing to pay the annual cost for the program attributes stated in their survey. Release of natural enemies was the overwhelming first choice among control options and application of chemical insecticides was least favored. When the price of all options was low, the respondents preferred the biological control option. As prices for all options rose, the chemical and bacterial options increased in preference, but when prices became high, preferences shifted again to the natural enemy option. The social characteristics of respondents favoring the different options were also examined in a contingent valuation analysis. From the survey, it was possible to calculate a respondent's annual willingness to pay $485 for the natural enemy option, $131 for the bacterial spray option, and $23 for the chemical pesticide option. The results suggest that it may be possible to generate social and financial support from urban residents for introduction/classical biological control programs for landscape insect pests. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.CCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusAgricultural Issues Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States? Johnston, M.2001MBritish Urban forestry in transition - Developments between 1993-1998, Part I59-92Arboricultural Journal251 attitudes<This two-part paper charts the significant developments in urban forestry in Britain from August 1993, the time of the 3rd International Conference on Urban and Community Forestry,to the end of 1998. It begins by describing the impact of the 3rd Conference, the last in a series of three 'Seed in Time' conferences to be held in Britain. It then charts the demise of Urban Forests magazine, the last issue of which appeared at the time of the 3rd Conference. Government initiatives relevant to urban forestry are outlined, with particular reference to the development of the National Urban Forestry Unit. This period was marked by threats to urban trees through development, and reference is made to how this prompted an increase in professional and public concern for their protection. A brief account is given of the progress of a number of citywide urban forestry initiatives. Following the 3rd Conference, the urban forestry movement in Britain lost momentum and became dissipated as a structured movement. This occurred at a time when the arboricultural industry and profession was itself experiencing a period of major change. The impact on urban forestry of these developments within arboriculture is examined. International contacts of relevance to urban forestry are outline together with developments within education and research. An assessment is made of attitudes towards urban forestry among the relevant professions. The paper concludes with an appraisal of the impact and achievements of the whole urban forestry movement, since its emergence following the 1st Conference in 1988.CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusYArboriculture Programme, Myerscough College, Bilsborrow, Preston, PR3 0RY, United Kingdom? Kaplan, R.2007OEmployees' reactions to nearby nature at their workplace: The wild and the tame17-24Landscape and Urban Planning821-2naturalistic landscape landscape preference ground texture PREFERENCES AESTHETICS LANDSCAPES PLANTS CITY native species attitudes Ground texture Landscape preference Naturalistic landscape well-beingUrban businesses, much like residential places, vary widely in their landscaping practices. Large mowed areas are widespread; native vegetation is far less common. The latter has numerous environmental benefits, but its wilder, rougher texture has not been as widely accepted. Very little of the research on naturalistic vegetation has been carried out in the context of workplaces or addressing the reactions of the employees. This study is a step in this direction. Using a survey and photo-questionnaire, employees along a major business corridor were asked about their nearby natural setting, satisfactions, preferences, and desired changed to the landscape. With respect to ground texture the findings show that the more prairie-like, less groomed areas can be very effective. A few large trees can make a substantial difference, and in denser vegetation a suggestion of a path enhanced satisfaction. The treatment of parking lots poses particular challenges, but these too can be landscaped with native vegetation to great advantage. Comparison of the preference ratings by the employee sample and a much larger general sample showed striking parallels. Preference for nature settings, especially of a walkable scale, are far greater than for places with major buildings or parking areas. Nonetheless, the study offers encouragement for the use of ecologically sounder practices as part of the nearby natural environment. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusSchool of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041, United States ?Kaplan, R. Austin, M. E.2004:Out in the country: Sprawl and the quest for nature nearby235-243Landscape and Urban Planning692-3aEnvironmental preference Forest Land use planning Natural environment Perception Sprawl attitudespResidential development at the rural fringe, although contributing to many environmental problems, is steadily attracting new homeowners. Among the appeals of living "out in the country" are being closer to "nature" and having "space." The purpose of this study is to examine what these concepts mean to individuals who decide to live in new commuter-based subdivisions. Study participants (N=231), drawn from 18 residential communities in the same rural township, responded to a mailed survey that included 24 photographs of natural areas in communities such as theirs. In addition to having the scenes rated in terms of their similarity to the participants' own setting, the survey included other approaches to assessing the perception of the nearby natural setting. Responses to one of these, an open-ended question about describing their neighborhood to a friend, showed a strong preponderance of nature-related descriptions (33% of all items mentioned). Based on the other questions, a typology of seven distinct kinds of natural areas emerged: manicured/landscaped areas, trees, gardens, mowed areas, forest, open fields, and wetlands. Using these seven nature categories to predict participants' ratings of community satisfaction, regression analyses showed the overwhelming role played by the availability of forests. The forested scenes were also by far the most preferred. Yet forests are particularly vulnerable as new developments replace existing woodlands. The study thus points to the importance of finding ways to preserve the forested land, for environmental reasons as well as for the satisfactions derived from them by residents, neighbors, and visitors. Such protection of forests, as well as wetlands and open meadows, is more likely if these areas are seen by residents as being integral, communally owned parts of the overall development. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.DCited By (since 1996): 14 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusSch. of Nat. Rsrc. and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115, United States Environmental Science Department, Alaska Pacific University, 4101 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, United StatesO? Kenney, W. A.2003%A strategy for Canada's urban forests785-789Forestry Chronicle794-Community action Interdisciplinary relations Planning Policy Professional development Research Strategy Urban forest attitudes strategy community action interdisciplinary relations policy professional development research planning economic issues urban forest benefits community issues economic issuesUrban forests are where 80% of Canadians live and work and, as such, represent their most intimate contact with their natural environment. The trees and woodlands in and around our cities and towns provide a broad range of environmental and socio-economic benefits to society. A recent survey in Ontario indicates that urbanites in that province not only consider their urban forests to be very important to them; they are also concerned about their conservation and management. A strategy for a collaborative, sustained, and nationally based effort to advance urban forestry in Canada is presented under the themes of community action, interdisciplinary relations, policy, professional development, research, and urban forests and planning.CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus|Urban and Community Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ont. M5S 3B3, Canadaq?'Kuhns, M. R. Bragg, H. A. Blahna, D. J.2004`Attitudes and experiences of women and minorities in the urban forestry/arboriculture profession11-18Journal of Arboriculture301_Arboriculture Discrimination Diversity Gender ISA Minorities SAF Urban forestry Women attitudesUIn a study of urban forestry/arboriculture professionals in the United States, we found that love of trees and plants was most often listed as the reason for women and minorities entering the profession, followed closely by love of the outdoors. This order was reversed for white males. After enjoyment-related reasons, income/employment potential was the most common reason for entering the profession for white males and minorities, but it was much less of a motivating factor for women. Satisfaction with the urban forestry profession was high and differed little among white males, females, and minorities. Satisfaction was higher for those in upper management, those with higher income, and those who entered the profession for enjoyment rather than income potential. Professional motivating factors that could be considered "selfless" ranked highest in importance, and "selfish" factors ranked lowest. Respondents generally disagreed that discrimination exists in the profession, with the level of disagreement varying depending on the type of discrimination and the respondents' gender/minority status.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDept. of Forest Range/Wildlife Sci., Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, United States Dept. of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5215, United States?Kuhns, M. R. Reiter, D. K.2007KKnowledge of and attitudes about utility pruning and how education can help264-274 Arboriculture and Urban Forestry334^Acceptability Aesthetics Directional pruning Electric utility Topping Urban forestry attitudesA survey was conducted in six cities in the western United States whose electric utilities practice directional pruning for line clearance. Recipients' knowledge of and attitudes about tree care practices and issues, utility pruning, directional pruning for line clearance, and effects of a simple brochure about utility pruning were determined. Respondents cared a great deal about landscape trees but had not thought much about utility pruning. They felt that utility pruners care most about keeping lines clear but care less about the trees, that companies are poor at explaining pruning to the public, and slightly disagree that large trees should be removed and replaced with small trees under lines. Those who had thought a lot about utility pruning were less trusting of those who do the pruning. The brochure increased trust of utility pruning personnel and the perception that they care about trees and greatly increased agreement that those personnel are highly trained professionals. Preference for topping over directional pruning was reduced by receiving a brochure, although topping still was preferred. Most supported line burial and were willing to pay higher rates for burial. Several recommendations are suggested for utilities and researchers, including the need for utilities placing an increased emphasis on communication with the public regarding these matters. © 2007 International Society of Arboriculture.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5230, United States Institute for Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5215, United States?Lohr, V. I. Pearson-Mims, C. H.2005Children's active and passive interactions with plants influence their attitudes and actions toward trees and gardening as adults472-476HortTechnology153Benefits of trees Community forestry Environment Human issues in horticulture Human well-being People-plant interactions Response to nature Survey Urban forestry Youth attitudes well-being A nationwide phone survey of attitudes toward urban trees, participation in civic or educational activities, and memories of childhood experiences with gardening and nature was conducted with 2004 adults in large urban areas. We analyzed the influence of 11 childhood experiences and five adult demographic characteristics on three items: "Trees in cities help people feel calmer," "Do trees have a particular personal, symbolic, or spiritual meaning to you?" and "During the past year, have you participated in a class or program about gardening?" Growing up next to natural elements such as flower beds, visiting parks, taking environmental classes, and gardening during childhood were associated with stronger adult attitudes and more actions. Growing up next to urban elements, such as large buildings, had a small, but opposite, influence. Demographics played a role in adult attitudes and actions. While both passive and active interactions with plants during childhood were associated with positive adult values about trees, the strongest influence came from active gardening, such as picking flowers or planting trees. These results indicate that horticultural programs for children raised in urban surroundings with few or no plants can be effective in fostering an appreciation for gardening in adults.CCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusyDepartment of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, United States}?Lohr, V. I. Pearson-Mims, C. H.2006CResponses to scenes with spreading, rounded, and conical tree forms667-688Environment and Behavior385attitudes landscape preference aesthetics savanna hypothesis response to nature VISUAL PREFERENCE RESTORE ATTENTION STRESS RECOVERY URBAN NATURE INNER-CITY ENVIRONMENTS INTERVENTION DISTRACTION PERCEPTION COMPLEXITY preferencesSepResearch has shown that people typically give high aesthetic preference ratings to trees with spreading canopies, similar to those found on the African savanna. If the savanna hypothesis is correct, people likely will have strong emotional responses to such trees as well. In this study, preferences and emotional responses of 206 participants to viewing scenes with different tree forms and urban elements were examined. Slide images of spreading, rounded, or columnar trees, or inanimate objects in two urban scenes were created. As expected, participants found scenes with trees more attractive than scenes with inanimate objects, and they rated spreading trees more attractive than rounded or columnar trees. Participants reported more positive emotions when viewing trees compared to inanimate objects, and they were happier when viewing spreading trees compared with other tree forms. These results are consistent with the savanna hypothesis, with emotional responses relating to preferences for trees with spreading forms. 0013-9165ISI:000239927500005?9Lohr, V. I. Pearson-Mims, C. H. Tarnai, J. Dillman, D. A.2004[How urban residents rate and rank the benefits and problems associated with trees in cities28-35Journal of Arboriculture301BBenefits of trees Community forestry Survey Urban forest attitudesResidents of the largest metropolitan areas in the continental United States were surveyed about the benefits and problems of trees in urban areas. The public rated the social, environmental, and practical benefits of trees highly. The ability of trees to shade and cool surroundings was the highest-ranked benefit. Their potential to help people feel calmer was ranked second highest. Potential problems with trees were not considered to be reasons not to use trees. Practical problems, such as causing allergies, were bigger concerns than were financial issues. People who strongly agreed that trees were important to their quality of life rated the benefits of trees more highly than people who did not strongly agree. Those who strongly agreed and those who did not strongly agree ranked the benefits and problems similarly. Responses varied slightly based on demographic factors. For example, those who did not strongly agree that trees were important to life quality were more likely than expected to be 18 to 21 years old or to earn US$20,000 or less per year. The general public in urban areas, not just people who volunteer for tree programs, felt very positively toward trees in cities.CCited By (since 1996): 9 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDept. of Horticulture/Landscape Arch, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, United States The Social/Economic Sci. Res. Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4014, United States?,Martin, C. A. Peterson, K. A. Stabler, L. B.2003{Residential landscaping in Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.: Practices and preferences relative to covenants, codes, and restrictions9-17Journal of Arboriculture291oHuman issues Landscape design Landscape ordinances Plant diversity preservation forestation ordinance attitudesVIn the Phoenix, Arizona, U.S., metropolitan area, community associations with legally binding covenants, codes, and restrictions (CC&Rs) impose limitations on landscaping activities in many new neighborhood residential communities. Studies were conducted in the Phoenix area to develop an understanding of residential homeowner landscape preferences and practices and how they might be impacted by CC&Rs. Residential yards in communities with CC&Rs controlling landscape activity had fewer trees, more shrubs and groundcovers, and less turf coverage than did landscapes in communities without CC&Rs. More homeowners identified their front yard landscapes as being a desert design type rather than an oasis or mesic design, with the percentage higher for homeowners living in neighborhoods with CC&Rs than for those in neighborhoods without CC&Rs. More homeowners preferred an oasis landscape design type to either desert or mesic designs, and roughly 70% of homeowners preferred a landscape design type that had at least some lawn area. More Arizona natives preferred mesic landscapes than did domestic migrants. Homeowners cited ease of maintenance and landscape aesthetics as the two most important traits for their landscape. These findings reflect the increasing influence and importance of desert landscape design in the U.S. Southwest as a contemporary landscape design style in urban areas bridled by an arid climate and suggests that the emergent popularity of desert landscaping in Phoenix is predominately a top-down social phenomenon directed by public and private interest groups for residential homeowner use.CCited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusUrban Horticultural Ecology Res. Lab, Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871601, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601, United StatesW?'Nannini, D. K. Sommer, R. Meyers, L. S.1998>Resident involvement in inspecting trees for Dutch elm disease42-46Journal of Arboriculture2416Dutch elm disease Inspection Volunteers pests diseasesJThis study investigated the costs and benefits ot a public-private partnership in the monitoring of mature elm trees threatened by Dutch elm disease (Ceratocystis ulmi). To compensate for a budget shortfall, the Sacramento Tree Foundation began its Save The Elms Program (STEP), which enlisted the help of volunteers for the early detection of Dutch elm disease. Of the 269 residents who initially expressed interest in the program, only half received training due to scheduling difficulties and time constraints. A mail survey compared the knowledge and attitudes of trained volunteers and those who volunteered but did not receive training. While all respondents endorsed the importance of street trees to the area, those with training were more knowledgeable about their local urban forest and were more satisfied with their neighborhoods.CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusPsychology Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States California State University, Sacramento, CA, United States Department of Psychology, California State University, Sacramento, CA, United States? O'Brien, E.2006<Social housing and green space: A case study in Inner London535-551Forestry795Nattitudes CITY ENVIRONMENT quality of life attitudes benefits community issuesfUrban woodlands and green spaces provide a range of benefits to people in densely populated areas: as places to use, view and enjoy. There is increasing interest in green spaces and their impacts on people's quality of life. The work described in this paper involved a partnership between Peabody Trust, a social housing association; the Forestry Commission and Trees for Cities, an environmental charity. The aim of the project was to involve residents in the use and enjoyment of their local woodland. The research gained an understanding of how the residents of two housing estates in South London view and experience their local woodland, called Peabody Hill Wood. Three focus groups and a questionnaire were undertaken with residents. Observations were also made at a community activity day and walk through the wood with local residents. From the analysis of the data, there was a complex mix of attitudes towards Peabody Hill Wood that related to not only the management of the wood but also the management of the buildings by Peabody Trust. This research highlights, as a number of other studies have, that woodlands near to where people live are valuable spaces and play a significant role by providing opportunity for contact with nature. Key implications of the research suggest that housing associations can have an important role to play in green space management. Partnership working with the environmental sector can help bring about much needed improvements to the environment. Working with communities and sustaining long-term commitment are also advocated. © Institute of Chartered Foresters, 2006. All rights reserved.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusnForest Research Social and Economic Research Group, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, United Kingdom?O'Brien, E. A.2005gPublics* and woodlands in England: Well-being, local identity, social learning, conflict and management321-336Forestry784.attitudes education well-being economic issuesDPeople's values and ways of viewing and interpreting the world around them provide the framework in which they assess and describe their use of woodlands and debate and understand wider environmental issues. Publics' values for woodlands and trees are a key element of sustainable forest management, as values underlie people's actions and behaviour and, without a greater understanding and awareness of this, organizations will often continue to experience conflict over management. The research described in this paper focuses on the social and cultural values of woodlands and trees in both urban and rural areas in the north-west and south-east of England. Using a qualitative methodology, in-depth discussion groups were held with a range of respondents from different socio-economic backgrounds to discuss people's relationships and interactions with woodlands. The analysis of the discussion group data highlights a number of major themes. These themes include publics' feelings of well-being gained from using and viewing woodlands, conflict and confusion over what is viewed as anti-social behaviour and issues concerned with who owns land. The themes also highlight the importance of education and learning about the environment, people's sense of personal and community identity in relation to woodlands as well as issues of management for conservation, economic and public benefit. The research helps to describe and explain the ways in which woodlands and trees are perceived and used within contemporary society. Implications for future policy development are explored, emphasizing the need for effective public participation, the importance of addressing people's safety worries, the significance of education in a multi-sensory environment and the importance and meaning of place. © Institute of Chartered Foresters, 2005. All rights reserved.CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusbSocial Research Group, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, United Kingdom?%Schroeder, H. Flannigan, J. Coles, R.2006GResident's attitudes toward street trees in the UK and U.S. communities236-246 Arboriculture and Urban Forestry325PAttitudes Benefits Residents Street trees United Kingdom United States attitudes*Research on residents' attitudes has shown that street trees are highly valued elements of the urban environment and that their benefits far outweigh their annoyances. Much of this research was done in communities in the United States, and it is uncertain whether the findings can be generalized to other communities or countries. We compared residents' opinions of street trees, perceptions of the benefits and annoyances trees provide, and preferences for tree size, shape, and growth rate between three communities in the United States and the United Kingdom. Overall, opinions of nearby street trees were positive and did not differ between the two UK communities and the U.S. community. Respondents in the UK communities rated annoyances as more serious, shade as less of a benefit, and physical benefits as more significant than did the residents of the U.S. community. Respondents in the two UK communities also preferred smaller trees with slower growth rates. Although these comparisons cannot be used to make inferences about differences between the entire United Kingdom and United States, they do suggest some specific ways in which community characteristics such as climate and proximity of trees to houses may contribute to variation in attitudes toward trees. © 2006 International Society of Arboriculture.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusyUSDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 1033 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, United States Department of Streets and Open Spaces, North Somerset Council, Weston Court, Oldmixon Crescent, Wester super Mare BS24 9AU, United Kingdom School of Architecture, Birmingham Institute of Art and Design, University of Central England, Birmingham B7 4DX, United KingdomE?Stamps Iii, A. E.1997VSome streets of San Francisco: Preference effects of trees, cars, wires, and buildings81-93/Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design241 attitudesMany researchers have reported on the preference effects of various components of streetscapes. However, there appears to be relatively little data on the relative importances of those design components on preference. In this paper the relative effects of trees, cars, wires, and building facades on preferences for residential blocks are discussed. Clean estimates of these effects were obtained by combining contemporary digital technology with a formal experimental design. It was found that trees had a moderate positive effect on preferences for streetscapes, wires had a small negative effect, and cars had a trivial effect. It was also found that the effect of building facade ranged from trivial to moderate.CCited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus_Institute of Environmental Quality, 290 Rutledge Street, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States z?Still, D. T. Gerhold, H. D.1997=Motivations and task preferences of urban forestry volunteers116-129Journal of Arboriculture233 attitudes) A study of reasons why people volunteer for urban forestry projects, and of their task preferences, compared the opinions and attitudes of volunteers with those of people in botanical organizations who might be considered likely targets for recruitment. A mail survey used membership lists of two tree volunteer organizations and one botanical garden in New York City, as well as one tree volunteer organization and one arboretum in Philadelphia, Members of the three tree volunteer organizations had completed a training course on tree care or inventory, and may not be representative of volunteers typically involved in single-day projects. Collectively, 1,038 people were sampled and 63% responded. Tree volunteers were predominately white, middle aged, well educated, and financially middle class. Improving one's neighborhood was the main reason for volunteering, followed by desire for education; social interaction was only moderately important. Respondents from all organizations considered tree care to be the most important urban forestry task. Volunteers thought tree care would provide the greatest personal satisfaction compared to other tasks, while potential volunteers thought planting trees would be most satisfying. Education was regarded as a highly important task to gain public support, even more important than tree planting. Respondents were least willing, by a large margin, to engage in fundraising or lobbying politicians. Both volunteers and potential volunteers were willing to perform a wider range of tasks than they have performed already, suggesting strong potential for increased involvement. Tree volunteers expressed a strong desire to increase their level of participation in the planning and decision-making of their projects. Less than half of the volunteers thought they had been recognized for their work in some way, but recognition was mostly viewed as unimportant. Respondents from all organizations felt that their urban forest was in rather poor condition, and that volunteers are needed to improve their city's trees. Four-fifths of potential volunteers have volunteered before in some way, indicating a general willingness for voluntary action by members of botanical organizations. Many current tree volunteers were self-motivated in seeking volunteer involvement; i.e., they responded to media announcements and volunteered without being personally asked. However, personal contact with potential volunteers is an effective recruitment technique for expanding the pool of volunteers beyond this self-selected group, as well as for increasing diversity.CCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus[School of Forest Resources, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States?-Straka, T. J. Marsinko, A. P. Childers, C. J.2005rIndividual characteristics affecting participation in urban and community forestry programs in South Carolina, U.S131-137Journal of Arboriculture313VCommunity forestry Tree programs Urban and community forestry Urban forestry attitudesThis article reports the results of a 2003 statewide survey of South Carolina, U.S., residents concerning characteristics affecting participation in urban and community forestry programs. Results are intended to increase effectiveness of program planning and organization within state forestry commissions. Participants in urban and community forestry programs have strong feelings for the importance of these programs, and the majority (91%) expected continued participation. The majority of nonparticipants (71%) were unaware of the existence of these programs, and most (59%) did not know whether they would ever participate in future programs. Future considerations for the success of urban and community forestry programs in South Carolina need to focus on increased public awareness. Prior awareness of the program and participant's age significantly (P ? 0.10) affected stated intentions to participate in the program. © 2005 International Society of Arboriculture.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopussDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, Box 340317, Clemson, SC 29634-0317, United States ?Sullivan, W. C., III1994]Perceptions of the rural-urban fringe: citizen preferences for natural and developed settings85-101Landscape & Urban Planning292-3 attitudesThe most dramatic changes in the American landscape today are occurring at the rural-urban fringe. There is a tremendous increase in development at the fringe. This work presents new empirical evidence regarding the perceptions and preferences of the fringe on the first part of the people who live there. In this study, 510 farmers, township planning commissioners, and other citizens living in Washtenaw County, Michigan, provided preference ratings for 32 pictures taken at the rural-urban fringe. They preferred settings including both farm and forest. Participants also preferred housing developments with mature trees over developments with few trees, and preferred settings with single family housing over those with multiple family housing. The findings are discussed in light of the trend to develop cluster housing at the rural-urban fringe, and the implications for maintaining rural character are addressed. -AuthorDCited By (since 1996): 19 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusWHuman Envmt Research Laboratory, Univ of Illinois, 1201 S.Dorner Drive, Urbana, IL, USA ?Sullivan, W. C. Lovell, S. T.2006PImproving the visual quality of commercial development at the rural-urban fringe152-166Landscape and Urban Planning771-2Commercial development Land use Landscape preferences Roadway design Rural-urban fringe Sprawl attitudes Commercial development Land use Landscape preferences Roadway design Rural-urban fringe Sprawl transportation design issues urban designjRapid growth at the rural-urban fringe has resulted in increased commercial development along arterial roads connecting cities and the countryside. These developments, often termed "commercial strips" or "linear commercial complexes", are characterized by a mix of many different types of businesses that often lack any separation from the road, spatial definition, or natural features such as trees. The result is too often an open, barren, confusing setting with little aesthetic appeal. Could a change in the design of the commercial setting or the addition of natural features improve the visual quality of the roadway at the rural-urban fringe? This study examines the extent to which local citizens prefer various development patterns for a roadway corridor at the fringe of a medium-sized community. Participants responded to a photo-questionnaire that included images of alternative design treatments for the roadside and written items dealing with visual quality. The results revealed moderate preference for the existing condition that showed a typical Midwestern US agricultural setting. The addition of various types of commercial development to the settings caused preference ratings to plummet. However, the addition of trees to the commercial development scenes increased preference ratings substantially. In fact, this low cost alteration in the design not only caused preference ratings to rebound, but actually exceed the ratings for the existing condition. Ratings were higher still for scenes in which trees were added to the existing condition. The findings suggest that nature plays an important role in the aesthetics of developed settings at the rural-urban fringe, and that trees in particular can be used to improve visual quality. This study has implications for the design of roadways and commercial developments at the fringe. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopuszThe Environmental Council, University of Illinois, NRES Department, 1101 W. Peabody Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, United States?Summit, J. McPherson, E. G.1998_Residential tree planting and care: A study of attitudes and behavior in Sacramento, California89-97Journal of Arboriculture2427Public policy Tree maintenance Urban forestry attitudesSite surveys were conducted on residential properties in Sacramento, California, and residents were given questionnaires about whether they had added trees to their properties, their motivations for planting trees, and the extent and frequency of their maintenance of the trees on their properties. These surveys indicate that most residents (68% of the sample) plant trees on their properties; that residential areas are relatively densely planted (with room for about 9% more trees than are already in place); that issues of comfort (shade) and appearance play more of a role in the decision to plant trees than do concerns about energy savings, environmental benefit, or privacy; that tree planting tends to be greatest early in a resident's tenure in a home; and that convenience is a strong predictor of the types of tree maintenance provided by residents relative to that provided by contractors.CCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States Pacific Southwest Research Station, c/o Dept. of Environ. Horticulture, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States?Summit, J. Sommer, R.1998ZUrban tree-planting programs - A model for encouraging environmentally protective behavior1-5Atmospheric Environment321Arboriculture Environmental action Urban forestry attitudes urban forestry environmental action arboriculture INTEGRATION RECOVERY behaviors design issues tree plantingEfforts to increase environmentally sound behaviors and practices have in the past often focussed on consciousness-raising and attitude change. Research indicates that such efforts are less effective than interventions designed to make environmentally sound behaviors easier to engage in, or to make personal advantages resulting from such behaviors more clear to individuals. Four nonprofit tree planting organizations were studied as examples of successful environmental interventions. From these studies, as well as a review of the literature, several principles underlying successful behavioral interventions are identified. Implications of these principles for future environmental programs are discussed.CCited By (since 1996): 9 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusWDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8686, United States? Wolf, K. L.2004MTrees and businees district preferences: A case study of Athens, Georgia, U.S336-346Journal of Arboriculture306`Business districts Environment and behavior Landscape preference Retail Urban forestry attitudes*As a National Main Street program participant, Athens, Georgia, U.S., has included streetscape tree plantings in economic development efforts. The Main Street program assists downtown merchant groups with physical improvements planning in order to create vital retail environments. If comprehensively managed, the urban forest can be a beneficial long-term improvement. Nonetheless, business people and merchants often have negative perceptions about trees (such as debris and reduced sign visibility) and may influence local policy and budget support for urban forest programs. This study utilized an on-site survey to elicit preference and perceptual response from visitors of the Athens central business district. The presence of a full-canopy forest was found to be associated with higher visual quality ratings of the retail district. District visitors also perceived the streetscape canopy to be an integral amenity of the city's shopping environment. Quantitative and qualitative research outcomes are reported. © 2004 International Society of Arboriculture.CCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusUrban Forest Environment/Behavior, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, United States? Wolf, K. L.2005<Business district streetscapes, trees, and consumer response396-400Journal of Forestry1038yurban forestry retail public preference perception valuation economic issues behaviors urban forest preferences attitudesKA multistudy research program has investigated how consumers respond to the urban forest in central business districts of cities of various sizes. Trees positively affect judgments of visual quality but, more significantly, may influence other consumer responses and behaviors. Survey respondents from all regions of the United States favored trees in business districts, and this preference was further reflected in positive district perceptions, patronage behavior, and product pricing. An overview of the research is provided, with implications for the economics of local communities.CCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopuscCollege of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, United States? Wolf, K. L.2006^Assessing public response to freeway roadsides: Urban forestry and context-sensitive solutions102-111Transportation Research Recordattitudes transportationISocial science methods can be used to assess how the public values contextsensitive solutions. The roadside landscape is a public lands resource that has many functions and provides many benefits. Diverse stakeholders may have varied expectations for roadside design. The urban forest is often a contested component of the urban roadside. Two research surveys based on landscape assessment literature were used to assess and quantify public preferences and perceptions with regard to trees in high-speed and freeway roadsides. One photo questionnaire was distributed in urban areas nationally and the other in Washington State. To elicit public attitudes about visual quality and community image, each survey included design visualizations constructed with digitally edited photographs. Research results were consistent across both studies. Respondents judged images with increasing amounts of roadside vegetation, including trees, to have a higher amenity value. The presence of more extensive community greening was associated with positive consumer inferences and greater willingness to pay for goods and services. There was little variation in responses across respondent demographics. Results provide an empirical basis for flexible highway design and promote planning options for roadside urban forests that address multiple stakeholder interests.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusTCollege of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195;?)Zhang, Y. Hussain, A. Deng, J. Letson, N.2007FPublic attitudes toward urban trees and supporting urban tree programs797-814Environment and Behavior396community participation urban forestry willingness to pay ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES FOREST MANAGEMENT PERCEPTIONS BEHAVIOR employment issues volunteer attitudes race, ethnicity urban forest stewardship economic issues native speciesIn this article, we analyze survey responses regarding Alabama urban residents' attitudes toward urban trees and the provision and maintenance of urban forest by federal, state, and local governments, as well as personal willingness to volunteer and donate money in support of urban tree programs and activities. Using ordered probit analysis, our results showed that individuals who are aware of forestry-related programs, hold a full-time job, belong in the age group of younger than 56 years, and earn an annual income greater than U.S. $75,000, have a positive relationship with willingness of donating money and voluntarily contributing time toward urban forestry programs and activities. Individual characteristics such as race, gender, and residence were not statistically significant factors in explaining attitudes toward urban forestry programs. In addition, with few exceptions, attitudes toward government financing of urban forestry programs and activities were influenced by similar factors.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus}Department of Forest Economics and Policy, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, VA, United States Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Montgomery, AL, United StateslL? 2004?Brownfield sites II: Assessment, rehabilitation and development?Brownfield Sites II: Assessment, Rehabilitation and Development brownfieldsThe proceedings contain 31 papers from the conference on the Brownfield Sites: Assessment, Rehabilitation and Development. Topics discussed include: planning for the rehabilitation of brownfield sites; diagnosis of a compacted area for mining through the mechanical resistance to the penetration using geostatistical methods in the Amazon Forest; risk management at a brownfield site; sustainable regeneration of European brownfield sites; lessons learned in brownfield redevelopment; applications humic acids in the treatment of heavy metal contamination; project cost controlling in site development; and overcoming barriers to effective public participation.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}? [Ahn, J. H. Kim, M. S. Kim, M. C. Lim, J. S. Lee, G. T. Yun, J. K. Kim, T. Kim, T. Ka, J. O.2006jAnalysis of bacterial diversity and community structure in forest soils contaminated with fuel hydrocarbon704-715)Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology165 brownfieldsMaydOil spill was found in 1999 from a diesel storage facility located near the top of Baekun Mountain in Uiwang City. Application of bioremediation techniques was very relevant in removing oil spills in this site, because the geological condition was not amenable for other onsite remediation techniques. For efficient bioremediation, bacterial communities of the contaminated site and the uncontaminated control site were compared using both molecular and cultivation techniques. Soil bacterial populations were observed to be stimulated to grow in the soils contaminated with diesel hydrocarbon, whereas fungal and actinomycetes populations were decreased by diesel contamination. Most of the diesel-degrading bacteria isolated from contaminated forest soils were strains of Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Rhodococcus species. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed that the profiles were different among the three contaminated sites, whereas those of the control sites were identical to each other. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences of dominant isolates and clones showed that the bacterial community was less diverse in the oil-contaminated site than at the control site. Sequence analysis of the alkane hydroxylase genes cloned from soil microbial DNAs indicated that their diversity and distribution were different between the contaminated site and the control site. The results indicated that diesel contamination exerted a strong selection on the indigenous microbial community in the contaminated site, leading to predominance of well-adapted microorganisms in concurrence with decrease of microbial diversity. 1017-7825ISI:000237908300009T? ,Altherr, W. Blumer, D. Oldo?rp, H. Nagel, P.2007How do stakeholders and legislation influence the allocation of green space on brownfield redevelopment pojects? Five case studies from Switzerland, Germany and the UK512-522%Business Strategy and the Environment167Brownfield Legislation Nature conservation Park visions Pioneer species Railway sites Redevelopment projects Urban environment brownfieldsDisused railway sites have become a focus of redevelopment projects in many European cities. As sites that offer economically lucrative opportunities for building projects, as well as important habitats for threatened pioneer species, they are contested ground. We compared the allocation of green space in five urban development projects on disused railway sites from Switzerland, Germany and the United Kingdom. We show that the distance to the city centre, the involvement of the stakeholders and the current legislation are important in explaining the quantity and type of green space allocated. In particular, the farther away from the city centre, the higher the proportion of apartments planned and the higher the allocation of green space within the public space. Our comparison also illustrates that 'conventional' green spaces are of major importance for the public acceptance of urban redevelopment projects and are highlighted by developers as an important image factor. We identified three strategies to protect the valuable natural sites in such railway brownfields: protection of the pioneer habitats in situ, reinstallation of similar habitats on roofs (ex situ) and safeguarding of the natural process of succession. For future brownfield redevelopment projects we would encourage guidelines that take into account the special kind of nature on such sites and guarantee planning reliability for investors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusInstitute of Biogeography, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Institute for Sociology, University of Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandU? )Berggreen, Richard G. Malsch, Peter H. F.1998xOld contamination, new regulations, close cooperation, and recent remediation at a Chicago lumberyard Brownfield success747-7556TAPPI Proceedings - Environmental Conference & Exhibit2 brownfieldsBrownfield site development involves more than the remediation of contaminated industrial property. The redevelopment of this 100 year old lumber distribution center into a new business employing nearly 600 persons was an objective which was of interest to the City of Chicago, the developer, and the owner. Reaching this objective required assessing existing conditions, understanding of the regulations and responsibilities for the various layers of regulatory agencies, and maintaining close coordination with those agencies. The assessment and remediation of the site spanned the time interval when Illinois developed and enacted a new Risk Based Corrective Action program, under which the remediation and clean-up objectives were completed. The concept of sustainable urban ecology as part of urban redevelopment may soon become a familiar part of Brownfield development programs, just as sustainable resource management has become a part of forest products industries management practices.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus.STS Consultants, Ltd, Deerfield, United States}? "Burns, N. McIntosh, J. Scholes, P.2005FStrategies for managing the lakes of the rotorua district, New Zealand61-72Lake and Reservoir Management211 brownfieldsMarThe Rotorua district in New Zealand contains 12 nationally important lakes. Environment Bay of Plenty (EBOP), which has the responsibility of managing the quality of these lakes, set a routine monitoring program for these lakes and adopted the method of Bums et al. (1999, 2000) to analyse the data and calculate a numeric Trophic Level Index (TLI) value for each. In 1994, the district community indicated a goal to maintain the present condition for most of the lakes and to improve the remainder. As a result, numeric baseline TLI values were written into the Proposed Regional Water and Land Plan as the Rotorua District lake-water quality objectives. This plan also required formation of a community action plan for the remediation of any lake that exceeded its baseline TLI, a criterion that targeted five lakes. Deterioration in the water quality of these lakes is linked to urban expansion and gradual conversion of forested land to pasture over the past 100 years. Draft action plans identifying causes of lake deterioration, together with possible means of solving the problems, have been published for four lakes. Annual reports on the state of I each lake have been published since 2000. This lake management system has resulted in valuable communication between EBOP, the Rotorua District Council and the communities living around the lakes, and has been instrumental in obtaining a cooperative approach to solving the identified problems. Methods to remediate these lakes include: converting pasture back to forest; alum dosing; creating riparian strips along streambanks; developing wetlands; installing reticulated sewage systems, and; diverting wastewater inputs from a lake into nearby forests. 1040-2381ISI:000228568300007 ?$Dagenhart, R. Leigh, N. G. Skach, J.2006<Brownfields and urban design: Learning from Atlantic Station185-194/WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment94UAtlantic Station Brownfield redevelopment Landscape urbanism Urban design brownfieldsOnly a decade ago, large brownfield sites were valued only for parks and open space in Europe and for replacement industry or jobs in the U.S. Today, these sites are becoming valued real estate development opportunities for high density, commercial and housing mixed use projects, reflecting the changing form of the contemporary city. If these central city developments are to gain approvals from a myriad of local, regional and national stakeholders, they must be designed to become part of the surrounding city and neighbourhoods instead of continuing their former roles as stand-alone sites. Landscape designs for recent brownfield parks offer some clear directions for understanding urban design for brownfield redevelopment. We relate this landscape experience, such as from Westergasfabriek Culture Park in Amsterdam, to the master planning of Atlantic Station, a high-profile mixed use brownfield project in Atlanta, Georgia. We conclude with three urban design lessons for future brownfield work: subdivide first, design streets as public space, and replace buffers with boundaries to bind the parts of project together to create communities.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusGCollege of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States ?De Sousa, C. A.2003;Turning brownfields into green space in the City of Toronto181-198Landscape and Urban Planning624_Brownfields Green space Planning Urban environment urban open space urban green space greenwaysISince the mid-1980s, policy makers and planners in North America and Europe have been paying significantly more attention to measures designed to foster sustainable development and improve the quality of life in urban areas. One issue that has received widespread political support has been the cleanup and redevelopment of under-utilized brownfield sites in urban areas. In Canada and the US, the focus of policy-making and redevelopment efforts has been on redeveloping brownfield sites for industrial, commercial, or residential uses that provide economic benefits through tax revenues and/or jobs. However, there has been a growing recognition among community groups and environmental organizations that brownfields hold enormous potential for "greening" city environments, through the implementation of parks, playgrounds, trails, greenways, and other open spaces. The objectives of the current research are to examine the issues, obstacles and processes involved in remediating potentially contaminated urban brownfield sites and converting them into green spaces, to identify the benefits that these green spaces can bring to the community and culture, and to understand the specific planning processes that it involves. Data for this study were collected through a review of 10 pertinent "greening" case studies and personal interviews with relevant stakeholders. Toronto's brownfield-to-green space redevelopment experience has implications for cities across North America undergoing brownfield planning and seeking to enhance urban quality of life. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.ECited By (since 1996): 25 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Bolton 410, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413, United States?De Sousa, C. A.2004.The greening of brownfields in American cities579-6000Journal of Environmental Planning and Management474 brownfieldscThe redevelopment of brownfields has become a central component of government efforts to revitalize many US cities. While the focus of these efforts has concentrated on promoting industrial and commercial redevelopment, some cities have started to also consider converting brownfields into parks and open space as part of a more comprehensive renewal strategy. Based on a survey of 20 case studies, this paper identifies and discusses: (1) the primary issues involved in brownfield greening projects; (2) the benefits of such projects; and (3) the specific planning processes involved. The overall conclusion drawn from the survey is that numerous renewal-oriented benefits can ensue from greening projects, if there is extensive stakeholder commitment devoted to deal with its financial and development-oriented challenges. © 2004 University of Newcastle upon Tyne.DCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusoDepartment of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413, United States?De Sousa, C. A.2006xUnearthing the benefits of brownfield to green space projects: An examination of project use and quality of life impacts577-600Local Environment115 brownfieldsxThe redevelopment of brownfields and the creation of green space in cities are two initiatives that are gaining support in the US, for they are perceived to be important elements for fostering urban revitalization and more sustainable development. Although these initiatives have evolved separately, the two have started to converge as governments, local communities and other stakeholders begin to consider brownfields as potential locations for green space. A barrier to this convergence, however, has been the focus of brownfield efforts on redevelopment that garners direct economic benefits, as well as the lack of information regarding the benefits that brownfield to green space projects can bring about. This paper examines the utilization and quality of life impacts of three brownfield to green space projects from the perspective of those using them and the affected communities. The perceptions of respondents (combined N = 479) were assessed via three separate surveys, sharing common questions, which obtained written responses at the point of distribution or elicited mailed responses. The results indicate that these projects quickly achieve regular use and that users partake in a vast array of active and passive recreational activities. The projects also contribute in many ways to personal and community quality of life, particularly in terms of enhancing scenic beauty and neighbourhood appeal, improving access to trails, recreation space, and nature, boosting community pride, removing blight, improving physical fitness and raising property values. In all, 90% of those surveyed felt that green space was a good use for brownfields.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus5University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United Statesm?6Dickinson, N. M. Mackay, J. M. Goodman, A. Putwain, P.2000;Planting trees on contaminated soils: Issues and guidelines87-101"Land Contamination and Reclamation82]Guidelines Remediation Soil Toxicity Trees brownfields tree health urban soils pests diseasesTrees potentially provide one way of safely, effectively and economically managing low value contaminated land in the medium to long term. Despite concern about the toxic effects of soil pollution, it has become increasingly apparent that trees frequently survive and grow on soils containing levels of contamination a factor of 10 or 100 x higher than current guidance values. Current guidelines partly originate from attempts to predict toxicological limits for clean soils that are under threat of being progressively contaminated. This is not the issue in reclamation where the usual assumption that tree health is the most important environmental issue is incorrect. The real issue is whether planting trees alters the speciation, mobility and availability of toxic chemicals in soils and their subsequent dispersal to the wider environment. This paper provides a synthesis of the fundamental scientific and technical knowledge relating to soil toxicity and trees in the context of making informed decisions for risk management. A first step towards realistic guidelines is proposed. It is argued that in most situations risk reduction will be achieved by planting trees on urban and urban fringe contaminated soils. Tree planting may be particularly beneficial to the breakdown of organic contaminants, for the manipulation of heavy metal loadings and in developing healthy sustainable soils at brownfield sites.FCited By (since 1996): 11 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: ScopusuSchool of Biological and Earth Sci., Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom5}?Dommergues, Y. R.1996(Nitrogen fixation in actinorhizal plants663-679Acta Botanica Gallica1437$nitrogen nitrogen issues brownfieldslThe actinorhizal plants (AP) that exhibit the highest N-2-fixing potential belong to two genera : Alnus and Casuarina. Thus the N-2-fixing potential of 2-year old Casuarina equisetifolia is 116 kg N-2 ha(-1) an(-1), which is fairly high. In fact, the actual amount of N-2 fixed is often lower or much lower than the N-2-fixing potential because it is limited by various physical, chemical and biological constraints. Therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies aiming not only at optimising the potentialities of ''host plants x Frankia'' symbioses but also at alleviating the impact of limiting factors. Most relevant strategies are briefly described. Provided that their N-2-fixing potential is fully exploited, AP are ideal candidates in many systems of land use :production forestry (especially mixed-tree plantations), agroforestry (such as enriched fallows, alley cropping, intercropping, living fences) protective forestry (especially sand dune stabilisation and windbreaks), reclamation forestry (especially reclamation of eroded, salinized or wasted lands and phytoremediation), urban forestry and amenity plantations. 1253-8078ISI:A1996YC63200010 ? Enlow, C.2003Olmsted gets his due4-9Planning698 brownfields>On an old postcard, Seattle's Lake Washington Boulevard is an eyeful, with its super-saturated greens, blue water, winding road, and white-capped Mount Rainier set close against an azure sky. Now, nearly 100 years after the boulevard was completed, it looks much the same - a well-preserved example of more than 3,500 landscapes across the U.S. and Canada that were designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr., and his associates or by Olmsted Brothers Landscape Architecture between 1857 and 1950. The Olmsted spirit lives on in Seattle in two recent projects. One is the city's "ring of blue" strategy, which shifts the definition of open space away from traditional parks and plazas to the city streets. John Rahaim, director of the Seattle Design Commission, explained at the conference how Olmsted values can be used to set an agenda for the next century, even as cities like Seattle grapple with traffic pressures and tight budgets. Rahaim is working with Mithun, a Seattle architecture and planning firm, to create a second system of open space in the center of the city. This one, based on water views, will connect a handful of established destinations and planned projects through existing rights-of-way and scraps of city-owned land. Meanwhile, the city's most celebrated new park, being built mostly with private funding by the Seattle Art Museum, is in the final design stage. The 8.5-acre Olympic Sculpture Park will occupy a brownfield site north of the old working waterfront. It's the work of a design team lead by Weiss/Manfredi Architects with Charles Anderson Landscape Architecture.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus<Harvard's Grad. Sch. of Design, Cambridge, MA, United States }?JFetzer, R. Eskelsen, J. M. Huston, M. Gussman, C. Crouse, D. Helverson, R.2006URiverbank stabilization of lead contaminated soils using native plant vegetative caps217-230Soil & Sediment Contamination152brownfields runoffHamburg is a small borough located in Berks County, Pennsylvania. During the 1940s and 1950s, crushed automobile battery casings, containing high levels of lead, were used as fill in and around Hamburg. Several of the fill areas were along the eastern bank of the Schuylkill River and the Schuylkill River Canal. To reduce exposure to human and ecological receptors, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) initiated actions at several of the fill areas. Remediation actions at three of these fill areas, the Berry Property, the Hamburg Playground City, Playground, and the Port Clinton Avenue site, utilized native plants, slope stabilization, and soil caps. The Berry Property consisted of a flat, wooded area adjacent to the river. The Hamburg Playground consisted of a steep wooded slope between the river and the parking lot for the municipal park. The Port Clinton Avenue site consisted of flat and sloped, wooded, and old-field areas between the canal and Port Chilton Avenue. At each of the three sites, some of the contaminated soils were excavated and the remainder was graded and capped. The clean soil cap was then covered with an erosion control mat, seeded with native grasses, and planted with native shrubs. At the Hamburg Playground and Port Clinton Avenue site, the existing trees and much of the existing vegetation were maintained to preserve the slope stability and the natural environment. Great care was taken to ensure community access to the municipal park. Some of the important considerations included retaining the existing trees, dealing with invasive species, maintaining the plants during a drought, and channeling storm-water runoff. The work was coordinated with the Hamburg Borough Council, the Schuylkill River Greenway Association, and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP). The actions resulted in a stabillized slope with channelized storm water to control erosion and protect the river a clean soil and plant cover that eliminates exposure to human and animal receptors, and an aesthetically pleasing and usable area that meets the needs of the community and the local conservation/environmental organization. 1532-0383ISI:000235980400007}? Hakanson, L.1994AA Review on Effect-Dose-Sensitivity Models for Aquatic Ecosystems621-667/Internationale Revue Der Gesamten Hydrobiologie794 brownfieldsEffect-dose-sensitivity (EDS) models for entire ecosystems, like lakes and defined coastal areas, ought to play a paramount role for environmental sciences and management. The aim of EDS-models is to provide quantitative predictions relating operationally defined ecological effect parameters to compatible dose and sensitivity parameters. Empirically validated EDS-models provide a tool to simulate ecosystem effects of practically feasible remedial measures. The main objective of this paper is to give a compilation of existing EDS-models for aquatic ecosystems. The aim is not to repeat derivations and equations but to present some basic components of EDS-models, their presuppositions and applicability. Since, at present, there exist EDS-models for mercury, radiocesium and phosphorus in lakes and nutrients (N and P) in coastal areas, this compilation can be rather short. To the best of the authors knowledge, there exist no EDS-models (that meet the criteria given in this work) for other types of ecosystems (like forests, agricultural land, urban areas, etc.) or for other types of contaminants (like metals, acidifying substances, halogenated toxins, etc.). Another aim is to clarify the difference between traditional mass-balance models (i.e., dynamic models) and ecometric (i.e., statistical/empirical models) EDS-models, and to give examples of EDS-models based on both these modelling approaches, and techniques (dimensionless moderators) to link these two ways of modelling. The paper also gives examples of the practical use of EDS-models. A new ecometric EDS-model for nutrients in coastal areas, where the oxygen concentration of the bottom water is used as an effect parameter, is presented. The idea with this part is also to give the steps in the ecometric derivation of EDS-models. 0020-9309ISI:A1994QA61500008?Hutchings, T. R.2002/The establishment of trees on contaminated land359-376Arboricultural Journal264brownfields urban soilsWoodland is an important component of the urban landscape, improving its appearance and social value, and thereby contributing to economic regeneration. It is estimated that over 300,000 ha of land in the UK may be contaminated. Woodland provides a 'soft' end-use that requires less stringent remediation objectives than, for example, the building of residential properties. Remediation of contaminated land can be achieved by removing or treating the pollutant; breaking or removing the pathway; or protecting or removing the receptor. Woodland establishment has the potential to satisfy all such criteria. Trees are effective at stabilising contaminated land by reducing soil erosion and off-site particulate migration. They can also promote the microbial breakdown of many organic contaminants and help to remove the fraction of metalliferous pollutants that is available to plants, thereby reducing the transfer of contamination and potential exposure to humans and the environment. Trees can, however, acidify soil, which may lead to the mobilisation of some contaminants (particularly the heavy metals). Current evidence suggests that woodland has a strong and positive part to play in the future development of contaminated land, but the use of trees for safe and effective reclamation must be based upon a predictive risk-benefit assessment. Our work continues towards the provision of guidance and the development of assessment methods to enable a determination of the viability, implications and rewards of tree planting on contaminated land.'Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Beckett, K.P., Freer-Smith, P.H., Taylor, G., Urban woodlands: Their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution (1998) Environmental Pollution, 99, pp. 347-360; Broadmeadow, M., Beckett, P., Jackson, S., Freer-Smith, P., Taylor, G., Trees and pollution abatement (1998) Forest Research - Annual Report and Accounts 1997-1998, pp. 37-43. , The Stationery Office, London; Burton, K.W., Morgan, E., Roig, A., Interactive effects of cadmium, copper and nickel on the growth of Sitka spruce and studies of metal uptake from nutrient solutions (1986) New Phytologist, 103, pp. 549-557; Carr, R., (2002) An Investigation Into the Variation of Phyto-Available Potentially Toxic Trace Metals Across a Contaminated Site Using Indicator Species, and the Use of Bone Meal As a Potential Soil Amendment to Aid Phytoremediation, , MSc Dissertation, Department Of Soil Science, University Of Reading; Denny, H.J., Wilkins, D.A., Zinc tolerance in Betula spp. IV. The mechanism of ectomycorrhizal amelioration of zinc toxicity (1987) New Phytologist, 106, pp. 545-553; (2000) Contaminated Land: Implementation of Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990, , Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions DETR Circular 2/2000. The Stationery Office, London; Dickinson, N.M., Mackay, J.M., Goodman, A., Putwain, P., Planting trees on contaminated land: Issues and guidelines (2000) Land Contamination and Reclamation, 8, pp. 87-101; Dixon, R.K., Response of ectomycorrhizal Quercus rubra to soil cadmium, nickel and lead (1988) Soil Biol. Biochem, 20, pp. 555-559; (1999) ENDS Report, 297, pp. 45-48. , ENDS April target for new contaminated land regime in England. Environmental Data Services, London; Fergusson, J.E., Hayes, R.W., Yong, T.S., Thiew, S.H., Heavy metal pollution by traffic in Christchurch, New Zealand: Lead and cadmium content of dust, soil, and plant samples (1980) New Zealand Journal of Soil Science, 23, pp. 293-310; Ferro, A., Kennedy, J., Knight, D., Phyto-remediation of soils contaminated with pentachlorophenol and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (354). In situ and On-site Bioremediation (1997) Battelle 4th International Symposium, , New Orleans; (1999) England Forestry Strategy, , Forestry Commission A New Focus for England's Woodlands. Strategic Priorities and Programmes. Cambridge; Goransson, A., Philippot, S., The use of fast growing trees as 'Metalcollectors' (1994) Willow Vegetation Filters for Municipal Wastewaters and Sludges, , Proceedings of a Study Tour, Conference and Workshop in Sweden 5-10 June; Hoagland, D.R., Arnon, D.I., The water culture method for growing plants without soil (1941) Miscellaneous Publications No. 3514, 347, p. 461. , Californian Agricultural Experimental Station; Hodson, M.E., Valsami-Jones, E., Cotter-Howells, J.D., Bonemeal additions as a remediation treatment for metal contaminated soil (2000) Environmental Science and Technology, 34, pp. 3501-3507; Hoogenboom, G., Huck, M.G., Peterson, C.M., Root growth rate of soybean as affected by drought stress (1987) Argonomist Journal, 79, pp. 607-614; Guidance on the assessment and redevelopment of contaminated land (1987) Interdepartmental Committee on the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land Guidance Note 59/83 2nd Edition, , ICRCL Department of the Environment, London; Manceau, A., Boisset, M.C., Sarret, G., Hazemann, J.L., Mench, M., Cambier, P., Prost, R., Direct determination of lead speciation in contaminated soil by EXAFS spectroscopy (1996) Environmental Science and Technology, 30, pp. 1540-1552; McCreight, J.D., Schroeder, D.B., Inhibition of growth of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi by cadmium, lead and nickel in vitro (1982) Environ. Exp. Bot., 22, pp. 1-7; Moffat, A.J., Forestry and soil protection in the UK (1991) Soil Use and Management, 7, pp. 145-151; Perry, L.M., (2001) A Comparison of Sediment Transport from Coniferous and Deciduous Planted Areas in the Tamar Valley, , MSc Dissertation, Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology, University Of Reading; Perry, D., Handley, J., (2000) The Potential for Woodland on Urban and Industrial Wasteland, , Forestry Commission Technical Paper 29, Edinburgh; Riddell-Black, D., Heavy metal uptake by fast growing willow species (1994) Willow Vegetation Filters for Municipal Wastewaters and Sludges: A Biological Purification System, pp. 145-151. , Aronsson, P. and Perttu, K. (eds) Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet: Report 50, Uppsala, Sweden; Schnoor, J.L., Licht, L.A., Deep-rooted poplar trees as an innovative treatment technology for pesticide and toxic organics removal from groundwater (1990) Technical Progress Report, , Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University; Schnoor, J.L., Licht, L.A., McCutcheon, S.C., Wolfe, N.L., Carreira, L.H., Phyto-remediation of organic and nutrient contaminants (1995) Environmental Science and Technology, 29, pp. 318A-323A; Sheridon, J.M., Lowrance, R., Bosch, D.D., Management effects on runoff and sediment transport in riparian forest buffers (1999) Transactions of the ASAE, 42, pp. 55-64. , Tifton, GA; Wilkinson, D.M., Dickinson, N.M., Metal resistance in trees: The role of mycorrhizae (1995) Oikos, 72, pp. 298-300; Williamson, N.A., Johnson, M.S., Bradshaw, A.D., (1982) Mine Wastes Reclamation, , Mining Journal Books Ltd., London>Environmental Research Branch, Farnham, Surrey, United KingdomY?Jorgensen, A. Tylecote, M.2007;Ambivalent landscapes - Wilderness in the urban interstices443-462Landscape Research324oAmbivalence Brownfield sites Interstitial Trees Urban woodland Wasteland brownfields design issues urban designThis paper explores the origins and development of ambivalent responses to particular contemporary urban landscapes in historical ideas about human relationships with nature and wilderness, and suggests that post-modern wilderness may be found in the urban interstices: in woodland, abandoned allotments, river corridors, derelict or brownfield sites and especially areas in which the spontaneous growth of vegetation through natural succession suggests that nature is in control. We propose that these interstitial wilderness landscapes have numerous important functions as well as being rich repositories of meaning with implications both for theorizing nature-human relationships and for urban landscape planning and design.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusHDepartment of Landscape, Sheffield University, Sheffield, United Kingdom}?Kapustka, L. A.2004]Do PAHs pose unacceptable ecological risks to terrestrial receptors at hazardous waste sites?233-243$Human and Ecological Risk Assessment102brownfields urban soilsAprPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are identified as Constituents of Potential Concern (CoPC) at many hazardous waste sites because of disposal, spills, leaking storage tanks, and incineration. The Superfund Public Information System (SPIS) RODs and CERCLIS Information database covering the period fiscal years 1996-4998 were queried for information on PAHs in soils. Forty-five sites were identified that had PAHs in soil. Predominantly, the sites were munitions facilities or military bases. Of the 45 sites, only two concluded that adverse ecological effects were occurring from PAHs. At both sites, the conclusions were based on Hazard Quotients (HQs) exceeding 1.0. For 29 sites, PAHs were characterized "as not posing an adverse effect" to plants or invertebrates. PAHs appeared not to pose an adverse effect at five other sites, but the information was equivocal. At another five sites, there "was too little information to evaluate possible PAH effects," though PAHs did not figure in the remediation options. Empirical evidence indicates that wildlife exposures via food are mostly from foliar deposition, which tends to be low away from urban areas. To date, there is no evidence that PAHs in soils at hazardous waste sites result in adverse effects to plants, invertebrates, or wildlife. 1080-7039ISI:000221195900004}}?TKarlen, D. L. Mausbach, M. J. Doran, J. W. Cline, R. G. Harris, R. F. Schuman, G. E.1997ASoil quality: A concept, definition, and framework for evaluation4-10'Soil Science Society of America Journal611brownfields water qualityJan-FebKThis essay summarizes deliberation by the Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) Ad Hoc Committee on Soil Quality (S-581) and was written to spur discussion among SSSA members. Varying perceptions of soil quality have emerged since the concept was suggested in the early 1990s, and dialogue among members is important because, unlike air and water quality, legislative standards for soil quality have not been and perhaps should not be defined. In simplest terms, soil quality is ''the capacity (of soil) to function''. This definition, based on function, reflects the living and dynamic nature of soil. Soil quality can be conceptualized as a three-legged stool, the function and balance of which requires an integration of three major components-sustained biological productivity, environmental quality, and plant and animal health. The concept attempts to balance multiple soil uses (e.g., for agricultural production, remediation of wastes, urban development, forest, range, or recreation) with goals for environmental quality. Assessing soil quality will require collaboration among all disciplines of science to examine and interpret their results in the context of land management strategies, interactions, and trade-offs. Society is demanding solutions from science. Simply measuring and reporting the response of an individual soil parameter to a given perturbation or management practice is no longer sufficient. The soil resource must be recognized as a dynamic living system that emerges through a unique balance and interaction of its biological, chemical, and physical components. We encourage SSSA members to consider the concept of soil quality (perhaps as a marketing tool) and to debate how it might enable us to more effectively meet the diverse natural resource needs and concerns of our rural, urban, and suburban clientele of today and tomorrow. 0361-5995ISI:A1997WH68000001/?Kim, K. D. Lee, E. J.2005IPotential tree species for use in the restoration of unsanitary landfills1-14Environmental Management361!Adaptable species Black locust Landfill Restoration South Korea Unsanitary landfill nitrogen nitrogen issues brownfields water runoff adaptable species black locust landfill restoration South Korea unsanitary landfill ROBINIA-PSEUDOACACIA L GROWTH DIVERSITY NITROGEN STANDS economic issues Given that they represent the most economical option for disposing of refuse, waste landfills are widespread in urban areas. However, landfills generate air and water pollution and require restoration for landscape development. A number of unsanitary waste landfills have caused severe environmental problems in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the colonization status of different tree species on waste landfills to assess their potential for restoring unsanitary landfills in South Korea. Plot surveys were conducted using 10 × 10-m quadrats at seven waste landfill sites: Bunsuri, Dugiri, Hasanundong, Gomaeri, Kyongseodong, Mojeonri, and Shindaedong. We determined the height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and number of tree species in the plots, and enumerated all saplings ? 1 m high. Because black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia, was the dominant tree species in the waste landfills, we measured the distance from the presumed mother plant (i.e., the tallest black locust in a patch), height, and DBH of all individuals in black locust patches to determine patch structure. Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix koreensis, and Populus sieboldii formed canopy layers in the waste landfills. The basal area of black locust was 1.51 m2/ha, and this species had the highest number of saplings among all tree species. The diameter of the black locust patches ranged from 3.71 to 11.29 m. As the patch diameter increased, the number of regenerated saplings also tended to increase, albeit not significantly. Black locust invaded via bud banks and spread clonally in a concentric pattern across the landfills. This species grew well in the dry habitat of the landfills, and its growth rate was very high. Furthermore, black locust has the ability to fix nitrogen symbiotically; it is therefore considered a well-adapted species for waste landfills. Eleven woody species were selected for screening: Acer palmatum, Albizzia julibrissin, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, Ginkgo biloba, Hibiscus syriacus, Koelreuteria paniculata, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Liriodendron tulipifera, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus thunbergii, and Sophora japonica. As a result of a comparison of the total ratio (sum of shoot extension and diameter growth at the landfill relative to a reference site) and mortality, six species (Liriodendron tulipifera, Albizzia julibrissin, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, Hibiscus syriacus, and Sophora japonica), which had a total ratio >1 and experienced low mortality, are recommended as potentially suitable species for waste landfill remediation. We suggest that mixed plantations of ubiquitous adaptable species and naturally occurring black locust will enhance the landscape through synergistic effects. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.!Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Allen, S.E., (1974) Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials, , Blackwell Scientific Oxford; Batzli, J.M., Graves, W.R., Van Van Berkum, P., Diversity among Rhizobia effective with Robinia pseudoacacia L (1992) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, pp. 2137-2143; Boring, L.R., Swank, W.T., Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in regeneration black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) stands (1984) Forest Science, 30, pp. 528-537; Chan, Y.S.G., Root growth patterns of two nitrogen-fixing trees under landfill conditions (1997) Land Contamination and Reclamation, 5, pp. 55-62; Chan, Y.S.G., Wong, M.H., Whitton, B.A., Effects of landfill gas on subtropical woody plants (1991) Environmental Management, 15, pp. 411-431; Chan, Y.S.G., Wong, M.H., Whitton, B.A., Effects of landfill factors on tree cover - A field survey at 13 landfill sites in Hong Kong (1996) Land Contamination and Reclamation, 4, pp. 115-129; Cho, H.D., The absorption and purification of air pollutants and heavy metals by selected trees in Kwangju (1999) Journal of Korean Forestry Society, 88, pp. 510-522; Chong, C.W., Chu, L.M., Screening native species for revegetating "newly restores" landfills in Hong Kong (2002) Proceedings of the VIII INTECOL International Congress of Ecology, p. 46. , 11-18 August 2002, Seoul; Converse, C.K., (1984) Element Stewardship Abstract for Robinia Pseudoacacia. the Nature Conservancy Report, , Arlington Virginia; Converse, T.E., Betters, D.R., Biomass yield equations for short rotation black locust plantations in the Central Great Plains (1995) Biomass and Bioenergy, 8, pp. 251-254; Crook, C.S., The feasibility of tree planting on landfill containment sites (1992) Arboricultural Journal, 16, pp. 229-241; Dobson, M.C., Moffat, A.J., Examination on tree and root performance on closed landfills in Merseyside (1999) Arboricultural Journal, 23, pp. 261-272; Duell, R.W., Leone, I.A., Flower, F.B., Effect of landfill gases on soil and vegetation (1986) Pollution Engineering, 18, pp. 38-40; Gilman, E.F., (1980) Determining the Adaptability of Woody Species, Planting Techniques and the Critical Factors for Vegetation Completed Refuse Landfill Sites, 340p. , Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Gilman, E.F., Effects of landfill gas on trees, shrubs and turf (1981) Bulletin of the New Jersey Shade Tree Federation, 54, pp. 13-16; Gilman, E.F., Tree root depth relative to landfill tolerance (1989) Hortscience, 24, p. 857; Gilman, E.F., Leone, I.A., Flower, F.B., Factors affecting tree growth on resource recovery residual landfills. Potential hazards of the heavy metals to plants and animals (1976) Proceedings of 1980 National Waste Processing Conference: Resource Recovery Today and Tomorrow, pp. 147-153. , 15 November, New York; Gilman, E.F., Leone, I.A., Flower, F.B., The adaptability of 19 woody species in vegetating a former sanitary landfill (1981) Forest Science, 27, pp. 13-18; Gilman, E.F., Leone, I.A., Flower, F.B., Influence of soil gas contamination on tree root growth (1982) Plant and Soil, 65, pp. 3-10; Gilman, E.F., Leone, I.A., Flower, F.B., Effect of soil compaction and oxygen content on vertical and horizontal root distribution (1987) Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 5, pp. 33-36; (2004) Climate Report, p. 8. , Gyeonggi Provincial Government. Gyeonggi Provincial Government Suwon; Hong, S.J., Song, S.D., Symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity and environmental factors of Robinia pseudo-acacia L (1990) Korean Journal of Ecology, 13, pp. 93-100; Jose, S., Gillespie, A.R., George, S.J., Kumar, B.M., Vegetation responses along edge-to-interior gradients in a high altitude tropical forest in peninsular India (1996) Forest Ecology and Management, 87, pp. 51-62; Kaur, R., Buckley, B., Park, S.S., Kim, Y.K., Cooper, K.R., Toxicity test of Nanji island landfill (Seoul, Korea) leachate using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryo larval assay (1996) Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 57, pp. 84-90; Kim, E.H., Kim, H.S., Sung, N.C., Heo, J.S., Characteristics of leachate with passed time in expired landfill (1997) Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture, 16, pp. 136-141; Kim, K.D., (2001) Vegetation Structure and Ecological Restoration of the Waste Landfills in Seoul Metropolitan Area, 186p. , Ph.D. Thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul; Kim, M.Y., Kim, K.H., Cho, S.J., Lee, M.H., The distribution characteristics of CH4 and CO2 from the infiltrated ventpipes of the Nan-Ji-Do landfill site (2002) Journal of Korean Earth Science Society, 23, pp. 270-279; (1978) Illustrated Plants for Landscape Gardening, p. 368. , Korea Landscape Gardening Corporation. MyungBoMunHwaSa Seoul; Lee, K.J., Cho, W., Han, B.H., Restoration and status of urban ecosystem in Seoul (1996) Korean Society of Environmental and Ecology, 10, pp. 113-127; Lee, S.M., Park, J.W., Lee, S.B., Surface efflux gas on Nan-Ji Do landfill (1996) Journal of Korea Solid Wastes Engineering Society, 13, pp. 400-406; Lee, T.B., (1999) Illustrated Flora of Korea, pp. 990pp. , HyangMunSa Seoul; Leone, I.A., Flower, F.B., Arther, J.J., Gilman, E.F., Plant damage from sanitary refuse landfill gases (1979) Environmental Pollution and Toxicology: Proceedings of International Symposium, pp. 215-221. , November, New Delhi; Maekawa, M., Nakagoshi, N., Impact of biological invasion of Robinia pseudo-acacia on zonation and species diversity of dune vegetation in Central Japan (1997) Japanese Journal of Ecology, 47, pp. 131-143; Marton, D., Landfill revegetation: The hidden assets (1996) World Wastes, 39, pp. 68-76; Mavropoulos, A., Kaliampakos, D., International report: Uncontrolled landfill investigation -A case study in Athens (1999) Waste Management and Research, 17, pp. 159-164; (2003) The Status of Closed Waste Landfills, p. 38. , Ministry of Environment. Ministry of Environment Materials. Ministry of Environment Seoul; Norgren, O., Growth analysis of Scots pine and lodgepole pine seedling (1996) Forest Ecology and Management, 86, pp. 15-26; Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R., (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, p. 1159. , American Society of Agronomy, Inc., and Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Wisconsin; Panagopoulos, T., Hatzistathis, A., Early growth of Pinus nigra and Robinia pseudoacacia stands: Contribution to soil genesis and landscape improvement on lignite spoils in Ptolemaida (1995) Landscape and Urban Planning, 32, pp. 19-29; Reinsvold, R.J., Pope, P.E., Combined effect of soil nitrogen and phosphorus on nodulation and growth of Robinia pseudoacacia (1987) Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17, pp. 964-969; Robinson, G.R., Handel, S.N., Woody plant roots fail to penetrate a clay-lined landfill: Management implications (1995) Environmental Management, 19, pp. 57-64; Robinson, G.R., Handel, S.N., Directing spatial patterns of recruitment during an experimental urban woodland reclamation (2000) Ecological Application, 10, pp. 174-188; Sabre, M., Karen, D.H., Cairns Jr., J., Analysis of patterns of vegetation establishment on a restored landfill (1994) Bulletin of the ESA, 75, p. 201; (1985) SAS/STAT Guide for Personal Guide, p. 378. , SAS Institute. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, North Carolina; Sheldrick, B.H., Wang, C., Carter, M.R., Particle size distribution (1993) Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, pp. 507-509. , Lewis Publishers Boca Raton, Florida; Simmons, E., Restoration of landfill sites for ecological diversity (1999) Waste Management and Research, 17, pp. 511-519; Sokal, R., Rohlf, F.J., (1995) Biometry, p. 887. , W. H. Freeman and Company New York; Tosh, J.E., Senior, E., Watson-Craik, I.A., Landfill site restoration: The inimical challenges of ethylene and methane (1994) Environmental Pollution, 83, pp. 335-340; Wanru, D., Yue, Xilian, Study on the rehabilitation of an artificial ecosystem of vegetation on a waste landfill site (1994) Huanjing Kexue, 15, pp. 53-58; Wilde, S.A., (1958) Forest Soils, Their Properties and Relation to Silviculture, p. 537. , Ronalt Press New York; Woo, J.H., Ahn, I.S., Park, Y.K., Role of black locust as an environmental tree (1997) Proceedings of Black Locust Research Symposium VI, pp. 36-55. , Seoul; Wyckoff, P.H., Webb, S.L., Understory influence of the invasive Norway maple (Acer platanoides) (1996) Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 123, pp. 197-205; Yun, C.W., Oh, S.H., Lee, J.H., Joo, S.H., Hong, S.C., Prediction of succession and silvicultural control in the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) plantation (1999) Journal of Korean Forestry Society, 88, pp. 229-239Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, Box 354115, Seattle, WA 98195-4115, United States School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea|?KLangholtz, M. Carter, D. R. Rockwood, D. L. Alavalapati, J. R. R. Green, A.2005sEffect of dendrorernediation incentives on the profitability of short-rotation woody cropping of Eucalyptus grandis806-817Forest Policy and Economics75brownfields economic issuesAug~Reclamation of municipal wastewater is one of the growing concerns of expanding urban centers. Tree crops are thought to provide not only an effective remediation solution but also a desirable rural landscape in the wildland-urban interface (WUI). Economic incentives can contribute to the economic viability of dendroremediation of reclaimed water in the WUI. A modified Faustmann optimization model has been applied to address the dendroremediation of municipal wastewater under Eucalyptus grandis coppice systems. Results suggest that each $1 kg(-1) N increase in the dendroremediation incentive increases forestland value by $223-376 ha(-1) ($90-152 acre(-1)), depending on the interest rate and site productivity. Profitability is highly sensitive to the cost of irrigation and the growth function, both of which might be controllable. Accounting for the dendroremediation service as a flow benefit rather than a stock benefit increases net returns by $61-64 ha(-1) ($25-26 acre(-1)) and $138-148 ha(-1) ($56-60 acre(-1)) assuming dendroremediation incentives of $1.50 and $3.50 kg(-1) N, respectively. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. Sp. Iss. SI 1389-9341ISI:000231676500010? Lewis, J.2005IThe potential fate of leftover green space areas in Loughborough-Garendon43-54Arboricultural Journal291 brownfieldsResearch examined the role of left over green space (LOGS) in the urban environment. The role of central government, regional development agency an the local authority were critically reviewed. The study also examined the relevance of some of the current Government guidelines and planning polices, in particular the 'Sustainable Communities Plan' (ODPM, 2003). The Sustainable Communities Plan forms part of the government sustainab le development policy and includes the provision of urban green spaces (UGS). The Government's interpretation of the meaning and implementation of sustainable development continues to evolve and as they are updated there is often overlap which creates confusion. LOGS are an important a spect of UGS but they are often seen as derelict or brownfield sites. They are under threat from development within urban boundaries but if development is allowed to go ahead it could result in the loss of 5% of the most important UGS. © AB Academic Publishers 2005.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus930 Milton Street, Leicestershire LE11 5JZ, United Kingdom? Moffat, A. J.2001]Increasing woodland in urban areas in the UK - Meeting ecological and environmental standards198-205International Forestry Review33IBrownfield land Community forestry Land reclamation Standards brownfieldsUK Government policy to increase woodland in and around urban areas is making progress. Several initiatives involving the Forestry Commission are working to this end. Many of the opportunities for new woodland occur on land affected by previous industrial uses. Such land usually presents a range of hostile physical and chemical properties and these must be countered if sustainable woodland is to be established. Minimum reclamation standards have been proposed which deliver a suitable substrate for trees, and are acceptable environmentally, but the new challenge is to ensure compliance with them. Reclamation research has been important in establishing what is possible, and it has been broadened to take account of the full range of brownfield land types where woodland may be desirable.CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus`Forestry Commission Forest Res. Stn., Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, United Kingdom? Opper, R. G.2005The brownfield manifesto163-190 Urban Lawyer371brownfields urban soilsGrowing intelligently, or "Smart Growth," suggests many strategies for sustainable communities that will not continue to exploit our dwindling open space resources. One of these strategies maximizes re-using land that, while often conveniently located near or in the midst of our urban communities, has resisted redevelopment because of contamination. The mere expectation or possibility of the existence of contamination-as opposed to its known existence-often creates sufficient aversion in real estate re-developers to avoid those projects. This is clearly because of the cost and time uncertainties in resolving the issues of hazardous materials. The problem is compounded because hazardous materials are almost ubiquitous in the urban landscape and are sometimes the unavoidable residue of even non-industrial human activities. Consider the impacts of lead emissions from early leaded-gasoline powered traffic in almost all of our downtown areas. The sensitivity of modern testing now reveals lead on urban soils that is attributable to airborne deposits. Lead, in sufficient quantity, is a dangerous toxin. An empty downtown lot, once tested, may be found to have a coating of hazardous waste simply deposited from the air. These sites and others run the gamut. Some can create serious threats in our communities, others less so. This article explores the challenges to redeveloping these lands, our brownfields, which are still burdened by that most powerful law-the law of unintended consequences.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus1Opper and Varco LLP, San Diego, CA, United States? Pahlen, G. Glo?ckner, S.20045Sustainable regeneration of European brownfield sites221-232?Brownfield Sites II: Assessment, Rehabilitation and DevelopmentrBrownfield regeneration Sustainable brownfield regeneration Sustainable development Urban regeneration brownfields Brownfield regeneration combines the three pillars of sustainable development like hardly any other field of application: economically, by generating development and employment in often deprived urban areas; environmentally, by remediating environmental hazards of the industrial past and saving previously undeveloped open space; socially, by bringing new life to urban areas, offering new opportunities for the communities and generating pride and identification with neighbourhoods, cities and regions. Thus, brownfield regeneration is a key element of sustainable urban development. Despite this general consensus about the positive impacts of brownfield regeneration on sustainable development, the elements which constitute sustainable brownfield regeneration itself are not so clear: Which requirements do brownfield projects have to meet to be sustainable? Which practices and tools can help to meet these requirements? The European RTD project RESCUE, Regeneration of European Sites in Cities and Urban Environments, for the first time integrates the principles of sustainability into brownfield regeneration, defining criteria for the sustainable regeneration of industrial brownfield sites in Europe. This paper outlines the content, objectives and intermediate results of RESCUE.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus+Montan-Grundstucksgesellschaft MbH, Germany 6?!1Rawlinson, H. Dickinson, N. Nolan, P. Putwain, P.2004IWoodland establishment on closed old-style landfill sites in N.W. England265-280Forest Ecology and Management2021-3community forestry Brownfield reclamation urban forestry GROWTH SOIL VEGETATION LEACHATE monitoring design issues buffers community issues brownfields native speciesA large-scale field experiment on 11 closed old-style landfill sites aims to identify the constraints to tree survival and growth, and the opportunity for restoration to community forestry. This paper analyses survival and growth during the first 3 years. A preliminary site investigation showed that the main environmental constraints to tree growth were soil depth, site exposure, soil compaction, waterlogging and low soil oxygen. None of the sites were suitable for forestry according to current guidelines. Thirty-nine plots (mostly 40 m × 40 m) at the 11 landfill sites were each planted with 21 woody species, amounting to 8 ha of experimental plots within 14 ha of buffer zone planting. All planting stock was of the same origin, planted at the same time in a randomised-block design. Despite herbicide applications, weed competition had the largest inhibitory effect on establishment in the first year. Patterns of survival and growth were contradictory; often species with poor survival rates grew well and vice versa. The most successful species were late successional species (compared to pioneers), native species (compared to exotics), shrubs (compared to trees) and broadleaves (compared to conifers). Eight of the 21 species could be recommended to be good general choices for landfill sites. It is concluded that all sites were suitable for community forestry, although two sites would require additional soil amendment. Species recommendations to suit a particular range of environmental determinants at other landfill sites is complicated by the mound-like shape of landfills and a high degree of within-site and within-plot variability; this was a more important determinant of mortality and growth than was the particular species planted. Differences between plots were reflected in mortality data, whereas growth data separated differences between species. Monitoring of the plots and further experimental work at the sites will continue for at least 15 years. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Cited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Barnes, B.V., Zak, D.R., Denton, S.R., Spurr, S.H., (1998) Forest Ecology, , 4th ed. Wiley New York; Chan, Y.S.G., Chu, L.M., Wong, M.H., Influence of landfill factors on plants and soil fauna (1997) Environ. Pollut., 97, pp. 39-44; Chan, Y.S.G., Wong, M.H., Whitton, B.A., Effects of landfill gas on growth and nitrogen fixation of two leguminous trees (Acacia confusaLeucena leucocephala) (1999) Water Air Soil Pollut., 107, pp. 409-421; Chan, Y.S.G., Wong, M.H., Whitton, B.A., Effects of landfill leachate on growth and nitrogen fixation of two leguminous trees (Acacia confusaLeucena leucocephala) (1999) Water Air Soil Pollut., 111, pp. 29-40; Cowan, D., The use of biosolids in the restoration of Town Lane Landfill, Southport (1998) Land Reclamation: Achieving Sustainable Benefits, pp. 83-88. , H.R. Fox H.M. Moore S. Elliot Balkema Rotterdam; Crook, C., The feasability of tree planting on landfill containment sites (1992) Arbor. J., 16, pp. 229-241; Cureton, P.M., Groenuelt, P.H., McBride, R.A., Landfill leachate recirculation: Effects on vegetation vigour and clay surface cover infiltration (1991) J. Environ. Qual., 20, pp. 17-24; Dickinson, N.M., Strategies for sustainable woodlands on contaminated soils (2000) Chemosphere, 41, pp. 259-263; Dickinson, N.M., MacKay, J.M., Goodman, A., Putwain, P., Planting trees on contaminated soils: Issues and guidelines (2000) Land Contam. Reclam., 8, pp. 87-101; Dobson, M.C., Moffat, A.J., (1993) The potential for woodland establishment on landfill sites, , HMSO London; Dobson, M.C., Moffat, A.J., (1995) Research Information Note 263, , Site Capability Assessment for Woodland Creation on Landfills, Forestry Commission, Edinburgh; Doe, (1986) Waste Management Paper 26: Landfilling Wastes. Department of the Environment, , HMSO London; Fasham, M., Wildlife management and habitat creation on landfill sites: A manual of best practice (2000) Ecoscope Applied Ecologists, p. 192. , Muker; Fox, G.A., Failure-time analysis: Emergence, flowering, survivorship and other waiting times (1993) Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments, , M. Scheiner J. Gurivitch Chapman and Hall New York; Gamborg, C., Larsen, J.B., Back to nature: A sustainable future for forests (2003) Forest Ecol. Manage., 179, pp. 59-571; Handley, J.F., Perry, D., Woodland expansion on damaged land: Reviewing the potential (1998) Q. J. Forestry, 97, pp. 297-306; Harris, J.A., Birch, P., Palmer, J., (1996) Land Restoration and Reclamation: Principles and Practice, , Longman Harlow; Hilger, H.A., Wollum, A.G., Barlaz, M.A., Landfill methane oxidation response to vegetation, fertilization, and liming (2000) J. Environ. Qual., 29, pp. 324-334; (1987) Inter-Departmental Committee on the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land: Guidance Notes (59/83), , Report no. ICRCL 59/83. HMSO, London; Jorgman Ter Braak, C.J.F.R.H., Van Tongenen, O.F.R., (1995) Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology, , Cambridge University Press Cambridge; Le Duc, M.G., Havill, D.C., Competition between Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus in an ancient wood in England: Seedling survivorship (1998) J. Veget. Sci., 9, pp. 873-880; Liang, J.S., Zhang, J.H., Chan, G.Y.S., Wong, M.H., Can differences in root responses to soil drying and compaction explain differences in performance of trees growing on landfill sites? (1999) Tree Phys., 19, pp. 619-624; MacKay, J.M., Hesketh, F.B., The Mersey Forest and Red Rose Forest Landfill Woodlands Project (1998) Land Reclamation: Achieving Sustainable Benefits, pp. 65-71. , H.A. Fox H.M. Moore S. Elliott Balkema Rotterdam; MacKay, J.M., Richardson, I., Community forest woodland on former landfill sites (1996) Aspects Appl. Biol., 44, pp. 293-300; Matthews, J.D., Implementing forest policy in the lowlands of Britain (1994) Forestry, 67, pp. 1-12; Matthews, J.D., (1999) Sylvicultural Systems, , Oxford University Press Oxford; Forest, M., (2000) Creating community woodland on closed landfill sites, , The Mersey Forest Warrington, UK; Moffat, A.J., Houston, T.J., Tree establishment and growth at Pitsea landfill site, Essex, UK (1991) Waste Mange. Res., 9, pp. 35-46; Moffat, A.J., Laing, J., An audit of woodland and performance on reclaimed land in England (2003) Arbor. J., 27, pp. 11-25; Moffat, A.J., McNeill, J.D., (1994) Reclaiming Disturbed Land for Forestry: Forestry Commission Bulletin 110, , HMSO London; Packham, J.R., Harding, D.J.L., Hilton, G.M., Stuttard, R.A., (1992) Functional Ecology of Woodlands and Forests, , Chapman and Hall London; Rawlinson, H., Putwain, P.D., Dickinson, N.M., Constraints to the establishment of community woodlands on closed landfill sites (2000) Aspects Appl. Biol., 58, pp. 123-128; Rawlinson, H.A., (2001) The Establishment of Community Woodlands on Closed Landfill Sites, , Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool, UK; (1990) SAS User's Guide: Statistics. Version 6, 4th Ed., , SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina; Ter Braak, C.J.F., (1998) CANOCO. Version 4.0, , Wageningen; Van Den Driessche, R., Phosphorus, copper and zinc supply levels influence growth and nutrition of a young Populus trichocarpa (Torr and Gray) x P. deltoides (Bartr. ex Marsh) hybrid (2000) New Forests, 19, pp. 143-157; Wolstenholme, R., Dutch, J., Moffat, A.J., Bayes, D.D., Taylor, C.M.A., (1992) A manual of good practice for the use of sewage sludge in forestry, , HMSO London; Wong, M.H., Soil and plant characteristics of landfill sites near Merseyside (1988) Eng. Environ. Manage., 12, pp. 491-499School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, Univ. Liverpool, Liverpool L. Sch. of Biol. and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St., Liverpool L3 3AF, England The Mersey Forest, Ordnance Avenue, Risley Moss, Warrington WA3 6QX, E. ?" Rosol, M.2005YCommunity gardens - A potential for stagnating and shrinking cities? Examples from Berlin165-178Erde13623Berlin Community gardens Urban planning brownfieldsIn Berlin, as in other German cities, indications of stagnation and shrinking can be found. This leads to abundant empty lots and brownfields which ask for innovative uses. In this context, a special form of community involvement concerning new uses on derelict land, in this case in the urban green space sector, is studied by the author: community gardens. Whilst the tradition of German allotment gardens is nationally and internationally well known, community gardening as a form of collective gardening on public or semi-public spaces is a recent phenomenon in Berlin. To date there is not much research and literature available on this topic. This article gives a general introduction, explains a basic typology of community gardens and analyses three examples. Finally it concentrates on the specific question: What potential offer community gardens in situations of abundance of abandoned lots?+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusGraduiertenkolleg Stadto?kologie, Humboldt-Universita?t zu Berlin, Geographisches Institut, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany?#Samans-Dunn, J.2004hThe city of Philadelphia - The government and community work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions207-217#Penn State Environmental Law Review121 brownfieldsIPhiladelphia continues to build on this history of environmental innovation with a program to address both the causes and effects of climate change. In many respects, Philadelphia's program can serve as a model for other cities and local government units considering implementation of a climate change program. In 1997, the City's Managing Director's Office brought together a cross section of employees to work on "White Papers" that covered a number of cross functional environmental issues. Teams worked on papers that included Brownfields, Vector Control, Recycling, Street Tree Maintenance, Green Industry Promotion, Illegal Dumping, and Dust, to name a few. The cooperative environment created by these interdepartmental teams formed the groundwork for the current ongoing efforts that encourage reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.DCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusQMSIA, Philadelphia Dept. Pub. Hlth. Air Mg, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States}?$Schwartz, C. Morel, J. L.1998(Soil and environment: the trace elements343-345!Ocl-Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides55brownfields urban soilsSep-OctThe 16th World Congress of Soil Science was devoted to the relations of soils with present and former human activities. The dynamic of trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Nr; Pb, Se, Zn...) in soil-water-plant systems was a main subject of the Congress. Forest, agricultural, urban and industrial soils are, at different levels, receptacles for pollutants. Their accumulation can alter the functioning of the ecosystems and treath human health. 1258-8210ISI:000077884700006?%Silverstein, J. D.20038"Mechanics" of the deal: Assembling the brownfields team53-57Environmental Practice51 brownfieldsBrownfields sites come in all sizes and locations. Some are viable projects simply due to market economics. Others are not as market friendly, the so-called second- and third-tier properties. Other sites may have little market value, but are desirable to put into community use such as parks and open space. Successful redevelopment requires the coordination of various interests, including the private sector, public officials, and the affected community. Brownfields transactions can range from simple to complex - this article presents an overview of potential players, their roles, and the skill sets that may come into play on any particular brownfields deal. The information presented here is intended to provide a broad-based background for environmental consultants desiring to be part of an effective brownfields redevelopment team. © 2003 National Association of Environmental Professionals.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopuszDevelopment Research Partners, Littleton, CO Development Research Partners, 10184 West Belleview Ave., Littleton, CO 80127H?&Silverthorne, T.2006>What constitutes success in brownfield redevelopment? A review39-49/WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment94sBrownfield redevelopment Evaluation Green space creation Success Sustainable development Urban greening brownfieldsyThis review identifies and examines the different definitions of success that appear in the literature on brownfield redevelopment and discusses perceptions of: greenspace creation; economic issues; sustainability and success models. It concludes with some insights into what is currently perceived to constitute success in brownfield redevelopment. Brownfield redevelopment is generally acknowledged as one of the principal factors in ensuring that development is sustainable, but there is neither a benchmark standard nor a list of criteria by which success can be defined. In many redevelopments that have been judged, primarily by the developers, to be successful there is little correlation between the criteria on which the success has been claimed and the social or economic wellbeing of the local residents and success may in fact occur at their expense. Success is usually measured against the original objectives of the project where the focus is often more towards economic factors rather than social and environmental factors. All of these variables make it very difficult to generically quantify success in brownfield redevelopment.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus~Social Research Group, Forest Research, United Kingdom Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, United Kingdom}?'"Small, E. Sadler, J. P. Telfer, M.2006;Do landscape factors affect brownfield carabid assemblages?205-222 Science of the Total Environment3601-3brownfields urban soilsMayThe carabid fauna of 28 derelict sites in the West Midlands (England) were sampled over the course of one growing season (April-October, 1999). The study aimed to investigate the relationship between carabid assemblages and five measures of landscape structure pertinent to derelict habitat. At each site measurements of landscape features pertinent to derelict habitat were made: (i) the proximity of habitat corridors; (ii) the density of surrounding derelict land; (iii) the distance between the site and the rural fringe; and (iv) the size of the site. Concurrent surveys of the soil characteristics, vegetation type, and land use history were conducted. The data were analysed using a combination of ordination (DCA, RDA), variance partitioning (using pRDA) and binary linear regression. The results suggest that: 1. There is very little evidence that the carabid assemblages of derelict sites were affected by landscape structure, with assemblages instead being principally related to within-site habitat variables, such as site age (since last disturbance), substrate type and vegetation community. 2. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that sites away from railway corridors are more impoverished in their carabid fauna than sites on corridors. 3. There are some suggestions from this study that rarer and non-flying specialist species may be affected by isolation, taking longer to reach sites. We infer from this that older sites with retarded succession, and sites in higher densities of surrounding derelict land may eventually become more species rich and that these sites may be important for maintaining populations of rarer and flightless species. 4. Conservation efforts to maintain populations of these species should focus principally on habitat quality issues, such as maintaining early successional habitats that have a diversity of seed producing annuals and perennial plants and enhancing substrate variability rather than landscape issues. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0048-9697ISI:000237870500016?( Stewart, D.2004n'Smart development' for brownfields: A futures approach using the prospective through scenario planning method233-241?Brownfield Sites II: Assessment, Rehabilitation and DevelopmentBrownfield redevelopment Futures methods Growth Prospective Scenario Planning Smart Development Traditional planning Urban sprawl brownfieldsThe technological revolution has resulted in fundamental changes as to how and where people work, live and play in modern day society. This has been coupled with unprecedented growth in certain developed countries and has culminated in the creation of new economies based on service provision. Such change has brought with it challenges commonly associated with unpredicted growth; traffic congestion, urban sprawl, the abandonment of inner cities, poor access to education and a perceived lack of affordable housing, However, people now want fewer hours in traffic and more opportunities to enjoy green space, and housing that is both affordable and close to jobs and social activities. They also want healthy cities, towns and suburbs, air and water of the highest quality and a' landscape that future generations can be proud to inherit. Advocates in favour of changing from the current development route feel that Smart Development offers the best chance of attaining those goals. Allied to this belief is the recognition of the benefits that accrue out of brownfield redevelopment. One part of the solution proposes the use of futures methods like Prospective to facilitate the adoption of the principles of Smart Development through techniques like Scenario Planning. This paper will: Describe how the global backcloth is changing; Explain how cities have moved centre stage; Examine how traditional planning has failed; Describe the theory and practice of Smart Development; Explain why there is a need for a futures approach.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus^Futures Academy, Dublin Institute of Technology, Faculty of Built Environment, Dublin, Ireland?)Strauss, B. Biedermann, R.2005pThe use of habitat models in conservation of rare and endangered leafhopper species (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha)245-259Journal of Insect Conservation947Habitat models Prediction Urban brownfields brownfieldsFor conservation of Auchenorrhyncha species, knowledge of their habitat requirements is essential. However, for most species there is no 'quantitative' knowledge that would allow e.g. spatially explicit predictions. Such predictions can be made by habitat models, which quantify the relationship between the environment and the occurrence of species. In two plot-based case studies - the endangered leafhopper Verdanus bensoni in mountainous grasslands and four endangered Auchenorrhyncha in urban brownfields - we used habitat models to quantify the habitat requirements of these five species and to exemplify their use for creating habitat suitability maps. In the first case study, the multivariate model showed that occurrence probabilities of the leafhopper V. bensoni increase with both decreasing nitrogen indicator values and decreasing tree cover. On urban brownfields, successional age was a driving factor for species' occurrence. Site age largely determines a range of vegetation characteristics, which, in multivariate models, often replaced the variable age. Internal validation showed the robustness of all models. The models allow predictions of habitat quality under different management regimes (e.g. response to fertilization or abandonment for V. bensoni or to different turnover rates on brownfield sites). We discuss the application of habitat models in the conservation of Auchenorrhyncha, especially the use of habitat suitability maps. © Springer 2005.DCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus{Landscape Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany ?* Thomas, M. R.2002@A GIS-based decision support system for brownfield redevelopment7-23Landscape and Urban Planning581XBrownfields Decision support GIS Information systems Siting brownfields urban open spaceRapid growth in regions surrounding large metropolitan areas leads to the phenomenon of urban sprawl. In states like Michigan, land is being converted at a rate seven times greater than formerly used (and potentially contaminated) sites are being redeveloped. City governments now see these unused or abandoned areas as important assets in realizing the goal of urban revitalization. New legislation in Michigan provides economic (e.g. tax recapture) and legal (e.g. suspension of retroactive liability) incentives for local governments and prospective developers who are now seeking these brownfields instead of farmland and open space. To evaluate land use options with respect to brownfields inventory, characterization, and potential for redevelopment, both government and private decision-makers need access to information regarding land capability; development incentives; public goals, interests, and preferences; and environmental concerns such as site contamination and environmental quality. This paper discusses a decision support system that provides access to state, regional, and local geospatial databases,several informational and visualization tools, and assumptions useful in providing a better understanding of issues, options, and alternatives in redeveloping brownfields. The resultant decision support system is augmented by a unique geographic information systems (GIS)-based land use modeling application called Smart Places® as an integrated expert system. The decision support system is being tested in a city and county-evel brownfield identification, screening, and marketing effort in Jackson County, Michigan. This project represents a testbed for decision-makers and policy analysts at all levels of government to establish urban land use policy and development guidelines that may be applicable to related land use issues in a variety of urban and urbanizing settings. While this project was conducted in Michigan, the tools and procedures used are seen as readily adaptable to other locations. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.ECited By (since 1996): 11 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus{Department of Resource Development, 323 Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States?+ Wakeford, R.1998#The countryside-where are we going?64-70'Journal of Planning and Environment Law OCC. PAP. 26 brownfieldsThe countryside is an attractive place to live, especially for those with the money and health to have their own transport. We cannot simply provide houses for all those who would like that environment without a return to the sort of 1930s style sprawl which was itself the justification for the planning system we have now. What are our choices? Make urban living more attractive? Amen to that, but it's not the job of a Countryside Agency. Bring the countryside to town in new development? Yes, that must be part of our job, in Community Forests and in raising the quality of town edge development. Rethink what villages and small towns in the countryside are for, and put in place policies which foster that new vision. What are the circumstances which justify new workplaces in villages and country towns-a jobs and housing balance? The old structure of rural crafts and small towns supporting a labour intensive agriculture have gone. Is there a new rationale for keeping jobs in step with housing. Can we ensure that more than just a token few live close to their work in the new developments? Finally: 1. recognise reality, rather than wish it away. The countryside will be the result of our collective decisions on what we want to eat, where we want to live, work and shop, and what we want to do with our leisure time; 2. be aware of the big picture, and challenge clients to think about it. Public opinion has a habit of translating into planning policy, be that Green Belts, brownfield development, or out of town shopping centres!.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus ?,Walkowiak, E. Frazier, D.2000GBrownfields redevelopment as a catalyst for creating sustainable cities113-122Advances in Architecture Series brownfieldsCities worldwide suffer from similar ills, which include deteriorating urban areas and their burgeoning suburbs, traffic congestion and declining environmental quality. Traditional command-and-control environmental regulation can exacerbate these problems. Environmental policies of the U.S. and other countries with similar environmental policy approaches can unwittingly spur development of farmland and open space outside city centers rather than encourage the wiser use of existing infrastructure and other resources in urban areas. One of the unintended consequences of U.S. environmental law is a legacy of legal and financial disincentives to reuse of abandoned or underutilized properties in urban areas. In many cases, such properties reside in or near blighted neighborhoods that have a low-income population, inadequate education, high unemployment, crime, real or perceived environmental contamination and other problems. In the United States, these properties are called brownfields. Despite environmental policy constraints, States, cities and many other affected stakeholders actively redevelop brownfield properties. Brownfields redevelopment offers the opportunity to promote sustainable, economically feasible projects that protect the environment and revitalize struggling cities. Although there are many difficulties involved in brownfields redevelopment, U.S. cities are confronting the challenges successfully and enjoying the rewards of reinvigorated communities. Des Moines, Iowa, a State capitol in the heartland of America, demonstrates the leadership and ingenuity involved in redeveloping brownfields successfully. Its grassroots approach focuses on achieving success within the context of a market-driven economy on a local, regional and national basis. Des Moines' experience illustrates the value of using existing resources and exemplifies the interface needed among business, government and the community to attain its long-term economic development potential. This paper examines U.S. brownfields policies and provides a case study to illustrate how Des Moines, Iowa's approach to brownfields redevelopment represents a practical catalyst for creating sustainable cities.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus&Booz-Allen and Hamilton, United States}?-(Zimmels, Y. Kirzhner, F. Malkovskaja, A.2006aApplication of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes for treatment of urban sewage in Israel420-428#Journal of Environmental Management814 brownfieldsDeczThe effectiveness of sewage purification by aquatic plants, such as water hyacinth (Eichhomia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), was tested on laboratory and pilot scales. Cascade and semi-continuous pilot experiments verified that the plants are capable of decreasing all tested indicators of water quality to levels that permit the use of the purified water for irrigation of tree crops. This applies to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity. The laboratory-scale tests confirm the capacity of the plants to reach and hold reasonably low levels of BOD (5-7 mg L-1) and COD (40-50 mg L-1) and very low levels of TSS (3-5 mg L-1) and turbidity (1-2 NTU). In the experimental pilot setup, with circulation, COD decreased from 460 to 100 mg L-1 after 2.5-4 days of treatment, while 6-7 days were required to this end without circulation. This doubled the active pond area and provided a two-level hydraulic loading (8 and 12 L min(-1)) with circulation that proved to be effective during the summer as well as the winter season. The outflow concentrations were 50-85 mg L-1 of COD and 4-6 mg L-1 of BOD. The results show that the use of this free water surface flow system (FWS) and its low maintenance system for treatment of urban and agricultural sewage is a viable option. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 0301-4797ISI:000241923600012|?. Akbari, H.2002JShade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants S119-S126Environmental Pollution116Acarbon energy use cooling shade shading energy use tree plantingUrban shade trees offer significant benefits in reducing building air-conditioning demand and improving urban air quality by reducing smog. The savings associated with these benefits vary by climate region and can be up to $200 per tree. The cost of planting trees and maintaining them can vary from $10 to $500 per tree. Tree-planting programs can be designed to have lower costs so that they offer potential savings to communities that plant trees. Our calculations suggest that urban trees play a major role in sequestering CO, and thereby delay global warming. We estimate that a tree planted in Los Angeles avoids the combustion of 18 kg of carbon annually, even though it sequesters only 4.5-11 kg (as it would if growing in a forest). In this sense, one shade tree in Los Angeles is equivalent to three to five forest trees. In a recent analysis for Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City, we estimated that planting an average of four shade trees per house (each with a top view cross section of 50 m(2)) would lead to an annual reduction in carbon emissions from power plants of 16,000, 41,000, and 9000 t, respectively (the per-tree reduction in carbon emissions is about 10-11 kg per year). These reductions only account for the direct reduction in the net cooling- and heating-energy use of buildings. Once the impact of the community cooling is included, these savings are increased by at least 25%. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Suppl. 1 0269-7491ISI:000173291500014 }?/ Alongi, D. M.20028Present state and future of the world's mangrove forests331-349Environmental Conservation293carbon economic issuesSepMangroves, the only woody halophytes living at the confluence of land and sea, have been heavily used traditionally for food, timber, fuel and medicine, and presently occupy about 181 000 km(2) of tropical and subtropical coastline. Over the past 50 years, approximately one-third of the world's mangrove forests have been lost, but most data show very variable loss rates and there is considerable margin of error in most estimates. Mangroves are a valuable ecological and economic resource, being important nursery grounds and breeding sites for birds, fish, crustaceans, shellfish, reptiles and mammals; a renewable source of wood; accumulation sites for sediment, contaminants, carbon and nutrients; and offer protection against coastal erosion. The destruction of mangroves is usually positively related to human population density. Major reasons for destruction are urban development, aquaculture, mining and overexploitation for timber, fish, crustaceans and shellfish. Over the next 25 years, unrestricted clear felling, aquaculture, and overexploitation of fisheries will be the greatest threats, with lesser problems being alteration of hydrology, pollution and global warming. Loss of biodiversity is, and will continue to be, a severe problem as even pristine mangroves are species-poor compared with other tropical ecosystems. The future is not entirely bleak. The number of rehabilitation and restoration projects is increasing worldwide with some countries showing increases in mangrove area. The intensity of coastal aquaculture appears to have levelled off in some parts of the world. Some commercial projects and. economic models indicate that mangroves can be used as a sustainable resource, especially for wood. The brightest note is that the rate of population growth is projected to slow during the next 50 years, with a gradual decline thereafter to the end of the century. Mangrove forests will continue to be exploited at current rates to 2025, unless they are seen as a valuable resource to be managed on a sustainable basis. After 2025, the future of mangroves will depend on technological and ecological advances in multi-species silviculture, genetics, and forestry modelling, but the greatest hope for their future is for a reduction in human population growth. 0376-8929ISI:000180316500007}?0CBlake, D. R. Smith, T. W. Chen, T. Y. Whipple, W. J. Rowland, F. S.1994gEffects of Biomass Burning on Summertime Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Concentrations in the Canadian Wetlands 1699-1719+Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres99D1carbonJanApproximately 900 whole air samples were collected and assayed for selected C-2-C-10 hydrocarbons and seven halocarbons during the 5-week Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE) 3B conducted in eastern Canadian wetland areas. In more than half of the 46 vertical profiles flown, enhanced nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) concentrations attributable to plumes from Canadian forest fires were observed. Urban plumes, also enhanced in many NMHCs, were separately identified by their high correlation with elevated levels of perchloroethene. Emission factors relative to ethane were determined for 21 hydrocarbons released from Canadian biomass burning. Using these data for ethane, ethyne, propane, n-butane, and carbon monoxide enhancements from the literature, global emissions of these four NMHCs were estimated. Because of its very short atmospheric lifetime and its below detection limit background mixing ratio, 1,3-butadiene is an excellent indicator of recent combustion. No statistically significant emissions of nitrous oxide, isoprene, or CFC 12 were observed in the biomass-burning plumes encountered during ABLE 3B. The presence of the short-lived biogenically emitted isoprene at altitudes as high as 3000 m implies that mixing within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) was rapid. Although background levels of the longer-lived NMHCs in this Canadian region increase during the fire season, isoprene still dominated local hydroxyl radical photochemistry within the PBL except in the immediate vicinity of active fires. The average biomass-burning emission ratios for hydrocarbons from an active fire sampled within minutes of combustion were, relative to ethane, ethene, 2.45; ethyne 0.57; propane, 0.25; propene, 0.73; propyne, 0.06; n-butane, 0.09; i-butane, 0.01; 1-butene, 0.14; cis-2-butene 0.02; trans-2-butene, 0.03; i-butylene, 0.07; 1,3-butadiene, 0.12; n-pentane, 0.05; i-pentane,0.03; 1-pentene, 0.06; n-hexane, 0.05; 1-hexene, 0.07; benzene, 0.37; toluene, 0.16. 0148-0227ISI:A1994MT03200054}?1Boyle, C. A. Lavkulich, L.1997@Carbon pool dynamics in the Lower Fraser Basin from 1827 to 1990443-455Environmental Management213carbon urban soilsMay-JunTo understand the total impact of humans on the carbon cycle, the modeling and quantifying of the transfer of carbon from terrestrial pools to the atmosphere is becoming more critical. Using previously published data, this research sought to assess the change in carbon pools caused by humans in the Lower Fraser Basin (LFB) in British Columbia, Canada, since 1827 and define the long-term, regional contribution of carbon to the atmosphere. The results indicate that. there has been a transfer of 270 Mt of carbon from biomass pools in the LFB to other pools, primarily the atmosphere. The major losses of biomass carbon have been from logged forests (42%), wetlands (14%), and soils (43%). Approximately 48% of the forest biomass, almost 20% of the carbon of the LFB, lies within old-growth forest, which covers only 19% of the study area. landfills are now becoming a major sink of carbon, containing 5% of the biomass carbon in the LFB, while biomass carbon in buildings, urban vegetation, mammals, and agriculture is negligible. Approximately 26% of logged forest biomass would still be in a terrestrial biomass pool, leaving 238 Mt of carbon that has been released to the atmosphere. On an area basis, this is 29 times the average global emissions of carbon, providing an indication of the past contributions of developed countries such as Canada to global warming and possible contributions from further clearing of rainforest in both tropical and temperate regions. 0364-152XISI:A1997WU84000012?2 Brown, L. R.1990 Assessing the planet's condition2-6WEPA journal / United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Public Awareness164carbonThe destruction of the environment has accelerated since the Earth Day of 1970, the world's population has increased by another 1.6 billion, and over 500 million acres of forest have been lost. Carbon dioxide levels, greenhouse gases, and chlorofluorocarbons have increased in the atmosphere with evidence that global warming has started. The ozone hole has appeared, acid rain has destroyed forests, air pollution in major northern hemisphere cities has worsened, and species are disappearing, while toxic chemicals have been dumped indiscriminately. World grain production has fallen while population has increased. In Europe 14 countries have stabilized their population, and Japan, France, and Finland are on the way to zero growth. Reduction of high fertility in 1/2 could halt the deterioration of living conditions. Japan and China achieved this within a decade. Energy efficiency has to be attained; US cars still consume too much gas. Solar energy with photovoltaic cells to provide power, fuel alcohol from plants, and solar thermal power plants have potential. Semiarid regions, such as northern Africa, could become major producers of solar energy. Various measures are mandatory to cut down on waste: to recycle paper bags, to use standardized glasses for beverages, and to utilize scrap metal in electric arc steel furnaces. Reforestation is also on the agenda, as major deforestation has occurred in the Brazilian Amazon region, in India, and in Europe because of acid rain. Australia's national plan envisions planting 1 billion trees, and the US project is of similar magnitude during the 1990s. Only the US has succeeded in erosion control and topsoil stabilization when it converted erodible cropland into grassland or woodland during 1986-90.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}?33Cathcart, J. F. Kline, J. D. Delaney, M. Tilton, M.20075Carbon storage and Oregon's land-use planning program167-172Journal of Forestry1054carbonJunResearch and policy discussions highlight the role of forests in reducing greenhouse gases by storing carbon. An important factor regarding forests and carbon is simply maintaining the amount of land that is retained in forest cover. Since 1973, Oregon's statewide land-use planning program has sought to maintain forest and agricultural lands in the face of increasing development by maintaining forest and agricultural zones and to limit growth to within urban growth boundaries. We combine projections of forest and agricultural land development with estimates of average carbon stocks for different land uses to examine what effect land-use planning has had in maintaining forest carbon in western Oregon. In addition to other benefits arising from the conservation of forestland, results indicate that Oregon's land-use planning system in western Oregon yields significant gains in carbon storage equivalent to a reduction of 1.7 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year. 0022-1201ISI:000247453500006}?4Chi, G. Q. Stone, B.2005eSustainable transport planning: Estimating the ecological footprint of vehicle travel in future years170-180.Journal of Urban Planning and Development-Asce1313carbonSepAn important indicator of sustainable land use, the ecological footprint measure has proved unsuitable for many planning applications because of the limited availability of impact data at the local level of cities and counties and because of an inability to estimate the ecological footprint of future development scenarios. In light of these limitations, this paper presents a methodology for measuring the ecological footprint of a county-level transportation network in current and future time periods. With the aid of vehicle travel behavior and fleet characteristics obtained from a number of state and federal agencies, we estimate the quantity of land required for constructing county highways and remediating annual greenhouse gas emissions through forest carbon sequestration in the years 2001, 2011, and 2021. The results of our study, which focuses on Houghton County, Michigan, indicate that, despite a projected increase in average vehicle fuel efficiency, the ecological footprint of transportation will increase in future years because of projected increases in total annual vehicle kilometers of travel along the network. On the basis of these results, we argue that the ecological footprint is a viable technique for transportation and land-use planning applications. 0733-9488ISI:000231315800006}?53Duff, K. E. Laing, T. E. Smol, J. P. Lean, D. R. S.1998WLimnological characteristics of lakes located across arctic treeline in northern Russia205-222 Hydrobiologia3911-3carbonLimnological data (e.g., water chemistry, lakewater temperature, vegetation zone and degree of human impact) were collected from lakes spanning the Russian arctic treeline in three regions: on the Taimyr Peninsula and near the mouth of the Lena River, both in central arctic Siberia, and near the mouth of the Pechora River, western arctic Russia. Pearson correlation and canonical variates analyses revealed similar environmental gradients in all three regions. Variables expressing ionic composition of the water (i.e., cations, anions, dissolved inorganic carbon and conductivity) were highly intercorrelated, as were nutrients, chlorophyll a, particulate organic matter and metal (i.e., Fe and Mn) concentrations. Lakewater transparency was related to water colour (i.e., Fe, Mn and dissolved organic carbon) and productivity. Regional differences among the lakes were strong and appeared to reflect differences in geology, hydrology and human impact. For example, Na and Cl concentrations were related to proximity to the ocean in the Lena and Pechora River regions but not in the more inland Taimyr region. Extensive mining and smelting at Norilsk, on the Taimyr Peninsula, has apparently resulted in elevated major ion and metal concentrations in lakes closer to the city. Surface water temperatures, nutrients, and related variables were particularly useful for distinguishing lakes in different vegetation biomes. Forest lakes were typically warmer, with slightly elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Lakes in the forest-tundra zone often had higher concentrations of particulate organic matter, Fe and Mn. Tundra lakes were characterized by low nutrient and DOC concentrations. These data will facilitate the development of models that predict the outcome of future climatic change on arctic and subarctic aquatic ecosystems, as well as provide baseline data for future limnological studies in these remote regions. 0018-8158ISI:000081003200018}?6 Erb, K. H.2004YLand-use related changes in aboveground carbon stocks of Austria's terrestrial ecosystems563-572 Ecosystems75carbonAugLand-use changes considerably alter the patterns and processes of terrestrial ecosystems. In an attempt to assess the impact of the human domination of ecosystems, this study quantifies the effect of human activities on aboveground carbon stocks in vegetation, based on a comparison of potential and actual vegetation in Austria. Following an accounting approach, statistical and GIS data on vegetation, elevation, land use, biomass harvest, as well as forest inventories and real estate statistics, were entered into the assessment, which was performed at the level of municipalities (n = 2,350). The results show that aboveground carbon storage in Austria has been considerably reduced by human activities. Actual vegetation contains 64% less carbon than would be expected in potential vegetation. The conversion of forests to cropland, grasslands, and urban areas has contributed 77% to this reduction in carbon stocks, the remaining 23% is due to forest management. In Austria, aboveground carbon stocks in forests have been reduced by 30% due to reductions in stand age and changes in forest species composition. Placing the data in a historical context, this analysis suggests that the current terrestrial carbon sink is a reversal of past carbon losses. 1432-9840ISI:000223266900012}?7Falkenmark, M. Rockstrom, J.1993+Curbing Rural Exodus from Tropical Drylands427-437Ambio227carbon economic issuesNovA crucial means of curbing the outflow of carbonaceous materials, nutrients and pollutants to coastal waters is to minimize the rural exodus into coastal cities. This is an issue of increasing ecological security in the dry-climate tropics and subtropics, now hosting most of the poor countries. A diagnostic diagram is presented to clarify fundamental differences in terms of environmental preconditions for human activity, in particular, the drought-proofing of crop yields. Attention is drawn to the possibility of transforming presently huge nonproductive evaporation losses into productive evapotranspiration. It is stated that the potential biomass production in drylands is preconditioned by the water availability, which in turn determines the potential of these regions to function as macro-scale carbon sources and sinks. Introduction of new agricultural techniques, in order to respond to increased biomass needs of growing populations, influence the actual capacity of carbon storage in agricultural lands. The article discusses the linkages between biomass productivity, capacity of carbon storage and choice of agricultural techniques. Rainwater partitioning over a catchment is discussed as partitioning between two complementary types of water-dependent production. On the one hand, biomass production in agriculture and forestry returns huge amounts of water to the atmosphere, while on the other hand economic production has to be based on the remaining water surplus recharging local aquifers and rivers. 0044-7447ISI:A1993MK05500003}?8Golubiewski, N. E.2006_Urbanization increases grassland carbon pools: Effects of landscaping in Colorado's front range555-571Ecological Applications162carbon urban soilsAprDuring the past few decades, urban and suburban developments have grown at unprecedented rates and extents with. unknown consequences for ecosystem function. Carbon pools of soil and vegetation on landscaped properties were examined in the Front Range of Colorado, USA, in order to characterize vegetation and soils found in urban green spaces; analyze their aboveground biomass, vegetative C storage, and soil C storage; and compare these suburban ecosystem properties to their counterparts in native grassland and cultivated fields. Anthropogenic activities leave clear signatures on all three C compartments measured. Management level dominates the response of grass production, biomass, and N tissue concentration. This, in turn, influences the amount of C and N both stored in and harvested from sites. The site age dominates the amount of woody biomass as well as soil C and N. Soil texture only secondarily affects total soil carbon and total bulk density. Established urban green spaces harbor larger C pools, more than double in some cases, than native grasslands or agricultural fields on a per-area basis. Lawn grass produces more biomass and stores more C than local prairie or agricultural fields. Introduced woody vegetation comprises a substantial C pool in urban green spaces and represents a new ecosystem feature. After an initial decrease with site development, soil organic carbon (SOC) pools surpass those in grasslands within two decades. In addition to the marked increase of C pools through time, a shift in storage from belowground to aboveground occurs. Whereas grasslands store similar to 90% of C belowground, urban green spaces store a decreasing proportion of the total C belowground in soils through time, reaching similar to 70% 30-40 years after construction. Despite the substantial increase in C pools in this urban area, it is important to recognize that this shift is distinct from C sequestration since it does not account for a total C budget, including increased anthropogenic C emissions from these sites. 1051-0761ISI:000237052200011C}?9,Howard, D. M. Howard, P. J. A. Howard, D. C.1995RA Markov Model Projection of Soil Organic-Carbon Stores Following Land-Use Changes287-302#Journal of Environmental Management453carbon urban soilsNov4Soils are major sinks of carbon, and land use can affect the magnitudes of soil organic carbon stores and the net flux of carbon between the land and atmosphere. Hence, it is of some interest to have a method for examining the future consequences of changes in the patterns of land use for soil organic carbon stores, and to allow experiments to be carried out to assess the likely effects of various policy options. We illustrate the use of a Markov model to project future areas of land use from land cover transition matrices for England, Wales and Scotland, 1984-1990, and by the application of vectors of soil organic carbon stores for each land use types to the changes in areas to obtain projected changes in the soil carbon stores. In England and Wales, much depends on whether or not urban land is assumed to store soil carbon. For example, during 1984-1990, there was an overall decrease in potential organic carbon store in England and Wales of 32.64 MtC assuming that urban land stores no soil carbon, but that overall decrease is reduced by 73% if urban land is assumed to store 26.25 x 10(3) tC km(-2). For England and Wales, the limiting probabilities show 37.9% of the land as urban and 15.3% as arable. There would be a decrease in the overall potential soil carbon storage capacity of 610 MtC or 239 MtC, depending on whether or not urban land is assumed to store soil carbon. For Scotland, the limiting probabilities show 5.31% of the land as lowland heath and 16.9% as coniferous forest. There would be a decrease in the overall potential soil carbon storage capacity of 9414 MtC if urban land is assumed to store no carbon, and 9668 MtC if it is assumed to store carbon. By changing entries in the land cover transition matrices, the consequences of different policy options can be examined. (C) 1995 Academic Press Limited 0301-4797ISI:A1995TE75900008 }?:+Ko, J. Y. Day, J. W. Lane, R. R. Day, J. N.2004A comparative evaluation of money-based and energy-based cost-benefit analyses of tertiary municipal wastewater treatment using forested wetlands vs. sand filtration in Louisiana331-347Ecological Economics493carbonJulDForested wetlands have been used to provide advanced secondary and tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater for a number of cities in southern Louisiana. Wetland assimilation provides the same services as conventional methods in improving wastewater quality, while having positive impacts on wetlands. Suspended solids and nutrients in wastewater increase net primary productivity (NPP), which leads to increased organic soil formation. This leads to increased elevation that offsets subsidence, a major cause of coastal wetland loss in Louisiana. The City of Breaux Bridge, LA, has discharged secondarily treated municipal wastewater into a forested wetland since 1950, and wetland assimilation was permitted by the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) in 1997. We compared benefits and costs of utilizing forested wetlands and conventional sand treatment using money-based and energy-based cost-benefit analyses (CBA). The wetland method had a higher benefit-cost ratio than conventional treatment by 6.0 times based on dollar-based CBA, and by 21.7 times from the energy analysis. Methodologically, dollar-based CBA is a market price-based assessment, liming to an anthropocentric framework, while embodied energy analysis accounts for monetary and nonmonetary values such as carbon sequestration by wetlands, which contributes a more complete assessment of the interaction between the natural environment and the human economy. Wetlands treat more wastewater per unit of energy and with less financial cost than conventional methods, because the wetland method utilizes natural energies such as sunlight, wind and rain, while conventional treatment methods depend on imported nonrenewable energies and materials such as chemicals and electricity and require additional capital investment. Increasing application of natural energies is becoming more important with depleting fossil fuels. Further, wastewater addition increases NPP and wetland elevation, which has potential for wetland mitigation credit. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0921-8009ISI:000223496900007 }?;Lal, R.2007(Soil science and the carbon civilization 1425-1437'Soil Science Society of America Journal715carbon urban soilsSep-Oct Soil science must play a crucial role in meeting present and emerging societal needs of the 21st century and beyond for a population expected to stabilize around 10 billion and having increased aspirations for a healthy diet and a rise in the standards of living. In addition to advancing food security by eliminating hunger and malnutrition, soil resources must be managed regarding numerous other global needs through interdisciplinary collaborations. Some of which are to mitigate global warming; to improve quantity and quality of freshwater resources; to enhance biodiversity; to minimize desertification; serve as a repository of Waste; air archive of human and planetary history; meet growing energy demands; develop strategies of sustainable management of urban ecosystems; alleviate poverty of agricultural communities as an engine of economic development; and fulfill aspirations of rapidly urbanizing and industrializing societies. In addition to food and ecosystem services, bio-industries (e.g., plastics, solvents, paints, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and chemicals) through plant-based compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, and oils) and energy plantations (bioethanol and biodiesel) can revolutionize agriculture. These diverse and complex demands on soil resources necessitate a shift in strategic thinking and conceptualizing sustainable management of soil resources in agroecosystems to provide A ecosystem services while also meeting the needs for food, feed, fiber, and fuel by developing multifunctional production systems. There is a strong need to broaden the scope of soil science to effectively address ever changing societal needs. To do this, soil scientists must rally with allied sciences including hydrology, climatology, geology, ecology, biology, physical sciences (chemistry, physics), and engineering. Use of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and information technology can play an important role in addressing emerging global issues. Pursuit of sustainability, being a moral/ethical and political challenge, must be addressed in cooperation with economists and political scientists. Soil scientists must work in cooperation with industrial ecologists and urban planners toward sustainable development and management of soils in urban and industrial ecosystems. More than half of the world's population (3.3 billion) live in towns and cities, and the number of urban dwellers is expected to increase to 5 billion by 2030. Thus, the study of urban soils for industrial use, human habitation, recreation, infrastructure forestry, and urban agriculture is a high priority. Soil scientists Must nurture symbiotic/synergistic relations with numerous stake holders including land managers, energy companies and carbon traders, urban planners, waste disposal organizations, and conservators of natural resources. Trading of C credits in a trillion-dollar market by 2020 must be made accessible to land managers, especially the resource-poor farmers in developing countries. Soil science curricula, at undergraduate and graduate levels, Must be revisited to provide the needed background in all basic and applied sciences with focus on globalization. We must raise the profile of soil science profession and position Students in the competitive world of ever flattening Earth. 0361-5995ISI:000249174300001'}?<$Lal, R. Follett, R. F. Kimble, J. M.2003ZAchieving soil carbon sequestration in the United States: A challenge to the policy makers827-845 Soil Science16812carbon urban soilsDec-Carbon (C) sequestration in soil implies enhancing the concentrations/pools of soil organic matter and secondary carbonates. It is achieved through adoption of recommended management practices (RMPs) on soils of agricultural, grazing, and forestry ecosystems, and conversion of degraded soils and drastically disturbed lands to restorative land use. Of the 916 million hectares (Mha) comprising the total land area in the continental United States and Alaska, 157 Mha (17.1%) are under cropland, 336 Mha (36.7%) under grazing land, 236 Mha (25.8%) under forest, 14 Mha (1.5%) under Conservation Reserve Programs (CRP), and 20 Mha (2.2%) are under urban land use. Land areas affected by different soil degradative processes include 52 Mha affected by water erosion, 48 Mha by wind erosion, 0.2 Mha by secondary salinization, and more than 4 Mha affected by mining. Adoption of RMPs can lead to sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC) at an annual rate of 45 to 98 Tg (teragram = 1 X 10(12) g = 1 million metric tons or MMT) in cropland, 13 to 70 Tg in grazing land, and 25 to 102 Tg in forestlands. In addition, there is an annual soil C sequestration potential of 21 to 77 Tg by land conversion, 25 to 60 Tg by land restoration, and 15 to 25 Tg by management of other land uses. Thus, the total potential of C sequestration in soils of the United States is 144 to 432 Tg/y or an average of 288 Tg C/y. With the implementation of suitable policy initiatives, this potential is realizable for up to 30 years or when the soil C sink capacity is filled. In comparison, emission by agricultural activities is estimated at: 43 Tg C/y, and the current rate of SOC sequestration is reported as 17 Tg C/y. The challenge the policy makers face is to be able to develop and implement policies that are conducive to realization of this potential. 0038-075XISI:000187290000001 }?=Licht, L. A. Isebrands, J. G.2005KLinking phytoremediated pollutant removal to biomass economic opportunities203-218Biomass & Bioenergy282Brownfields Environmental justice Lagoon Landfill Phytoremediation Poplar Streamside buffers Vegetation filter Vegetative cap Wastewater Willow water runoff urban soils air quality influence of urban trees carbonPhytoremediation (phyto) strategies employ trees, shrubs, and/or grasses for treating contaminated air. soil. or water, These strategies include buffers, vegetation filters, in situ phytoremediation plantings. and percolation controlling vegetative caps. The design parameter. that separates phytoremediation from landscaping is purposefully placing and growing a root-zone reactor volume with predictable pollutant removal performance. This phyto reactor integrates with other engineered systems to cover landfills, treat petrochemical spills in soils. intercept a soluble subsurface plume, and capture non-point surface sediment entrained in urban or field runoff. There are many potential economic opportunities for biomass associated with phytoremediation. including bioenergy and traditional industrial products such as solid wood products and reconstituted products (i.e., paper, chip board, laminated beams, extruded trim). More intangibly, phyto creates environmental benefits such as soil erosion control, carbon sequestration. and wildlife habitat. Phyto also creates socio-economic benefits by diversify regional manufacturing into new products that employs local labor, thus building value-added industry. Alternative crops develop a greater diversity of products from the farmland, making the regional economy less exposed to global commodity crop price fluctuations. Thus, a strategic phyto treatment of non-point agricultural runoff would help diversify land use from annually tilled crops (corn, soybeans, wheat) into perennial, untilled tree crops. A landscape rebuilt using phyto would create diversity represented in business potential, healthier air and water, wildlife habitat. and aesthetics. Moreover, phyto provides local and current pollutant treatment. Such timely treatment of pollutants that would otherwise move to our downstream, or downwind neighbors is key to the environmental justice concept. We present four case study summaries to illustrate installed commercial applications of phytoremediation. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 0961-9534ISI:000226348800011*}?>QMilesi, C. Running, S. W. Elvidge, C. D. Dietz, J. B. Tuttle, B. T. Nemani, R. R.2005TMapping and modeling the biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses in the United States426-438Environmental Management363carbonSep Turf grasses are ubiquitous in the urban landscape of the United States and are often associated with various types of environmental impacts, especially on water resources, yet there have been limited efforts to quantify their total surface and ecosystem functioning, such as their total impact on the continental water budget and potential net ecosystem exchange (NEE). In this study, relating turf grass area to an estimate of fractional impervious surface area, it was calculated that potentially 163,800 km(2) (+/- 35,850 km(2)) of land are cultivated with turf grasses in the continental United States, an area three times larger than that of any irrigated crop. Using the Biome-BGC ecosystem process model, the growth of warm-season and cool-season turf grasses was modeled at a number of sites across the 48 conterminous states under different management scenarios, simulating potential carbon and water fluxes as if the entire turf surface was to be managed like a well-maintained lawn. The results indicate that well-watered and fertilized turf grasses act as a carbon sink. The potential NEE that could derive from the total surface potentially under turf (up to 17 Tg C/yr with the simulated scenarios) would require up to 695 to 900 liters of water per person per day, depending on the modeled water irrigation practices, suggesting that outdoor water conservation practices such as xeriscaping and irrigation with recycled waste-water may need to be extended as many municipalities continue to face increasing pressures on freshwater. 0364-152XISI:000231959000008}??%Myeong, S. Nowak, D. J. Duggin, M. J.2006GA temporal analysis of urban forest carbon storage using remote sensing277-282Remote Sensing of Environment1012carbonMarQuantifying the carbon storage, distribution, and change of urban trees is vital to understanding the role of vegetation in the urban environment. At present, this is mostly achieved through ground study. This paper presents a method based on the satellite image time series, which can save time and money and greatly speed the process of urban forest carbon storage mapping, and possibly of regional forest mapping. Satellite imagery collected in different decades was used to develop a regression equation to predict the urban forest carbon storage from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) computed from a time sequence (1985-1999) of Landsat image data. This regression was developed from the 1999 field-based model estimates of carbon storage in Syracuse, NY. The total carbon storage estimates based on the NDVI data agree closely with the field-based model estimates. Changes in total carbon storage by trees in Syracuse were estimated using the image data from 1985, 1992, and 1999. Radiometric correction was accomplished by normalizing the imagery to the 1999 image data. After the radiometric image correction, the carbon storage by urban trees in Syracuse was estimated to be 146,800 tons, 149,430 tons, and 148,660 tons of carbon for 1985, 1992, and 1999, respectively. The results demonstrate the rapid and cost-effective capability of remote sensing-based quantitative change detection in monitoring the carbon storage change and the impact of urban forest management over wide areas. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All fights reserved. 0034-4257ISI:000236489400011}?@ Nowak, D. J.1993+Atmospheric Carbon-Reduction by Urban Trees207-217#Journal of Environmental Management373carbonMar 0301-4797ISI:A1993KU09300005,?A Nowak, D. J.1993+Atmospheric carbon reduction by urban trees207-217#Journal of Environmental Management373carbonTrees, because they sequester atmospheric carbon through their growth process and conserve energy in urban areas, have been suggested as one means to combat increasing levels of atmospheric carbon. Analysis of the urban forest in Oakland, California (21% tree cover), reveals a tree carbon storage level of 11.0 metric tons/hectare. Trees in the area of the 1991 fire in Oakland stored approximately 14 500 metric tons of carbon, 10% of the total amount stored by Oakland's urban forest. National urban forest carbon storage in the United States (28% tree cover) is estimated at between 350 and 750 million metric tons. Establishment of 10 million urban trees annually over the next 10 years is estimated to sequester and offset the production of 363 million metric tons of carbon over the next 50 years-less than 1% of the estimated carbon emissions in the United States over the same time period. Advantages and limitations of managing urban trees to reduce atmospheric carbon are discussed.ECited By (since 1996): 27 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopuslUSDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Exper. Station, 5801 N Pulaski Rd, Chicago, IL 60646, United States}?B@Owens, K. E. Reed, D. D. Londo, A. J. Maclean, A. L. Mroz, G. D.1999A landscape level comparison of pre-European settlement and current soil carbon content of a forested landscape in upper Michigan179-189Forest Ecology and Management1132-3carbon urban soilsJanzA large forested landscape (18 640 ha) located in Michigan's central Upper Peninsula was examined to estimate current and pre-European mineral soil carbon (C) content. Utilizing current forest stand information and pre-European settlement forest data, a landscape level soil C estimate was made for each time period and the change in soil C over the 150-year interval was quantified. Soil, forest type, and age class information were entered into a geographical information system (GIS); high medium, and low C levels were assigned to soils based on forest type and age class groupings. Using organic matter data from soil surveys of the area, a range of mineral soil C values was determined for each soil mapping unit and vegetation combination, and a percent C value was estimated based on previously assigned C levels. Estimates of average percent C were calculated for both current and pre-European landscapes to be 9.7% and 11.7%, respectively. Overall, there appears to be a decrease in soil C content since European settlement as a result of changes in forest cover and land use. Due to the strong relationship between forest type and soil C content, an increase of urban/brush areas, and a shift from hemlock and conifer forest types to hardwoods and mixed pine/hardwood forests since European settlement, there has been a reduction of the average landscape level soil C on a g/m(2) basis. The net reduction in mineral soil C content on this landscape is estimated to be approximately 0.3 to 0.8 Tg C (in the upper 10-25 cm of mineral soil) over the 150 years since European settlement of the area. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 0378-1127ISI:000078095000006}?C+Pouyat, R. V. Yesilonis, I. D. Nowak, D. J.20062Carbon storage by urban soils in the United States 1566-1575 Journal of Environmental Quality354>carbon urban soils LAND-USE FORESTS CLIMATE LITTER TREES POOLSJul-AugWe used data available from the literature and measurements from Baltimore, Maryland, to (i) assess inter-city variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools (1-m depth) of six cities (Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Oakland, and Syracuse); (ii) calculate the net effect of urban land-use conversion on SOC pools for the same cities; (iii) use the National Land Cover Database to extrapolate total SOC pools for each of the lower 48 U.S. states; and (iv) compare these totals with aboveground totals of carbon storage by trees. Residential soils in Baltimore had SOC densities that were approximately 20 to 34% less than Moscow or Chicago. By contrast, park soils in Baltimore had more than double the SOC density of Hong Kong. Of the six cities, Atlanta and Chicago had the highest and lowest SOC densities per total area, respectively (7.83 and 5.49 kg m(2)). On a pervious area basis, the SOC densities increased between 8.32 (Oakland) and 10.82 (Atlanta) kg m(-2). In the northeastern United States, Boston and Syracuse had 1.6-fold less SOC post- than in pre-urban development stage. By contrast, cities located in warmer and/or drier climates had slightly higher SOC pools post- than in pre-urban development stage (4 and 6% for Oakland and Chicago, respectively). For the state analysis, aboveground estimates of C density varied from a low of 0.3 (WY) to a high of 5.1 (GA) kg m(-2), while belowground estimates varied from 4.6 (NV) to 12.7 (NH) kg m(-2). The ratio of aboveground to belowground estimates of C storage varied widely with an overall ratio of 2.8. Our results suggest that urban soils have the potential to sequester large amounts of SOC, especially in residential areas where management inputs and the lack of annual soil disturbances create conditions for net increases in SOC. In addition, our analysis suggests the importance of regional variations of land-use and land-cover distributions, especially wetlands, in estimating urban SOC pools. 0047-2425ISI:000239189900064?DRowntree, R. A. Nowak, D. J.1991LQuantifying the role of urban forests in removing atmospheric carbon dioxide269-275Journal of Arboriculture1710carbon urban soilsoUrban land in the United States currently occupies about 69 million acres with an estimated average crown cover of 28% and an estimated tree biomass of about 27 tons/acre. This structure suggests that the current total urban forest carbon storage in the United States is approximately 800 million tons with an estimated annual net carbon storage of around 6.5 million tons. Besides directly storing carbon, urban trees also reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by cooling ambient air and allowing residents to minimize annual heating and cooling. A method is provided for organizations to calculate the number of trees necessary to offset the CO2 emissions associated with the energy used in their office buildings. Tables are also provided to show how many trees an American could steward or plant to offset his or her per capita carbon emissions (2.3 tons/year). -from AuthorsECited By (since 1996): 26 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusUc/o USDA Forest Service Research, 1960 Addison St., Box 245, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA.*}?ESampson, R. N.1992UForestry Opportunities in the United-States to Mitigate the Effects of Global Warming157-180Water Air and Soil Pollution641-2carbon urban soilsAug;There are a variety of opportunities in the United States to expand the area of trees and forests, and to improve their growth, that could have significant impact upon the annual uptake of atmospheric CO2. Work coordinated by the American Forestry Association has attempted to quantify those opportunities, and demonstrate what kinds of costs and benefits might result from an attempt to begin implementing them. The first section of the work, reported in this paper, has focused on the opportunities that are seldom thought of as regular forestry-planting trees on marginal crop and pasture lands, increasing windbreaks and shelterbelts, growing trees as a biomass energy source, and improving urban tree canopies and placements as an energy-conserving measure. The benefits from such work include thc C sequestered in the biomass and soils involved, as well as the carbon emission reductions achieved through energy conservation. These opportunities could add up to a total C impact per year in the range of 141 to 382 x 10(6)t-somewhere between 10 and 30% of the current net C emission from fossil fuel in the United States. Additional work is underway to quantity the opportunities inherent in improving the management of existing forestlands, through more traditional forestry. The results of that work will be available in late 1992. 0049-6979ISI:A1992JA71500011 }?FFTian, H. Melillo, J. M. Kicklighter, D. W. McGuire, A. D. Helfrich, J.1999xThe sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmospheric CO2 in the United States414-4521Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology512carbon nitrogen issuesAprWe use the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM, Version 4.1) and the land cover data set of the international geosphere-biosphere program to investigate how increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate variability during 1900-1994 affect the carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous USA, and how carbon storage has been affected by land-use change. The estimates of TEM indicate that over the past 95 years a combination of increasing atmospheric CO2 with historical temperature and precipitation variability causes a 4.2% (4.3 Pg C) decrease in total carbon storage of potential vegetation in the conterminous US, with vegetation carbon decreasing by 7.2% (3.2 Pg C) and soil organic carbon decreasing by 1.9% (1.1 Pg C). Several dry periods including the 1930s and 1950s are responsible for the loss of carbon storage. Our factorial experiments indicate that precipitation variability alone decreases total carbon storage by 9.5%. Temperature variability alone does not significantly affect carbon storage. The effect of CO2 fertilization alone increases total carbon storage by 4.4%. The effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate variability are not additive. Interactions among CO2, temperature and precipitation increase total carbon storage by 1.1%. Our study also shows substantial year-to-year variations in net carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems due to climate variability. Since the 1960s, we estimate these terrestrial ecosystems have acted primarily as a sink of atmospheric CO2 as a result of wetter weather and higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations. For the 1980s, we estimate the natural terrestrial ecosystems, excluding cropland and urban areas, of the conterminous US have accumulated 78.2 Tg C yr(-1) because of the combined effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate variability. For the conterminous US, we estimate that the conversion of natural ecosystems to cropland and urban areas has caused a 18.2% (17.7 Pg C) reduction in total carbon storage from that estimated for potential vegetation. The carbon sink capacity of natural terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous US is about 69% of that estimated for potential vegetation. 0280-6509ISI:000081143400021}?G9White, M. A. Nemani, R. R. Thornton, P. E. Running, S. W.2002Satellite evidence of phenological differences between urbanized and rural areas of the eastern United States deciduous broadleaf forest260-273 Ecosystems53carbon urban heat island UHIAprWe used a 10-year record (1990-99) of composited and cloud-screened reflectances from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to test for phenological differences between urban and rural areas in the eastern United States deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF). We hypothesized that well-documented urban heat island effects would be associated with alterations in temperature-sensitive vegetation phenology. Our objectives were thus (a) to investigate possible differences in the start of the growing season (SOS) and end of the growing season (EOS) between the urban and DBF land covers, (b) to investigate related differences in greenness amplitude and fractional cover, and (c) to develop a generalized additive model (GAM) to predict the spatial variation of observed differences. By analyzing individual 1degrees latitude by 1degrees longitude blocks, we found that, on average, urbanization is associated with a growing season expansion of 7.6 days. Most of this effect is caused by an earlier SOS in urban areas. In all cases, urban regions had lower fractional cover and greenness amplitude. The GAM model failed to produce a viable model for differences in EOS, probably because it is dominated by photoperiod controls with only a minor temperature impact. SOS differences were predicted with an accuracy of about 2.4 days, with a GAM consisting of smoothed functions of mean annual average temperature, urban fractional cover, and the urban vs DBF greenness amplitude difference. We speculate that evidence of a phenoiogical response to warming indicates that global warming, without reduction in DBF vegetation cover and greenness amplitude, may increase carbon sequestration in mesic deciduous forests. 1432-9840ISI:000175709800004?HEWisniewski, J. Dixon, R. K. Kinsman, J. D. Sampson, R. N. Lugo, A. E.19936Carbon dioxide sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems1-5Climate Research31-2carbon,The terrestrial biosphere plays a prominent role in the global carbon cycle. Although a net source of C, some terrestrial ecosystems are currently accumulating C and it appears feasible to manage existing terrestrial (forest, agronomic, desert) ecosystems to maintain or increase C storage. Forest ecosystems can be managed to sequester and store globally significant amounts of C. Agroecosystems and arid lands could be managed to conserve existing terrestrial C but CO2 sequestration rates by vegetation in these systems is relatively low. Biomass from forest agroecosystems has the potential to be used as an energy source and trees could be used to conserve energy in urban environments. Some ecosystem management practices that result in C sequestration and conservation provide ancillary benefits. -AuthorsDCited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusWWisniewski & Associates, Inc., 6862 McLean Province Circle, Falls Church, VA 22043, USAt?IYuan, F.2008Land-cover change and environmental impact analysis in the Greater Mankato area of Minnesota using remote sensing and GIS modelling 1169-1184'International Journal of Remote Sensing294carbon water quality runoffLand use and land-cover (LULC) data provide essential information for environmental management and planning. This research evaluates the land-cover change dynamics and their effects for the Greater Mankato Area of Minnesota using image classification and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) modelling in high-resolution aerial photography and QuickBird imagery. Results show that from 1971 to 2003, urban impervious surfaces increased from 18.3% to 32.6%, while cropland and grassland decreased from 54.2% to 39.1%. The dramatic urbanization caused evident environmental impacts in terms of runoff and water quality, whereas the annual air pollution removal rate and carbon storage/sequestration remained consistent since urban forests were steady over the 32-year span. The results also indicate that highly accurate land-cover features can be extracted effectively from high-resolution imagery by incorporating both spectral and spatial information, applying an image-fusion technique, and utilizing the hierarchical machine-learning Feature Analyst classifier. This research fills the high-resolution LULC data gap for the Greater Mankato Area. The findings of the study also provide valuable inputs for local decision-makers and urban planners.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus_Department of Geography, Minnesota State University - Mankato, Mankato, MN 56001, United Statesb}?JBirdsey, R. A.2006JCarbon accounting rules and guidelines for the united states forest sector 1518-1524 Journal of Environmental Quality354?carbon climate change afforestation restoration economic issuesJul-AugIThe United States Climate Change Initiative includes improvements to the U.S. Department of Energy's Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program. The program includes specific accounting rules and guidelines for reporting and registering forestry activities that reduce atmospheric CO2 by increasing carbon sequestration or reducing emissions. In the forestry sector, there is potential for the economic value of emissions credits to provide increased income for landowners, to support rural development, to facilitate the practice of sustainable forest management, and to support restoration of ecosystems. Forestry activities with potential for achieving substantial reductions include, but are not limited to: afforestation, mine land reclamation, forest restoration, agroforestry, forest management, short-rotation biomass energy plantations, forest protection, wood production, and urban forestry. To be eligible for registration, the reported reductions must use methods and meet standards contained in the guidelines. Forestry presents some unique challenges and opportunities because of the diversity of activities, the variety of practices that can affect greenhouse gases, year-to-year variability in emissions and sequestration, the effects of activities on different forest carbon pools, and accounting for the effects of natural disturbance. 0047-2425ISI:000239189900059|?K Ellison, A. M. Farnsworth, E. J.1996pAnthropogenic disturbance of Caribbean mangrove ecosystems: Past impacts, present trends, and future predictions549-565 Biotropica284carbon climate changeDecWe review historical, current, and projected future impacts of four classes of anthropogenic disturbance-extraction, pollution, reclamation, and changing climate-on Caribbean mangrove ecosystems (mangal). These disturbances occur, respectively, at increasing spatial and temporal scales, and require increasing recovery rime. Small-scale selective extraction has little system-wide effect, but regeneration is slow even on single hectare clear-cuts due to rapid soil acidification. Petroleum is the primary pollutant of Caribbean mangal, and results in tree defoliation, stand death, and loss of associated sessile and mobile animal species. Hydrocarbons persist in mangrove sediments for decades, and are correlated with increasing seedling mutation rates. Chemical, industrial, and urban wastes are associated with increased heavy metal content of seedlings, stand die-back, reduced system-wide species richness, and higher incidence of Vibrio spp. (shellfish poisoning). Mangal has been reclaimed for urbanization, industrialization, and increasingly, for tourism. Overall, the region is losing mangrove forests at approximate to 1 percent per yr, although the rate is much faster on the Caribbean mainland (approximate to 1.7% yr(-1)) than it is on the islands (approximate to 0.2% yr(-1)). The region's fisheries are declining at a similar rate, as most commercial shellfish and finfish use mangal for nurseries and/or refugia. Few Caribbean states have legislation or enforcement capabilities to protect or manage mangal, although at least 11 international treaties and conventions could be applied to conserve or sustainably use these forests. These treaties may protect riverine and basin mangal, but are likely to be moot with respect to fringing mangal, which may vanish as a consequence of global climate change. Growth enhancements of mangroves resulting from increasing atmospheric CO2 probably will not compensate for negative effects of concomitant rises in regional sea level.Part A 0006-3606ISI:A1996WG73500012}?LuGroffman, P. M. Pouyat, R. V. Cadenasso, M. L. Zipperer, W. C. Szlavecz, K. Yesilonis, I. D. Band, L. E. Brush, G. S.2006Land use context and natural soil controls on plant community composition and soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in urban and rural forests177-192Forest Ecology and Management2362-3carbon climate change influence of pollution on trees urban trees Carbon Forests Greenhouse gases Mineralization Nitrate Nitrification Nitrogen Urban urban soilsDecForests embedded in an urban matrix are a useful venue for investigating the effects of multiple factors such as climate change, altered disturbance regimes and species invasions on forest ecosystems. Urban forests also represent a significant land area, with potentially important effects on landscape and regional scale nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) storage and flux. We measured forest community composition, litterfall, leaf area index, soil chemical properties, in situ net N mineralization and nitrification, soil and soil solution inorganic N pools, and soil:atmosphere fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in eight forest stands that differed in their exposure to urban atmospheric conditions and natural soil conditions (high versus low fertility). Our objectives were (1) to compare the influence of urban land use context and natural soil controls on forest composition and C and N cycling processes and (2) to evaluate the importance of "natural" N cycle processes relative to anthropogenic N fluxes in the urban landscape. Forest productivity and N cycling varied more with soil type than with proximity to urban land use, while forest composition and soil:atmosphere fluxes of CO, and CH4 were more strongly influenced by exposure to an urban land use matrix and atmosphere. The magnitude of natural processes was important in the context of urban and suburban landscapes, i.e. production of, and annual variation in. inorganic N in forest patches was large relative to watershed-scale atmospheric deposition, fertilizer use and food/sewage fluxes that have been measured in other studies in these study landscapes. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0378-1127ISI:000243079900006}?MvHarriss, R. C. Wofsy, S. C. Hoell, J. M. Bendura, R. J. Drewry, J. W. McNeal, R. J. Pierce, D. Rabine, V. Snell, R. L.1994AThe Arctic Boundary-Layer Expedition (Able-3b) - July-August 1990 1635-1643+Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres99D1carbon climate changeJan{The Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE) 3B used data from ground-based, aircraft, and satellite platforms to characterize the chemistry and dynamics of the troposphere in subarctic and Arctic regions of midcontinent and eastern Canada during July-August 1990. This paper reports the experimental design for ABLE 3B and a brief overview of results. The detailed results are presented in a series of papers in this issue. The chemical composition of the atmospheric mixed layer over remote tundra, boreal wetland, and forested environments was influenced by emissions of CH4 and nonmethane hydrocarbons from biogenic sources, emissions of gases and aerosols from local biomass burning, and transport of pollutants into the study areas from urban/industrial sources. Minimum concentrations of both trace gas and aerosol species in boundary layer air were associated with Arctic source areas. In the free troposphere the biospheric influence was undetectable, and major sources of chemical variability were related to long-range transport of pollutants into the study areas from biomass burning and industrial sources in Alaska and the Great Lakes regions, respectively. Minimum concentrations of both trace gas and aerosol species in the free troposphere were associated with a persistent, widespread air mass which both chemistry and air mass trajectory analyses suggested had originated in the tropical Pacific. Subsidence of air from the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere frequently enhanced ozone and influenced other trace gas and aerosol species at midtropospheric altitudes. The North American Arctic is a complex dynamical and chemical environment with considerable spatial and temporal variability in aerosol and trace gas concentrations. The use of atmospheric chemical indicators for climate change detection will require a much more comprehensive Arctic monitoring program than currently exists. 0148-0227ISI:A1994MT03200049}?N'Howarth, R. W. Fruci, J. R. Sherman, D.1991OInputs of Sediment and Carbon to an Estuarine Ecosystem - Influence of Land-Use27-39Ecological Applications11carbon climate change runoffFebEstuaries and coastal marine ecosystems receive large inputs of nutrients, organic carbon, and sediments from non-point-source runoff from terrestrial ecosystems. In the tidal, freshwater Hudson River estuary, such inputs are the major sources of organic carbon, driving ecosystem metabolism, and thus strongly influencing dissolved oxygen concentrations. We used a watershed simulation model (GWLF) to examine the controls on inputs of organic carbon and sediment to this estuary. The model provides estimates of water discharge, sediment inputs, and organic carbon inputs that agree reasonably well with independent estimates of these fluxes. Even though the watershed for the Hudson River estuary is dominated by forests, the model predicts that both sediment and organic carbon inputs come overwhelmingly from urban and suburban areas and from agricultural fields. Thus changes in land use within the Hudson River basin may be expected to alter inputs to the estuary, thereby altering its metabolism. Precipitation is important in controlling carbon fluxes to the estuary, and so climate change can be expected to alter estuarine metabolism. However, the day-to-day and seasonal patterns of precipitation appear more important than annual mean precipitation in controlling organic carbon fluxes. 1051-0761ISI:A1991FP61700004?O'Howarth, R. W. Fruci, J. R. Sherman, D.1991NInputs of sediment and carbon to an estuarine ecosystem: influence of land use27-39Ecological Applications11carbon climate change*The watershed simulation model provides estimates of water discharge, sediment inputs, and organic carbon inputs that agree reasonably well with independent estimates of these fluxes. Even though the watershed for the Hudson River estuary is dominated by forests, the model predicts that both sediment and organic carbon inputs come overwhelmingly from urban and suburban areas and from agricultural fields. Thus, changes in land use may be expected to alter inputs to the estuary, thereby altering its metabolism. Precipitation is important in controlling carbon fluxes to the estuary, and so climate change can be expected to alter estuarine metabolism. Day-to-day and seasonal patterns of precipitation appear more important than annual mean precipitation in controlling organic carbon fluxes. -from AuthorsECited By (since 1996): 52 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusRCorson Hall, Section of Ecology & Systematics, Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA}?PKinsman, J. D. Trexler, M. C.19934Terrestrial Carbon Management and Electric Utilities545-560Water Air and Soil Pollution701-4carbon climate changeOctIn the near future regulations could be imposed affecting emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Carbon offsets should be a component of any such regime. This paper addresses: 1) international and domestic policy actions related to C offset forestry, including the United Nations' Framework Convention on Climate Change and the U.S. Energy Policy Act of 1992; 2) forestry-related efforts sponsored by U.S. electric utilities to sequester and store C, protect and manage forests, and conserve energy in urban environments; 3) considerations for implementing such efforts; and 4) electric utility industry research and development on advanced methods to use biomass as fuel. 0049-6979ISI:A1993LZ84600039M}?Q Lugo, A. E.2000IEffects and outcomes of Caribbean hurricanes in a climate change scenario243-251 Science of the Total Environment2623/carbon climate change tree mortality tree deathNovMHurricanes are complex disturbance systems with significant effects on vegetation and built-up land. This paper summarizes research on the effects and outcomes of hurricanes on Caribbean forests. Twelve effects and outcome topics are presented: sudden and massive tree mortality; delayed patterns of tree mortality; alternative methods of forest regeneration; opportunities for a change in successional direction; high species turnover and opportunities for species change in forests; diversity of age classes; faster biomass and nutrient turnover; species substitutions and changes in turnover time of biomass and nutrients; lower aboveground biomass in mature vegetation; carbon sinks; selective pressure on organisms; and convergence of community structure and organization. Effects of hurricanes on urban systems are also discussed. While there is scientific uncertainty as to whether hurricane frequencies and intensity will change as a result of global climate change, available understanding on the effects and outcomes of hurricanes can be used to anticipate possible effects of either increasing or decreasing hurricane frequency and intensity. Proposed mitigation actions and research priorities can be effective and desirable even if the frequency and intensity of hurricanes remains unchanged. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 0048-9697ISI:000165064800005 }?R McKay, H.2006wEnvironmental, economic, social and political drivers for increasing use of woodfuel as a renewable resource in Britain308-315Biomass & Bioenergy304Rcarbon climate change climate change mitigation bioenergy biofuels economic issuesAprUPresent woodfuel usage in Britain is negligible. Historically, Britain has been fortunate in having abundant coal, oil and gas. At an EU level, biomass is seen as an important element of energy, environment and agriculture/forestry policy. In the European context, biomass is taken to include agricultural and industrial wastes in addition to forest woodfuel, and it is regarded as a potential source of heat, fuels and electricity. In the UK, energy policy as a whole is based on four considerations-environment, energy reliability and security, affordability for the poorest in society and competitive pricing for businesses, industries and households. Within UK policy, the dominant driver for greater use of biomass as a renewable source of energy is climate change mitigation; energy security is an emerging driver; all other potential benefits of biomass as a renewable resource are of limited significance. At the moment, the UK focus is narrower than in Europe. National targets are set only for electricity generation. Furthermore, expansion of energy crops, which are defined in the major regulations as 'crops planted since 1989 and grown primarily for the purpose of being used as a fuel' and, therefore, do not include material from extant forests, is seen as the main way to ensure energy security and minimise carbon expended to transport the raw material to the point of end use. Nevertheless, woody biomass from forests, sawmills, urban areas and transportation corridors is already available in vastly greater quantities than 'energy crops'. At a regional and local scale, global environmental issues are of lower relative importance and a much wider range of potential benefits tend to be taken into consideration. For example, the economic benefits of woodfuel heating in areas without connections to the gas grid have been an important consideration in the steady increase in woodheat developments. In other areas where there is a less obvious financial driver, rural development is a powerful determinant of support for woodfuel projects. Crown Copyright (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 0961-9534ISI:000236435600006}?SPaoletti, E. Bytnerowicz, A. Andersen, C. Augustaitis, A. Ferretti, M. Grulke, N. Gunthardt-Goerg, M. S. Innes, J. Johnson, D. Karnosky, D. Luangjame, J. Matyssek, R. McNulty, S. Muller-Starck, G. Musselman, R. Percy, K.2007ZImpacts of air pollution and climate change on forest ecosystems - Emerging research needs1-8Thescientificworldjournal7carbon climate changeMarOutcomes from the 22nd meeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems "Forests under Anthropogenic Pressure - Effects of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Urban Development", September 10-16, 2006, Riverside, CA, are summarized. Tropospheric or ground-level ozone (O-3) is still the phytotoxic air pollutant of major interest. Challenging issues are how to make O-3 standards or critical levels more biologically based and at the same time practical for wide use; quantification of plant detoxification processes in flux modeling; inclusion of multiple environmental stresses in critical load determinations; new concept development for nitrogen saturation; interactions between air pollution, climate, and forest pests; effects of forest fire on air quality; the capacity of forests to sequester carbon under changing climatic conditions and coexposure to elevated levels of air pollutants; enhanced linkage between molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, and morphological traits. 1537-744XISI:000245178400001_}?TeRokityanskiy, D. Beniez, P. C. Kraxner, F. McCallum, I. Obersteiner, M. Rametsteiner, E. Yamagata, Y.2007dGeographically explicit global modeling of land-use change, carbon sequestration, and biomass supply 1057-1082+Technological Forecasting and Social Change747\carbon climate change afforestation deforestation reforestation conservation economic issuesSepThis study aims to determine whether carbon sequestration policies could present a significant contribution to the global portfolio of climate change mitigation options. The objective is to model the effects of policies designed to induce landowners to change land use and management patterns with a view to sequester carbon or to reduce deforestation. The approach uses the spatially explicit Dynamic Integrated Model of Forestry and Alternative Land Use (DIMA) to quantify the economic potential of global forests. The model chooses which of the land-use processes (afforestation, reforestation, deforestation, or conservation and management options) would be applied in a specific location, based on land prices, cost of forest production and harvesting, site productivity, population density, and estimates of economic growth. The approach is relevant in that it (1) couples a revised and updated version of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios with the dynamic development of climate policy implications through integration with the Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impact (MESSAGE); (2) is spatially explicit on a 0.5 degrees grid; and (3) is constrained by guaranteeing food security and land for urban development. As outputs, DIMA produces 100-year forecasts of land-use change, carbon sequestration, impacts of carbon incentives (e.g., avoided deforestation), biomass for bioenergy, and climate policy impacts. Themodeling results indicate that carbon sequestration policies could contribute to a significant part of the global portfolio of efficient climate mitigation policies, dependent upon carbon prices. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 0040-1625ISI:000249515200007?U2004.The top ten environmental benefits of forestry21+26Timber Producer12rclimate carbon energy use energy use air quality influence of urban trees water water quality stormwater runoffVarious environmental benefits of forestry to revive the forests are discussed. It is stated that on an average 1.7 billion seedlings are planted annually that translates to six seedlings planted for every tree harvested and in addition, billions of additional seedlings are also regenerated naturally. Forestry helps in maintaining the water quality by managing areas like watersheds, and riparian zones. It is also stated that one mature tree absorbs approximately 13 pounds of carbon dioxide a year, that is, it removes 1.47 tons of carbon dioxide and replaces it with 1.07 tons of oxygen. Forests in urban areas reduce stormwater runoffs, improve air quality, and reduce energy consumption.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus}?V0Benjamin, M. T. Sudol, M. Bloch, L. Winer, A. M.1996iLow-emitting urban forests: A taxonomic methodology for assigning isoprene and monoterpene emission rates 1437-1452Atmospheric Environment309Mclimate carbon air quality influence of urban trees energy use urban heat island UHI biogenic hydrocarbons isoprene monoterpenes biogenic emission rates taxonomic methodology urban forests BIOGENIC HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS RATE VARIABILITY LIVE OAK TEMPERATURE TREES PINE PHOTOSYNTHESIS INVENTORY PLANTS MODEL urban forest tree plantingMaykLarge-scale tree planting programs have been proposed, and are being implemented, as a means of reducing energy demand, mitigating urban heat islands, and improving air quality. However, many species of trees emit highly photochemically reactive hydrocarbons and the rates of such emissions can vary by four orders of magnitude, depending upon the tree species. Thug, planting of high-emitting trees species on a massive scale has the potential to adversely affect air quality rather than leading to improvement. However, the selection of low-emitting trees is difficult because emission rates have been experimentally determined for only a limited number of species. The present study describes a methodology for assigning biogenic emission rates based on taxonomic relationships. Using this methodology, direct emission measurements from 124 tree and shrub species found in the California South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) are used to assign emission rates to 253 other species found in the SoCAB but for which there are no measured emission rates. The combined listing of 377 species is ranked according to total (isoprene and monoterpenes) biogenic emission rate on an hourly basis. Although the ranking of trees developed here is specific to Southern California, the methodology described can be applied to other geographic areas to assist in the planting of low-emitting urban forests. 1352-2310ISI:A1996UG55900008 }?WCarreiro, M. M. Tripler, C. E.2005aForest remnants along urban-rural gradients: Examining their potential for global change research568-582 Ecosystems85climate carbon nitrogen issuesAugOver the next century, ecosystems throughout the world will be responding to rapid changes in climate and rising levels of carbon dioxide, inorganic N and ozone. Because people depend on biological systems for water, food and other ecosystem services, predicting the range of responses to global change for various ecosystem types in different geographic locations is a high priority. Modeling exercises and manipulative experimentation have been the principle approaches used to place upper and lower bounds on community and ecosystem responses. However, each of these approaches has recognized limitations. Manipulative experiments cannot vary all the relevant factors and are often performed at small spatio-temporal scales. Modeling is limited by data availability and by our knowledge of how current observations translate into future conditions. These weaknesses would improve if we could observe ecosystems that have already responded to global change factors and thus presage shifts in ecosystem structure and function. Here we consider whether urban forest remnants might offer this ability. As urban forests have been exposed to elevated temperature, carbon dioxide, nitrogen deposition and ozone for many decades, they may be ahead of the global change "response curve" for forests in their region. Therefore, not only might forests along urbanization gradients provide us with natural experiments for studying current responses to global change factors, but their legacy of response to past urbanization may also constitute space-for-time substitution experiments for predicting likely regional forest responses to continued environmental change. For this approach to be successful, appropriate criteria must be developed for selecting forest remnants and plots that would optimize our ability to detect incipient forest responses to spatial variation in global change factors along urbanization gradients, while minimizing artifacts associated with remnant size and factors other than those that simulate global change. Studying forests that meet such criteria along urban-to-rural gradients could become an informative part of a mixed strategy of approaches for improving forecasts of forest ecosystem change at the regional scale. 1432-9840ISI:000231988900010i}?XFreedman, B. Love, S. Oneil, B.1996~Tree species composition, structure, and carbon storage in stands of urban forest of varying character in Halifax, Nova Scotia675-682Canadian Field-Naturalist1104climate carbon native speciesOct-Dec5Characteristics of stands of urban forest in Halifax, Nova Scotia, were analyzed with regards to tree-species composition and carbon sequestration. Older stands in residential and institutional neighbourhoods are dominated by non-native species of trees, thus limiting their usefulness in terms of protection of indigenous biodiversity values. These stands do, however, provide substantial ecosystem service in terms of carbon storage, because they are dominated by relatively large trees with an almost closed canopy (averaging 83% cover), and supporting a relatively large stand biomass (averaging 131 t/ha of above-ground tree biomass). In comparison, younger residential neighbourhoods have larger frequencies of native tree species, reflecting a recent trend to preserving some natural forest as buffer strips between properties. However, the proportion of native species of trees in the younger neighbourhoods is expected to decrease with time, because non-indigenous species are the strongly dominant choice among recent plantings by homeowners. Because of recent disturbance, urban forest in younger neighbourhoods has a relatively small biomass, but this should increase with succession. Natural-forest urban parks have a tree-species composition and stand structure that are similar to that of more remote, natural forests. 0008-3550ISI:A1996WW02900014+}?YGratani, L. Varone, L.2007XPlant crown traits and carbon sequestration capability by Platanus hybrida Brot. in Rome282-286Landscape and Urban Planning814climate carbon tree plantingJul)Measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration carried out in the city of Rome in the period January-December 2005 showed a mean yearly CO2 concentration of 414 +/- 45 ppm; polluted sites (P sites) had 21% higher CO2 concentration than control sites (C sites). The significant (p < 0.01) correlation analysis between CO2 concentration and traffic density measured during the study period at P sites showed that traffic density explained 51% of the CO2 variation. The CO2 trend during the traffic limitation days (provision imposed by ordinance of the City Council) did not show significant differences as regards regular traffic days, suggesting the ineffectiveness of this provision. Leaf area index (LAI) of Platanus hybrida Brot. was on an average 11% lower at P sites than at C ones associated with a lower total photosynthetic leaf surface area (SPT, 34% lower at P sites than at C ones). P. hybrida had a total carbon sequestration of 117 +/- 13 kg year(-1) (mean value of P and C sites) playing an important role in sequestering CO2. Thus, the choice of plant species for urban areas may be set out taking into account their own air amelioration capability. Plant traits of each species may be used for urban tree planting programs to ameliorate urban air pollution. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0169-2046ISI:000247846700002}?Z!Longcore, T. Li, C. Wilson, J. P.2004bApplicability of citygreen urban ecosystem analysis software to a densely built urban neighborhood173-186Urban Geography252climate carbon energy use energy use energy saving air quality influence of urban trees water stormwater runoff urban ecosystem analysis GIS urban forestry VEGETATION economic issues value benefits stormwater runoff neighbors neighborhood issues economic issuesFeb-MarIn efforts to increase greenspace in cities, planners have relied on a series of arguments about the benefits of parks and other greenspace, including their economic value. The commercially available software program, CITYgreen 4.0, an extension of ArcView, calculates economic values for this purpose. The software evaluates the benefits of trees and other landscape features for energy use, stormwater runoff, air pollution, carbon sequestration, and wildlife habitat. While many examples are available of the use of CITYgreen in suburban morphologies, we set out to evaluate the applicability of CITYgreen for assessing these effects in a densely populated urban neighborhood. We inventoried 146 acres of urban land uses (commercial, residential, and institutional) in a Los Angeles neighborhood. CITYgreen does not calculate energy savings for structures larger than single-family residences, reducing its utility in densely built urban environments. The stormwater runoff reduction module works well when the field data themes were clipped so that the highest canopy (i.e., trees, shrubs, grass, or impermeable surface but no combination thereof) was recorded in every part of the study area. Carbon sequestration and air pollution removal modules worked well, but do not incorporate the best available science. Wildlife analysis falls short of its potential, given the extensive field data collected to use the program. 0272-3638ISI:000223300500005?[McPherson, E. G.1994<Using urban forests for energy efficiency and carbon storage36-41Journal of Forestry9210Dclimate carbon energy use shade shading energy use energy efficiencyThe potential of urban forestry to offset US carbon emissions is modest, and on average the cost appears higher than most rural forest management strategies. However, economic analyses suggest that urban forestry investments can be attractive in certain markets. Carbon offset benefits will be greatest in the warmer regions of the country, especially where coal is a primary fuel for power production. Within cities, the costs and benefits of shade tree programs will be highly site specific. Factors such as the availability of planting space, preferences for trees, building energy use characteristics, presence of airconditioners, and severity of local microclimates will influence the magnitude of potential energy and carbon savings. -from AuthorECited By (since 1996): 9 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus?\Sampson, R. N.1992UForestry opportunities in the United States to mitigate the effects of global warming157-180Water, Air, and Soil Pollution641-2climate carbon=There are a variety of opportunities in the United States to expand the area of trees and forests, and to improve their growth, that could have significant impact upon the annual uptake of atmospheric CO2. Work coordinated by the American Forestry Association has attempted to quantify those opportunities, and demonstrate what kinds of costs and benefits might result from an attempt to begin implementing them. The first section of the work, reported in this paper, has focused on the opportunities that are seldom thought of as regular forestry - planting trees on marginal crop and pasture leads, increasing windbreaks and shelterbelts, growing trees as a biomass energy source, and improving urban tree canopies and placements as an energy-conserving measure. The benefits from such work include the C sequestered in the biomass and soils involved, as well as the carbon emission reductions achieved through energy conservation. These opportunities could add up to a total C impact per year in the range of 141 to 382 x 106t - somewhere between 10 and 30% of the current net C emission from fossil fuel in the United States. Additional work is underway to quantify the opportunities inherent in improving the management of existing forestlands, through more traditional forestry. The results of that work will be available in late 1992.CCited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusQAmerican Forestry Association, P.O. Box 2000, Washington, DC 20013, United States?]Simpson, J. R.1998]Urban forest impacts on regional cooling and heating energy use: Sacramento County case study201-209Journal of Arboriculture244Lclimate carbon energy use cooling shade shading energy use energy efficiency.Urban forests impact energy use for cooling and heating as a result of their moderating influence on climate. To evaluate the regional magnitude of these impacts, a large-scale analysis framework was developed and applied to Sacramento County, California, as a case study. Heating, cooling, and peak electrical energy use changes resulting from modification of solar radiation, air temperature, and wind speed by the existing urban forest were estimated for representative residential and commercial buildings. This is combined with building age and size, canopy and tree cover, and tree density (trees/ha) for 71 county subdivisions. Annual cooling savings are approximately 157 GWh (US$18.5 million) per year - 12% of total air conditioning in the county. Net effects on heating are small, with 145 TJ (US$1.3 million) saved annually. Peak energy-use reductions result in avoided costs of US$6 million. The resulting large-scale analysis incorporates a manageable level of detail not previously available. Sensitivity of results to selected input data is demonstrated.vCited By (since 1996): 18 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Akbari, H., Rosenfeld, A.H., Taha, H., Summer heat islands, urban trees, and white surfaces (1990) ASHRAE Trans., 96 (1 PART), pp. 1381-1388; Akbari, H., Bretz, S.E., Hanford, J.W., Kurn, D.M., Fishman, B.L., Taha, H.G., Bos, W., (1993) Monitoring Peak Power and Cooling Energy Savings of Shade Trees and White Surfaces in the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) Service Area, , Report LBL-34411, Energy and Environment Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA; (1993) Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 1990, Supplement: Regional, , Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC. DOE/EIA-0321(90)/S, 359 pp; (1994) Energy End-use Intensities in Commercial Buildings, , Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC. DOE/EIA-0555(94)/2. 135 pp; Heisler, G.M., Mean wind speed below building height in residential neighborhoods with different tree densities (1990) ASHRAE Transactions, 96 (1), pp. 1389-1396; Hildebrandt, E., Kallett, R., Sarkovich, M., Sequest, R., Maximizing the energy benefits of urban forestation (1996) Proceedings of the 1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, , ACEEE, Washington, DC; Huang, J., Akbari, H., Taha, H., Rosenfeld, A., The potential of vegetation in reducing summer cooling loads in residential buildings (1987) J. Climate Appl. Meteorol., 26, pp. 1103-1106; Huang, J., Akbari, H., Taha, H., The wind-shielding and shading effects of trees on residential heating and cooling requirements (1990) ASHRAE Trans., 96 (1), pp. 1403-1411; Kiefer, J.C., Dziegielewski, B., (1991) Analysis of Residential Landscape Irrigation in Southern California, , Report to Planning Division, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Lowry, W.P., (1988) Atmospheric Ecology for Designers and Planners, , Peavine Publications, McMinnville, OR. 435 pp; McPherson, E.G., Energy-saving potential of trees in Chicago (1994) USDA For. Serv. Northeast For. Exp. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rpt. NE-GTR-186, pp. 95-114. , McPherson, E.G., D.J. Nowak, and R.A. Rowntree (Eds.). Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Radnor, PA; McPherson, E.G., Net benefits of healthy and productive urban forests (1995) Urban Forest Landscapes, Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives, pp. 188-194. , Bradley, G.A. (Ed.). University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA; McPherson, E.G., Structure and sustainability of Sacramento's urban forest (1998) J. Arboric, 24 (4), pp. 174-190; McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., (1995) Technical Potential for Shade Tree Planting in Sacramento County, , Final report, USDA For. Serv. West. Ctr. for Urban For. Res. & Educ., Davis, CA; Meier, A.K., Strategic landscaping and airconditioning savings: A literature review (1990) Energy and Buildings, 15-16, pp. 479-486; Myrup, L.O., McGinn, C.E., Flocchini, R.G., An analysis of microclimatic variation in a suburban environment (1993) Atmos. Environ., 276, pp. 129-156; Rosenfeld, A., Romm, J., Akbari, H., Pomerantz, M., Taha, H., Policies to reduce heat islands: Magnitudes of benefits and incentives to achieve them (1996) Proc. 1996 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, , Washington, DC. Also Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report No. LBL-36587, Berkeley, CA. 1996; Sacamano, P.L., McPherson, E.G., Myhre, R.J., Stankovich, M., Weih, R.C., Describing urban forest cover: An evaluation of airborne videography (1995) J. For., 93, pp. 43-48; (1995) SACOG 1994 Housing Module, , Sacramento Area Council of Governments, Sacramento, CA; Sailor, D.J., Rainer, L., Akbari, H., Measured impact of neighborhood tree cover on microclimate (1992) Proc. 1992 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, 9, pp. 9149-9157. , American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Washington, DC; Simpson, J.R., McPherson, E.G., (1995) Impact Evaluation of the Sacramento Municipal Utility District's Shade Tree Program, , Sacramento Municipal Utility District, Monitoring and Evaluation, Sacramento, CA; Simpson, J.R., McPherson, E.G., Potential of tree shade for reducing residential energy use in California (1996) J. Arboric, 22 (1), pp. 10-18; Simpson, J.R., McPherson, E.G., Simulation of tree shade impacts on residential energy use for space conditioning in Sacramento (1998) Atmos. Environ.: Urban Atmos., 32, pp. 69-74; (1994) Demand-Side Management Resource Plan, Vol. 1: Executive Summary, 1. , SMUD, Resource Planning and Evaluation Department, Sacramento, CA; (1995) Shade Tree Program Impact Evaluation, , SMUD, Monitoring and Evaluation Department, Sacramento, CA; Taha, H., Akbari, H., Rosenfeld, A.H., Heat island and oasis effects of vegetative canopies: Micrometeorological field-measurements (1991) Theor. Appl. Climatol., 44, pp. 123-138; Wilkin, D., Jo, H.K., Landscape carbon budgets and planning guidelines for greenspaces in urban residential lands (1993) Tech. Res. Rep. School of Renewable Natural Resources, , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 205 pp l}?^Taha, H. Douglas, S. Haney, J.1997YMesoscale meteorological and air quality impacts of increased urban albedo and vegetation169-177Energy and Buildings252Air quality Albedo Mesoscale modeling Meteorology Ozone Photochemistry Urban vegetation shade shading air quality influence of urban trees Urban vegetation preservation forestation reforestation climate carbon The large scale implementation of high-albedo building materials and urban surfaces and the reforestation of low vegetation urban areas are being encouraged as energy-saving measures. These strategies will result in modification of the physical properties of millions of buildings (e.g., roof reflectance) and their microclimates (e.g., shading, wind, and evapotranspiration effects of trees). This paper is about the atmospheric impacts of regional scale changes in building properties, paved-surface characteristics, and their microclimates. It discusses the possible meteorological and ozone air quality impacts of increases in surface albedo and urban trees in California's South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB). The photochemical model simulations of a late August period indicate that implementing high-albedo materials in the SoCAB would have a net effect of reducing ozone concentrations. Domain-wide population-weighted exceedance exposure to ozone above the California Ambient Air Quality Standard would be decreased by up to 12% during peak afternoon hours. With respect to the National Standard, exceedance exposure would be reduced by up to 17%. The simulations also indicate that the net effect of increased urban vegetation is a decrease in ozone concentrations if the additional vegetation (trees) are low emitters of biogenic hydrocarbons. With respect to the California standard, domain-wide population-weighted exceedance exposure to ozone above this threshold would be decreased by up to 14% during peak afternoon hours. With respect to the National Standard, the reduction would be up to 22%. In terms of total daytime exposure, these strategies can decrease exceedance exposure by up to 12% with respect to the California Standard and up to 20% with respect to the National Standard. Comparing the simulated air quality impacts of increased albedo and vegetation cover with the impacts of other strategies reveals that they are of the same order of magnitude. For instance, the simulations for this episode, using updated 1987 emission inventories for the SoCAB, indicate that the air quality benefits of albedo and vegetation increase strategies are comparable to those of converting at least 50% of the mobile sources operating in 1987 in the SoCAB to zero emitting vehicles (these findings are for ozone reductions only; removing or converting motor vehicles has several other advantages as well). At this time, this comparison is preliminary as there are uncertainties in the modeling system and emission inventories. In particular, mobile source emissions may be underestimated by as much as two-fold. These findings will be updated when other episodes are modeled and more representative emission inventories become available. 0378-7788ISI:A1997XE31900009Q?_,Mickler, R. A. Earnhardt, T. S. Moore, J. A.2002WModeling and spatially distributing forest net primary production at the regional scale407-4153Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association524climate carbon climate changeForest, agricultural, rangeland, wetland, and urban landscapes have different rates of carbon sequestration and total carbon sequestration potential under alternative management options. Changes in the proportion and spatial distribution of land use could enhance or degrade that area's ability to sequester carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. As the ecosystems within a landscape change due to natural or anthropogenic processes, they may go from being a carbon sink to a carbon source or vice versa. Satellite image analysis has been tested for timely and accurate measurement of spatially explicit land use change and is well suited for use in inventory and monitoring of terrestrial carbon. The coupling of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data with a physiologically based forest productivity model (PnET-II) and historic climatic data provides an opportunity to enhance field plot-based forest inventory and monitoring methodologies. We use periodic forest inventory data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program to obtain estimates of forest area and type and to generate estimates of carbon storage for evergreen, deciduous, and mixed-forest classes. The area information is used in an accuracy assessment of remotely sensed forest cover at the regional scale. The map display of modeled net primary production (NPP) shows a range of forest carbon storage potentials and their spatial relationship to other landscape features across the southern United States. This methodology addresses the potential for measuring and projecting forest carbon sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere of the southern United States.pCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Birdsey, R.A., Heath, L.S., Carbon changes in U.S. forests (1995) Productivity of America's Forests and Climate Change, pp. 56-70. , Joyce, L.A., Ed.; General Technical Report RM-GTR-271; USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain and Range Experiment Station: Fort Collins, CO; Flannigan, M.D., Stocks, B.J., Wotton, B.M., Climate change and forest fires (2000) Sci. Tot. Environ., 262, pp. 221-229; Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Roach, J.T., Witmer, R.E., (1976) A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data, p. 28. , Professional Paper 964; U.S. Geological Survey: Washington, DC; Powell, D.S., Faulkner, J.L., Darr, D.R., Zhu, Z., MacCleery, D.W., (1993) Forest Resources of the United States, p. 132. , General Technical Report RM-234; USDA Forest Service: Fort Collins, CO; Schoeneberger, P., Soils, geography, and land use of the southeastern United States (1995) Impacts of Air Pollution on Southern Pine Forests, pp. 58-82. , Fox, S., Mickler, R.A., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: New York; Reams, G.A., Van Deusen, P.C., The southern annual forest inventory system (1999) J. Agric. Bio. Environ. Stat., 4 (4), pp. 346-360; Vogelmann, J.E., Sohl, T., Howard, S.M., Shaw, D.M., Regional land cover characterization using landsat thematic mapper data and ancillary data sources (1998) Environ. Monitoring Assess., 51, pp. 415-428; Aber, J.D., Federer, C.A., A generalized, lumped-parameter model of photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, and net primary production in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems (1992) Oecologia, 92, pp. 463-474; Olinger, S.V., Aber, J.D., Federer, C.A., Estimating regional forest productivity and water yield using an ecosystem model linked to a GIS (1998) Landscape Ecol., 13, pp. 323-334; McNulty, S.G., Moore, J.A., Iverson, L., Prasad, A., Abt, R., Smith, G., Sun, G., Aber, J.D., Application of linked regional scale growth, biogeography and economic models for southeastern United States pine forests (2000) World Resource Rev., 12, pp. 298-320; McNulty, S.G., Vose, J.M., Swank, W.T., Predictions and projections of pine productivity and hydrology in response to climate change across the southern United States (1998) The Productivity and Sustainability of Southern Forest Ecosystems in a Changing Environment, pp. 391-406. , Mickler, R.A., Fox, S., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: New York; Kittel, T.G.F., Royle, J.A., Daly, C., Rosenbloom, N.A., Gibson, W.P., Fisher, H.H., Schimel, D.S., Berliner, L.M., VEMAP2 participants. A gridded historical (1895-1993) bioclimate dataset for the conterminous United States (1997) Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Applied Climatology, pp. 219-222. , October 20-24, 1997, Reno, NV; American Meteorological Society: Boston, MA; Kittel, T.G.F., Rosenbloom, N.A., Kaufman, C., Royle, J.A., Daly, C., Fisher, H.H., Gibson, W.P., Schimel, D.S., (2000) VEMAP 2: U.S. Monthly Climate, 1895-1993, Version 2, , http://www.daac.ornl.gov; McNulty, S.G., Vose, J.M., Swank, J.D., Aber, J.D., Federer, C.A., Regional-scale forest ecosystem modeling database development, model predictions and validation using a geographic information system (1994) Climate Res., 4, pp. 223-231; Miller, D.A., White, R.A., (1998) A Conterminous United States Multi-Layer Soil Characteristics Data Set for Regional Climate and Hydrology Modeling, , http://www.EarthInteractions.org; Aber, J.D., Ollinger, S.V., Federer, C.A., Reich, P.B., Goulden, M.L., Kicklighter, D.W., Melillo, J.M., Lathrop, R.G., Predicting the effects of climate change on water yield and forest production in the North-Eastern U.S. (1995) Climate Research, S, pp. 207-222=Mantech Environ. Technology, Inc., Raleigh, NC, United StatesH?`)Woodbury, P. B. Heath, L. S. Smith, J. E.2006VLand use change effects on forest carbon cycling throughout the southern United States 1348-1363 Journal of Environmental Quality354^climate carbon climate change urban soils preservation forestation afforestation deforestation-We modeled the effects of afforestation and deforestation on carbon cycling in forest floor and soil from 1900 to 2050 throughout 13 states in the southern United States. The model uses historical data on gross (two-way) transitions between forest, pasture, plowed agriculture, and urban lands along with equations describing changes in carbon over many decades for each type of land use change. Use of gross rather than net land use transition data is important because afforestation causes a gradual gain in carbon stocks for many decades, while deforestation causes a much more rapid loss in carbon stocks. In the South-Central region (Texas to Kentucky) land use changes caused a net emission of carbon before the 1980s, followed by a net sequestration of carbon subsequently. In the Southeast region (Florida to Virginia), there was net emission of carbon until the 1940s, again followed by net sequestration of carbon. These results could improve greenhouse gas inventories produced to meet reporting requirements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Specifically, from 1990 to 2004 for the entire 13-state study area, afforestation caused sequestration of 88 Tg C, and deforestation caused emission of 49 Tg C. However, the net effect of land use change on carbon stocks in soil and forest floor from 1990 to 2004 was about sixfold smaller than the net change in carbon stocks in trees on all forestland. Thus land use change effects and forest carbon cycling during this period are dominated by changes in tree carbon stocks. © ASA, CSSA, SSSA.CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusUSDA Forest Service-NE, P.O. Box 640, Durham, NH 03824, United States Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States}?a2006dSymposium: The Effects of Climate Change on Tree Diseases - Part of the Canadian Phytopathological Society (CPS) Annual Meeting and the CPS - American Phytopathological Society - Mycological Society of America joint meeting Biological Interactions and Biological Crossroads - 29 July-2 August 2006, Quebec City Convention Center, Quebec, Canada - Abstracts385-386GCanadian Journal of Plant Pathology-Revue Canadienne De Phytopathologie282climate changeApr-Jun 0706-0661ISI:000242391000202T?bAbramovitz, J. N.2001Unnatural disasters62Worldwatch Paper158climate changeIn the 1990s, natural catastrophes like hurricanes, floods, and fires caused over $608 billion in economic losses worldwide, an amount greater than during the previous four decades combined. But a growing share of this devastation is not "natural" at all: the effects of a disaster are magnified by ecologically destructive practices, like degrading forests, engineering rivers, filling in wetlands, and destabilizing the climate. And at the same time, continuing human migration to cities and coastal areas is putting more and more people and infrastructure at risk. The projected effects of climate change and sea level rise can only heighten coastal risks. Over 2 billion people were affected by disasters in the last decade. More people are now displaced by disasters than by conflict. And the economic losses are especially devastating to poor countries, where the losses often represent a large share of the national economy. Losses there are often uninsured. Disaster mitigation is a very attractive investment; on average every $1 invested in disaster preparedness saves $7 in disaster recovery costs. But investing in mitigation requires governments and communities to give up politically expedient short-term thinking and plan for the long term. In this Worldwatch Paper, Janet Abramovitz lays out detailed recommendations for changing the way we manage disasters and ourselves. To the extent possible, people and structures should be located out of harm's way, such as avoiding construction on river floodplains. When hazards are unavoidable, buildings can be made to withstand them. Healthy ecosystems should be maintained or restored so they can provide natural disaster protection.DCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}?c4Banuelos, M. J. Kollmann, J. Hartvig, P. Quevedo, M.2004aModelling the distribution of Ilex aquifolium at the north-eastern edge of its geographical range129-142Nordic Journal of Botany231climate change urban soilsPlant distribution borders are key features to characterise the ecological niche of a species and to monitor effects of climate change. Here we focus on an evergreen small tree, Ilex aquifolium, which reaches its north-eastem range edge in Denmark. Our main objectives are to describe and to model the current distribution of the species, to identify the most important climatic and land use factors which shape this distribution pattern, and to analyse the species' habitat requirements. For this purpose we used data from a national mapping project, complemented by information from forest owners. The distribution and abundance of L aquifolium in Denmark have markedly changed during the past 40 years. It is now found in almost all districts, although the centres of abundance still coincide with the historical records. Our model shows lower habitat suitability for the species in northern and eastern districts, where winters are more severe and spring precipitation is lower. To a lesser extent, land use influences I. aquifolium occurrence, but it is more common in areas with a high proportion of forests and/or urban sites. The analysis of habitat requirements supports these results, since I. aquifolium occurs mainly as a forest species in deciduous stands, on relatively nutrient-rich moist soils, and under moderately high light conditions. However, some records may be the product of seed dispersal from planted individuals nearby. The results suggest that the range edge of tile species has moved at least 100 km east within half a century. Since I. aquifolium is sensitive to winter frost, this change in distribution may be due to increasingly mild winter temperatures. 0107-055XISI:000226506700011H?dBrian Jr, S. Rodgers, M. O.2001bUrban form and thermal efficiency how the design of cities influences the Urban heat island effect186-198,Journal of the American Planning Association672climate changejThis article presents findings from a study on residential development patterns and urban heat island formation in the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan region. High-resolution thermal imagery collected by the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) is used in conjunction with parcelTJevel tax records to examine the interaction between the design of single-family residential parcels and the emission of radiant heat energy. Results from a path analysis illustrate that lower density patterns of residential development contribute more radiant heat energy to surface heat island formation than higher density development patterns within the Atlanta region. Compact moderate-tohigh-density new construction and area-based tree ordinances are recommended as policy strategies for mitigating the effects of urban development on regional climate change. ©American.DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusCity and Regional Planning Program, Georgia Institute of Technology Air Quality Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute Oftechnology !}?eBrown, M. E. Arnold, D. L.1998PLand-surface-atmosphere interactions associated with deep convection in Illinois 1637-1653$International Journal of Climatology1815Kclimate change Convection Midwest US Satellite imagery analysis urban soilsDecGeostationary operational environmental satellite (GOES East) imagery are used to investigate a possible spatial clustering of free convective cloud masses along land-cover-type boundaries in the state of Illinois on days with weak synoptic-scale flow. Soil moisture data and a surface cover-type classification system are employed to identify likely cloud formation zones las a function of non-classical mesoscale circulations (NCMCs)) forced by heterogeneous surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat. The emphasis of this research is on documenting the existence of convective cloud clusters and determining locations where they would be expected to occur if land-surface-atmosphere forcing were involved. This research shows that a statistically significant spatial clustering of free convective cloud masses does exist, and that these clusters occur along land-cover-type and soil-order boundaries. The three most conspicuous locations for both the initiation and vertical enhancement of convective clouds are along: (i) the agricultural and mixed forest-agricultural boundary that extends west-east from near St. Louis, Missouri, to Terre Haute, Indiana; (ii) along the urban/suburban Chicago metropolitan area and agricultural boundary in northeast Illinois; and (iii) along the agricultural and agricultural-mixed forest boundary along the Illinois River in east-central Illinois. It is also apparent from composite rawinsonde soundings that a majority of free convective cloud masses develop along land-cover-type boundaries on weak synoptic-scale flow days when planetary boundary layer moisture levels are large. This provides further support for the proposal that non-classical mesoscale circulations (NCMCs) provide the mass convergence necessary to force moist air parcels to the level of free convection along land-cover-type boundaries. These results also suggest that human-modification of the Earth's surface may play a significant role in local-scale climate change. (C) 1998 Royal Meteorological Society. 0899-8418ISI:000077562800001B}?fChapman, L. Thornes, J. E.2003JThe use of geographical information systems in climatology and meteorology313-330Progress in Physical Geography273climate change\The proliferation of 'commercial off-the-shelf' geographical information systems into the scientific community has resulted in the widespread use of spatial climate data in a variety of applications. This paper presents a review of the role of geographical information systems in climatology and meteorology by (i) discussing methods used to derive and refine spatial climate data and (ii) reviewing the bespoke application of GIS and spatial climate datasets in agriculture, ecology, forestry, health and disease, weather forecasting, hydrology, transport, urban environments, energy and climate change. 0309-1333ISI:000202945400001}?g@Dellasala, D. A. Williams, J. E. Williams, C. D. Franklin, J. E.2004@Beyond smoke and mirrors: a synthesis of fire policy and science976-986Conservation Biology184climate changeAugFire performs many beneficial ecosystem functions in dry forests and rangelands across much of North America. In the last century, however, the role of fire has been dramatically altered by numerous anthropogenic factors acting as root causes of the current fire crisis, including widespread logging, road building, fire suppression, habitat fragmentation, urban development, livestock grazing, and, more recently, climate change. The intensity and extent of fires in the western United States, specifically, have dramatically increased over the past several decades. Such shifts in fire behavior have triggered sweeping policy changes that were intended to prevent or contain fires but that pose significant risks to the integrity of ecosystems and the role fire historically played in shaping them. Here, we provide a social and ecological context for summarizing this special issue on fires, including general guidelines and principles for managers concerned about balancing the risks of inaction against the risks of action over extensive areas. Fundamental to our understanding of fire is the notion that it is extremely variable, has multiple causes, and requires ecological solutions that are sensitive to spatial scale and context Therefore, forest managers must recognize that different forest types have different fire regimes and require fundamentally different fire- management policies. Furthermore, to restore or maintain ecological integrity, including the role of fire, treatments need to be tailored to site-specific conditions with an adaptive approach. We provide a conceptual framework for prioritizing fuel treatments and restoration activities in the wildlands-urban intermix versus those in wildland areas farther from human settlement. In general, the science of conservation biology has much to offer in helping to shape wildfire policy direction; however, conservation biologists must become more engaged to better ensure that policy decisions are based on sound science and that ecological risks are incorporated. 0888-8892ISI:000222979400019 }?h4Ehrhardt-Martinez, K. Crenshaw, E. M. Jenkins, J. C.2002kDeforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: A cross-national investigation of intervening mechanisms226-243Social Science Quarterly831climate changeMar Objective. We draw on ecological modernization theory and international political economy arguments to examine the sources of an environmental Kuznets curve (or EKC) that produces an inverted U-shaped rate of deforestation relative to economic development. Method. We use ordinary least squares regression with White's ( 1978) correction Cor possible heteroskedasticity to examine the rate of deforestation (1980-1995) in less developed countries. Results. Net of controls for initial forest stock and the quality of deforestation estimates, we find strong evidence for an EKC driven by (1) agglomeration effects linked to the level of urbanization, (2) rural-to-urban migration that partially offsets rural population pressure, (3) the growth of services-dominated urban economies, and (4) strong democratic states. We Find little evidence that foreign debt or export dependence influence the deforestation rate. Conclusions. Although deforestation continues to pose pressing and potentially irreversible environmental risks, there is evidence of self-corrective ecological and modernization processes inherent in development that act to mitigate these risks. Deforestation is a pressing environmental problem involving permanent loss of species, soil degradation, impact on global climate change, and long-term resource depletion. Of the approximately 3.4 billion hectares of forest land that existed around the globe in 1980, approximately 5 percent had been cleared by 1995 (FAO, 1997). Although some decline in the rate of deforestation has been detected in the 1990s (with rapid deforestation in some regions being offset by uneven decreases in Brazil and reforestation in some developed nations), there is no guarantee of abatement in the near future (World Resources Institute, 2000). Given the inextricable links between forest cover and biodiversity, soil quality, and atmospheric replenish-ment, understanding the causes and consequences of deforestation must be central to both natural and social environmental science. Of the various forms of environmental degradation, deforestation holds a special appeal because (1) the felling of trees is spatially fixed and therefore more amenable to study, (2) deforestation is unambiguously due to human activities, and (3) the loss of forest cover is uniquely intertwined with nearly all other forms of environmental degradation. This article extends and improves on prior cross-national analyses of deforestation. Whereas most past studies have been empirical and descriptive, more recent investigations have been more theoretical, emphasizing modernization processes, demographic pressures, and dependency/world systems constraints (e.g., Rock, 1996; Rudel and Roper, 1997; Ehrhardt-Martinez, 1998, 1999). As a part of this theorizing, the existence and implications of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) have garnered increasing attention. Given that the actual meaning of this curvilinear relationship between development and deforestation depends heavily on the intervening mechanisms linking the two, the purpose of this investigation is first to establish the existence of an EKC for deforestation and then to examine various competing explanations for this pattern. 0038-4941ISI:000173943500015}?iFast, J. D. Heilman, W. E.2003aThe effect of lake temperatures and emissions on ozone exposure in the western Great Lakes region 1197-1217Journal of Applied Meteorology429climate changeSepA meteorological-chemical model with a 12-km horizontal grid spacing was used to simulate the evolution of ozone over the western Great Lakes region during a 30-day period in the summer of 1999. Lake temperatures in the model were based on analyses derived from daily satellite measurements. The model performance was evaluated using operational surface and upper-air meteorological measurements and surface chemical measurements. Reasonable agreement between the simulations and observations was obtained. The bias (predicted - observed) over the simulation period was only -1.3 ppb for the peak ozone mixing ratio during the day and 5.5 ppb for the minimum ozone mixing ratio at night. High ozone production rates were produced over the surface of the lakes as a result of stable atmospheric conditions that trapped ozone precursors within a shallow layer during the day. In one location, an increase of 200 ppb of ozone over a 9-h period was produced by chemical production that was offset by losses of 110 ppb through vertical mixing, horizontal transport, and deposition. The predicted ozone was also sensitive to lake temperatures. A simulation with climatological lake temperatures produced ozone mixing ratios over the lakes and around the lake shores that differed from the simulation with observed lake temperatures by as much as 50 ppb, while the differences over land were usually 10 ppb or less. Through a series of sensitivity studies that varied ozone precursor emissions, it was shown that a reduction of 50% in NOx or volatile organic compounds would lower the 60-ppb ozone exposure by up to 50 h month(-1) in the remote forest regions over the northern Great Lakes. The implications of these results on future climate change and air quality in the region are discussed. 0894-8763ISI:000185088100001?j?Fernandes, R. Trischtchenko, A. Latifovic, R. Lu, Y. Rochdi, N.20058Production of 250m resolution MODIS products over Canada281<Proceedings of the 26th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensingclimate changesCurrently, the NRcan Earth Sciences Sector Climate Change Programme has been producing products such as land cover, LAI, snow cover and NDVI time series from NOAA AVHRR 1km data sets. The MODIS sensors on TERRA and AQUA offer an opportunity to derive these parameters at 250m resolution and therefore increase their applicability. A processing system to acquire, composite and screen 250m MODIS imagery over Canada is described. Algorithms for producing 250m LAI, land cover change, snow cover and NDVI time series are discussed and sample results are provided. These algorithms rely on coarser resolution bands for cloud screening and mapping over dark forest targets and the 250m resolution bands over agricultural and suburban/urban areas. Plans for future distribution of products are described. The potential application of these algorithms within user communities is discussed.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusPCanada Centre for Remote Sensing, 588 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ont. K1A 0Y7, Canada}}?kGilliam, F. S. Platt, W. J.2006=Conservation and restoration of the Pinus palustris ecosystem7-10Applied Vegetation Science91'climate change conservation restorationMayThe well-documented decline of the Pinus palustris ecosystem has resulted from several anthropogenic influences, such as forest clearing (e.g. pine plantation forestry, agriculture) and urban development, both of which are closely related to increases in human populations. Other impacts have arisen from alterations in disturbance regimes responsible for maintaining the structure and function of these ecosystems. Restoration and management of degraded pine savanna ecosystems is critical. Identification of ecological processes that determine the structure and function of the intact system are important because successful restoration efforts should be based on sound scientific understanding. In this paper, we introduce this special issue on the ecology, conservation, and restoration of the Pinus palustris ecosystem. Some global climate change scenarios have suggested that future changes may occur that alter frequency and severity of disturbances such as fires and hurricanes. Such changes may have large effects on pine stands, and ultimately entire Pinus palustris savanna ecosystems, thus presenting further challenges to their sustainable management. 1402-2001ISI:000242292500002}?lIloweka, E. M.2004<The deforestation of rural areas in the Lower Congo province245-250'Environmental Monitoring and Assessment991-3climate changeDecThe Lower Congo is one of eleven provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and is located southwest of Kinshasa Town Province. It has an area of approximately 53.947 km(2) with a population of 1504 361 at an estimated 237 persons per km(2). The Province comprises five districts, including Lukaya and Cataracts where rural poverty is severe and the population struggle to make a living through agriculture and woodcutting. These activities result in excessive resource exploitation. The high demand for foodstuffs and the high consumption of wood (for energy, construction and export) in Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of Congo and the expanding towns of Matadi and Boma in the Lower Congo Province, are speeding the deforestation rate and unbalancing forest ecosystems. In addition there is the stress resulting from reduced josher (the rest period for agriculture ground), plus climate change and erosion. The phenomena that that we need to address in these two districts include deforestation, reduced josher, excessive agriculture, erosion, burning and climate change which taken together largely explain the current soil degradation. These areas are marked by excessive post deforestation savannah formation and extended areas of sandy soil, distributed throughout grass and shrub savannahs. This desertification, which is rampant in Lukaya and Cataracts, risks imprisoning the rural population in a vicious cycle of poverty if adequate solutions are not found. 0167-6369ISI:000225974200020 :}?m(Jin, M. L. Dickinson, R. E. Zhang, D. L.2005HThe footprint of urban areas on global climate as characterized by MODIS 1551-1565Journal of Climate1810$climate change urban heat island UHIMay5 One mechanism for climate change is the collected impact of changes in land cover or land use. Such changes are especially significant in urban areas where much of the world's population lives. Satellite observations provide a basis for characterizing the physical modifications that result from urbanization. In particular, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Terra satellite measures surface spectral albedos, thermal emissivities, and radiative temperatures. A better understanding of these measurements should improve our knowledge of the climate impact of urbanization as well as our ability to specify the parameters needed by climate models to compute the impacts of urbanization. For this purpose, it is useful to contrast urban areas with neighboring nonurban surfaces with regard to their radiative surface temperatures, emissivities, and albedos. Among these properties, surface temperatures have been most extensively studied previously in the context of the "urban heat island" (UHI). Nevertheless, except for a few detailed studies, the UHI has mostly been characterized in terms of surface air temperatures. To provide a global analysis, the zonal average of these properties are presented here measured over urban areas versus neighboring nonurban areas. Furthermore, individual cities are examined to illustrate the variations of these variables with land cover under different climate conditions [e.g., in Beijing, New York, and Phoenix (a desert city of the United States)]. Satellite-measured skin temperatures are related to the surface air temperatures but do not necessarily have the same seasonal and diurnal variations, since they are more coupled to surface energy exchange processes and less to the overlying atmospheric column. Consequently, the UHI effects from skin temperature are shown to be pronounced at both daytime and nighttime, rather than at night as previously suggested from surface air temperature measurements. In addition, urban areas are characterized by albedos much lower than those of croplands and deciduous forests in summer but similar to those of forests in winter. Thus, urban surfaces can be distinguished from nonurban surfaces through use of a proposed index formed by multiplying skin temperature by albedo. 0894-8755ISI:000229476600008 A}?nJoeckel, R. M.1995Tectonic and Paleoclimatic Significance of a Prominent Upper Pennsylvanian (Virgilian Stephanian) Weathering Profile, Iowa and Nebraska, USA159-179/Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology1183-4climate changeNov A Virgilian (Stephanian) weathering profile up to 4 m deep, containing a paleosol (basal Rakes Creek paleosol) in the basal mudstone of the Rakes Creek Member and karstified marine sediments in the Ost, Kenosha, and Avoca members below, is restricted to southeastern Nebraska (specifically the Weeping Water Valley) and the Missouri River Valley bluffs of adjacent easternmost Iowa. This weathering profile, informally referred to as the Weeping Water weathering profile, disappears farther eastward into the shallow Forest City Basin in southwestern Iowa. Weeping Water weathering profile features are prominent in comparison to other Midcontinent Pennsylvanian subaerial exposure surfaces, indicating prolonged subaerial exposure, relatively high elevation, and a marked drop in water table along the Nemaha Uplift in southeastern Nebraska. Eastward, on the margin of the Forest City Basin, the basal Rakes Creek paleosol and underlying karst are thinner and relatively poorly developed; paleosol characteristics indicate formation on lower landscape positions. Comparative pedology, the contrasting of paleosol variability, morphology, and micromorphology between different paleosols in the same regional succession, provides a basis for interpreting the larger significance of the basal Rakes Creek paleosol. The stratigraphically older upper Lawrence and Snyderville paleosols in the same area are significantly different in patterns of lateral variability and overall soil characteristics. Weaker eustatic control and stronger tectonic activity may explain the greater west-east variability (and eventual eastward disappearance) of the basal Rakes Creek paleosol. Differences in soil characteristics between the Vertisol-like upper Lawrence and Snyderville paleosols and the non-Vertisol-like basal Rakes Creek paleosol appear to be due to climate change, particularly a shift from more seasonal to more uniform rainfall. This climate change hypothesis is compatible with overall Virgilian stratigraphic trends in the northern Midcontinent outcrop area. 0031-0182ISI:A1995TJ45200001 |?oJoeckel, R. M.1999Paleosol in Galesburg Formation (Kansas City Group, Upper Pennsylvanian), northern Midcontinent, USA: Evidence for climate change and mechanisms of marine transgression720-737Journal of Sedimentary Research693climate changeMay]A widespread paleosol in the Galesburg Formation (Kansas City Group, Missourian) in the northern Midcontinent Upper Pennsylvanian cyclothem (MUPC) outcrop belt exhibits prominent features, including repeating sets of synformal slickensides and mukkara or "chimney" structures, which characterize it as a paleo-Vertisol, The Galesburg paleosol has pervasive low-chroma grayish to greenish coloration, an organic-matter profile, and geochemical characteristics with regard to S, Fe2O3, MnO, SiO2, and Al2O3 that indicate wetter soil conditions than those indicated by equally widespread high chroma paleosols higher in the local stratigraphic succession (particularly a high chroma paleo-Vertisol in the upper Lawrence Formation). The predominance of low-chroma i.e., wetter) paleosols throughout the Kansas City Group in the northern Forest City Basin (southeastern Nebraska and southwestern Iowa), as exemplified by the Galesburg paleosol, compared to the greater frequency of high chroma (i.e., drier) paleosols in overlying Pennsylvanian (especially Virgilian) strata, implicates decreasing rainfall in the interior of North America during the late Missourian. The variability in rainfall through this Missourian-Virgilian shift need not have exceeded the range of rainfall (400-1400 mm/a) associated with modern soil analogs in subtropical to warm-temperate North America. Thus, there is an indication of climate change on a longer-term time scale (similar to 10(5)-10(6) a) than the intra- or inter eustatic-cycle climate change proposed by other authors for late Paleozoic cyclothems in the North American interior. Regional differences in the nature of transgressive marine strata directly above the Galesburg further suggest: (1) that important information relevant to reconstruction of the sea level curve is probably missing from the interval between regressive paleosols and subsequent regressive limestones in MUPCs, and (2) that there were probably appreciable differences in the overall mechanism of deposition of MUPC transgressive shales and black "core" shales within any particular interval of MUPC transgressive deposition.Part A 1073-130XISI:000080343000016?p)Keeton, W. S. Mote, P. W. Franklin, J. F.2007wChapter 13 Climate Variability, Climate Change, and Western Wildfire with Implications for the Urban-Wildland Interface225-2534Advances in the Economics of Environmental Resources6climate changen Climate change during the next century is likely to significantly influence forest ecosystems in the western United States, including indirect effects on forest and shrubland fire regimes. Further exacerbation of fire hazards by the warmer, drier summers projected for much of the western U.S. by climate models would compound already elevated fire risks caused by 20th century fire suppression. This has potentially grave consequences for the urban-wildland interface in drier regions, where residential expansion increasingly places people and property in the midst of fire-prone vegetation. Understanding linkages between climate variability and change, therefore, are central to our ability to forecast future risks and adapt land management, allocation of fire management resources, and suburban planning accordingly. To establish these linkages we review previous research and draw inferences from our own retrospective work focused on 20th century climate-fire relationships in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW). We investigated relationships between the two dominant modes of climate variability affecting the PNW, which are Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Nin?o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and historic fire activity at multiple spatial scales. We used historic fire data spanning most of the 20th century for USDA Forest Service Region 6, individual states (Idaho, Oregon, and Washington), and 20 national forests representative of the region's physiographic diversity. Forest fires showed significant correlations with warm/dry phases of PDO at regional and state scales; relationships were variable at the scale of individual national forests. Warm/dry phases of PDO were especially influential in terms of the occurrence of very large fire events throughout the PNW. No direct statistical relationships were found between ENSO and forest fires at regional scales, although relationships may exist at smaller spatial scales. However, both ENSO and PDO were correlated with summer drought, as estimated by the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), and PDSI was correlated with fire activity at all scales. Even moderate (±0.3°C decadal mean) fluctuations in PNW climate over the 20th century have influenced wildfire activity based on our analysis. Similar trends have been reported for other regions of the western U.S. Thus, forest fire activity has been sensitive to past climate variability, even in the face of altered dynamics due to fire suppression, as in the case of our analysis. It is likely that fire activity will increase in response to future temperature increases, at the same or greater magnitude as experienced during past climate variability. If extreme drought conditions become more prevalent we can expect a greater frequency of large, high-intensity forest fires. Increased vulnerability to forest fires may worsen the current fire management problem in the urban-wildland interface. Adaptation of fire management and restoration planning will be essential to address fire hazards in areas of intermingled exurban development and fire-prone vegetation. We recommend: (1) landscape-level strategic planning of fire restoration and containment projects; (2) better use of climatic forecasts, including PDO and ENSO related predictions; and (3) community-based efforts to limit further residential expansion into fire-prone forested and shrubland areas. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}?q Krishen, K.1994MFuture-Trends in Antennas and Propagation for the United-States Space Program31-35&Ieee Antennas and Propagation Magazine361climate changeFebA key role of NASA (the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration) is to plan and execute programs, aimed at understanding the universe and matter, and the processes that underlie the development and evolution of life and the planet Earth. The part played by electromagnetic (EM) systems in information and energy transfer, and the tracking and imaging of objects and scenes, has been crucial to the successes of the space programs of various nations, to date. Indeed, the latest theories of the universe are based on the microwave-radiometer observations of the last two decades. The communications link, with manned and unmanned satellites, provides a crucial pathway for monitoring and controlling the health of these systems, as well as for transferring knowledge that is acquired by in-situ and remote observations. Previous space programs have also served the purpose of identifying the requirements for future electromagnetic systems, and associated techniques. In addition to small size, weight, and power consumption, the crucial requirements are in the radiation and thermal environment, in which the operation of these systems and the propagation of the EM waves should be assured. The Earth-observation applications of EM sensing include climate change, environmental monitoring, agriculture, geology, hydrology, urban planning, forest surveys, and ocean monitoring. Active- and passive-microwave, infrared, visible-band, and laser sensors will be used. Many emission, scattering, and propagation areas of EM research need to be addressed for these applications. Research and technique development will also be needed, in the areas of visualization and simulation, as tools for design and education purposes. New and innovative approaches, to the testing of propagation effects and antenna performance, can be developed through these software tools, in addition to training and education in the field of antennas and propagation. 1045-9243ISI:A1994PT60900009C?rLansbergen, P. Vice, K.20050The Canadian industry responds to climate change40 PPI Pulp and Paper International473climate change)The Canadian forest products industry has been working to design an effective approach to address the global climate change. Canada's federal-level government action on climate change continues to evolve since the country ratified the Kyoto accord in December 2002. Beyond the specifics of climate change policy, the industry is investigating options to improve its environmental record while enhancing its competitive position globally. The industry produces enough renewable electricity to almost supply the entire city of Vancouver, British Columbia.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusEForest Prod. Association of Canada Natl. Cncl. Air Stream Improvement%}?s%Lebourgeois, F. Granier, A. Breda, N.2001FAn analysis of regional climate change in France between 1956 and 1997733-754Annals of Forest Science587climate changeOct-Nov4Daily climatological data (temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration) covering the period from 1956 to 1997 for 68 locations in France has been analysed. Seasonnal and monthly climate change is characterized by increases in minimum temperatures of about 1.6 degreesC in summer (0.9 to 2.2 degreesC; maximum in August) and 1.2 degreesC (0.6 to 2.3 degreesC) for the year, a less frequent increase in maximum temperatures (with the exception in summer; mean value = 1.8 degreesC), a frequent increase in the number of "warm" days (T-moy >5 degreesC) in automn and winter (14 to 31 days; mean = 19 days), a more modest decrease of frost days (T-min <0 C), little trend in the precipitation totals (decrease in August precipitation in the northeastern France) but a higher frequency of change in rainless days (decrease in spring and automn). The sunshine duration decreases in June and increases in August and November and seasonnal trends mainly concerned southern France. Sampling bias and anthropic factors are discussed as possible causes of the observed trends. 1286-4560ISI:0001718968000040?tLew, D.2002QMan, climate changes and microorganisms: Emerging infections in the XXIst century 1685-1688LL'homme, le climat et les microbes. Les maladies e?mergentes du XXIe sie?cle602405climate changeHuman industrial activity, migration and environmental changes create conditions for expansion of infectious diseases in the XXIst century. With global warming mosquito borne diseases may spread to the north. The destruction of forests, the creation of giant cities and the new food chain systems can be the cause of new epidemics. Microorganisms are becoming resistant to anti-infective drugs due to overuse of these compounds. The challenges are manifold, but a global concerted response is possible and is discussed in this article.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusF|?u)Lim, Y. K. Cai, M. Kalnay, E. Zhou, L. M.2005_Observational evidence of sensitivity of surface climate changes to land types and urbanizationGeophysical Research Letters3222climate changeNovSensitivity of surface climate change to land types is investigated for the Northern Hemisphere by subtracting the reanalysis from the observed surface temperature (OMR). The basis of this approach is that while reanalysis represents the large-scale climate changes due to greenhouse gases and atmospheric circulation, it is less sensitive to regional surface processes associated with land types. OMR trends derived from two independent reanalyses (ERA40 and NNR) and two observations (CRU and GHCN) show similar dependence upon land types, suggesting the attribution of OMRs to different land types is robust. OMR trends reveal 1) Warming over barren areas is larger than most other land types. 2) Urban areas show large warming second only to barren areas. 3) Croplands with agricultural activity show a larger warming than natural broadleaf forests. The overall assessment indicates surface warming is larger for areas that are barren, anthropogenically developed, or covered with needle-leaf forests.L22712 0094-8276ISI:000233935600009 =}?vTMartinez, M. L. Intralawan, A. Vazquez, G. Perez-Maqueo, O. Sutton, P. Landgrave, R.2007CThe coasts of our world: Ecological, economic and social importance254-272Ecological Economics632-3climate changeAug& We integrated the emerging information of the ecological, economic and social importance of the coasts at a global scale. We defined coastal regions to range from the continental shelf (to a depth of 200 m), the intertidal areas and adjacent land within 100 km of the coastline. We used the 1 km resolution Global Land Cover Characteristics Database and calculated the area covered by 11 different land cover classes (natural and human-altered ecosystems) within the 100 km limit [Burke, L., Kura, Y., Kasem, K., Revenga, C., Spalding, M., McAllister, D., 2001. Coastal Ecosystems. Washington DC World Resource Institute. 93 pp.]. Cover of aquatic ecosystems was calculated based on several world databases. Our results show that the coasts of the world comprise. a wide variety of geomorphological characteristics of which mountainous coasts with a narrow shelf are the most abundant. Sandy shores are found on 16% of the coastal countries. The coasts are located in every weather regime and the number of biomes is equally variable. Within the 100 km limit, 72% still is covered by natural ecosystems and 28% have been altered by human activities (urban and croplands). Open shrubs and evergreen broadleaf forests are the most abundant terrestrial ecosystems. Canada has the largest area of natural and relatively well preserved terrestrial ecosystems. Indonesia and China have the largest percentages of cropland area near the shore, and Japan and the US have the largest coastal urban areas. Indonesia, Australia, Brazil, Bahamas and New Caledonia have the largest areas of aquatic ecosystems. The calculated economic value of goods and services provided by coastal ecosystems showed that altogether, coastal ecosystems contribute 77% of global ecosystem-services value calculated by Costanza et al. [Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Naeem, S., Limburg, K., Paruelo, J., O'Neill, R.V., Raskin, R., Sutton, P., ven den Belt, M., 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253-260]. According to 2003 data, 2.385 million people live within the coastal limit, which represents 41% of world global population. More than 50% of the coastal countries have from 80 to 100% of their total population within 100 km of the coastline. Twenty-one of the 33 world's megacities are found on the coast. Multivariate analyses grouped coastal explained 55% of the variance: degree of conservation, ecosystem service product and demographic trends. Given the current scenario and the climate change prediction, the coastal environments will be confronting serious environmental issues that should be worked in advance, in order to achieve a sustainable development of the most valued locations of the world. Several recommendations are made. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0921-8009ISI:000248089500002}?wMulholland, P. J. Best, G. R. Coutant, C. C. Hornberger, G. M. Meyer, J. L. Robinson, P. J. Stenberg, J. R. Turner, R. E. VeraHerrera, F. Wetzel, R. G.1997rEffects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the south-eastern United States and the Gulf Coast of Mexico949-970Hydrological Processes118/climate change urban soils water quality runoffJuniThe south-eastern United States and Gulf Coast of Mexico is physiographically diverse, although dominated by a broad coastal plain. Much of the region has a humid, warm temperate climate with little seasonality in precipitation but strong seasonality in runoff owing to high rates of summer evapotranspiration. The climate of southern Florida and eastern Mexico is subtropical with a distinct summer wet season and winter dry season. Regional climate models suggest that climate change resulting from a doubling of the pre-industrial levels of atmospheric CO2 may increase annual air temperatures by 3-4 degrees C. Changes in precipitation are highly uncertain, but the most probable scenario shows higher levels over all but the northern, interior portions of the region, with increases primarily occurring in summer and occurring as more intense or clustered storms. Despite the increases in precipitation, runoff is likely to decline over much of the region owing to increases in evapotranspiration exceeding increases in precipitation. Only in Florida and the Gulf Coast areas of the US and Mexico are precipitation increases likely to exceed evapotranspiration increases, producing an increase in runoff. However, increases in storm intensity and clustering are likely to result in more extreme hydrographs, with larger peaks in flow but lower baseflows and longer periods of drought. The ecological effects of climate change on freshwaters of the region include: (1) a general increase in rates of primary production, organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling as a result of higher temperatures and longer growing seasons: (2) reduction in habitat for cool water species, particularly fish and macroinvertebrates in Appalachian streams; (3) reduction in water quality and in suitable habitat in summer owing to lower baseflows and intensification of the temperature-dissolved oxygen squeeze in many rivers and reservoirs; (4) reduction in organic matter storage and loss of organisms during more intense flushing events in some streams and wetlands; (5) shorter periods of inundation of riparian wetlands and greater drying of wetland soils, particularly in northern and inland areas; (6) expansion of subtropical species northwards, including several non-native nuisance species currently confined to southern Florida; (7) expansion of wetlands in Florida and coastal Mexico, but increase in eutrophication of Florida lakes as a result of greater runoff from urban and agricultural areas; and (8) changes in the flushing rate of estuaries that would alter their salinity regimes, stratification and water quality as well as influence productivity in the Gulf of Mexico. Many of the expected climate change effects will exacerbate current anthropogenic stresses on the region's freshwater systems, including increasing demands for water, increasing waste heat loadings and land use changes that alter the quantity and quality of runoff to streams and reservoirs. Research is needed especially in several critical areas: long-term monitoring of key hydrological, chemical and biological properties (particularly water balances in small, forested catchments and temperature-sensitive species); experimental studies of the effects of warming on organisms and ecosystem processes under realistic conditions (e.g. in situ heating experiments): studies of the effects of natural hydrological variation on biological communities; and assessment of the effects of water management activities on organisms and ecosystem processes, including development and testing of management and restoration strategies designed to counteract changes in climate. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 0885-6087ISI:A1997XL94700007}?xEOhlson, D. W. Berry, T. M. Gray, R. W. Blackwell, B. A. Hawkes, B. C.2006UMulti-attribute evaluation of landscape-level fuel management to reduce wildfire risk824-837Forest Policy and Economics88climate changeNov|This paper provides an example of the practical application of multi-attribute trade-off analysis (MATA) to wildfire management. The MATA approach supports more informed decision-making because it exposes important trade-offs among competing management objectives (requiring value-based choices), helps guide and structure necessary technical judgements, explicitly represents uncertainty (i.e., not just expected outcomes but risk profiles around outcomes) and addresses temporal trade-offs. MATA promotes critical thinking about what analysis is required for decision-making. A MATA approach can be applied for all types of forest and fire management decisions. In this paper, we provide a sample application of MATA to an evaluation of landscape-level fuel treatments for managing wildfire risk. The study area is located in southeastern British Columbia, Canada where historical fire suppression policies and expanding development in wildland urban interface areas have resulted in an increase in both the probability and the consequences of stand replacement fires. We specify management objectives and develop measurable attributes for fire management costs, timber supply, property damage, landscape-level biodiversity, local air quality and climate change. We then simulate the effects on these attributes of four alternative fuel management strategies that include combinations of mechanical treatments and prescribed burning over a 100-year period. The evaluation illustrates the key features of MATA while highlighting the benefits and challenges of implementing the approach. Crown Copyright (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1389-9341ISI:000241167100004N}?yBOwen, S. M. MacKenzie, A. R. Stewart, H. Donovan, R. Hewitt, C. N.2003UBiogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emission estimates from an urban tree canopy927-938Ecological Applications1343climate change air quality influence of urban treesAugBiogenic emissions of the. volatile organic compounds isoprene and monoterpenes (BVOCs) can contribute to tropospheric ozone and secondary particle formation and have indirect effects on climate change. While there are few studies of BVOC emissions from European towns and cities, several studies in North America indicate that the urban tree canopy may be a significant source of BVOC compounds, contributing to ozone and particle formation in the urban air-shed. Here, BVOC emissions from the U.K. West Midlands (UKWM) metropolitan area were estimated and compared with anthropogenic VOC emission estimates, and with BVOC emission estimates for other urban and U.K. regions. Monoterpene and isoprene emission potential estimates, for the UKWM urban land-use classes spanned as much as two orders of magnitude, from 17-104 g.km(-2).h(-1) and from 42-1570 g km(-2).h(-1), respectively. Isoprene emission potential estimates for the UKWM urban land classes (42-530 g.km(-2.)h(-1)) were of the same order of magnitude as isoprene emission measurements for U.K. gorse heathland in early summer (43 g.km(-2).h(-1)), and up to approximately one order of magnitude lower than those measured from U.K. Sitka spruce forests in summer (658-6760 g.km(-2).h(-1)). In the UKWM, the land class average of SigmaBVOC emission estimates (similar to75-165 kg.km(-2).yr(-1)) were approximately two orders of magnitude lower than anthropogenic VOC emission estimates for the same area (70 000 kg.km(-2).yr(-1)). Biogenic isoprene emission estimates from at least two of the UKWM urban land-use classes were equivalent to, or greater than, estimates of anthropogenic isoprene emissions. The extrapolation methodologies are critically discussed in the context of their uncertainties, and in the context of their generic potential. 1051-0761ISI:000185073300004}?z+Poumadere, M. Mays, C. Le Mer, S. Blong, R.2005CThe 2003 heat wave in France: Dangerous climate change here and now 1483-1494 Risk Analysis256climate change economic issuesDec In an analysis of the French episode of heat wave in 2003, this article highlights how heat wave dangers result from the intricate association of natural and social factors. Unusually high temperatures, as well as socioeconomic vulnerability, along with social attenuation of hazards, in a general context where the anthropogenic contribution to climate change is becoming more plausible, led to an excess of 14,947 deaths in France, between August 4 and 18, 2003. The greatest increase in mortality was due to causes directly attributable to heat: dehydration, hyperthermia, heat stroke. In addition to age and gender, combinatorial factors included preexisting disease, medication, urban residence, isolation, poverty, and, probably, air pollution. Although diversely impacted or reported, many parts of Europe suffered human and other losses, such as farming and forestry through drought and fires. Summer 2003 was the hottest in Europe since 1500, very likely due in part to anthropogenic climate change. The French experience confirms research establishing that heat waves are a major mortal risk, number one among so-called natural hazards in postindustrial societies. Yet France had no policy in place, as if dangerous climate were restricted to a distant or uncertain future of climate change, or to preindustrial countries. We analyze the heat wave's profile as a strongly attenuated risk in the French context, as well as the causes and the effects of its sudden shift into amplification. Research and preparedness needs are highlighted. 0272-4332ISI:000234211500011}?{*Reynard, N. S. Prudhomme, C. Crooks, S. M.2001`The flood characteristics of large UK Rivers: Potential effects of changing climate and land use343-359Climatic Change482-3climate changeFebA continuous flow simulation model (CLASSIC) has been used to assess the potential impact of climate and land use changes on the flood regimes of large U.K. catchments. Climate change scenarios, based on the HadCM2 experiments from the Hadley Centre, are applied to the Severn and Thames rivers. The analysis shows that, for the 2050s, the climate change scenarios result in an increase in both the frequency and magnitude of flooding events in these rivers. The various ways of applying the rainfall scenario can have a significant effect on these general conclusions, although generally do not affect either the direction or consistency of the changes. While `best guess' land use changes show little impact on flood response, a 50% increase in forest cover could counter-act the impact of climate change. As would be expected, a large change in the urban cover of the catchments does have a large effect on the flood regimes, increasing both the frequency and magnitude of floods significantly beyond the changes due to climate alone. Further research is required into the potential impacts of seasonal changes in the daily rainfall and potential evaporation regimes, land use changes and the interaction between the two. 0165-0009ISI:000166270200004x}?|Rogers, C. E. McCarty, J. P.20008Climate change and ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic Region235-244Climate Research1430climate change non-native species native speciesMayThis paper discusses the current status of forested, wetland, freshwater and coastal ecosystems; the combined impacts of habitat alteration, pollution and non-native invasive species on those systems; how climatic changes could interact with existing stresses; potential management strategies, and crucial research gaps. Changes in climate and climate variability would significantly affect natural ecosystems, and may pose additional threats to the already-stressed ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic Region (MAR). Fragmentation of the MAR's forests may hinder the migration of some species. Urban development and wetland losses leave the MAR's rivers and streams and near-shore areas vulnerable to damages if the frequency and intensity of storms increase. Inputs of sediments, nutrients and toxic chemicals to streams, lakes and estuaries might increase if precipitation increases. Accelerated sea-level rise could accelerate the loss of coastal wetlands. Estuaries are sensitive to changes in temperature, salinity and nutrient loads, and could be adversely affected by projected climatic changes. Populations of rare, native species could decline, while problems with non-native invasive species, such as kudzu and gypsy moths, might increase. The best strategies to protect ecosystems from climatic changes may be those that reduce other stresses, thus increasing resilience to a variety of stresses. Societal priorities for ecosystem protection need to be articulated, and research is needed into the values of ecosystems, ecosystem functioning, human impacts, long-term ecological monitoring, and management options to provide a basis for selecting effective measures. 0936-577XISI:000087766400009}?}TRosenfeld, A. H. Akbari, H. Bretz, S. Fishman, B. L. Kurn, D. M. Sailor, D. Taha, H.1995GMitigation of Urban Heat Islands - Materials, Utility Programs, Updates255-265Energy and Buildings223Eclimate change cooling shade shading energy use urban heat island UHIeElevated temperatures in urban 'heat islands' increase cooling energy use and accelerate the formation of urban smog. Urban shade trees and light-colored surfaces can offset or reverse the heat island and conserve energy. Implementation of heat island mitigation measures is now a prominent part of President Clinton's Climate Change Action Plan to control the emissions of greenhouse gases, necessitating a better understanding of the quantitative benefits of these control measures. We present recent measurements of the air-conditioning savings for houses in Sacramento and Florida, and air temperature measurements at White Sands National Monument, New Mexico. We also discuss the results of meteorological and smog simulations for the Los Angeles Basin. The albedo of a city may be increased gradually if high-albedo surfaces are chosen to replace darker materials during routine maintenance of roofs and roads. Such high-albedo surfaces may last longer than their conventional dark counterparts. Utility-sponsored incentive programs, product labeling, and standards could promote the use of high-albedo materials for buildings and roads, and several paint manufacturers have expressed interest in participating in a 'cool surfaces' labeling program. We examine the spectral reflectance of various white coatings and building materials that might be labeled in such a program. 0378-7788ISI:A1995RT68800009 }?~FRounsevell, M. D. A. Ewert, F. Reginster, I. Leemans, R. Carter, T. R.2005cFuture scenarios of European agricultural land use II. Projecting changes in cropland and grassland117-135$Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment1072-3climate change economic issuesMayv This paper presents the development of quantitative, spatially explicit and alternative scenarios of future agricultural land use in Europe (the 15 European Union member states, Norway and Switzerland). The scenarios were constructed to support analyses of the vulnerability of ecosystem services, but the approach also provides an exploration of how agricultural land use might respond to a range of future environmental change drivers, including climate and socio-economic change. The baseline year was 2000 and the scenarios were constructed for 3 years (2020, 2050 and 2080) at a spatial resolution of 10 min latitude and longitude. Time slices were defined for the climate scenarios as the 10 years before 2020, 2050 and 2080. The scenarios were based on an interpretation of the four storylines of the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) using a simple supply/demand model of agricultural area quantities at the European scale and the disaggregation of these quantities using scenario-specific, spatial allocation rules. The scenarios demonstrate the importance of assumptions about technological development for future agricultural land use in Europe. If technology continues to progress at current rates then the area of agricultural land would need to decline substantially. Such declines will not occur if there is a correspondingly large increase in the demand for agricultural goods, or if political decisions are taken either to reduce crop productivity through policies that encourage extensification or to accept widespread overproduction. For the set of parameters assumed here, cropland and grassland areas (for the production of food and fibre) decline by as much as 50% of current areas for some scenarios. Such declines in production areas would result in large parts of Europe becoming surplus to the requirement of food and fibre production. Although it is difficult to anticipate how this land would be used in the future, it seems that continued urban expansion, recreational areas (such as for horse riding) and forest land use would all be likely to take up at least some of the surplus. Furthermore, whilst the substitution of food production by energy production was considered in these scenarios, surplus land would provide further opportunities for the cultivation of bioenergy crops. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0167-8809ISI:000228596400002 ?Schroter, D. Cramer, W. Leemans, R. Prentice, I. C. Araujo, M. B. Arnell, N. W. Bondeau, A. Bugmann, H. Carter, T. R. Gracia, C. A. De La Vega-Leinert, A. C. Erhard, M. Ewert, F. Glendining, M. House, J. I. Kankaanpa?a, S. Klein, R. J. T. Lavorel, S. Lindner, M. Metzger, M. J. Meyer, J. Mitchell, T. D. Reginster, I. Rounsevell, M. Sabate, S. Sitch, S. Smith, B. Smith, J. Smith, P. Sykes, M. T. Thonicke, K. Thuiller, W. Tuck, G. Zaehle, S. Zierl, B.2005NEcology: Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe 1333-1337Science3105752climate changeNGlobal change will alter the supply of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being. To investigate ecosystem service supply during the 21st century, we used a range of ecosystem models and scenarios of climate and land-use change to conduct a Europe-wide assessment. Large changes in climate and land use typically resulted in large changes in ecosystem service supply. Some of these trends may be positive (for example, increases in forest area and productivity) or offer opportunities (for example, "surplus land" for agricultural extensification and bioenergy production). However, many changes increase vulnerability as a result of a decreasing supply of ecosystem services (for example, declining soil fertility, declining water availability, increasing risk of forest fires), especially in the Mediterranean and mountain regions.ECited By (since 1996): 40 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14473 Potsdam, Germany Center for International Development, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1RJ Bristol, United Kingdom School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, OX1 3TB Oxford, United Kingdom Museo Nacional de Ciencas Naturales, 28006 Madrid, Spain Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Geography, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom Department of Environmental Sciences, Eidgeno?ssische Technische Hochschule, 8092 Zu?rich, Switzerland Finnish Environment Institute, 00251 Helsinki, Finland Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Agriculture and the Environment Division, Rothamsted Research, ALS 2JQ Harpenden, United Kingdom Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Universite? Joseph Fourier, 38041 Grenoble, France Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, Montpellier, France European Forest Institute, 80100 Joensuu, Finland Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, NR4 TTJ Norwich, United Kingdom De?partement de Ge?ographie, Universite? Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UU Aberdeen, United Kingdom Kirstenbosch Research Center, South African National Biodiversity Institute, 7735 Cape Town, South AfricaO?Sheehan, M. O.2001)City limits: Putting the brakes on sprawl1-85Worldwatch Paper156climate changeToday, every world region suffers from sprawling, car-choked urban areas. Accidents and pollution-related illness take lives, while traffic delays sap human productivity and waste fuel. Part of the reason that Americans now guzzle 43 percent of the world's gasoline is to wheel around expansive metropolises. Transportation, spurred by road traffic, is now the fastest-growing contributor to climate change. Decades ago, Copenhagen, Denmark; Portland, Oregon; and Curitiba, Brazil, made tough choices to give precedence to pedestrians and cyclists, steer new construction to locations easily reached by a variety of transportation means, and reserve green space for nature and people. Today, their economies are thriving, and their children are enjoying safer streets and cleaner air. These stories show other places how they could gain by revamping government agencies and policies to link transportation and land use decisions and remove incentives tp sprawl. In this Worldwatch Paper, author Molly Sheehan reports that citizens and local leaders around the world are using the political process to demand attractive public spaces and better transportation choices. "We realized that...traffic is a major problem," says Patricio Lanfranco, who is involved in an effort to take back the streets of Santiago de Chile from private cars. "But it has a bigger context: What kind of city do we want? What kind of quality of life do we want?".+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus D}?Titus, J. G. Narayanan, V.1996The risk of sea level rise151-212Climatic Change332climate changeJun The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change requires nations to implement measures for adapting to rising sea level and other effects of changing climate. To decide upon an appropriate response, coastal planners and engineers must weigh the cost of these measures against the likely cost of failing to prepare, which depends on the probability of the sea rising a particular amount. This study estimates such a probability distribution, using models employed by previous assessments, as well as the subjective assessments of twenty climate and glaciology reviewers about the values of particular model coefficients. The reviewer assumptions imply a 50 percent chance that the average global temperature will rise 2 degrees C, as well as a 5 percent chance that temperatures will rise 4.7 degrees C by 2100. The resulting impact of climate change on sea level has a 50 percent chance of exceeding 34 cm and a 1% chance of exceeding one meter by the year 2100, as well as a 3 percent chance of a 2 meter rise and a 1 percent chance of a 4 meter rise by the year 2200. The models and assumptions employed by this study suggest that greenhouse gases have contributed 0.5 mm/yr to sea level over the last century. Tidal gauges suggest that sea level is rising about 1.8 mm/yr worldwide, and 2.5-3.0 mm/yr along most of the U.S. Coast. It is reasonable to expect that sea level in most locations will continue to rise more rapidly than the contribution from climate change alone. We provide a set of 'normalized' projections which express the extent to which climate change is likely to accelerate the rate of sea level rise. Those projections suggest that there is a 65 percent chance that sea level will rise 1 mm/yr more rapidly in the next 30 years than it has been rising in the last century. Assuming that nonclimatic factors do not change, there is a 50 percent chance that global sea level will rise 45 cm, and a 1 percent chance of a 112 cm rise by the year 2100; the corresponding estimates for New York City are 55 and 122 cm. Climate change impact assessments concerning agriculture, forests, water resources, and other noncoastal resources should also employ probability-based projections of regional climate change. Results from general circulation models usually provide neither the most likely scenario nor the full range of possible outcomes; probabilistic projections do convey this information. Moreover, probabilistic projections can make use of all the available knowledge, including the views of skeptics; the opinions of those who study ice cores, fossils, and other empirical evidence; and the insights of climate modelers, which may be as useful as the model results themselves. 0165-0009ISI:A1996VB08100003 ?Titus, J. G. Narayanan, V.1996The risk of sea level rise: A delphic Monte Carlo analysis in which twenty researchers specify subjective probability distributions for model coefficients within their respective areas of expertise151-212Climatic Change332climate change The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change requires nations to implement measures for adapting to rising sea level and other effects of changing climate. To decide upon an appropriate response, coastal planners and engineers must weigh the cost of these measures against the likely cost of failing to prepare, which depends on the probability of the sea rising a particular amount. This study estimates such a probability distribution, using models employed by previous assessments, as well as the subjective assessments of twenty climate and glaciology reviewers about the values of particular model coefficients. The reviewer assumptions imply a 50 percent chance that the average global temperature will rise 2 °C, as well as a 5 percent chance that temperatures will rise 4.7 °C by 2100. The resulting impact of climate change on sea level has a 50 percent chance of exceeding 34 cm and a 1% chance of exceeding one meter by the year 2100, as well as a 3 percent chance of a 2 meter rise and a 1 percent chance of a 4 meter rise by the year 2200. The models and assumptions employed by this study suggest that greenhouse gases have contributed 0.5 mm/yr to sea level over the last century. Tidal gauges suggest that sea level is rising about 1.8 mm/yr worldwide, and 2.5-3.0 mm/yr along most of the U.S. Coast. It is reasonable to expect that sea level in most locations will continue to rise more rapidly than the contribution from climate change alone. We provide a set of 'normalized' projections which express the extent to which climate change is likely to accelerate the rate of sea level rise. Those projections suggest that there is a 65 percent chance that sea level will rise 1 mm/yr more rapidly in the next 30 years than it has been rising in the last century. Assuming that nonclimatic factors do not change, there is a 50 percent chance that global sea level will rise 45 cm, and a 1 percent chance of a 112 cm rise by the year 2100; the corresponding estimates for New York City are 55 and 122 cm. Climate change impact assessments concerning agriculture, forests, water resources, and other noncoastal resources should also employ probability-based projections of regional climate change. Results from general circulation models usually provide neither the most likely scenario nor the full range of possible outcomes; probabilistic projections do convey this information. Moreover, probabilistic projections can make use of all the available knowledge, including the views of skeptics; the opinions of those who study ice cores, fossils, and other empirical evidence; and the insights of climate modelers, which may be as useful as the model results themselves. © 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers.ECited By (since 1996): 40 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusU.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Resources International U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, United States|?Weiss, R. A. McMichael, A. J.2004MSocial and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseasesS70-S76Nature Medicine1012climate changeDecFifty years ago, the age-old scourge of infectious disease was receding in the developed world in response to improved public health measures, while the advent of antibiotics, better vaccines, insecticides and improved surveillance held the promise of eradicating residual problems. By the late twentieth century, however, an increase in the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases was evident in many parts of the world. This upturn looms as the fourth major transition in human-microbe relationships since the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago. About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. The emergence of these diseases, and resurgence of old ones like tuberculosis and cholera, reflects various changes in human ecology: rural-to-urban migration resulting in high-density peri-urban slums; increasing long-distance mobility and trade; the social disruption of war and conflict; changes in personal behavior; and, increasingly, human-induced global changes, including widespread forest clearance and climate change. Political ignorance, denial and obduracy (as with HIV/AIDS) further compound the risks. The use and misuse of medical technology also pose risks, such as drug-resistant microbes and contaminated equipment or biological medicines. A better understanding of the evolving social dynamics of emerging infectious diseases ought to help us to anticipate and hopefully ameliorate current and future risks.Suppl. S 1078-8956ISI:0002257339000024}?Wessolek, G. Asseng, S.2006kTrade-off between wheat yield and drainage under current and climate change conditions in northeast Germany333-342European Journal of Agronomy244climate change urban soilsMay In the temperate climate of northeast Germany, a trade-off exists between water use in agricultural crop production and groundwater recharge which is important for urban water supply, irrigation, forestry and peat protection. The APSIM-Nwheat model was used to analyze the impact of climate change scenarios on deep drainage (DD), the water loss below the maximum root zone as the main source of groundwater recharge, and wheat production for two main soil types. A linear and a nonlinear climate scenario were used in this study: The linear scenario for 2001-2050 was based on a simple linearly modified historical climate record from 1951 to 2000. The nonlinear scenario used the same 1951-2000 historical climate record but combined it nonlinearly with a Global Circulation Model climate scenario for 2001-2050. Simulation results showed different distributions of deep drainage and grain yield with the linear and nonlinear scenarios, but no difference in the 50-year averages. Hence, a linear manipulation of climate records can be as effective for climate change impact studies on deep drainage and grain yield as nonlinearly manipulated climate data, if long-term average changes are of main interest. The simulation results indicated that a trade-off between deep drainage and grain yields can be potentially controlled through N management. However, such control mechanism was more effective under current climate conditions than under future climate and on a better water-holding silt soil compared to a poorer water-holding loamy sand. It is suggested that areas with poor water-holding soils should be managed extensively for groundwater recharge harvesting while better water-holding soils should be used for high input grain production. Crown Copyright. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1161-0301ISI:000237179200006|?'Zelazna, E. Blazejewlcz-Zawadzinska, M.2005Species diversity of carabids (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in different types of Bydgoszcz urban green belts and suburban environments179-186Folia Biologica-Krakow53climate changeqUrban environments are ecosystems that differ clearly from the natural environment in numerous factors of nature and intensity. Under the conditions of the urban environment the parameters of climate change, the process of alkalization of the top soil layers and the accumulation of heavy metals, especially zinc, lead and copper as well as a considerable content of bitumen, are in progress (BANASZAK 1998). The species composition of urban phytocenoses becomes poorer and poorer and usually leads to the replacement of herbaceous plant associations with poorly-diversified grass associations. One of the elements of research into the structure deformations and operation rules of urban ecosystems is the evaluation of entomofauna communities, as essential indicators of changes which occur in them. Carabid (Carabidae) beetles are considered to be such bioindicators due to their sensitivity to various changes in the natural environment. At the end of the 1990s research was launched into communities of these beetles on selected green belts of Bydgoszcz and the areas adjacent to this urban area. The present results encompass 2002-2004 and are a continuation of research into Carabidae communities of successive urban green belts (the Kujawskie Roundabout, Dabrowski Hill) as well as forest areas adjacent to the urban area (Myslecinek, Forest Jastrzebie) and also two sites in the vicinity of Swiecie upon Wisla. The following were clear dominants for suburban forest areas: Pterostichus melanarius (L.), Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Fabr.) and for the area of Forest Jastrzcbie: Pterostichus niger (Schall.) and as for genus Carabus: C. hortensis L., C. violaceus L. and C. arvensis Herbst. A high position in the dominance structure of the green belts of the city was recorded for the following species: Calathus fuscipes (Goeze), and Calathus erratus (C.R.Sahlb) and Harpalus rufipes (De Geer).Suppl. S 0015-5497ISI:000235172000032s}?Motha, R. P. Baier, W.2005{Impacts of present and future climate change and climate variability on agriculture in the temperate regions: North America137-164Climatic Change701-29climate climate change urban soils land use water qualityMay<The potential impact of climate variability and climate change on agricultural production in the United States and Canada varies generally by latitude. Largest reductions are projected in southern crop areas due to increased temperatures and reduced water availability. A longer growing season and projected increases in CO2 may enhance crop yields in northern growing areas. Major factors in these scenarios analyzes are increased drought tendencies and more extreme weather events, both of which are detrimental to agriculture. Increasing competition for water between agriculture and non-agricultural users also focuses attention on water management issues. Agriculture also has impact on the greenhouse gas balance. Forests and soils are natural sinks for CO2. Removal of forests and changes in land use, associated with the conversion from rural to urban domains, alters these natural sinks. Agricultural livestock and rice cultivation are leading contributors to methane emission into the atmosphere. The application of fertilizers is also a significant contributor to nitrous oxide emission into the atmosphere. Thus, efficient management strategies in agriculture can play an important role in managing the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases. Forest and land management can be effective tools in mitigating the greenhouse effect. 0165-0009ISI:000230265100007"?Gratani, L. Varone, L.2006Carbon sequestration by Quercus ilex L. and Quercus pubescens Willd. and their contribution to decreasing air temperature in Rome27-37Urban Ecosystems91"Heat island" Carbon sequestration Evergreen and Deciduous species LAI Tree structure urban heat island UHI trees and cooling climate carbon climate changeCarbon sequestration capability by Quercus ilex L and Quercus pubescens Willd., widely distributed in the city of Rome, and their contribution to decreasing air temperature were investigated. Crown volume is the most significant (p < 0.01) variable explaining variation of air temperature below the tree crown. Q. pubescens gives a higher contribution to decreasing air temperature during the hottest months, due to its inherent larger crown volume than Q. ilex (252 ± 19 and 533 ± 52 m3, respectively for the large size). Moreover, our results show the existence of a strong urban carbon dioxide dome with a peak CO2 concentration (on an average 432 ± 37 ppm) at polluted sites, 16% greater than at control sites. Total carbon sequestration is 84 ± 12 and 111 ± 9 Kg year-1 of CO2 for the small Q. ilex and Q. pubescens tree size, respectively, and 151 ± 10 and 185 ± 7 Kg year-1 of CO2 for the large Q. ilex and Q. pubescen tree size, respectively. Q. pubescens, by its higher total photosynthetic leaf surface area (39% higher than Q. ilex) and its higher mean yearly photosynthetic rates (48% higher than Q. ilex) seems to have a greater role than Q. ilex. However, taking into account the leaf longevity (i.e. 12 ± 3 months for Q. ilex and 4 ± 2 months for Q. pubescens), the evergreen species, by its continuous photosynthetic activity, contributes to reduce CO2 throughout the year, and in particular during the winter months, when traffic volume has a pick, than Q. pubescens. © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2006.Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Akbari, H., Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants (2002) Env Poll, 116, pp. 119-126; Akbari, H., Davis, S., Dorsano, S., Huang, J., Winnett, S., Cooling our communites: A guidebook on tree planting and light - Colored surfacing (1992) Lawrence - Berkeley Laboratory Report, LBL-31587. , US EPA Climate Change Division, Washington, DC; Attorre, F., Bruno, M., Francesconi, F., Valenti, R., Bruno, F., Landscape changes of Rome through tree-lined roads (2000) Landscape Urban Plann, 49, pp. 115-128; Birdsey, R., Carbon storage and accumulation in United States forest ecosystems (1992) Gen. Tech. Rep., WO-GTR-59, 51p. , Radnor, PA: Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Brack, C.L., Pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration by an urban forest (2002) Env Poll, 116, pp. 195-200; Cadahia, D., Cobos, J.M., Soria, S., Clauser, E., Gellini, R., Grossoni, P., Ferreira, M.C., (1991) Observation des Dommages sur les Essences Forestiere?s Me?diterrane?ennes, , Commision des Communaute?s Europe?ennes, Direction Ge?ne?rale de l'Agriculture; Capannesi, G., Gratani, L., Amadori, M., Bruno, F., Livelli di accumulo di 36 elementi in foglie di quercus ilex nella citta? di Roma (Italia) (1980) Atti del Primo Congresso Nazionale della S.IT.E., p. 514. , Salsomaggiore Terme (Parma): 21-24 Ottobre 1980; Capannesi, G., Gratani, L., Amadori, M., Bruno, F., Le foglie di Quercus ilex monitor del grado di inquinamento in area urbana (1981) Notiziario CNEN, 3, pp. 33-56; Dwyer, J.F., McPherson, E.G., Schroeder, H.W., Rowntree, R.A., Assesing the benefits and costs of the urban forest (1992) J Arboric, 18, pp. 227-234; Funiciello, R., Marra, F., Rosa, C., (1995) I Caratteri Geologici - Stratigrafici., pp. 29-39. , Cignini B, Massari G, Pignatti S, (eds) L'Ecosistema Roma. Ambiente e territorio. Fratelli Palombi Editori, Roma; Gratani, L., Crescente, M.F., Indici di valutazione del grado di inquinamento in area urbana (1999) Arch Geob, 5, pp. 43-50; Gratani, L., Crescente, M.F., Map - Making of plant biomass and leaf area index for management of protected areas (2000) Aliso, 19, pp. 1-12; Gratani, L., Varone, L., Daily and sesonal variation of CO2 in the city of Rome in relationship with the traffic volume (2005) Atmos Environ, , in press; Gratani, L., Pesoli, P., Crescente, M.F., Relationship between photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content in an isolated Quercus ilex L. Tree during the year (1998) Photosynthetica, 35, pp. 507-516; Gratani, L., Crescente, M.F., Petruzzi, M., Relationship between leaf life - Span and photosynthetic activity of Quercus ilex in polluted urban areas (Rome) (2000) Env Poll, 110, pp. 19-28; Gratani, L., Crescente, M.F., Varone, L., Blasi, C., Trees presence in urban area to improve air quality (2003) Proceedings of the EuroMAB 2002 Meeting, 31, pp. 101-102. , Roma 7-11 ottobre 2002. Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL, Scritti e Documenti; Groffman, R.M., Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Zipperer, W.C., Carbon pools and trace gas fluxes in urban forests (1995) Soils Management and Greenhouse Effect. Advances in Soil Science, pp. 147-159. , Lai R, Kimble J, Levine E, Stewart BA (eds). CRC Lewis, Boca Raton; Heisler, G.M., Grimmond, S., Grant, R.H., Souch, C., Investigation of the influence of Chicago's urban forests on wind and air temperature (1994) General Technical Report No. NE-186, NE-186, pp. 19-40. , McPherson EG, Nowak DJ, Rowntree RA (eds) Chicago's Urban forest ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA; Horbert, M., Blume, H.P., Elvers, H., Sukopp, H., (1982) Ecological Contributions to Urban Planning, pp. 255-275. , Blackwell, Oxford; Idso, C.D., Idso, S.B., Balling Jr., R.C., An intensive two - Week study of an urban CO2 dome in Phoenix, Arizona, USA (2001) Atmos Environ, 35, pp. 995-1000; Karlik, J.F., Winer, A.M., Plant species composition, calculated leaf masses and estimated biogenic emissions of urban landscape types from a field survey in Phoenix, Arizona (2001) Landscape Urban Plann, 53, pp. 123-134; Koerner, B., Klopatek, J., Anthropogenic and natural CO2 emission sources in an arid urban environment (2002) Env Poll, 116, pp. 45-51; Ku?ppers, M., Space filling by foliage: The effect of growth form and architecture on the light environment (2003) Physiological Plant Ecology, 4th Edn., pp. 40-41. , Larcher W (ed), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York; McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D., Heisler, G., Grimmond, S., Souch, C., Grant, R., Rowntree, R., Quantifying urban forest structure, function and value: The Chicago urban forest climate project (1997) Urban Ecosystems, 1, pp. 49-61; Moulton, R.J., Richards, K.R., Costs of sequestering carbon through tree planting and forest management in the United States (1990) Gen. Tech. Rep., WO-58, 46p. , USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC; Nasrallah, H.A., Balling Jr., R.C., Madi, S.M., Al-Ansari, L., Temporal variations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations in Kuwait city, Kuwait with comparisons to Phoenix, Arizona, USA (2003) Env Poll, 121, pp. 301-305; Nowak, D.J., The interactions between urban forests and global climate change (2000) Global Change and Urban Forest, pp. 31-44. , Abdollahi KK, Ning ZH, Appeaning A (eds). GCRCC and Franklin Press, Baton Rouge, LA; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., The Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) Model: Quantifying urban forest structure and functions (2000) Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the IUFRO Conference, pp. 714-720. , Hansen M, Burk T (eds) Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-212, St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA (2002) Env Poll, 116, pp. 381-389; Pal, A., Kulshreshtha, K., Ahmad, K.J., Behl, H.M., Do leaf surface characters play a role in plant resistance to auto - Exhaust pollution? (2002) Flora, 197, pp. 47-55; Pignatti, S., (1995) La Vegetazione Naturale, pp. 54-61. , Cignini B, Massari G, Pignatti S (eds) L'Ecosistema Roma. Ambiente e Territorio. Fratelli Palombi Editori, Roma; Pearson, R.L., Wachtel, H., Ebi, K.L., Distance - Weighted traffic density in proximity to a home is a risk factor to leukemia and other childhood cancers (2000) J. Air and Waste Management Association, 50, pp. 175-180; Sanders, R.A., Some determinants of urban forest structure (1984) Urban Ecol, 8, pp. 13-28; Zapparoli, M., Gli insetti di Roma. Considerazioni introduttive ad uno studio di entomologia urbana (1997) Gli Insetti di Roma, pp. 21-65. , Zapparoli M (ed). Fratelli Palombi Editori, RomaWDepartment of Plant Biology, University La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, ItalyV?5Kinney, P. L. O'Neill, M. S. Bell, M. L. Schwartz, J.hApproaches for estimating effects of climate change on heat-related deaths: challenges and opportunities Environmental Science and PolicyQAdaptation Climate change Heat waves Mortality Temperature Weather climate change<The distribution of overall temperature and the frequency of heat waves may be shifting due to climate change. However, forecasting future health consequences of higher temperatures in a given city is complicated by uncertainties in how populations and societal infrastructure will adapt. This paper reviews approaches to address these challenges, including: (1) using historical weather-mortality relationships for the same region, or a location with a similar climate as the city of interest; (2) evaluating adaptation using the minimum mortality threshold (MMT) temperature (i.e., the temperature with the lowest mortality rate); and (3) estimating the impact of modifiers (e.g., air conditioning, population density, green space) on the temperature and mortality relation, and then predicting a range of effects based on plausible estimates for the future values of these parameters in a given city. Each approach can provide insight into how heat could affect mortality under a changing climate, but all have uncertainties. In spite of these limitations, projecting the future public health burden of temperature-related health effects can provide valuable information to aid public health and environmental authorities in planning and communicating the risks of climate change to the public. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus Article in PressDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA=D?"Kharol, S. K. Badarinath, K. V. S.2006Characterization of atmospheric aerosols over urban area using ground based measurements and satellite data - A case study over Hyderabad, IndiaGProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering6408ZAerosol Black carbon Forest fires Radiative forcing Solar irradiance carbon climate changeAtmospheric aerosols are among the most variable components of the Earth's atmospheric environment important in general circulation models related to climate change. The presence of aerosols in the lower atmosphere affects primarily the incoming solar radiation by scattering and absorbing the solar radiation. Aerosols have significant impact on climate through their influence on cloud formation and on minor species concentrations. Studies on Aerosols with respect to temporal and spatial variations in different environments gains importance. Synchronous measurement of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), solar irradiance in different wavelength bands, aerosol particle size distribution measurements and Black Carbon (BC) aerosol mass concentration were made at urban area of Hyderabad, India as a part of ISRO-GBP initiative. The Julian day variation of AOD, Particulate Matter (PM) and BC showed higher values on certain days suggesting additional sources of aerosols over urban area of Hyderabad. In order to understand the additional sources of aerosol, daily satellite data sets of MODIS/DMSP-OLS were processed for forest fires over the Indian region. The higher values in black carbon aerosol mass concentration and aerosol optical depth correlated well with forest fires over the region. Radiative forcing estimated from synchronous measurements of AOD and ground reaching broadband solar irradiance. Ground AOD measurements correlated well with MODIS derived AOD at different wavelengths. Results are discussed in the paper.<Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus Art. No.: 640810Forestry and Ecology Division, National Remote Sensing Agency (Dept. of Space-Govt. of India), Balanagar, Hyderabad-500 037, India s?4Chen, W. Chen, J. M. Price, D. T. Cihlar, J. Liu, J.2000gCarbon offset potentials of four alternative forest management strategies in Canada: A simulation study143-1696Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change52Afforestation C cost C offset potential Canada Climate change mitigation Forest management Fossil fuel substitution Low-rate N fertilization afforestation reforestation urban soils carbon climate change0Using an Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem C-budget model (InTEC), we simulated the carbon (C) offset potentials of four alternative forest management strategies in Canada: afforestation, reforestation, nitrogen (N) fertilization, and substitution of fossil fuel with wood, under different climatic and disturbance scenarios. C offset potential is defined as additional C uptake by forest ecosystems or reduced fossil C emissions when a strategy is implemented to the theoretical maximum possible extent. The simulations provided the following estimated gains from management: (1) Afforesting all the estimated ~7.2 Mha of marginal agricultural land and urban areas in 1999 would create an average C offset potential of ~8 Tg C y-1 during 1999-2100, at a cost of 3.4 Tg fossil C emission in 1999. (2) Prompt reforestation of all forest lands disturbed in the previous year during 1999-2100 would produce an average C offset potential of ~57 Tg C y-1 for this period, at a cost of 1.33 Tg C y-1. (3) Application of N fertilization (at the low rate of 5 kg N ha-1 y-1) to the ~125 Mha of semi-mature forest during 1999-2100 would create an average C offset of ~58 Tg C y-1 for this period, at a cost of ~0.24 Tg C y-1. (4) Increasing forest harvesting by 20% above current average rates during 1999-2100, and using the extra wood products to substitute for fossil energy would reduce average emissions by ~11 Tg C y-1, at a cost of 0.54 Tg C y-1. If implemented to the maximum extent, the combined C offset potential of all four strategies would be 2-7 times the GHG emission reductions projected for the National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) initiatives during 2000-2020, and an order of magnitude larger than the projected increase in C uptake by Canada's agricultural soils due to improved agricultural practices during 2000-2010.DCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus+588 Booth St., Ottawa, Ont. K1A OY7, Canada ?Freedman, B. Keith, T.1996kPlanting trees for carbon credits: A discussion of context, issues, feasibility, and environmental benefits100-111Environmental Reviews42jAfforestation Carbon credits Forest-carbon offsets Rural forest Urban forest climate carbon climate changeIncreasing concentrations of certain atmospheric gases, particularly CO2, may be intensifying Earth's naturally occurring greenhouse effect. Anthropogenic emissions of CO2 are mostly associated with fossil-fuel combustion and deforestation, both of which are intimately associated with diverse economically important activities. This circumstance will make it difficult for society to rapidly achieve large reductions in the emissions of CO2. The extensive planting of trees can contribute to offsetting a portion of the anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and other radiatively active gases (RAGs). Growing plants fix atmospheric CO2 into organic carbon of their accumulating biomass, and ecological budgets suggest that substantial carbon credits can be achieved by planting large numbers of trees, in both urban and rural environments. Moreover, many additional noncarbon environmental benefits are achieved by planting trees over extensive areas. A tree-planting strategy could not, however, be practically used to offset more than a relatively small portion of the RAGs emitted through human activities. This limitation is mostly due to the immense areas of land that would have to be afforested to achieve more substantial offsets. Ultimately, effectively dealing with an anthropogenic enhancement of Earth's greenhouse effect will require a comprehensive integrated strategy, the major component of which will be reduced emissions. However, carbon offsets associated with the planting of trees will also be an important element of that integrated strategy. This review discusses issues involved in the planting of trees to offset emissions of CO2 and other RAGs. Forest-carbon offsets are discussed in the contexts of the greenhouse effect and climate change, options for reducing emissions of CO2, and the feasibility and environmental benefits of achieving CO2 offsets by extensively planting trees. Attention is paid to both carbon and noncarbon benefits, in the contexts of industrial and nonindustrial forests, both urban and rural.CCited By (since 1996): 8 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Biology, Sch. for Rsrc. and Environ. Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada General Delivery, Rocky Harbour, Nfld. AOK 4N0, Canada?*Sun, D. Pinker, R. T. Kafatos, M. Meng, W.2005XThe impacts of land cover/land use change on satellite-derived diurnal temperature range 2199-2202>International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)3Agriculture development Deforestation Diurnal temperature range (DTR) Effect of cloud on DTR GOES-8 Rural Satellite-derived DTR Urban Urbanization climate change deforestationnDiurnal temperature range (DTR) is an important climate change variable. Till recently, most information on this parameter came from surface air temperature observations. Such observations are sparse and unevenly distributed. Use of satellites for such evaluation is therefore attractive. In this study GOES-8 based estimates of land surface temperature (LST) were used to evaluate this parameter. The ability to detect the impact of land cover/land use (LCLU) on the variability in DTR was investigated. A strong dependence on land cover types was found. Moreover, it was observed that when land cover is converted from forests to cropland (deforestation), the DTR increases, while a decrease in DTR is found for agricultural development, like transition from grassland to cropland, and urbanization, such as transition from forests, cropland, grassland to urban. © 2005 IEEE.=Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus Art. No.: 1526456YGeorge Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742S?(Lamptey, B. L. Barron, E. J. Pollard, D.2005XImpacts of agriculture and urbanization on the climate of the Northeastern United States203-221Global and Planetary Change493-4Agriculture Climate change Land-cover change Mesoscale meteorological modeling Urbanization climate change urban heat island UHI trees and cooling land use changeThe climate sensitivity to specification of agricultural and urban land cover was investigated using the climate version of the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) for 1990 over northeastern United States. The simulations were for 5 yr at a spatial resolution of 36 km. Urbanization resulted in near-surface temperature increases of more than 1 K over the urban sites during both winter and summer. The increase in summer temperature due to urbanization was more widespread than that due to the effect of agricultural land use. The conversion of forest to agricultural land resulted in a decrease in temperature of more than 0.5 K during winter and an increase of more than 1 K during summer over the sites of perturbation. The reduced temperature during winter is related to snow cover. Agricultural lands are covered by snow while the trees in non-agricultural areas protrude through the snow, reducing the albedo of the surface. The warming during summer reflects reduced evaporation. Urbanization also reduces the diurnal temperature range (DTR) by about 0.4 K. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.CCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, 2217 Earth-Engineering Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States? Heckel, P. F.2004!Using trees to mitigate pollution 4019-4031WProceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association's Annual Meeting and ExhibitionlAir pollution Carbon sequestration CO2 Particulates Tree climate carbon air quality influence of urban trees Several international agreements developed during the past decade have emphasized the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to delay or reverse the current global warming cycle. Carbon dioxide, as an abundant, global greenhouse gas, has been pegged as the chief villain in global warming. Much of the carbon sequestration research has focused on the largest plants, trees. The goal of this work is to reinforce the idea that planting trees in urban areas and along rural roads can make a measurable difference in air quality.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusCincinnati Earth Systems Science Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071 >?*Ra, H. S. Y. Geiser, L. H. Crang, R. F. E.2005zEffects of season and low-level air pollution on physiology and element content of lichens from the U.S. Pacific Northwest155-167 Science of the Total Environment3431-3=Air pollution Fertilizing effect Field studies Lichens carbon$Lichens were collected from three low-elevation sites in the western Cascade Range: HJ Andrews, OR (clean) and Bull Run, OR, and Pack Forest, WA (moderately enhanced nitrogen and sulfur deposition). The latter sites were within 50 km of Portland and Seattle/Centralia urban-industrial areas, respectively. Tissue concentrations of sulfur, nitrogen, and other macronutrients; rates of net carbon uptake; concentrations of photosynthetic pigments; and thallus density were correlated with season and seasonal changes in Platismatia glauca. Ion concentrations in precipitation and total wet deposition were measured from natural settings. Concentrations of depositional ions in precipitation, including NO3- and NH 4+, were generally highest at Bull Run and Pack Forest; SO42- concentrations and acidity were highest at Pack Forest. Total wet deposition was higher in the winter rainy season than the dry summer season at all three sites. Lichens adapted physiologically and morphologically to the higher light intensity and the warm, dry climate of summer through decreased optimal water content for CO2 uptake, increased concentrations of carotenoids and increased thallus density. Compared to the clean site, the sites with enhanced deposition were associated in P. glauca with year-round higher tissue concentrations of N, S, K, and Na; higher concentrations of total chlorophyll and carotenoids; higher OD435/415 ratios; higher CO2 uptake and lower thallus density in summer; and a general absence of other sensitive lichens. These results indicate that moderate levels of fertilizing air pollutants can stimulate carbon uptake and provide protection against chlorophyll degradation in air pollution-tolerant lichens of the Pacific Northwest, especially during the dry summer season. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States USDA Forest Service, Pac. Northwest Regional Air Program, Corvallis, OR 97339, United Statesr?Geiser, L. H. Neitlich, P. N.2007hAir pollution and climate gradients in western Oregon and Washington indicated by epiphytic macrolichens203-218Environmental Pollution1451TAir quality Climate change Diversity Forest health monitoring' Lichen climate change.Human activity is changing air quality and climate in the US Pacific Northwest. In a first application of non-metric multidimensional scaling to a large-scale, framework dataset, we modeled lichen community response to air quality and climate gradients at 1416 forested 0.4 ha plots. Model development balanced polluted plots across elevation, forest type and precipitation ranges to isolate pollution response. Air and climate scores were fitted for remaining plots, classed by lichen bioeffects, and mapped. Projected 2040 temperatures would create climate zones with no current analogue. Worst air scores occurred in urban-industrial and agricultural valleys and represented 24% of the landscape. They were correlated with: absence of sensitive lichens, enhancement of nitrophilous lichens, mean wet deposition of ammonium >0.06 mg l-1, lichen nitrogen and sulfur concentrations >0.6% and 0.07%, and SO2 levels harmful to sensitive lichens. The model can detect changes in air quality and climate by scoring re-measurements. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusUS Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region Air Program, PO Box 1148, Corvallis, OR 97330, United States US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 41A Wandling Road, Winthrop, WA 98862, United States? Nowak, D. J.2006WInstitutionalizing urban forestry as a "biotechnology" to improve environmental quality93-100!Urban Forestry and Urban Greening52Air quality Environmental regulations Urban forests water quality air quality influence of urban trees energy use climate carbonUrban forests can provide multiple environmental benefits. As urban areas expand, the role of urban vegetation in improving environmental quality will increase in importance. Quantification of these benefits has revealed that urban forests can significantly improve air quality. As a result, national air quality regulations are now willing to potentially credit tree planting as means to improve air quality. Similarly, quantification of other environmental benefits of urban trees (e.g., water quality improvement, carbon sequestration) could provide for urban vegetation to be incorporated in other programs/regulations designed to improve environmental quality.iExport Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Baldocchi, D., A multi-layer model for estimating sulfur dioxide deposition to a deciduous oak forest canopy (1988) Atmospheric Environment, 22, pp. 869-884; Baldocchi, D.D., Hicks, B.B., Camara, P., A canopy stomatal resistance model for gaseous deposition to vegetated surfaces (1987) Atmospheric Environment, 21, pp. 91-101; Bidwell, R.G.S., Fraser, D.E., Carbon monoxide uptake and metabolism by leaves (1972) Canadian Journal of Botany, 50, pp. 1435-1439; Cairns, M.A., Brown, S., Helmer, E.H., Baumgardner, G.A., Root biomass allocation in the world's upland forests (1997) Oecologia, 111, pp. 1-11; Cardelino, C.A., Chameides, W.L., Natural hydrocarbons, urbanization, and urban ozone (1990) Journal of Geophysical Research, 95 (D9), pp. 13,971-13,979; Chow, P., Rolfe, G.L., Carbon and hydrogen contents of short-rotation biomass of five hardwood species (1989) Wood and Fiber Science, 21 (1), pp. 30-36; Escobedo, F., Nowak, D.J., Wagner, J.E., Luz De la Maza, C., Rodriguez, M., Crane, D.E., Hernandez, J., The socioeconomics and management of Santiago de Chile's public urban forests (2006) Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 4 (3-4), pp. 105-114; (1952) Chemical analyses of wood. Tech. Note 235, , Forest Products Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI; Heisler, G.M., Energy savings with trees (1986) Journal of Arboriculture, 12 (5), pp. 113-125; (1986) Probing the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, , Lenschow D.H. (Ed), American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA; Lovett, G.M., Atmospheric deposition of nutrients and pollutants in North America: an ecological perspective (1994) Ecological Applications, 4, pp. 629-650; Lozano, J.V., Distribucion del arbolado urbano en la ciudad de Fuenlabrada y su contribucion a la calidad del aire (2004) Ciudad y Territorio, Estudios Territoriales, 36 (140), pp. 419-427; McPherson, E.G., Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Sacramento's urban forest (1998) Journal of Arboriculture, 24 (4), pp. 215-223; Murray, F.J., Marsh, L., Bradford, P.A., (1994) New York State Energy Plan, Vol. II: Issue Reports, , New York State Energy Office, Albany, NY; Nowak, D.J., Atmospheric carbon reduction by urban trees (1993) Journal of Environmental Management, 37 (3), pp. 207-217; Nowak, D.J., Trees pollute? A "TREE" explains it all (1995) Proceedings of the Seventh National Urban Forestry Conference, pp. 28-30. , Kollin C., and Barratt M. (Eds), American Forests, Washington, DC; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA (2002) Environmental Pollution, 116 (3), pp. 381-389; Nowak, D.J., Dwyer, J.F., Understanding the benefits and costs of urban forest ecosystems (2000) Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast, pp. 11-25. , Kuser J. (Ed), Plenum Publishers, New York; Nowak, D.J., Walton, J.T., Projected urban growth (2000-2050) and its estimated impact on the US forest resource (2005) Journal of Forestry, 103 (8), pp. 383-389; Nowak, D.J., McHale, P.J., Ibarra, M., Crane, D., Stevens, J., Luley, C., Modeling the effects of urban vegetation on air pollution (1998) Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XII, pp. 399-407. , Gryning S.E., and Chaumerliac N. (Eds), Plenum Press, New York; Nowak, D.J., Civerolo, K.L., Rao, S.T., Sistla, S., Luley, C.J., Crane, D.E., A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone (2000) Atmospheric Environment, 34, pp. 1601-1613; Nowak, D.J., Pasek, J., Sequeira, R., Crane, D.E., Mastro, V., Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on urban trees in the United States (2001) Journal of Economic Entomology, 94 (1), pp. 16-22; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Dwyer, J.F., Compensatory value of urban trees in the United States (2002) Journal of Arboriculture, 28 (4), pp. 194-199; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Stevens, J.C., Hoehn, R., (2005) The Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) Model: Field Data Collection Procedures, , http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/syracuse/Tools/downloads/UFORE_Manual.pdf, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Syracuse, NY (last accessed April 2006); Nowak, D.J., Walton, J.T., Dwyer, J.F., Kaya, L.G., Myeong, S., The increasing influence of urban environments on US forest management (2005) Journal of Forestry, 103 (8), pp. 377-382; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Stevens, J.C., Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States (2006) Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 4 (3-4), pp. 115-123; Taha, H., Modeling impacts of increased urban vegetation on ozone air quality in the South Coast Air Basin (1996) Atmospheric Environment, 30 (20), pp. 3423-3430; Yang, J., McBride, J., Zhou, J., Sun, Z., The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction (2005) Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 3 (3-4), pp. 65-78; Zinke, P.J., Forest interception studies in the United States (1967) Forest Hydrology, , Pergamon Press, OxfordeUSDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 5 Moon Library, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States?9Vautard, R. Beekmann, M. Desplat, J. Hodzic, A. Morel, S.2007aAir quality in Europe during the summer of 2003 as a prototype of air quality in a warmer climate747-763Comptes Rendus - Geoscience33911-12AAir quality Heat wave Ozone Summer 2003 Wild fires climate change|The extremely warm summer of 2003, with its August heat wave, is taken as a prototype of future summer weather in Europe. The stagnant circulation led to accumulation of heat and pollutants, increased forest fires, and induced high ozone and particulate matter levels. After a description of the meteorological conditions encountered, we review here the effects of the heat-wave meteorology on photochemistry, wild fires, and particulate matter, at the continental and urban scales. We discuss the extent to which this special summer can be taken for projecting air quality in a future warmer climate, especially in the perspective of changes in regional and global emissions. For ozone, the effect of regional reduction of emissions will dominate over summer climate change, but the increase in baseline ozone should significantly raise the mean ozone levels. © 2007 Acade?mie des sciences.DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusLaboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement (LSCE/IPSL), laboratoire CEA/CNRS/universite? de Versailles-Saint-Quentin, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France Laboratoire interuniversitaire des syste?mes atmosphe?riques (LISA), universite? Paris-12, 61, avenue du General-de-Gaulle, 94010 Cre?teil cedex, France Me?te?o France, 1, quai Branly, 75340 Paris cedex 07, France NCAR, PO Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307, United States?Peper, P. J. McPherson, E. G.1998eComparision of four foliar and woody biomass estimation methods applied to open-grown deciduous trees191-199Journal of Arboriculture244WAllometry Carbon Crown Subsampling Surrogate Urban forest climate carbon climate changeConcern about global climate change and the effects that increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide could have on the earth has risen in recent years. Methods for accurately and efficiently quantifying carbon storage and annual carbon fluxes are needed to determine what role urban forests may have in reducing levels of atmospheric CO2. This will require the development of techniques for estimating foliar and woody biomass of individual trees. In this study, 2 sampling methods and 2 regression formulas for estimating foliar and above-ground woody biomass were tested against the actual above-ground biomass of 8 open-grown deciduous trees (2 species). There was no significant difference between one of the subsampling methods and actual foliar, woody, and total above-ground biomass. There were indications that the method's precision in estimating foliar biomass could be improved by modifying the sampling method.The second sampling method predicted foliar biomass of heavily pruned trees within 8% of actual measurements. For unpruned or lightly pruned trees, one of the regression equations showed no significant difference between estimates of foliar biomass and actual biomass.CCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusW. Ctr. Urban Forest Res. and Educ., Pacific Southwest Research Station, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8587, United States?Johnson, A. D. Gerhold, H. D.2001*Carbon storage by utility-compatible trees57-68Journal of Arboriculture272Amelanchier Carbon dioxide removal Carbon sequestration Carbon storage Global warming Malus Pyrus calleryana Syringa reticulata Urban trees Wood density Wood volume climate carbonUrban trees can favorably affect factors underlying global warming by storing carbon and by reducing energy needed for cooling and heating buildings. To estimate the amount of carbon stored by smaller types of urban trees, excluding leaves and roots, standardized measurements were taken to determine wood density, wood volume, and dry weight of selected samples of Amelanchier, Malus, Pyrus calleryana, and Syringa reticulata cultivars. Wood density as defined by specific weight ranged from 0.53 to 0.64 g/cm3 for all genera. Densities at two upper trunk positions were significantly different from those at the base. The wood density of Syringa reticulata was significantly less than the other genera. Regression analyses of wood weight based on height and diameter of trees up to 12 cm (4.7 in.) dbh indicated a linear relationship in Amelanchier, but curvilinear (not linear) equations explained more of the variation in Malus and Pyrus. Smaller trees, those 2.3 to 4.9 cm dbh, typically stored between 2.1 and 2.3 kg of carbon in trunks and branches; trees between 5.0 and 7.9 cm stored between 8.4 and 15.1 kg, and trees larger than 8.0 cm up to 11.7 cm stored between 24.5 and 37.5 kg of carbon. The narrow-crowned Pyrus calleryana 'Capital' stored considerably lower amounts of carbon than the other Pyrus calleryana cultivars. These estimates may be increased by 22% to add carbon stored in roots, according to other studies.@ Cited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Coder, K., (1993) Understanding Global Changes. The Greenhouse Effect, 1046. , The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. Coop. Ext. Serv. For. Res. Unit Bull. 9 pp; Fetcher, N., Jaeger, C.H., Strain, B.R., Sionit, N., Long-term elevation of CO2 concentration and the carbon exchange rate of saplings of Pinus taeda L. and Liquidambar styraciflua L (1988) Tree Physiol, 4, pp. 255-262; Johnson, A.D., (1999) Carbon Storage by Utility-Compatible Trees, , M.S. thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA. 42 pp; Kinerson, R.S., Bartholomew, I., Biomass estimation equations and nutrient composition of White Pine, White Birch, Red Maple, and Red Oak in New Hampshire (1977) New Hampshire Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Rep, 62. , 88 pp; McPherson, E.G., Using urban forests for energy efficiency and carbon storage (1994) J. For, 92 (10), pp. 36-38. , 40-41; Nowak, D.J., Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Chicago's urban forest (1994) Chicago's Urban Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project, pp. 83-94. , McPherson, E.G. D.J. Nowak, and R.A. Rowntree (Eds.). Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-186. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., The urban forests effects (UFORE) model: Quantifying urban forest structure and functions Second International Symposium: Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century, , (In press). Hansen, M. (Ed.). USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep; Peper, P.J., McPherson, E.G., Comparison of four foliar and woody biomass estimation methods applied to open-grown deciduous trees (1998) J. Arboric, 24 (4), pp. 191-200; Ribe, J.H., Puckerbrush weight tables (1973) Univ. of Maine Life Sci. and Agric. Exp. Stn. Misc. Rep, 152. , Orono, ME. 92 pp; Sedjo, R.A., Forests to offset the greenhouse effect (1989) J. For, 87 (7), pp. 12-15; Tritton, L.M., Hornbeck, J.W., Biomass equations for major tree species of the Northeast (1982) Gen. Tech. Rep. NR-69, , USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. 46 pp; Valentine, H.T., Tritton, L.M., Furnival, G.M., Subsampling trees for biomass, volume, or mineral content (1984) For. Sci, 30 (3), pp. 673-681; Wiant H.V. Jr, Are separate weight equations needed for Appalachian hardwoods? (1979) W.Va. For. Notes, 7, p. 20; Wullschleger, S.D., Norby, R.J., Hendrix, D.L., Carbon exchange rates, chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate status of two forest tree species exposed to carbon dioxide enrichment (1992) Tree Physiol, 10, pp. 21-31}School of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, 109 Ferguson Building, Universty Park, PA 16802, United StatesY?Johnson, A. D. Gerhold, H. D.2003ACarbon storage by urban tree cultivars, in roots and above-ground65-72!Urban Forestry and Urban Greening22VAmelanchier Carbon storage Global warming Malus Pyrus Roots Syringa Urban trees carbonUrban trees can favorably affect factors underlying global warming by storing carbon and by reducing energy needs for cooling and heating buildings. To estimate carbon stored in roots and above-ground portions of trees, data was collected consisting of whole tree sampling of Amelanchier, Malus, Pyrus, and Syringa cultivars. Roots were excavated using an Air-Spade?. Regression analysis resulted in two equations for predicting total carbon storage based on height and diameter of trees up to 20 cm dbh: Y = 0.05836 (dbh2) for root carbon storage, and Y = 0.0305 (dbh2 × h)0.9499 for above-ground carbon storage, explaining 97% and 96% of the variation, respectively. Average carbon stored in roots of various cultivars ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 kg for smaller trees, those 3.8 to 6.4 cm dbh, to more than 10.4 kg for trees 14.0 cm to 19.7 cm dbh. Average total carbon stored by cultivars ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 kg for trees less than 6.4 cm dbh to 54.5 kg for trees larger than 14.0 cm. The data from these equations apply mainly to trees in nurseries and recently transplanted trees. Comparisons showed that above-ground estimates from previous studies using a sampling technique overestimated values obtained from actual above-ground weights. © Urban & Fischer Verlag.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus+Southern University and A and M College - CAFCS, Baton Rouge, LA, United States Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States Southern University and A and M College - CAFCS, Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 216 A.O. Williams Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, United States1F?3Pouyat, R. Groffman, P. Yesilonis, I. Hernandez, L.20020Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystemsEnvironmental Pollution116SUPPL. 1soil organic carbon anthropogenic soils urban soils human modified soils Baltimore Ecosystem Study LAND-USE GRADIENT RURAL GRADIENT FOREST SOILS LEAF-LITTER OAK STANDS STORAGE SITES urban forest climate carbon"The transformation of landscapes from non-urban to urban land use has the potential to greatly modify soil carbon (C) pools and fluxes. For urban ecosystems, very little data exists to assess whether urbanization leads to an increase or decrease in soil C pools. We analyzed three data sets to assess the potential for urbanization to affect soil organic C. These included surface (0-10 cm) soil C data from unmanaged forests along an urban-rural gradient, data from "made" soils (1 m depth) from five different cities, and surface (0-15 cm) soil data of several land-use types in the city of Baltimore. Along the urban-rural land-use gradient, we found that soil organic matter concentration in the surface 10 cm varied significantly (P = 0.001). In an analysis of variance, the urban forest stands had significantly (P = 0.02) higher organic C densities (kg m-2 to 1 m depth) than the suburban and rural stands. Our analysis of pedon data from five cities showed that the highest soil organic C densities occurred in loamy fill (28.5 kg m-2) with the lowest occurring in clean fill and old dredge materials (1.4 and 6.9 kg m-2, respectively). Soil organic C densities for residential areas (15.5 ± 1.2 kg m-2) were consistent across cities. A comparison of land-use types showed that low density residential and institutional land-uses had 44 and 38% higher organic C densities than the commercial land-use type, respectively. Our analysis shows that as adjacent land-use becomes more urbanized, forest soil C pools can be affected even in stands not directly disturbed by urban land development. Data from several "made" soils suggests that physical disturbances and inputs of various materials by humans can greatly alter the amount C stored in these soils. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.'Cited By (since 1996): 32 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Airola, T.M., Buchholz, K., Species structure and soil characteristics of five urban sites along the New Jersey Palisades (1984) Urban Ecology, 8, pp. 149-164; Ames, S.E., Lavkulich, L.M., Predicting the role of land use on carbon storage and assimilation rates (1999) World Resource Review, 11, pp. 30-46; Birdsey, R., Changes in forest carbon from increasing forest area and timber growth (1992) Forest and Global Change, pp. 23-39. , Simpson, R.N., Hair, H. (Eds.). American Forests Washington, DC. 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Co, Detroit, MI; Nowak, D.J., Rowntree, R.A., McPherson, E.G., Sisinni, S.M., Kerkmann, E.R., Stevens, J.C., Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover (1996) Landscape and Urban Planning, 36, pp. 49-57; (1998) Soil Survey of City of Baltimore, Maryland (Soil Survey Report), , Natural Resource Conservation Service, Washington, DC; Oke, T.R., The heat island of the urban boundary layer: Characteristics, causes and effects (1995) Wind Climate in Cities, pp. 81-107. , Cermak, J.E. (Ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands; Paul, E.A., Clark, F.E., (1996) Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry, , Academic Press, New York; Post, W.M., Emanuel, W.R., Zinke, P.J., Stangenberger, A.G., Soil carbon pools and world life zones (1982) Nature, 298, pp. 156-159; Pouyat, R.V., (1992) Soil characteristics and litter dynamics in mixed deciduous forests along an urban-rural gradient, , PhD dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Pouyat, R.V., Effland, W.R., The investigation and classification of humanly modified soils in the Baltimore ecosystem study (1999) Classification, Correlation, and Management of Anthropogenic Soils, pp. 141-154. , Kimble, J.M., Ahrens, R.J., Bryant, R.B. (Eds.), Proceedings-Las Vegas, Nevada, September-October 2, 1998. USDA-NRCS, Lincoln, NE; Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Heavy metal accumulation in forest soils along an urban-rural gradient in southeastern New York (1991) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 57 (58), pp. 797-807; Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Soil characteristics of oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient (1995) Journal Environ. Quality, 24, pp. 516-526; Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in oak stands along an urban-rural land-use gradient (1997) Urban Ecosystems, 1, pp. 117-131; Pouyat, R.V., Parmelee, R.W., Carreiro, M.M., Environmental effects of forest soil-invertebrate and fungal densities in oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient (1994) Pedobiologia, 38, pp. 385-399; Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Groffman, P.M., Carreiro, M.M., Parmelee, R.W., Medley, K.E., Zipperer, W.C., Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in oak stands along an urban-rural gradient (1995) Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils, pp. 569-587. , Kelly, J.M., McFee, W.W. (Eds.). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI; Scheu, S., Wolters, V., Influence of fragmentation and bioturbation on the decomposition of 14C-labeled beech leaf litter (1991) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 23, pp. 1029-1034; Schlesinger, W.H., Andrews, J.A., Soil respiration and the global carbon cycle (2000) Biogeochemistry, 48, pp. 7-20; Schoeneberger, P.J., Wysocki, D.A., Benham, E.C., Broderson, W.D., (1998) Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, , USDA-NRCS National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska; Schuberth, C.J., (1968) The geology of New York City and environs, , Natural History Press, New York; Short, J.R., Fanning, D.S., Foss, J.E., Patterson, J.C., Soils of the mall in Washington, DC: II. Genesis, classification and mapping (1986) Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50, pp. 705-710; (1992) National Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual (Soil Investigations Report No 42), , US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; (1993) Soil Survey Manual, , Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; (1996) National Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual (Soil Investigations Report No 42), , US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; Steinberg, D.A., Pouyat, R.V., Parmelee, R.W., Groffman, P.M., Earthworm abundance and nitrogen mineralization rates along an urban-rural land use gradient (1997) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29, pp. 427-430; Stroganova, M., Myagkova, A., Prokof'ieva, T., Skvotsova, I., (1998) Soils of Moscow and Urban Environment, , Pochva, gorod, ekologiya, Moscow; White, C.S., McDonnell, M.J., Nitogen cycling processes and soil characteristics in an urban versus rural forest (1988) Biogeochemistry, 5, pp. 243-262; (1996) World Resources: A Guide to the Global Environment, , Oxford University Press, New York; Zhu, W., Carreiro, M.M., Chemoautotrophic nitrification in acidic forest soils along an urban-to-rural transect (1999) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31, pp. 1091-1100\Northeastern Research Station, C/o Baltimore Ecosystem Study, University of Maryland, 5200 Westland Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21227, United States Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, United States University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States Natural Resource Conservation Service, Staten Island, NY 10306, United States 2?Pervaiz, M. Sain, M. M.20034Carbon storage potential in natural fiber composites325-340%Resources, Conservation and Recycling394Auto applications Carbon dioxide emissions Carbon storage Green house gases Hemp fiber Mat-reinforced Mechanical performance Natural fiber composites climate carbon-The environmental performance of hemp based natural fiber mat thermoplastic (NMT) has been evaluated in this study by quantifying carbon storage potential and CO2 emissions and comparing the results with commercially available glass fiber composites. Non-woven mats of hemp fiber and polypropylene matrix were used to make NMT samples by film-stacking method without using any binder aid. The results showed that hemp based NMT have compatible or even better strength properties as compared to conventional flax based thermoplastics. A value of 63 MPa for flexural strength is achieved at 64% fiber content by weight. Similarly, impact energy values (84-154 J/m) are also promising. The carbon sequestration and storage by hemp crop through photosynthesis is estimated by quantifying dry biomass of fibers based on one metric ton of NMT. A value of 325 kg carbon per metric ton of hemp based composite is estimated which can be stored by the product during its useful life. An extra 22% carbon storage can be achieved by increasing the compression ratio by 13% while maintaining same flexural strength. Further, net carbon sequestration by industrial hemp crop is estimated as 0.67 ton/h/year, which is compatible to all USA urban trees and very close to naturally, regenerated forests. A comparative life cycle analysis focused on non-renewable energy consumption of natural and glass fiber composites shows that a net saving of 50 000 MJ (?3 ton CO2 emissions) per ton of thermoplastic can be achieved by replacing 30% glass fiber reinforcement with 65% hemp fiber. It is further estimated that 3.07 million ton CO2 emissions (4.3% of total USA industrial emissions) and 1.19 million m3 crude oil (1.0% of total Canadian oil consumption) can be saved by substituting 50% fiber glass plastics with natural fiber composites in North American auto applications. However, to compete with glass fiber effectively, further research is needed to improve natural fiber processing, interfacial bonding and control moisture sensitivity in longer run. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.CCited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopustFaculty of Forestry, Earth Science Center, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ont. M5S 3B3, Canada?Sukopp, H. Wurzel, A.2000IChanging climates and the effects on vegetation in central Erupean cities257-281Arboricultural Journal244rBetween-city study Central Europe Climate change Naturalised trees and shrubs Urban climate climate climate change Since the 1850s the effects of global climatic warming have been anticipated by the rise of temperature in many big cities. In addition, changes of vegetation in central European cities have been well documented. This paper explores, first of all, the changing urban distribution of some ruderal herbaceous species, and secondly distributional and physiological aspects of tree and shrub species in response to this rise in temperature. Examples of species reactions which are given here include Acer negundo, Ailanthus altissima, Amelanchier, spicata, Berberis julianae, Buddleja davidii, Colutea arborescens, Cornus alba, C. stolonifera, Cotoneaster bullatus, Cytisus multiflorus, C. striatus, Juglans regia, Laburnum anagyroides, Ligustrum vulgare, Mahonia aquifolium, Paulownia tomentosa, Philadelphus coronarius, Platanus X hispanica, Populus x canadensis, Prunus armeniaca, P. laurocerasus, P. mahaleb, P. persica, P. serotina, Pyrus communis, Quercus cerris, Q. rubra, Q.bur, Ribes aureum, Robinia pseudacacia, Sambucus spp., Sorbus intermedia agg., Symphoricarpos albus and Syringa vulgaris. The responses of some woody scramblers and creepers are also examined. Thereafter, phenological investigations are briefly reviewed. These include studies on both Aesculus hippocastanum and Tilia euchlora. Finally, the conclusion considers the extent to which cities can, in effect, act as simulators of global climatic change. It is concluded that, for example, urban areas also differ in other, possibly causal, ecological and socio-economic factors affecting the vegetation. However, many of the alien or exotic invader species found colonising cities (or naturalising within them) derive from warmer areas and are considered to benefit from a more favourable climate, even on a small spatial scale.CCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus7Inst. Okol. Tech. Univ. Berlin, Berlin D-12165, Germanyk?(Whitford, V. Ennos, A. R. Handley, J. F.2001"City form and natural process" - Indicators for the ecological performance of urban areas and their application to Merseyside, UK91-103Landscape and Urban Planning572energy use energy use land cover Biodiversity Carbon storage Climate Ecological indicators Hydrology Urbanisation climate carbon design issues urban designIt is well known that urbanisation has many deleterious ecological effects. These may be mitigated by good urban design but the first step in doing this is to quantify them. This paper describes four simple ecological performance indicators which quantify the effects of urbanisation on surface temperature, hydrology, carbon storage and sequestration, and biodiversity. They have been developed and customised from recent studies, are simple to use, and require a minimum of input information; the only major inputs needed are the percentages of the different surface covers. The indicators were tested by applying them to four urban areas of Merseyside, UK, of contrasting affluence. The results showed that the greatest influence on ecological performance was the percentage of greenspace, particularly of trees. The affluent areas had lower temperatures, less run-off, more stored carbon, and higher diversity, largely because they had more open area and woodland cover. These results suggest that the indicators could be a useful planning tool, facilitating the comparison of existing urban areas, and helping to predict the ecological impact of new developments. However, the indicators also suggest that compact cities with good regional performance will inevitably have poorer performance locally, because of a lack of greenspace. The performance indicators could determine the potential of possible means of amelioration such as the use of roof gardens or permeable paving. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Cited By (since 1996): 23 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Beeby, A., (1993) Applying Ecology, , Chapman and Hall, London; Begon, M., Harper, J.L., Townsend, C.R., (1990) Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities, , Blackwell Science, Oxford; Brest, C.L., Seasonal albedo of an urban/rural landscape from satellite observations (1987) J. Clim. Appl. Met., 26, pp. 1169-1187; Bridgeman, H., Warner, R., Dodson, J., (1995) Urban Biophysical Environments, , Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia; Chow, V.T., (1988) Applied Hydrology, , McGraw Hill, New York; Douglas, I., (1983) The Urban Environment, , Edward Arnold, London; Driver, N., Troutman, B., Regression models for estimating urban storm run-off quality and quantity in the United States (1989) J. Hydrol., 109, pp. 221-236; Finch, J., The application of the remote sensing to estimate land cover for urban drainage catchment modelling (1989) J. Inst. Water Environ. Manage., 3, pp. 558-561; Fleming, L.E., (1988) Growth estimates of street trees in Central New Jersey, , M.S. Thesis, The University of New Jersey, Rutgers; Forman, R.T., (1995) Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Hall, M.J., (1984) Urban Hydrology, , Elsevier Applied Science, London; Handley, J.F., Nature in the urban environment (1988) Grove, Cresswell (Eds.), pp. 47-59. , City Landscape. Butterworths, London; (1999) A Better Quality of Life: A Strategy for Sustainable Development for the United Kingdom, , CM 4345, Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions, London; Hough, M., (1995) City Form and Natural Process, , Routledge, London; Huber, W., Dickinson, R., (1988) Storm Water Management Model User's Manual, , US Environmental Protection Agency, Georgia; Jo, H., McPherson, E.G., Carbon storage and flux in urban residential greenspace (1995) J. Environ. Manage., 45, pp. 109-133; Kawashima, S., Relation between vegetation, surface temperature and surface composition in the Tokyo region during winter (1994) Rem. Sens. Environ., 50, pp. 52-60; McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D.J., Rowntree, R.A., Chicago's urban forest ecosystem: Results of the Chicago urban forest climate project (1994) Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-186, , US Department of Agriculture, Radnor, PA; McPherson, E.G., Rowntree, R.A., Using structural measures to compare street tree populations (1986) Landscape J., 8, pp. 13-23; Nichol, J.E., A GIS-based approach to microclimate monitoring in Singapore's high-rise housing estates (1994) Photogramm. Eng. Rem. S., 60, pp. 1225-1232; Norman, H.J., (1992) Industrial Carbon Emissions and the Greenhouse Effect, , Ph.D. Thesis, University of Manchester, Manchester; Nowak, D.J., Atmospheric carbon reduction by urban trees (1993) J. Environ. Manage., 37, pp. 207-217; Oke, T.R., Kalanda, B.D., Steyn, D.G., Parameterization of heat-storage in urban areas (1981) Urban Ecol., 5, pp. 45-54; Oke, T.R., The energetic basis of the urban heat island (1982) Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 108, pp. 1-24; Pandit, A., Gopalakrishnan, G., Estimation of annual storm run-off coefficients by continuous simulation (1996) J. Irr. Drainage Eng., 122, pp. 211-220; Pauleit, S., Duhme, F., GIS assessment of Munich's urban forest structure for urban planning (2000) J. Arbor., 26, pp. 133-141; Ragg, (1984) Soils and their Use in Midland and Western England, , Bulletin no. 12, Soil Survey of England and Wales, Harpenden; Rowntree, R.A., Nowak, D., Quantifying the role of urban forests in removing atmospheric carbon dioxide (1991) J. Arbor., 17, pp. 269-275; Savard, J.L., Fall, J.B., Breeding bird density and diversity in residential areas of metropolitan Toronto - Distribution and relative abundance of fall migrating birds in relation to urbanisation in metropolitan Toronto - Winter bird density and diversity in metropolitan Toronto (1991) Wildlife conservation in metropolitan environments, , Adams, L.W., Leedy, D.L. (Eds.). National Institute for Urban Wildlife, Columbia MD; Sekliziotis, S., (1980) A Survey of Urban Open Space Using Colour Infra-red Aerial Photographs, , Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aston, Aston; (1972) SCS National Engineering Handbook, , US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC; Terjung, W.H., Louie, S., A climatic model of urban energy budgets (1974) Geogr. Anal., 21, pp. 341-367; Tso, C.P., Analytical solutions to the near-neutral atmospheric surface energy balance with and without heat storage for urban climatological studies (1991) J. Appl. Met., 30, pp. 413-424; Tso, C.P., A survey of urban heat island studies in two tropical cities (1996) Atmos. Environ., 30, pp. 507-519; Turner, D.P., Koerper, G.J., A carbon budget for forests of the coterminous United States (1995) Ecol. Appl., 5, pp. 421-436; (1992) United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Agenda 21 - Action Plan for the Next Century; (1999) Towards an Urban Renaissance, , Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London; Wenger, K.F., (1984) Forestry Handbook, , Wiley, New York; Whifford, V., (1998) Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Urban Development, , M.Sc. Thesis, University of Manchester, Manchester; Winer, A.M., (1983) Investigation of the Role of Natural Hydrocarbons in Photochemical Smog Formation in California, , California Air Resources Board, CASchool of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, 3.614 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom School of Planning and Landscape, University of Manchester, Architecture Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdomv?Wilby, R. L. Perry, G. L. W.2006]Climate change, biodiversity and the urban environment: A critical review based on London, UK73-98Progress in Physical Geography301~Biodiversity Climate change Green space Heat island London Urbanization climate change urban heat island UHI urban green space.According to projections by the United Nations, 60% of the world's population will reside in urban areas by 2030. Studies of the ecology of cities and ecology in cities will therefore assume increasing relevance as urban communities seek to protect and/or enhance their ecological resources. Presently, the most serious threats to wildlife include the degradation and/or loss of habitats, the introduction and spread of problem species, water pollution, unsympathetic management, and the encroachment of inappropriate development. Climate change could add to these problems through competition from exotic species, the spread of disease and pests, increased summer drought stress for wetlands and woodland, and sea-level rise threatening rare coastal habitats. Earlier springs, longer frost-free seasons, and reduced snowfall could further affect the dates of egg-laying, as well as the emergence, first flowering and health of leafing or flowering plants. Small birds and naturalized species could thrive in the warmer winters associated with the combined effect of regional climate change and enhanced urban heat island. This article reviews the range of climate-related threats to biodiversity in the aquatic, intertidal and terrestrial habitats of urban areas. London is used as a case study to illustrate potential impacts, and to contend that 'green spaces' in cities could be used by planners to counter climate-related threats to biodiversity, as well as to improve flood control and air quality, and reduce urban heat island effects. © 2006 Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.DCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusEnvironment Agency, Trentside Office, Scarrington Road, Nottingham NG2 5FA, United Kingdom School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand ? Lehmann, J. Gaunt, J. Rondon, M.2006;Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems - A review403-4276Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change112Black carbon Carbon sequestration Charcoal Emissions trading Global warming potential Greenhouse gas emissions Soils Terra preta de indio carbon climate change urban soils0The application of bio-char (charcoal or biomass-derived black carbon (C)) to soil is proposed as a novel approach to establish a significant, long-term, sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems. Apart from positive effects in both reducing emissions and increasing the sequestration of greenhouse gases, the production of bio-char and its application to soil will deliver immediate benefits through improved soil fertility and increased crop production. Conversion of biomass C to bio-char C leads to sequestration of about 50% of the initial C compared to the low amounts retained after burning (3%) and biological decomposition (< 10-20% after 5-10 years), therefore yielding more stable soil C than burning or direct land application of biomass. This efficiency of C conversion of biomass to bio-char is highly dependent on the type of feedstock, but is not significantly affected by the pyrolysis temperature (within 350-500°C common for pyrolysis). Existing slash-and-burn systems cause significant degradation of soil and release of greenhouse gases and opportunies may exist to enhance this system by conversion to slash-and-char systems. Our global analysis revealed that up to 12% of the total anthropogenic C emissions by land use change (0.21 Pg C) can be off-set annually in soil, if slash-and-burn is replaced by slash-and-char. Agricultural and forestry wastes such as forest residues, mill residues, field crop residues, or urban wastes add a conservatively estimated 0.16 Pg C yr-1. Biofuel production using modern biomass can produce a bio-char by-product through pyrolysis which results in 30.6 kg C sequestration for each GJ of energy produced. Using published projections of the use of renewable fuels in the year 2100, bio-char sequestration could amount to 5.5-9.5 Pg C yr-1 if this demand for energy was met through pyrolysis, which would exceed current emissions from fossil fuels (5.4 Pg C yr-1). Bio-char soil management systems can deliver tradable C emissions reduction, and C sequestered is easily accountable, and verifiable. © Springer 2006.DCited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States GY Associates Ltd., Harpenden, Herts AL5 2DF, United Kingdom Climate Change Program, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia ?5Bergeron, Y. Denneler, B. Charron, D. Girardin, M. P.2002pUsing dendrochronology to reconstruct disturbance and forest dynamics around Lake Duparquet, northwestern Quebec175-189Dendrochronologia201-2Boreal forest Climate change Dendroecology Forest dynamics Forest fire Forest management Insect outbreak Natural disturbance Ring width climate changeThis paper presents a synthesis of the dendroecological work conducted in the area of Lake Duparquet in the southern boreal forest of northwestern Quebec (Canada) during the last 15 years. The topics of these syn- and autecological studies encompassed forest dynamics and tree growth related to natural disturbances such as forest fires, insect outbreaks, and flooding, as well as the effects of climate change. Seven major fire events occurred around Lake Duparquet since 1720: 1760, 1797, 1823, 1847, 1870, 1916, and 1944. Post-fire stand dynamics, established by a chronosequence of over 200 years, are characterized by the gradual transition from broadleaf dominated stands towards mixed and finally almost pure conifer stands. After fire, insect outbreaks are the second most important disturbance type in the southern boreal forest. Spruce budworm, the predominating defoliating insect, but also forest tent caterpillar and larch sawfly have major impacts on growth and stand dynamics of their respective host species. Global warming since the end of Little Ice Age around 1850 coincided with increasing precipitation and, hence, decreasing droughts in the southeastern boreal area of North America. The accelerated radial growth of eastern white-cedar and black ash at Lake Duparquet is a direct effect of these wetter climatic conditions. Population dynamics and forest composition, however, are rather indirectly affected by climate change through the alteration of the natural disturbance regimes, i.e., the decreased frequency and size of the forest fires and the increased frequency and amplitude of the spring floods. Potential consequences of future global warming on disturbance dynamics and forest composition are briefly discussed. The results of the dendroecological studies contributed to the elaboration of a natural-disturbance based forest management model for the southern boreal forest of Quebec. © Urban & Fischer Verlag.DCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusGroupe de Recherche en E?cologie Forestie?re Interuniversitaire, Universite? du Que?bec A? Montre?al, CP 8888 Succursale Centre-ville, Montre?al, Que., Canada I?Jo, H. K. McPherson, E. G.2001[Indirect carbon reduction by residential vegetation and planting strategies in Chicago, USA165-177#Journal of Environmental Management612Building energy savings Carbon dioxide Climate change Proper planting Urban vegetation climate carbon climate change cooling shade shading energy usebConcern about climate change has evoked interest in the potential for urban vegetation to help reduce the levels of atmospheric carbon. This study applied computer simulations to try to quantify the modifying effects of existing vegetation on the indirect reduction of atmospheric carbon for two residential neighborhoods in north-west Chicago. The effects of shading, evapotranspiration, and windspeed reduction were considered and were found to have decreased carbon emissions by 3.2 to 3.9% per year for building types in study block 1 where tree cover was 33%, and -0.2 to 3.8% in block 2 where tree cover was 11%. This resulted in a total annual reduction of carbon emission averaging 158.7 (± 12.8) kg per residence in block 1 and 18.1 (±5.4) kg per residence in block 2. Windspeed reduction greatly contributed to the decrease of carbon emission. However, shading increased annual carbon emission from the combined change in heating and cooling energy use due to many trees in the wrong locations, which increase heating energy use during the winter. The increase of carbon emission from shading is somewhat specific to Chicago, due in part to the large amount of clean, nuclear-generated cooling energy and the long heating season. In Chicago, heating energy is required for about eight months from October to May and cooling energy is used for the remaining 4 months from June to September. If fossil fuels had been the primary source for cooling energy and the heating season had been shorter, the shading effects on the reduction of carbon emission would be greater. Planting of large trees close to the west wall of buildings, dense planting on the north, and avoidance of planting on the south are recommended to maximize indirect carbon reduction by residential vegetation, in Chicago and other mid and high-latitude cities with long heating seasons. © 2001 Academic Press.CCited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus<Division of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Kangwon-Do, South Korea Western Center for Urban Forest Research, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States ?Kumpulainen, L. Laaksonen, H. Komulainen, R. Martikainen, A. Lehtonen, M. Heine, P. Silvast, A. Imris, P. Partanen, J. Lassila, J. Kaipia, T. Viljainen, S. Verho, P. Jarventausta, P. Kivikko, K. Kauhaniemi, K. La?gland, H. Saaristo, H.2006IVisionary network 2030. Technology vision for future distribution network1-89:Verkkovisio 2030: Jakelu- Ja alueverkkojen teknologiavisioCables Development Failures Power distribution networks Power supply Reliability Safety Scenarios Smart systems Vision climate changemObjective of this research was to create the long term vision of a distribution network technology to be used for the near future rebuild and necessary R&D efforts. Present status of the grid was briefly handled and created scenarios for the operational environment changes and available technology International view was used for getting familiar with the present solutions and future expectations in other countries. Centralised power generation is supposed to form the majority, but also the distributed generation will play more and more important role, which is hard to predict due to the uncertainty of the development of the regulation. Higher reliability and safety in major faults are expected from the future network with the reasonable costs. Impact of the climate change and impregnant using restrictions cause difficulties especially for the overhead lines in the forests. In the rural network also the ageing is the problem. For the urban networks the land usage and environmental issues get more challenging and the network reinforcement is necessary due to the increased use of electricity. As a result several technical solutions are available. Additions to the technology today, several new solutions were introduced. Important solutions in the future network are supposed to be the wide range of underground cable, high degree utilisation of the communication and network automation solutions, considerable shorter protection zones and new layout solution. In a long run the islanding enabled by the distributed energy systems and totally new network structures and solutions based on power electronics are supposed to improve the power quality and profitability. Separate quality classes in network design principally are also supposed to be approved. Getting into the vision needs also the Roadmap project, which coordinates and focuses the development of the industry. So the limited national development resources can be effectively utilised. A coordinated national development work gives also a good basis for the international development participation and also for success of the Finnish technology industry. Copyright © VTT 2006.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusVTT TKK LTY TTY VY*?)Woodbury, P. B. Smith, J. E. Heath, L. S.2007@Carbon sequestration in the U.S. forest sector from 1990 to 201014-27Forest Ecology and Management2411-3jCarbon budget Carbon sequestration Carbon sink Forest ecosystem Land use change climate carbon urban soilsForest inventory data supplemented with data from intensive research sites and models were used to estimate carbon stocks and sequestration rates in U.S. forests, including effects of land use change. Data on the production of wood products and emission from decomposition were used to estimate carbon stocks and sequestration rates in wood products and landfills. From 1990 through 2005, the forest sector (including forests and wood products) sequestered an average 162 Tg C year-1. In 2005, 49% of the total forest sector sequestration was in live and dead trees, 27% was in wood products in landfills, with the remainder in down dead wood, wood products in use, and forest floor and soil. The pools with the largest carbon stocks were not the same as those with the largest sequestration rates, except for the tree pool. For example, landfilled wood products comprise only 3% of total stocks but account for 27% of carbon sequestration. Conversely, forest soils comprise 48% of total stocks but account for only 2% of carbon sequestration. For the tree pool, the spatial pattern of carbon stocks was dissimilar to that of carbon flux. On an area basis, tree carbon stocks were highest in the Pacific Northwest, while changes were generally greatest in the upper Midwest and the Northeast. Net carbon sequestration in the forest sector in 2005 offset 10% of U.S. CO2 emissions. In the near future, we project that U.S. forests will continue to sequester carbon at a rate similar to that in recent years. Based on a comparison of our estimates to a compilation of land-based estimates of non-forest carbon sinks from the literature, we estimate that the conterminous U.S. annually sequesters 149-330 Tg C year-1. Forests, urban trees, and wood products are responsible for 65-91% of this sink.p"Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Adams, D.M., Haynes, R.W., The 1980 softwood timber assessment market model: structure, projections, and policy simulations (1980) For. Sci., 26, pp. 1-64; Alig, R., Econometric analysis of the factors influencing forest acreage trends in the southeast (1986) For. 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G.19957Carbon storage and flux in urban residential greenspace109-133#Journal of Environmental Management452vCarbon budget Climate change Greenspace planning Northwest Chicago Residential landscape climate carbon climate changeThere is increasing concern about the predicted negative effects of the future doubling of carbon dioxide on the earth. This concern has evoked interest in the potential for urban greenspace to help reduce the levels of atmospheric carbon. This study quantifies greenspace-related carbon storage and annual carbon fluxes for urban residential landscapes. For detailed quantification, the scale of this study was limited to two residential blocks in northwest Chicago which had a significant difference in vegetation cover. Differences between the two blocks in the size of greenspace area and vegetation cover resulted in considerable differences in total carbon storage and annual carbon uptake. Total carbon storage in greenspace was about 26.15 kg/m2 of greenspace in study block 1, and 23.20 kg/m2 of greenspace in block 2. Of the total, soil carbon accounted for approximately 78.7% in block 1 and 88.7% in block 2. Trees and shrubs in block 1 and block 2 accounted for 20.8% and 10.6%, respectively. The carbon storage in grass and other herbaceous plants was approximately 0.5-0.7% in both blocks. Total net annual carbon input to the study blocks by all the greenspace components was in the region of 0.49 kg/m2 of greenspace in block 1 and 0.32 kg/m2 of greenspace in block 2. The principal net carbon release from greenspaces of the two residential landscapes was from grass maintenance. Greenspace planning and management strategies were explored to minimize carbon release and maximize carbon uptake.FCited By (since 1996): 20 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: ScopusDepartment of Landscape Architecture, College of Forestry, Kangweon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Kangweon-Do, South Korea?0McHale, M. R. Gregory McPherson, E. Burke, I. C.2007SThe potential of urban tree plantings to be cost effective in carbon credit markets49-60!Urban Forestry and Urban Greening61~Carbon credits Carbon dioxide Cost effective Emissions trading Global climate change Urban trees climate carbon climate change Emission trading is considered to be an economically sensitive method for reducing the concentrations of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. There has been debate about the viability of using urban tree plantings in these markets. The main concern is whether or not urban planting projects can be cost effective options for investors. We compared the cost efficiency of four case studies located in Colorado, and used a model sensitivity analysis to determine what variables most influence cost effectiveness. We believe that some urban tree planting projects in specific locations may be cost effective investments. Our modeling results suggest that carbon assimilation rate, which is mainly a function of growing season length, has the largest influence on cost effectiveness, however resource managers can create more effective projects by minimizing costs, planting large-stature trees, and manipulating a host of other variables that affect energy usage. © 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusGraduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Forest Rangeland and Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1472, United States USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Center for Urban Forest Research, Davis, CA 95616, United States?Nowak, D. J. Crane, D. E.2002:Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA381-389Environmental Pollution1163 Carbon dioxide Carbon sequestration Carbon storage Global climate change Urban forestry air quality influence of urban trees climate carbon climate change global climate change carbon dioxide urban forestry carbon storage carbon sequestration FORESTS urban forest valueBased on field data from 10 USA cities and national urban tree cover data, it is estimated that urban trees in the coterminous USA currently store 700 million tonnes of carbon ($14,300 million value) with a gross carbon sequestration rate of 22.8 million tC/yr ($460 million/year). Carbon storage within cities ranges from 1.2 million tC in New York, NY, to 19,300 tC in Jersey City, NJ. Regions with the greatest proportion of urban land are the Northeast (8.5%) and the southeast (7.1%). Urban forests in the north central, northeast, south central and southeast regions of the USA store and sequester the most carbon, with average carbon storage per hectare greatest in southeast, north central, northeast and Pacific northwest regions, respectively. The national average urban forest carbon storage density is 25.1 tC/ha, compared with 53.5 tC/ha in forest stands. These data can be used to help assess the actual and potential role of urban forests in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide, a dominant greenhouse gas. Copyright © 2001 .Cited By (since 1996): 32 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Appenzeller, T., 2000. Plying a fabled waterway. U.S. News Online. (Available at: )BBC News., 2000. North Pole ice 'turns to water'. BBC News Online. Available at: Birdsey, R.A., Carbon storage for major forest types and regions in the conterminous United States (1996), pp. 1-26. , Sampson R.L., Hair D. (Eds.), Forest and Global Change, Vol. 2: Forest Management Opportunities for Mitigating Carbon Emissions, Washington, DC: American ForestsBirdsey, R.A., Heath, L.S., Carbon changes in U.S. forests (1995), pp. 56-70. , Joyce L.A. (Ed.), Climate Change and the Productivity of America's Forests, Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-271Cairns, M.A., Brown, S., Helmer, E.H., Baumgardner, G.A., Root biomass allocation in the world's upland forests (1997) Oecologia, 111, pp. 1-11; deVries, R.E., 1987. A preliminary investigation of the growth and longevity of trees in Central Park. MS thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJDwyer, J.F., Nowak, D.J., Noble, M.H., Sisinni, S.M., Connecting People with Ecosystems in the 21st Century: An Assessment of our Nation's Urban Forests (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-490) (2000), Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research StationEmissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1996 (DOE/EIA-0573(96)) (1997), Washington, DC: US Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Analysis and ForecastingFankhauser, S., The social costs of greenhouse gas emissions: an expected value approach (1994) The Energy Journal, 15 (2), pp. 157-184; Fleming, L.E., Growth estimation of street trees in central New Jersey (1988), New Brunswick, NJ: MS thesis. Rutgers UniversityGraedel, T.E., Crutzen, P.J., The changing atmosphere (1989) Scientific American, 261 (3), pp. 58-68; Hamburg, S.P., Harris, N., Jaeger, J., Karl, T.R., McFarland, M., Mitchell, J.F.B., Oppenheimer, M., Wigley, T.M.L., Common questions about climate change (1997), United Nation Environment Programme, World Meteorology OrganizationHeisler, G.M., Energy savings with trees (1986) J. Arboric., 12 (5), pp. 113-125; McPherson, E.G., Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Sacramento's urban forest (1998) J. Arboric., 24 (4), pp. 215-223; McPherson, E.G., Structure and sustainability of Sacramento's urban forest (1998) J. Arboric., 24 (4), pp. 174-190; Moulton, R.J., Richards, K.R., Costs of Sequestering Carbon Through Tree Planting and Forest Management in the United States (1990), Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-58Nowak, D.J., Silvics of an urban tree species: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) (1986), Syracuse, NY: MS thesis. State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and ForestryNowak, D.J., Atmospheric carbon reduction by urban trees (1993) J. Environ. Manage., 37 (3), pp. 207-217; Nowak, D.J., Historical vegetation change in Oakland and its implications for urban forest management (1993) J. Arboric., 19 (5), pp. 313-319; Nowak, D.J., Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Chicago's urban forest (1994), pp. 83-94. , McPherson E.G., Nowak D.J., Rowntree R.A. (Eds.), Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project, Radnor, PA: USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-186Nowak, D.J., The interactions between urban forests and global climate change (2000), pp. 31-44. , Abdollahi K.K., Ning Z.H., Appeaning A. (Eds.), Global Climate Change and the Urban Forest, Baton Rouge, LA: GCRCC and Franklin PressNowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., The urban forest effects (UFORE) model: quantifying urban forest structure and functions (2000), pp. 714-720. , Hansen M., Burk T. (Eds.), Proceedings: Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century. IUFRO Conference, 16-20 August 1998, Boise, ID. General Technical Report NC-212, North Central Research Station, St. Paul, MN: US Department of Agriculture, Forest ServiceNowak, D.J., Rowntree, R.A., McPherson, E.G., Sisinni, S.M., Kerkmann, E., Stevens, J.C., Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover. Lands (1996) Urban Plann., 36, pp. 49-57; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Stevens, J.C., Ibarra, M., Brooklyn's Urban Forest (2001), Newtown Square, PA: USDA Forest Service General Technical ReportNowak, D.J., Noble, M.H., Sisinni, S.M., Dwyer, J.F., Assessing the US urban forest resource (2001) J. Forestry, 99 (3), pp. 37-42; Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T., Litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient (1997) Urban Ecosystems, 1, pp. 117-131; Scheu, S., Schauermann, J., Decomposition of roots and twigs: effects of wood type (beech and ash), diameter, site of exposure and macro fauna exclusion (1994) Plant and Soil, 163, pp. 13-24; Schneider, S.H., The changing climate (1989) Scientific American, 261 (3), pp. 70-79; Sedjo, R.A., Forests to offset the greenhouse effect (1989) J. Forestry, 87, pp. 12-15; Smith, W.B., Shifley, S.R., Diameter Growth, Survival, and Volume Estimates for Trees in Indiana and Illinois (Res. Pap. NC-257) (1984), St. Paul, MN: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment StationZhu, Z., Forest Density Mapping in the Lower 48 States: A Regression Procedure (Res. Pap. SO-280) (1994), New Orleans, LA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station Research PaperUR - http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036132043&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0eUSDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 5 Moon Library, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States! ?4Nowak, D. J. Stevens, J. C. Sisinni, S. M. Luley, C.2002TEffects of urban tree management and species selection on atmospheric carbon dioxide113-122Journal of Arboriculture283Carbon dioxide Carbon sequestration Global climate change Urban forestry air quality influence of urban trees energy conservation carbon climate changeTrees sequester and store carbon in their tissue at differing rates and amounts based on such factors as tree size at maturity, life span, and growth rate. Concurrently, tree care practices release carbon back to the atmosphere based on fossil-fuel emissions from maintenance equipment (e.g., chain saws, trucks, chippers). Management choices such as tree locations for energy conservation and tree disposal methods after removal also affect the net carbon effect of the urban forest. Different species, decomposition, energy conservation, and maintenance scenarios were evaluated to determine how these factors influence the net carbon impact of urban forests and their management. If carbon (via fossil-fuel combustion) is used to maintain vegetation structure and health, urban forest ecosystems eventually will become net emitters of carbon unless secondary carbon reductions (e.g., energy conservation) or limiting decomposition via long-term carbon storage (e.g., wood products, landfills) can be accomplished to offset the maintenance carbon emissions. Management practices to maximize the net benefits of urban forests on atmospheric carbon dioxide are discussed.Cited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Ajtay, G.L., Ketner, P., Duvingneaud, P., Terrestrial primary production and phytomass (1979) The Global Carbon Cycle, pp. 129-181. , Bolin, B., E.T. Degens, S. Kempe, and P. Ketner, P. (Eds.). SCOPE Rep. 13. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY; (1986) American Standard for Nursery Stock, , American Association of Nurserymen. American Association of Nurserymen, Inc., Washington, DC. 32 pp; Birdsey, R.A., Heath, L.S., Carbon changes in U.S. forests (1995) Climate Change and the Productivity of America's Forests, pp. 56-70. , Joyce, L.A. (Ed.). Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-271, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO; Burns, R.M., Honkala, B.H., Silvics of North America conifers (1990) Agriculture Handbook 654, 1. , (Tech. Coords.). USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. 675 pp; Burns, R.M., Honkala, B.H., Silvics of North America hardwoods (1990) Agriculture Handbook 654, 2. , (Tech. Coords.). USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. 877 pp; Clark, D.E., (1985) Sunset New Western Garden Book, , (Ed.) Lane Publishing Co., Menlo Park, CA. 512 pp; Collingwood, G.H., Brush, W.D., (1964) Knowing Your Trees, , The American Forestry Association, Washington, DC. 349 pp; Davis, S.C., (1994) Transportation Energy Data Book, , (14th Ed.). Publ. ORNL-6798. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN; Dirr, M.A., (1990) Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses, , Stipes Publishing Company, Champaign, IL. 1007 pp; Fleming, L.E., (1988) Growth Estimates of Street Trees in Central New Jersey, , M.S. thesis. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. 143 pp; Graedel, T.E., Crutzen, P.J., The changing atmosphere (1989) Sci. Am, 261 (3), pp. 58-68; Graham, R.L., Wright, L.L., Turhollow, A.F., The potential for short-rotation woody crops to reduce U.S. CO2 emissions (1992) Clim. Change, 22, pp. 223-238; Hamburg, S.P., Harris, N., Jaeger, J., Karl, T.R., McFarland, M., Mitchell, J.F.B., Oppenheimer, M., Wigley, T.M.L., (1997) Common Questions About Climate Change, , United Nation Environment Programme, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 24 pp; Heisler, G.M., Energy savings with trees (1986) J. Arboric, 12 (5), pp. 113-125; Hermann, R.K., Growth and production of tree roots: A review (1977) The Belowground Ecosystem: A Synthesis of Plant-associated Processes, pp. 7-27. , Marshall, J.K. (Ed.). Sci. Ser. No. 26. Range Science Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; Hightshoe, G.L., (1978) Native Trees, Shrubs, and Vines for Urban and Rural America, , Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. 819 pp; Johannessen, O.M., Shalina, E.V., Wiles, M.W., Satellite evidence for an Arctic sea ice cover in transformation (1999) Science, 286, pp. 1937-1939; McPherson, E.G., Sacamano, P., Wensman, S., (1993) Modeling Benefits and Costs of Community Tree Plantings: A Demonstration Project, , Final Report to American Forests, US EPA, US DOE, USDA Forest Service. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Chicago, IL. 169 pp; McPherson, E.G., Energy-saving potential of trees in Chicago (1994) Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project, pp. 95-113. , McPherson, E.G., D.J. Nowak, and R.A. Rowntree (Eds.). Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-186. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA; Micales, J.A., Skog, K.E., The decomposition of forest products in landfills (1997) Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad, 39 (2-3), pp. 145-158; Moulton, R.J., Richards, K.R., (1990) Costs of Eequestering Carbon Through Tree Planting and Forest Management in the United States, , Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-58. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. 46 pp; Murrell, J.D., Hellman, K.H., Heavenrich, R.M., Light-duty automotive technology and fuel economy trends through 1993 (1993) Technical Report EPA/AA/TDG/93-01, , US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation, Ann Arbor, MI; Nowak, D.J., Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Chicago's urban forest (1994) Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project, pp. 83-94. , McPherson, E. G., D.J. Nowak, and R.A. Rowntree (Eds.). Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-186. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA (2001) Environ. Pollut, 116 (3), pp. 381-389; Nowak, D.J., McBride, J.R., Beatty, R.A., Newly planted street tree growth and mortality (1990) J. Arboric, 16 (5), pp. 124-129; Rothrock, D.A., Yu, Y., Maykut, G.A., Thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett, 26 (23), pp. 3469-3472; Scheu, S., Schauermann, J., Decomposition of roots and twigs: Effects of wood type (beech and ash), diameter, site of exposure and macro fauna exclusion (1994) Plant Soil, 163, pp. 13-24; Schlaegel, B.E., (1981) Willow Oak Volume and Weight Tables for the Mississippi Delta, , Research Paper SO-173. USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 14 pp; Schlaegel, B.E., (1984) Green Ash Volume and Weight Tables, , Research Paper SO-206. USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 14 pp; Schlaegel, B.E., (1984) Overcup Oak Volume and Weight Tables, , Research Paper SO-207. USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 14 pp; Schlaegel, B.E., (1984) Sweetgum Volume and Weight Tables, , Research Paper SO-204. USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 14 pp; Schneider, S.H., The changing climate (1989) Sci. Am, 261 (3), pp. 70-79; Sedjo, R.A., Forests to offset the greenhouse effect (1989) J. For, 87, pp. 12-15; Stanek, W., State, D., (1978) Equations Predicting Primary Productivity (Biomass) of Trees, Shrubs and Lesser Vegetation Based on Current Literature, , Publ. BC-X-183. Canadian Forestry Service, Victoria, BC. 58 pp; Tritton, L.M., Hornbeck, J.W., (1982) Biomass Equations for Major Tree Species of the Northeast, , General Technical Report NE-69. USDA Forest Service Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA. 46 pp; (1994) Sector-specific Issues and Reporting Methodologies Supporting the General Guidelines for the Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases under Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, 2. , U.S. Department of Energy. Publ. DOE/PO-0028. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC; Non-road engine and vehicle emission study-report (1991) Report No. EPA 460/3-91-02, , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Services, Ann Arbor, MI; Wenger, K.F., (1984) Forestry Handbook, , (Ed.) John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. 1335 pp_USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States?8Thompson, J. R. Nowak, D. J. Crane, D. E. Hunkins, J. A.2004gIowa, U.S., communities benefit from a tree-planting program: Characteristics of recently planted trees1-10Journal of Arboriculture301Carbon sequestration Community forestry Simpson's index Tree survival Urban forest sustainability Urban tree diversity climate carbon air quality influence of urban trees=Since 1990, externally funded tree-planting activities have taken place in more than 350 Iowa, U.S., communities. The species diversity, survival, size, growth, carbon uptake, carbon storage, and pollution removal of 932 trees planted in 21 communities of different sizes and in different parts of Iowa were assessed by repeated measurements over a 4-year period. The sample included 40 taxa and was dominated by crabapples (Malus spp.) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.). Species diversity was described using the reciprocal of Simpson's index for the overall population (10.92), by community size, and by location in the state. No differences in species diversity were detected according to community size or location in the state. Overall survival rate for the trees was 91 %; no significant differences in survival rate related to community size or location were detected. Estimated carbon stored by all trees was 2,252 kg (4,954 lb), and carbon uptake was estimated to be 568 kg yr-1 (1,250 lb). Total pollution removal by all trees was estimated at 2 kg yr-1 (4.4 lb).Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Akbari, H., Rosenfeld, A., Taha, H., Summer heat islands, urban trees, and white surfaces (1990) ASHRAE Trans., 96, pp. 1381-1388; Baldocchi, D., A multi-layer model for estimating sulfur dioxide deposition to a deciduous oak forest canopy (1988) Atmos. Environ., 22, pp. 869-884; Baldocchi, D., Hicks, B., Camara, P., A copy stomatal resistance model for gaseous deposition to vegetated surfaces (1987) Atmos. Environ., 21, pp. 91-101; Barker, P., Ordinance control of street trees (1975) J. Arboric., 11, pp. 212-215; Buckstrup, M.J., Bassuk, N.L., Transplanting success of balled-and-burlapped versus bare-root trees in the urban landscape (2000) J. Arboric., 26 (6), pp. 298-308; Clark, J., Matheny, N., Cross, G., Wake, V., A model of urban forest sustainability (1997) J. Arboric., 23, pp. 17-30; Dwyer, J.F., Nowak, D.J., Noble, M.H., Sustaining urban forests (2003) J. Arboric., 29 (1), pp. 49-55; Frelich, L., (1992) Predicting Dimensional Relationships for Twin Cities Shade Trees, p. 33. , Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; Groninger, J., Close, D., Basman, C., Can small, rural communities practice urban forestry? (2002) J. For., 100 (1), pp. 23-28; Heisler, G.M., Energy savings with trees (1986) J. Arboric., 12, pp. 113-125; (1996) A Vision for Iowa's Forests 1996-2001: Forest Resources Plan of Action, p. 19. , Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, IA; (1995) Cities and Populations As of June 1995, p. 16. , Iowa League of Municipalities. Iowa League of Municipalities, Des Moines, IA; Jo, H.K., McPherson, E.G., Carbon storage and flux in urban residential greenspace (1995) J. Environ. Manage., 45, pp. 109-133; Kjelgren, R.K., Clark, J.R., Microclimates and tree growth in three urban spaces (1992) J. Environ. Hortic., 10 (3), pp. 139-145; Magurran, A.E., (1988) Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement, , Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ; McPherson, E.G., Using urban forests for energy efficiency and carbon storage (1994) J. For., 92 (10), pp. 36-41; McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., Shade trees as a demand-side resource (1995) Home Energ., 12 (2), pp. 11-17; McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., (1999) Carbon Dioxide Reduction Through Urban Forestry: Guidelines for Professional and Volunteer Tree Planters, , Gen Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-171, USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA; Miller, R.H., Miller, R.W., Planting survival of selected street tree taxa (1991) J. Arboric., 17, pp. 185-191; (1991) Carbon Dioxide Budgets in Minnesota and Recommendations on Reducing Net Emissions With Trees, , Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Report to the Minnesota Legislature; Murray, F.J., Marsh, L., Bradford, P.A., (1994) New York State Energy Plan, Issue Reports, 2. , New York State Energy Office, Albany, NY; Neal, B.A., Whitlow, T.H., Using tree growth rates to evaluate urban tree planting specifications (1997) J. Environ. Hortic., 15 (2), pp. 115-118; Nowak, D.J., Atmospheric carbon reduction by urban trees (1993) J. Environ. Manage., 37, pp. 207-217; Nowak, D.J., Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Chicago's urban forest (1994) Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project, , Ch. 6, McPherson, E.G., D.J. Nowak, and R.A. Rowntree (eds.). NE-GTR 186, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA; Nowak, D.J., Estimating leaf area and leaf biomass of open-grown deciduous urban trees (1996) For. Sci., 42, pp. 504-507; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., The urban forest effects (UFORE) model: Quantifying urban forest structure and functions (2000) Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century, pp. 714-720. , Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-212, USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St, Paul, MN; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA (2002) Environ. Pollut., 116 (3), pp. 381-389; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Stevens, J.C., Ibarra, M., (2002) Brooklyn's Urban Forest, p. 107. , USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-290; Nowak, D.J., McBride, J.R., Beatty, R.A., Newly planted street tree growth and mortality (1990) J. Arboric., 16, pp. 124-129; Nowak, D.J., McHale, P.J., Ibarra, M., Crane, D., Stevens, J., Luley, C., Modeling the effects of urban vegetation on air pollution (1998) Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XII, pp. 399-407. , Gryning, S.E., and N. Chaumerliac (eds.). Plenum Press, New York, NY; Nowak, D.J., Stevens, J.C., Sisinni, S.M., Luley, C.J., Effects of urban tree management and species selection on atmospheric carbon dioxide (2002) J. Arboric., 28, pp. 113-122; Richards, N., Reasonable guidelines for street tree diversity (1993) J. Arboric., 19, pp. 344-349; Rhoades, R.W., Stipes, R.J., Growth of trees on the Virginia Tech campus in response to various factors (1999) J. Arboric., 25 (4), pp. 211-215; Rhoads, A.F., Meyer, P.W., Sanfelippo, R., Performance of urban street trees evaluated (1981) J. Arboric., 7 (5), pp. 127-132; Sampson, R.N., Moll, G.A., Kielbaso, J.J., Opportunities to increase urban forests and the potential impacts on carbon storage and conservation (1992) Forests and Global Change: Opportunities for Increasing Forest Cover, 1. , Sampson, R.N., and D. Hair (eds.). American Forests, Washington, DC; Sarkovich, M., (2003) Shade Tree Program: Sacramento Municipal Utility District, , www.aceee.org/utility/7bsmudshadetree.pdf, America's Best, ACEEE. (accessed 7/30/03); (1996) SAS/STAT User's Guide, , SAS Institute, Inc. Release 6.12. Cary, NC; (1995) IES Utilities, , Trees Forever. Inc.: Branching Out Report. Trees Forever, Marion, IA; Vitosh, M.A., (1998) General Assessment of Urban and Community Forestry Activities in Iowa 1994 to 1996, p. 53. , M.S. thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA; Vitosh, M.A., Thompson, J.R., Iowa communities benefit from an externally funded tree-planting program (2000) J. Arboric., 29, pp. 114-119Dept. of Natural Rsrc. Ecol./Mgmt., Iowa State University, 253 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, United States USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 5 Moon Library, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States? Block, N.1999sThe potential for carbon sequestration projects as a mechanism for conserving forests in the Panama Canal Watershed53-66Journal of Sustainable Forestry83-4Carbon sequestration Forest management Joint implementation Panama Canal Watershed Protected areas Sustainable forestry carbon climate change/Carbon sequestration projects are currently being explored as a method for offsetting carbon emissions and addressing global concerns over climate change. This paper examines the potential for carbon sequestration projects in the Panama Canal Watershed, an area with increasingly fragile forest ecosystems. The maintenance of forests in the Watershed has economic and ecological value for operating the Canal, providing drinking water to Panama City, and protecting wildlife habitat and diversity. Land conversion to agriculture and pasture has led to widespread deforestation; predicted population growth threatens the Watershed further. Compounding the problem is the lack of funding for protected areas in the Canal Watershed Area. Carbon sequestration projects are being promoted as an economically efficient way to reduce harmful greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increase forest cover in developing countries. Forests, acting as sinks for carbon, can reduce emissions produced elsewhere. Many concerns have been raised by developing countries, and uncertainties relating to carbon storage and carbon trading remain to be resolved. Despite these drawbacks, carbon sequestration projects offer an economically attractive strategy for furthering Panama's goals of protecting and expanding forest cover in the Watershed.DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusHPinchot Institute, 1616 P Street NW, Washington, DC 22202, United StatesF? Brack, C. L.2002@Pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration by an urban forestEnvironmental Pollution116SUPPL. 1iCarbon sequestration Forest value Tree asset management Urban forest air quality influence of urban treesgAt the beginning of the 1900s, the Canberra plain was largely treeless. Graziers had carried out extensive clearing of the original trees since the 1820s leaving only scattered remnants and some plantings near homesteads. With the selection of Canberra as the site for the new capital of Australia, extensive tree plantings began in 1911. These trees have delivered a number of benefits, including aesthetic values and the amelioration of climatic extremes. Recently, however, it was considered that the benefits might extend to pollution mitigation and the sequestration of carbon. This paper outlines a case study of the value of the Canberra urban forest with particular reference to pollution mitigation. This study uses a tree inventory, modelling and decision support system developed to collect and use data about trees for tree asset management. The decision support system (DISMUT) was developed to assist in the management of about 400,000 trees planted in Canberra. The size of trees during the 5-year Kyoto Commitment Period was estimated using DISMUT and multiplied by estimates of value per square meter of canopy derived from available literature. The planted trees are estimated to have a combined energy reduction, pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration value of US$20-67 million during the period 2008-2012. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.DCited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusUDepartment of Forestry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia?*Stainback, G. Andrew Alavalapati, J. R. R.2002OEconomic analysis of slash pine forest carbon sequestration in the southern U.S105-117Journal of Forest Economics82TCarbon sequestration Global warming Optimal rotation Slash pine Timber supply carbonThe impact of a carbon subsidy and tax policy on slash pine (Pinus elliottii) plantations is investigated using a modified Hartman model. Such a policy is shown to increase the optimal rotation age, land expectation value and the supply of sequestered carbon. The supply of carbon increases at a decreasing rate with the price of carbon. The supply of sawtimber increases while the supply of pulp-wood decreases. The increase in land expectation value was substantial, suggesting inclusion of carbon sequestration benefits and emission costs would benefit private forestland owners. As the value of forestland increases in response to a carbon policy, more land could be devoted to forestry as opposed to other land uses such as agriculture and urban development.DCited By (since 1996): 8 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusbSchool of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States? Oliver, C. D.2001BPolicies and practices: Options for pursuing forest sustainability49-60Forestry Chronicle771Carbon sequestration Landscape management Montreal Process criteria Rural populations Sustainable forestry Wood uses World forests carbon economic issuesAchieving a goal of sustainable forestry will probably take time as people agree on what sustainability means at the global, subcontinental, national, and regional scales. Comparing seven criteria of sustainable forestry with information at different scales suggests that the world could practice sustainable forestry, but there are currently imbalances in economic development, forest area change, harvesting and wood-use rates and purposes, and other factors that are impeding it. Different countries could adopt different policies and practices to help correct these imbalances. Until a globally agreed-upon set of policies and practices is established, each country will probably define its best efforts toward sustaining its "fair share" of the criteria. Managing large areas of forests for many values with some areas reserved in each forest type will probably be more ecologically, socially, and financially effective than having small areas of plantations supply the world's wood - and the rest of the world's forests set aside as reserves. Disseminating accurate information, addressing sustainability ar different scales, addressing rural/urban lifestyles, increasing uses for the very abundant, environmentally sound wood, incorporating the other values into the economic system, and avoiding central planning are primary issues and challenges to sustainability. Technology, policies, and various organizations can be marshalled, and each organization can play a constructive, rewarding role.DCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusnCollege of Forest Resources, University of Washington, 292 Bloedel Hall, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, United States }?4Roetzer, T. Wittenzeller, M. Haeckel, H. Nekovar, J.2000cPhenology in central Europe - Differences and trends of spring phenophases in urban and rural areas60-66'International Journal of Biometeorology442SCentral Europe Climate change Phenology Trends Urban climate climate climate changeIn order to examine the impacts of both large-scale and small-scale climate changes (urban climate effect) on the development of plants, long-term observations of four spring phenophases from ten central European regions (Hamburg, Berlin, Cologne, Frankfurt, Munich, Prague, Vienna, Zurich, Basle and Chur) were analysed. The objective of this study was to identify and compare the differences in the starting dates of the pre-spring phenophases, the beginning of flowering of the snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) and forsythia (Forsythia sp.), and of the full-spring phenophases, the beginning of flowering of the sweet cherry (Prunus avium) and apple (Malus domestica), in urban and rural areas. The results indicate that, despite regional differences, in nearly all cases the species studied flower earlier in urbanised areas than in the corresponding rural areas. The forcing in urban areas was about 4 days for the pre-spring phenophases and about 2 days for the full-spring phenophases. The analysis of trends for the period from 1951 to 1995 showed tendencies towards an earlier flowering in all regions, but only 22% were significant at the 5% level. The trends for the period from 1980 to 1995 were much stronger for all regions and phases: the pre-spring phenophases on average became earlier by 13.9 days/decade in the urban areas and 15.3 days/decade in the rural areas, while the full-spring phenophases were 6.7 days earlier/decade in the urban areas and 9.1 days/decade earlier in the rural areas. Thus rural areas showed a higher trend towards an earlier flowering than did urban areas for the period from 1980 to 1995. However, these trends, especially for the pre-spring phenophases, turned out to be extremely variable.DCited By (since 1996): 35 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: Scopus*Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Inst. fuer Pflanzenbauwissenschaften, FG Agrarmeteorologie, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 5, 14195 Berlin, Germany Deutscher Wetterdienst Weihenstephan, Bachstrasse 7, 85 406 Zolling, Germany Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na S?abatce 17, 14 306 Prague 4, Czech Republic?Jensen, R. R. Hardin, P. J.2005UEstimating urban leaf area using field measurements and satellite remote sensing data21-27Journal of Arboriculture311FCeptometer Leaf area Leaf area index Remote sensing carbon urban soilsAccurate estimation of urban leaf area is important in understanding the urban forest's role in heat island mitigation, pollution removal, and carbon sequestration. Remotely sensed satellite data provide an alternative method to inexpensively and nondestructively estimate this important urban biophysical variable. Ceptometer measurements of leaf area index (LAI) at 143 urban sites in Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S., were modeled as a function of reflected radiance flux sensed by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). Multiple regression models of LAI were compared to estimates produced by feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural networks. The most accurate estimation was produced by the neural network utilizing the ASTER green band and the ratio of the ASTER red and near-infrared bands. In this case, the simple correlation between the observed and predicted LAI values was moderately high (R = 0.71). The standard error of the LAI estimate was 1.35. In every case, the predictive accuracy of the neural network models exceeded the multiple regression models. Examination of the parameters in the successful models indicates that the estimation of urban LAI in Terre Haute is physically predicated on the relative proportions of leaf chlorophyll, leaf spongy mesophyll, and indurate matter (e.g., concrete, asphalt, soil) constituting the individual picture elements of the satellite image. © 2005 International Society of Arboriculture.DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusDept. of Geogr. Geology/Anthropology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, United States Department of Geography, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States ?El-Lakany, M. H. Ball, J.2001ITechnology and the forest landscape: Rapid changes and their real impacts184-187International Forestry Review33=Change Cross-sectoral Impact Policy Technology climate change The solutions to the challenges facing the forestry sector and influencing the 'forest landscape' were formerly perceived to be scientific and technical, originating within or close to the forest and the forestry sector and with a direct impact on the forest landscape. Now most of the challenges facing the sector are perceived to originate outside the forest, in technological developments that impact society or the economy directly but which also have major impacts on the forest. The solutions to these current challenges are: ? people-related; ? policy-related; and ? cross-sectoral. The paper explores the present and future impact of some of the technological developments on the forest landscape, where the 'forest landscape' includes not only the physical forest landscape but also the whole forestry sector and its relations to other rural land uses. Technological developments have had a positive impact on forest area and condition: ? technological developments in the agricultural and livestock sectors, particularly in developed countries, leading to higher productivity and in places, land reverting to forest; ? development of techniques for plantations and planted trees, especially developments in tree breeding, leading to increased productivity and yields; ? rediscovery of reduced impact logging; ? use of computers for management simulation; ? remote sensing techniques to improve the speed and reliability of inventory. But other technological developments with a negative impact on forest extent and condition directly or indirectly have included: ? advances in medical science leading to population growth; ? shifts of population from the rural to the urban areas; ? the chain saw and the heavy tractor and their impact on rate of logging; ? industrial pollution and the potential effects of climate change. Other technological developments that have led to changes (usually increased efficiency) in the utilization of wood and fibre leading to reduced pressure on the forest as a source of raw material are outlined. Technological developments will continue to have an important impact on the forest landscape - the extent, the location, the type, the condition and the objectives of forests, forest industry and the people who depend on them. Technological developments by themselves, however, will only affect the forest landscape if they are voluntarily accepted and implemented, supported by relevant policies and related to issues affecting other sectors.DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus%Forestry Department, FAO, Rome, ItalyQ}?8Zhang, X. Y. Friedl, M. A. Schaaf, C. B. Strahler, A. H.2004qClimate controls on vegetation phenological patterns in northern mid- and high latitudes inferred from MODIS data 1133-1145Global Change Biology107Jclimate and vegetation global warming climate change urban heat island UHIJulRecent studies using both field measurements and satellite-derived-vegetation indices have demonstrated that global warming is influencing vegetation growth and phenology. To accurately predict the future response of vegetation to climate variation, a thorough understanding of vegetation phenological cycles and their relationship to temperature and precipitation is required. In this paper, vegetation phenological transition dates identified using data from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) in 2001 are linked with MODIS land surface temperature (LST) data from the northern hemisphere between 35degreesN and 70degreesN. The results show well-defined patterns dependent on latitude, in which vegetation greenup gradually migrates northward starting in March, and dormancy spreads southward from late September. Among natural vegetation land-cover types, the growing-season length for forests is strongly correlated with variation in mean annual LST. For urban areas, the onset of greenup is 4-9 days earlier on average, and the onset of dormancy is about 2-16 days later, relative to adjacent natural vegetation. This difference (especially for urban vs. forests) is apparently related to urban heat island effects that result in both the average spring temperature and the mean annual temperature in urban areas being about 1-3degreesC higher relative to rural areas. The results also indicate that urban heat island effects on vegetation phenology are stronger in North America than in Europe and Asia. Finally, the onset of forest greenup at continental scales can be effectively described using a thermal time-chilling model, which can be used to infer the delay or advance of greenup onset in relation to climatic warming at global scale. 1354-1013ISI:000222206300008?Lowy, M.2005What is ecosocialism?15-24Capitalism, Nature, Socialism162climate changeThe reigning capitalist system is bringing the planet's inhabitants a long list of irreparable calamities. Witness: exponential growth of air pollution in big cities and across rural landscapes; fouled drinking water; global warming, with the incipient melting of the polar ice caps and the increase of "natural" extreme weather-related catastrophes; the deterioration of the ozone layer; the increasing destruction of tropical rain forests; the rapid decrease of biodiversity through the extinction of thousands of species; the exhausting of the soil; desertification; the unmanageable accumulation of waste, especially nuclear; the multiplication of nuclear accidents along with the threat of a new - and perhaps more destructive - Chernobyl; food contamination, genetic engineering, "mad cow", and hormone-injected beef. All the warning signs are red: it is clear that the insatiable quest for profits, the productivist and mercantile logic of capitalist/industrial civilization is leading us into an ecological disaster of incalculable proportions. This is not to give in to "catastrophism" but to verify that the dynamic of infinite "growth" brought about by capitalist expansion is threatening the natural foundations of human life on the planet. How should we react to this danger? Socialism and ecology - or at least some of its currents - share objective goals that imply a questioning of this economic automatism, of the reign of quantification, of production as a goal in itself, of the dictatorship of money, of the reduction of the social universe to the calculations of profitability and the needs of capital accumulation. Both socialism and ecology appeal to qualitative values - for the socialists, use-value, the satisfaction of needs, social equality; for the ecologists, protecting nature and ecological balance. Both conceive of the economy as "embedded" in the environment - a social environment or a natural environment. © 2005 The Center for Political Ecology.DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusiCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France?McMichael, A. J.1993oGlobal environmental change and human population health: A conceptual and scientific challenge for epidemiology1-8%International Journal of Epidemiology221climate change and healthfA large and rapidly growing human population, resource intensive industrial practices, and land exhausting agriculture has overloaded the carrying capacity of the planet's natural systems. Evidence of overloading include global warming, soil degradation and topsoil loss, decreasing stratospheric ozone, depletion of groundwater, reduced genetic and ecosystem diversity, and acidification of water and soils. These global environmental changes threaten human health in qualitatively different way than the way conventional environmental pollutants do. The risks arising from these changes stem from impairment of productivity (soils, forests, oceans, biodiversity) or stability (climate, sea level, ultraviolet, filtration). Epidemiologist must adopt an ecological model to identify, study, and to quantify the health effects of ecological disturbances. The health effects from these disturbances include those caused by atmospheric changes, by reduced agricultural yield, and by uncontrolled growth of urban populations. The UN recognizes that scientific disciplines and human capabilities to evaluate and provide sound guidance cannot keep pace with the fast rate of ecological change. Thus, rather than empirical evidence, interdisciplinary research, using modeling and forecasting to assess health effects, is needed to provide decision makers with the best available estimates.ECited By (since 1996): 31 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusVDepartment of Community Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia? Beniston, M.2002YClimate modeling at various spatial and temporal scales: Where can dendrochronology help?117-131Dendrochronologia201-2LClimate change Climate reconstructions GCM Tree-rings climate climate changeCThis paper provides a brief overview of certain issues related to climate modeling and the role that dendrochronology can play, and has already played, in this context. Modeling is an essential approach to investigating the future evolution of the climate system in response to human activities. Tree-ring chronologies, on the other hand, have the capability of providing key parameters for model validation purposes, as well as baseline climates against which the possibly anomalous nature of current and future trends may be assessed. The paper thus provides a succinct overview of climate models, their advantages and limitations, the manner by which dendrochronology can be used in model validation studies, and how models can be used to give insight into processes that explain the tree-ring chronologies. Recommendations for future research, based on the Third Assessment of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) are included to highlight areas where dendrochronology may have added value in issues related to climate and environmental change. © Urban & Fischer Verlag.CCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, SwitzerlandF?+Simpson, J. R. McPherson, E. G. Maco, S. E.2004OTools for quantifying climate-related effects of trees on urban forest benefits631-632&5th Symposium on the Urban EnvironmentXclimate change climate urban forest benefits energy use cooling energy use water qualityTools for quantifying climate-related effects of trees on urban forest areas were discussed. ecoSMART design software is a web-based program, designed to evaluate trade-offs between different landscape practices on residential areas. The interactive program allows users to reconfigure landscapes and instantly see its impact on energy use, for heating, cooling, fire safety, landscape water use, and storm water run off. Street Tree Resource Assessment Tool for Urban Forest Managers (STRATUM) is a computer-based planning tool enabling any community to conduct a street tree assessment, utilizing existing tree inventory data or sampling informations.*Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusdCenter for Urban Forest Research, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Davis, CAP?Rivas, B. L. Koleva-Lizama, I.2005ZInfluence of climate variability on water resources in the Bulgarian South Black Sea basin81-88IAHS-AISH Publication296?Climate change Runoff Warm and humid conditions Water resources^The South Black Sea basin in Bulgaria was selected as the study area. The region is of agricultural and forest importance for the country. The irrigation water demand increases in summer when most of the rivers in the region have low flows. The purpose of this research is to assess the variability of hydro-meteorological conditions in the study catchments. Long-term data (1952-2002) from some hydro-meteorological gauging stations, which are located in the study catchments, were used. In order to evaluate the influence of climatic factors on the water resources, the warm and humid conditions were analysed. Application of several statistical tests demonstrated that there are changes in runoff which are not caused by man's activity. The features of the variations of these hydro-meteorological elements and their inherent trends are determined. The results of this study show that runoff has decreased considerably all over the study region in recent years. The significant tendency to a gradual reduction of runoff in the region is due to considerably decrease of the precipitation and increase of temperature.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Hydrology, Natl. Inst. of Meteorol. and Hydrol., 66 Tsarigradsko Shosse, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria Department of Ecology, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski, 1796 Sofia, Bulgaria h}?0Fisher, J. I. Mustard, J. F. Vadeboncoeur, M. A.2006SGreen leaf phenology at Landsat resolution: Scaling from the field to the satellite265-279Remote Sensing of Environment1002(climate change urban climate urban treesJan"Despite the large number of in situ, plot-level phenological measurements and satellite-derived phenological studies, there has been little success to date in merging these records temporally or spatially. In this research, we bridge this scale gap through higher resolution satellite records (Landsat) and quantify the accuracy of satellite-derived metrics with direct field measurements. We compiled fifty-seven Landsat scenes from southern New England (P12 R51) from 1984 to 2002. Green vegetation areal abundance for each scene was derived from spectral mixture analysis and a single set of endmembers. The leaf area signal was fit with a logistic-growth simulating sigmoid curve to derive phenological markers (half-maximum leaf-onset and offset). Spring leaf-onset dates in homogenous stands of deciduous forests displayed significant and persistent local variability. The local variability was validated with multiple springtime ground observations (r(2)=0.91). The highest degree of verified small-scale variation occurred where contiguous forests displayed leaf-onset gradients of 10-14 days over short distances (< 500 m). These dramatic gradients occur in of low-relief (< 40 m) upland regions. The patterns suggest that microclimates resulting from springtime cold-air drainage may be influential in governing the start of leaf growth; every 4.16 m loss in elevation delayed spring leaf onset by 1 day. These microclimates may be of crucial importance in interpreting in situ records and interpolating phenology from satellite data. Regional patterns from the Landsat analyses suggest topographic, coastal, and land-use controls on phenology. Our results indicate that deciduous forests in the Providence, RI metropolitan area leaf out 5-7 days earlier than comparable rural areas. The platform-independent curve-fit methodology may be extended across platforms and field data. The methodologically consistent approach, in tandem with Landsat data, allows an effective scaling from plot to satellite phenological observations. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.://000235115500011 0034-4257ISI:000235115500011b?McPherson, E. G.1998AAtmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Sacramento's urban forest215-223Journal of Arboriculture244pClimate change Urban ecosystem, sequestration air quality influence of urban trees climate carbon climate change Sacramento County's 6 million trees store 8 million tons of CO2 (31 t/ha), and annually sequester 238,000 t (0.92 t/ha). Air-conditioning (157 GWh) and space-heating (145 TJ) savings from the urban forest further reduce emissions by 75,600 t of CO2 annually (0.29 t/ha). These avoided emissions are only 32% of the amount sequestered, due to a clean, hydroelectric energy supply. Annual CO2 release associated with tree maintenance is estimated at 9,400 t (0.04 t/ha), or 3% of the amount sequestered and avoided. In net, the urban forest removes approximately 304,000 t (1.2 t/ha) each year, with an implied value of US$3.3 million ($0.55/tree). Carbon dioxide reduction by Sacramento's urban forest offsets the total amount of CO2 emitted as a byproduct of human consumption by 1.8%. Most benefits accrue on residential lands in the city and suburban sectors, where rates of storage and sequestration are about one-half those reported for U.S. forests. Guidelines for managing urban forests to reduce atmospheric CO2 are presented.Cited By (since 1996): 17 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Akbari, H., Huang, J., Martien, P., Rainer, L., Rosenfeld, A., Taha, H., Saving energy and reducing atmospheric pollution by controling summer islands (1989) Controlling Summer Heat Islands, pp. 31-44. , Garbesi, K., H. Akbari, and P. Martien (Eds.). Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; Birdsey, R., Carbon Storage and Accumulation in United States Forest Ecosystems (1992) USDA For. Serv. Northeast. For. Exp. 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Office of Information Services; Young, H.E., Ribe, J.H., Wainwright, K., Weight Tables for Tree and Shrub Species in Maine (1980) Life Sci. and Agric. Exp. Stn. Misc. Rep., 230, p. 84Pacific Southwest Research Station, c/o Dept. of Environ. Horticulture, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United StatesL?Pataki, D. E. Alig, R. J. Fung, A. S. Golubiewski, N. E. Kennedy, C. A. McPherson, E. G. Nowak, D. J. Pouyat, R. V. Lankao, P. R.20064Urban ecosystems and the North American carbon cycle 2092-2102Global Change Biology1211energy use urban soils CO2 emissions global carbon cycle urban ecology SURFACE-ENERGY BALANCE UNITED-STATES CO2 EMISSIONS ECOLOGICAL-SYSTEMS CANADIAN CITIES AREA CHANGES SHADE TREES HEAT-ISLAND LONG-TERM HONG-KONG economic issues monitoring economic issuesxApproximately 75-80% of the population of North America currently lives in urban areas as defined by national census bureaus, and urbanization is continuing to increase. Future trajectories of fossil fuel emissions are associated with a high degree of uncertainty; however, if the activities of urban residents and the rate of urban land conversion can be captured in urban systems models, plausible emissions scenarios from major cities may be generated. Integrated land use and transportation models that simulate energy use and traffic-related emissions are already in place in many North American cities. To these can be added a growing dataset of carbon gains and losses in vegetation and soils following urbanization, and a number of methods of validating urban carbon balance modeling, including top down atmospheric monitoring and urban 'metabolic' studies of whole ecosystem mass and energy flow. Here, we review the state of our understanding of urban areas as whole ecosystems with regard to carbon balance, including both drivers of fossil fuel emissions and carbon cycling in urban plants and soils. Interdisciplinary, whole-ecosystem studies of the socioeconomic and biophysical factors that influence urban carbon cycles in a range of cities may greatly contribute to improving scenarios of future carbon balance at both continental and global scales. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33749865405&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 @Cited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Agarwal, C., Green, G.M., Grove, J.M., (2000) A Review and Assessment of Land-use Change Models: Dynamics of Space, Time and Human Choice, , CIPEC Collaborative Report Series No. 1, Center for the Study of Institutions, Populations, and Environmental Change, Indiana University and the USDA Forest Service; Akbari, H., Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants (2002) Environmental Pollution, 116, pp. S119-S126; Akbari, H., Konopacki, S., Calculating energy-saving potentials of heat-island reduction strategies (2005) Energy Policy, 33, pp. 721-756; 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Villa Quietud 04960, Mexicoy?KHeisler, G. M. Grant, R. H. Nowak, D. J. Gao, W. Crane, D. E. Walton, J. T.2003Inclusion of an Ultraviolet Radiation Transfer Component in an Urban Forest Effects Model for Predicting Tree Influences on Potential Below-Canopy Exposure to UVB Radiation228-235GProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering5156|Computer modeling Hemispherical photos Human disease Human thermal comfort urban forest influences cooling energy use carbon, Evaluating the impact of ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) on urban populations would be enhanced by improved predictions of the UVB radiation at the level of human activity. This paper reports the status of plans for incorporating a UVB prediction module into an existing Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) model. UFORE currently has modules to quantify urban forest structure, urban tree volatile organic compound emissions, carbon storage and sequestration in urban vegetation, dry deposition of air pollutants on trees, tree influences on energy use for heating and cooling buildings, tree pollen allergenicity index, and replacement cost of trees. These modeled effects are based upon field sampling to characterize land use, vegetation cover, and building features. The field sampling includes recording of tree species, total height, height to base of live crown, and crown width on randomly selected 0.04-ha (0.1 acre) plots. Distance and direction from sampled trees to buildings are also measured. The input for UFORE modeling of effects includes hourly meteorological data and pollution-concentration data. UFORE has already been used in assessing the urban forest function of 13 cities in the United States and 5 cities in other countries. The objective of the present work is to enable UFORE to predict the effect of different urban tree densities on potential average human exposure to UVB. The current version of UFORE is written using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS); a new version will be a user-friendly Windows application and will be available for wide distribution. Progress to date on the UVB module consists primarily of examining available modeling and data collection tools. Two methods are proposed for the UVB module. In Method 1, we will derive predicted UVB irradiance ?Ib? at person height, that is, below the urban tree and building canopy, using gap fractions (sky view portions) measured from digitized fisheye photos taken from each of the UFORE plot centers during a UFORE field survey. A promising method for analyzing the photos is the use of Gap Light Analyzer (GLA). A human thermal comfort model will be used to determine the times when people would be comfortable outdoors in light attire, and UVB ?Ib? will be determined for those times. Method 2 will be applied in cases where hemispherical photos cannot be made available, and for making predictions for cities where surveys have already been done. Method 2 will use a 3D canopy UV radiation transfer model to derive ?I b? based on tree canopy cover maps from GIS analysis of aerial color IR photographs or Landsat TM images. The UV module addition to UFORE will make it useful in epidemiology of UV-related human disease and assessment of UV benefits, such as in vitamin D production, and it will also facilitate consideration of UV exposure in urban forest management.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus.USDA Forest Service, 5 Moon Library, c/o SUNY Environ. Sci. and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1150 USDA UV-B Monitoring/Res. Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523? Kline, J. D.2004hIssues in evaluating the costs and benefits of fuel treatment to reduce wildfire in the Nation's forests1-45)USDA Forest Service - Research Notes RMRSPNW-542VCost-benefit analysis Fuel treatments Wildfire Wildland/urban interface climate change,Wildland fire has been perhaps the most vexing forest management and policy issue in the United States in recent years, stirring both passionate and reasoned debate among managers, policymakers, researchers, and citizens alike. Years of fire suppression and increasing constraints on natural and prescribed burning, possibly along with climate change, have altered historical wildfire regimes resulting in increased wildfire severity in the Nation's forests. The growing wildfire threat has motivated increasing interest in reducing hazardous fuels through prescribed burning, thinning, and harvesting. Debate about whether such fuel treatments are necessary persists owing in part to the complexity of the wildfire issue and to general disagreement among managers, policymakers, researchers, and citizens about whether long-term wildfire impacts and current trends present a real problem. Although scientific research continues to resolve many aspects of the wildfire issue, comprehensive economic analyses examining the wisdom of investing in fuel treatments to reduce wildfire threat are lacking. This report presents one way of conceptualizing the costs and benefits of fuel treatments and wildfire and briefly reviews issues related to their evaluation. The intent is to enrich ongoing debate by organizing management and policy dialogue around a conceptual framework that characterizes the long-term impacts of fuel treatments on forest conditions and wildfires, within an analytical context that includes both wildfire- and nonwildfire-related forest management activities.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusWForestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States =F?Irani Behbahani, H. Shafie, B.2007]Landscaping in mountain foothills by using native vegetations (Case study: Jamshidieh valley) Journal of Environmental Studies3342Design compatible with environment Jamshidieh valley Mountain parks Native vegetations Natural landscaping climate change urban soilsMountain as a ring in the chain of living nature, regardless of its toughness and resistibility, is by itself one of the most delicate and fragile ecosystems on the earth. In recent years, impacts of urban sprawl, road construction, and uncontrolled exploitation of resources as well as recreational uses have caused a number of problems in mountains such as climate change, soil erosion, flooding, destruction of native vegetation cover and their replacement by alien plants. Therefore, present research is aimed to achieve design principals and criteria in mountainous environments (particularly in mountain parks), their preservation, restoration of their sustainability and natural landscaping through an ecological approach and based on certain identification and analysis phases. Since using native vegetation is the most significant principle in the mentioned approach, field surveying and studies on the native vegetations of southern foothills of the Alborz mountains ecosystems (in macro scale) and those of Jamshideh Valley ecosystem (in micro scale) have been carried out based on the following criteria: aesthetics, durability and sustainability in the environmental condition, resistance against dryness, pests and vermin and capability of easy maintenance. The outcomes of this study provide sustainable design solutions for mountain foothills and development of mountain parks that both are required by cities; and in the meanwhile, prevent destruction of vegetation cover ensuring sustainability of natural habitat and vegetations of the valley. Finally, design for the extension of the Jamshideh Mountain Park is presented by using native vegetations of the valley and observing principles and patterns of natural landscaping, with an emphasis on shades (forest) and sunshine (meadow) features. As the result, a natural landscape sustainable and compatible with the environment is developed that could provide a repeatable pattern for designing mountain parks in other valleys of the southern Alborz range. These sorts of parks not only have low maintenance cost, but also act as proper settings for preserving native vegetation due to their compatibility with mountainous areas.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus,Faculty of Environment, University of Tehrann? Ishizu, M.2002#Airborne/spaceborne laser altimeter89-1071Journal of the Communications Research Laboratory492SDiode-pumped laser Heterodyne Ice concentration Nd:YAG laser Sea ice climate change\Topography of the global ground surface with very high vertical accuracy and fine lateral resolution enables to observe important indicators related to the global climate change such as the decay of polar ice sheets or the growth of rain forests, and to measure land activity in agriculture and at urban areas. Satellite-borne laser altimeter is expected to measure land surface with 10 cm accuracy and 100 m resolution, which is sufficient to observe these indicators or activities. Communications Research Laboratory has been studying the laser altimeter as a valuable space sensor and constructed an airborne laser altimeter for the tests of an availability flying over the sea ice off the Okhotsk coasts of Hokkaido Island. This paper reports the results of this observation as well as the recent progress of our study of a satellite-borne laser altimeter.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus'?Ravindranath, N. H.20072Mitigation and adaptation synergy in forest sector843-8536Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change125Forest ecosystems Forest sector mitigation Mitigation and adaptation synergy Vulnerability of forests climate change urban soilsMMitigation and adaptation are the two main strategies to address climate change. Mitigation and adaptation have been considered separately in the global negotiations as well as literature. There is a realization on the need to explore and promote synergy between mitigation and adaptation while addressing climate change. In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the synergy between mitigation and adaptation by considering forest sector, which on the one hand is projected to be adversely impacted under the projected climate change scenarios and on the other provide opportunities to mitigate climate change. Thus, the potential and need for incorporating adaptation strategies and practices in mitigation projects is presented with a few examples. Firstly, there is a need to ensure that mitigation programs or projects do not increase the vulnerability of forest ecosystems and plantations. Secondly, several adaptation practices could be incorporated into mitigation projects to reduce vulnerability. Further, many of the mitigation projects indeed reduce vulnerability and promote adaptation, for example; forest and biodiversity conservation, protected area management and sustainable forestry. Also, many adaptation options such as urban forestry, soil and water conservation and drought resistant varieties also contribute to mitigation of climate change. Thus, there is need for research and field demonstration of synergy between mitigation and adaptation, so that the cost of addressing climate change impacts can be reduced and co-benefits increased. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopuszCentre for Ecological Sciences, Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India?)Stabler, L. B. Martin, C. A. Stutz, J. C.2001]Effect of urban expansion on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal mediation of landscape tree growth193-202Journal of Arboriculture274GGas exchange Mycorrhizae Photosynthesis Urban forest carbon urban soils8Field and glasshouse pot studies were conducted to determine effects of urban expansion on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) populations and AMF impact on landscape tree growth. Soil and root segments were collected and evaluated for root colonization by AMF of trees at remnant Sonoran Desert sites and nearby, formerly desert, drip-irrigated residential landscape sites in the Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area. Native desert trees had greater colonization by AMF than residential landscape trees, and AMF species composition differed at the two site types. A glasshouse pot experiment using AMF inocula from the desert or residential sites was used to evaluate AMF effects on growth and carbon fluxes of three landscape trees in 12-L (3-gal) polyethylene containers relative to non-AMF controls. Growth and P nutrition of Acacia smallii and Fraxinus uhdei were increased by AMF colonization. Acacia carbon assimilation was increased by AMF root colonization. Soil respiration by Acacia and Fraxinus tree roots was decreased by AMF root colonization. Growth and carbon fluxes of Parkinsonia microphylla were not affected by AMF. We conclude that AMF might significantly increase landscape tree carbon storage potential depending on tree species, AMF population characteristics, soil water availability, and improved P uptake.DCited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus|Urban Hortic. Ecology Res. Group, Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601, United States? Homsy, G.2000Weather report12-15PlanningMAYglobal warming climate change Because the earth is slowly warming, the range for the trees is slowly migrating north. A U.S. Forest Service study published in 1999 predicts that eventually it will be too warm for sugar maples to survive in the eastern U.S. Warnings about global warming often include predictions of devastating change: rising sea levels, outbreaks of disease, monster hurricanes. The plight of the maples seems to pale in comparison, but it has Vermont planner Mark Eldridge, AICP, very worried indeed. 'Climate is a major issue for us,' says Eldridge, the director of planning and zoning for the city of Burlington. Maple sugar, along with skiing, brings the state hundreds of millions of dollars each year. And both are subject to the whim of the weather. Eldridge is a member of the city's Climate Protection Task Force. In January, the task force released a draft plan outlining how this small city could start to tackle global warming. Over 60 other cities have comparable plans, but Eldridge says that Burlington is the first in the Northeast.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus?,Howard, D. M. Howard, P. J. A. Howard, D. C.1995RA Markov model projection of soil organic carbon stores following land use changes287-302#Journal of Environmental Management453>Land use change Markov model Policy options Soil carbon carbonSoils are major sinks of carbon, and land use can affect the magnitudes of soil organic carbon stores and the net flux of carbon between the land and atmosphere. Hence, it is of some interest to have a method for examining the future consequences of changes in the patterns of land use for soil organic carbon stores, and to allow experiments to be carried out to assess the likely effects of various policy options. We illustrate the use of a Markov model to project future areas of land use from land cover transition matrices for England, Wales and Scotland, 1984-1990, and by the application of vectors of soil organic carbon stores for each land use types to the changes in areas to obtain projected changes in the soil carbon stores. In England and Wales, much depends on whether or not urban land is assumed to store soil carbon. For example, during 1984-1990, there was an overall decrease in potential organic carbon store in England and Wales of 32.64 MtC assuming that urban land stores no soil carbon, but that overall decrease is reduced by 73% if urban land is assumed to store 26.25 x 103 tC km-2. For England and Wales, the limiting probabilities show 37.9% of the land as urban and 15.3% as arable. There would be a decrease in the overall potential soil carbon storage capacity of 610 MtC or 239 MtC, depending on whether or not urban land is assumed to store soil carbon. For Scotland, the limiting probabilities show 53.1% of the land as lowland heath and 16.9% as coniferous forest. There would be a decrease in the overall potential soil carbon storage capacity of 9414 MtC if urban land is assumed to store no carbon, and 9668 MtC if it is assumed to store carbon. By changing entries in the land cover transition matrices, the consequences of different policy options can be examined.DCited By (since 1996): 8 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusuThe Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Merlewood Research Station, Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria LA11 6JU, United KingdomM?QSolecki, W. D. Rosenzweig, C. Parshall, L. Pope, G. Clark, M. Cox, J. Wiencke, M.20058Mitigation of the heat island effect in urban New Jersey39-49Environmental Hazards61XMitigation New Jersey Urban heat island climate climate change Mitigation New Jersey UHIImplementation of urban heat island (UHI) mitigation strategies such as increased vegetative cover and higher-albedo surface materials can reduce the impacts of biophysical hazards in cities, including heat stress related to elevated temperatures, air pollution and associated public health effects. Such strategies also can lower the demand for air-conditioning-related energy production. Since local impacts of global climate change may be intensified in areas with UHIs, mitigation strategies could play an increasingly important role as individuals and communities adapt to climate change. We use CITYgreen, a GIS-based modeling application, to estimate the potential benefits of urban vegetation and reflective roofs as UHI mitigation strategies for case study sites in and around Newark and Camden, New Jersey. The analysis showed that urban vegetation can reduce health hazards associated with the UHI effect by removing pollutants from the air. Less affluent, inner-city neighborhoods are the ones in which the hazard potential of the UHI effect is shown to be greatest. However, these neighborhoods have less available open space for tree planting and therefore a lower maximum potential benefit. As the climate warms, these neighborhoods may face greater consequences due to interactions between the UHI effect and global climate change. Results also show that urban vegetation is an effective and economically efficient way to reduce energy consumption and costs at the sites.CCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Geography, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, United States Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Columbia Earth Institute, United States Montclair State University, United States Barnard College, United States? Fukuoka, Y.1997*Biometeorological studies on urban climate54-57'International Journal of Biometeorology401Furban climate climate urban forest energy use influence of urban treesUrban-biometeorology, i.e., biometeorological study on the urban climate is regarded as both old and/or new science. Studies on two topics are reviewed: the thermal or chemical impact of urban climate on human health, and the relation between urban climate and vegetation.CCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: ScopusjFac. of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-7-1, Higashihiroshima, 739, Japan|? Nowak, D. J.+Atmospheric Carbon Reduction by Urban Trees207-217#Journal of Environmental ManagementHurban forestry, carbon storage, greenhouse effect, urban wildfire carbon Trees, because they sequester atmospheric carbon through their growth process and conserve energy in urban areas, have been suggested as one means to combat increasing levels of atmospheric carbon. Analysis of the urban forest in Oakland, California (21% tree cover), reveals a tree carbon storage level of 11·0 metric tons/hectare. Trees in the area of the 1991 fire in Oakland stored approximately 14 500 metric tons of carbon, 10% of the total amount stored by Oakland's urban forest. National urban forest carbon storage in the United States (28% tree cover) is estimated at between 350 and 750 million metric tons. Establishment of 10 million urban trees annually over the next 10 years is estimated to sequester and offset the production of 363 million metric tons of carbon over the next 50 years-less than 1% of the estimated carbon emissions in the United States over the same period. Advantages and limitations of managing urban trees to reduce atmospheric carbon are discussed. © 1993 Academic Press. All rights reserved.+Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus{USDA A Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 5801 N. Pulaski Rd, Bldg C, Chicago, IL 60646, United States}?1998Cooling hot cities with trees13-13Futurist324trees and coolingMay://000073166100016 0016-3317ISI:000073166100016}?Birch, G. Siaka, M. Owens, C.2001iThe source of anthropogenic heavy metals in fluvial sediments of a rural catchment: Coxs River, Australia13-35Water Air and Soil Pollution1261-2coolingFebcA serious health scare involving the supply of drinking water to Sydney, Australia has recently focussed attention on the environmental status of river catchments of the main reservoir, Lake Burragorang. Although the Coxs River - a major catchment of Lake Burragorang - comprises mainly forests and grazing land, it supports a moderate sized town, power stations and coal mines. The heavy metal content of stream-bed sediments characterises environmental impact in this rural catchment and sources of contamination. Sediment in a creek flowing through a country town (population 12 000) is markedly enriched in Cr, Pb and Zn (3x, 18x and 52x, respectively) over background, probably due to a long history of metal-based industry. The highest Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations (204, 332 and 2460 mug g(-1), respectively) in fluvial sediment in the town are, however associated with discharges from a sewage treatment plant. Two coal-based power stations in the catchment contribute considerable Cu and Ni (maximum concentrations 562 and 157 mug g(-1), respectively) to ambient fluvial sediments, possibly from cooling towers and coal storage areas. The highest Co and Cr concentrations (113 and 490 mug g(-1)) in fluvial sediments of this catchment are associated with coal-mining activities. Selective extraction indicates that about 50% of the anthropogenic fraction may be bioavailable, whereas sequential extraction procedures suggest that < 25% is associated with the easily exchangeable/adsorbed phase. Two dams restrict the migration of heavy metals down the Coxs River and sediment discharging into Lake Burragorang is low in metals.://000166638800002 0049-6979ISI:000166638800002 }?FBouvier, A. Blichert-Toft, J. Moynier, F. Vervoort, J. D. Albarede, F.2007KPb-Pb dating constraints on the accretion and cooling history of chondrites 1583-1604Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta716coolingMar We have analyzed the Pb isotopic compositions of whole-rocks and various components (CAIs, chondrules, and/or mineral separates) of two carbonaceous chondrites, Allende (CV3) and Murchison (CM2), and nine ordinary chondrites, Sainte Marguerite (H4),. Nadiabondi and Forest City (H5), Kernouve (H6), Bjurbole (L/LL4), Elenovka and Ausson (L5), Tuxtuac (LL5), and Saint-Severin (LL6) by MC-ICP-MS. Three CAI fractions from Allende define an isochron with an age of 4568.1 +/- 9.4 Ma (MSWD = 0.08) and plot on the same isochron as fragments of the Efremovka inclusion E60 analyzed by Amelin et al. [Amelin, Y., Krot, A. N., Hutcheon, I. D., and Ulyanov, A. A. (2002a). Lead isotopic ages of chondrules and calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions. Science 297, 1679-1683]. When these two groups of samples are combined, the isochron yields an age of 4568.5 +/- 0.5 (MSWD = 0.90), which is our best estimate of the age of the Solar System. Chondrules and pyroxene-olivine fractions from the ordinary chondrites yield ages that reflect the blocking of Pb isotope equilibration with the nebular gas. The combination of these ages with the corresponding metamorphic phosphate ages provides constraints on the thermal history of the different chondrite parent bodies. Among the H chondrites, Sainte Marguerite cooled to below similar to 1100 K within a few My at 4565 Ma and to similar to 800 K at 4563 Ma. Nadiabondi appears to have experienced a slightly more protracted cooling history with the corresponding interval lasting from 4559 to 4556 Ma. The data from Forest City and Kernouve show evidence of late-stage perturbation with resulting U/Pb fractionation. Likewise, Pb isotopes in Tuxtuac (LL5) record a cooling history lasting from similar to 4555 to 4544 Ma, which may indicate that the cooling history for the LL parent body was more prolonged than for the H parent body. We suggest a thermal evolution model for the growth of the planetary bodies based on the release of radiogenic heat from Al-26 and Fe-60. This model incorporates the accretion rate, which determines the time at which the radiogenic heat becomes efficiently trapped, and the terminal size of the parent body, which controls its overall thermal inertia. The parent bodies of carbonaceous chondrites, which show little indication of metamorphic transformation, collect cooler nebular material at a relatively late stage. Small asteroids of similar to 10-50 km radius accreting within 1-3 My could be the parent bodies of H and LL chondrites. The parent body of the L chondrites is likely to be a larger asteroid (r > 100 km) or possibly the product of collisions of smaller planetary bodies. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.://000245085200015 0016-7037ISI:0002450852000154D?0Engel-Yan, J. B. Kennedy, C. A. Pressnail, K. D.20057Natural infrastructure and neighbourhood sustainabilityGProceedings, Annual Conference - Canadian Society for Civil Engineering2005cooling water stormwater runoff^The urban forest provides many benefits including stormwater runoff attenuation, building heating and cooling load reduction, and air quality improvements. This paper investigates the influence of neighbourhood design (i.e., the layout of surface infrastructure) on the size of the urban forest that an area can support. Implications for neighbourhood sustainability are discussed and physical design modifications to increase the size of the potential canopy are proposed. The potential leaf area density (PLAD), a measure of the maximum tree leaf area that a given land area can support, is estimated for a post war suburb, contemporary suburb, and new urbanist neighbourhood. For the neighbourhood types assessed, PLAD is inversely proportional to the number of dwellings per unit area. Since increasing residential density is typically associated with enhancing neighbourhood sustainability, this study emphasizes that an important challenge in sustainable neighbourhood design is to minimize the trade-off between density and PLAD and build higher density neighbourhoods that can also support a reasonable canopy.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33748971338&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusMDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada?Fred Singer, S.2002Is the climate warming?110ZProceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Transmission and Distribution Conference1cooling-The balance of evidence suggests that the climate is not warming. A U.S. National Research Council report [1] has highlighted but not explained the disparity between different data sets: While a variety of surface thermometers report a substantial warming trend, microwave sensing units (MSU) on weather satellites, and also radiosondes carried in weather balloons, show little if any warming of the atmosphere in the last twenty years. As is well understood, however, climate models predict the opposite, namely a stronger warming trend for the atmosphere than for the surface. In further investigating this puzzling discrepancy involving different observing methods as well as theoretical models, we hypothesize that the recent surface trends may not be credible. We note that while there is general agreement that the global climate wanned before 1940, and then cooled slightly until about 1975, the well-controlled surface temperature data for the United States and Europe do not show any appreciable post-1940 warming, after correction for local urban warming ("heat islands"). This lack of warming throws doubt on the reported global surface trend. Further, proxy data from tree rings, ice cores, etc. show no post-1940 warming trends; many even show a cooling trend after 1940. The observations of Arctic sea-ice shrinking, deep-ocean warming, glacier-length changes and sea-level rise are explained as a delayed consequence of earlier climate warming; they are all in good accord with the hypothesis that the Earth's climate has not warmed appreciably in the past 60 years.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036085188&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusGScience and Environ. Policy Project, Arlington, VA 22202, United States}?$Gerhart, V. J. Kane, R. Glenn, E. P.2006VRecycling industrial saline wastewater for landscape irrigation in a desert urban area473-486Journal of Arid Environments673kcooling Arid lands Salinity tolerance Water conservation Water reuse urban soils design issues urban designNovWith water conservation efforts accelerating in and environments, industrial wastewater is considered a candidate for reuse. We investigated the possibility of using high-TDS (total dissolved solids) blowdown water from cooling towers to irrigate common landscape plants in a desert, urban environment. Nine species (three desert legume trees, three xeric-adapted shrubs and three groundcovers) were planted in a replicate block design on a 0.2 ha site. Each plant was irrigated according to water demand determined by the soil moisture deficit, with one of three water treatments: blowdown water (3.65 dSm(-1), 2340 mgl(-1)), well water (0.52 dSm(-1), 335 mgl(-1)) and a 1:1 blend (2.09 dSm(-1), 1340 mgl(-1)). Water uptake, plant growth rates and soil salinity were monitored over a 27 month period. Irrigation rates were reduced for the final 12 months of the study to more closely match standard landscape practices. All plants grew well over the study and irrigation salinity did not have a significant effect (p > 0.05) on growth or water use. Soil salinities were higher in basins irrigated with blowdown water compared to those irrigated with well water, but soil salinities did not increase significantly over time for any treatment. Soil solution salinities on the blowdown treatment, were in the range of 6400-15,000mgl(-1), showing that these species have considerable tolerance. The overall feasibility of reusing industrial brines to irrigate urban landscapes is discussed in light of the results. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000241403800009 0140-1963ISI:000241403800009}?.Greco, S. Ulanski, S. Garstang, M. Houston, S.1992>Low-Level Nocturnal Wind Maximum over the Central Amazon Basin91-115Boundary-Layer Meteorology581-2coolingJanA low-level nocturnal wind maximum is shown to exist over extensive and nearly undisturbed rainforest near the central Amazon city of Manaus. Analysis of meteorological data collected during the 1985 and 1987 Amazon Boundary Layer Experiments (ABLE 2A and 2B) indicates the presence of this nocturnal wind maximum during both the wet and dry seasons of the Central Amazon Basin. Daytime wind speeds which are characteristically 3-7 m s-1 between 300 and 1000 m increase to 10-15 m s-1 shortly after sunset. The wind speed maximum is reached in the early evening, with wind speeds remaining high until several hours after sunrise. The nocturnal wind maximum is closely linked to a strong low-level inversion formed by radiational cooling of the rainforest canopy. The night-time inversion extends up to 300 m with strong vertical shear of the horizontal wind below the inversion top and uniformly strong horizontal winds above the inversion top. Frictional decoupling of the air above the inversion from the rough forest below, however, is responsible for only part of the observed increase. Surface and low-level pressure gradients between the undisturbed forest and the large Amazon river system and the city of Manaus are shown to be responsible for much of the nocturnal wind increase. The pressure gradients are interpreted as a function of the thermal differences between undisturbed forest and the river/city. The importance of both the frictional decoupling and the horizontal pressure gradient suggest that the nocturnal wind maximum does not occur uniformly over all Amazonia. We suspect that stronger low-level winds are pervasive under clear skies and strong surface cooling and that, in many places (i.e., near rivers), local pressure gradients enhance the low-level nocturnal winds.://A1992HA34700006 0006-8314ISI:A1992HA34700006X?Hamada, T. Mikami, T.1994YCool island phenomena in urban green spaces: a case study of Meiji Shrine and Yoyogi Park518-529&Geographical Review of Japan, Series A678coolingIn a grass area, CII is weak in the daytime and strong at night. On the other hand, CII is strong for both day and night in forest areas. The reasons for this is that radiative cooling from the surface of grass and forest at night might be more effective in the green space than in the periferal built-up. It is also pointed out that CII shows little variability in either fine or cloudy weather. Surface air temperature observations along a horizontal straight line in and around the green space reveal cooling in the peripheral built-up area caused by the advection of cooled air in a green space. Vertical temperature profiles in the green space show ground inversion which reaches 60m in height during the night. -from English summary]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028579036&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusF|?nHerndon, S. C. Zahniser, M. S. Nelson, D. D. Shorter, J. McManus, J. B. Jimenez, R. Warneke, C. de Gouw, J. A.2007Airborne measurements of HCHO and HCOOH during the New England Air Quality Study 2004 using a pulsed quantum cascade laser spectrometer+Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres112D10coolingFebAtmospheric mixing ratios of formaldehyde and formic acid have been measured from the NOAA WP-3 aircraft during the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) of July and August 2004 using a newly developed quantum cascade laser (QCL) spectrometer operating at a wavelength of 5.6 mm. The laser operates in pulsed mode with thermoelectric cooling. The detection is based on direct absorption in a compact 76-m multiple pass absorption cell. The laser is swept over a 0.5 cm(-1) spectral region containing multiple lines of both HCHO and HCOOH. Absolute concentrations are retrieved by simultaneous spectral fitting routines with a detection limit (2 sigma) for HCHO of 0.3 parts in 10 9 (ppbv) with an averaging time of 60 s under stable flight conditions. HCHO mixing ratios in the range from 0.3 to 5 ppb were encountered during flight conditions. Some of the highest mixing ratios of HCHO were observed over heavily vegetated areas of Florida during the test flights where the ratios of HCHO to methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone, measured by proton transfer mass spectroscopy, are consistent with formaldehyde production by isoprene oxidation. The highest mixing ratios of HCOOH, up to 10 ppbv, were observed in an aged forest fire plume encountered over northern Canada, in which ratios of HCOOH/CO are greater than previous observations, while the ratios of HCHO/CO are less than previous reports from forest fire plumes. Observations of HCHO/CO and HCOOH/CO in urban plumes are indicative of a mixture of sources from direct emissions and secondary oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons. The ability to measure both HCHO and HCOOH simultaneously is of value in assessing the oxidation mechanisms of atmospheric hydrocarbons and secondary organic aerosol formation and oxidation.://000244203400002 D10S03 0148-0227ISI:000244203400002? Hurlimonn, A.20067Melbourne office worker attitudes to recycled water use58-65Water337coolingThis paper reports results from a study of office worker attitudes to recycled water use. Survey respondents were employees of the City of Melbourne, some of whom will soon be working in the innovative Council House 2 office building. This building incorporates the use of recycled water through 'sewer mining' activity. Recycled water will be used in the cooling tower system, for toilet flushing, street cleaning, and street tree watering in the central business district. This is the first investigation of office worker attitudes to recycled water use in Australia, thus the results of this study are of importance to informing the feasibility of recycled water in such a context in Australia and potentially in other parts of the world. Results of this study indicate that recycled water use as incorporated in the Council House 2 building is acceptable to the future occupants. Factors influencing an individual's acceptance of recycled water use were found to be their beliefs, perceptions and attitudes surrounding trust in the water authority, information provision, risk perception, environmental concern, satisfaction, fairness in implementation, and perceived need to recycled water. There were no differences observed between demographic groups and acceptance of recycled water use, but there was a difference found with occupation. Prior experience of recycled water use was found to positively influence acceptance of recycled water use.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249279220&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusQFaculty of Architecture Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010}? Jauregui, E.1991^Influence of a Large Urban Park on Temperature and Convective Precipitation in a Tropical City457-463Energy and Buildings153-4cooling urban heat island UHILarge green areas have a cooling influence on their surrounding built-up area, thus reducing the stress produced by the heat island. Traverses made on clear nights with light wind show that Chapultepec Park (approximately 500 ha) in Mexico City is 2 - 3-degrees-C cooler with respect to its boundaries and its influence reaches a distance about the same as its width (2 km). The largest thermal contrast occurs at the end of the cooling period. For a recent period of four years, mean monthly minimum temperature differences between a climatological station located in the park and the Tacubaya Observatory (approximately 700 m south of its southern limits) reach 4.0-degrees-C at the end of the dry season in April, whereas during the wet months they are only 1-degrees-C cooler (in July). On sunny mornings the park heats up more slowly than the built-up section at Tacubaya; but two hours after midday there is no significant difference in temperature as shown by mean maximum temperatures. At this time, the canopy layer is well mixed and Tacubaya being downwind (from N or NE) is then under the cooling influence of the park. But east and north of the park toward the densely built-up area (where the heat island is located), mean maximum temperatures at the park station are 2 - 3-degrees-C cooler. The increased roughness of the generally high trees in the park reduces the low-level wind speed increasing the intensity of turbulence. Both these effects are likely to favour the initiation of small-scale convection over the vegetated area. To test this hypothesis, rainfall data for the two stations for a period of four years was examined. Chapultepec/Tacubaya 24-hour rainfall ratios (r) were grouped in six classes. Results show that precipitation was equal or less in the park in 51% of the cases (442). However, in the other half of the cases, rainfall was larger (by 80%) in the park than in Tacubaya Observatory for all intensities. The ratio increased to 140% for intensities between 5 and 10 mm/24 h.://A1991FZ90700021 0378-7788ISI:A1991FZ90700021?4Koren, I. Kaufman, Y. J. Remer, L. A. Martins, J. V.2004JMeasurement of the Effect of Amazon Smoke on Inhibition of Cloud Formation 1342-1345Science3035662cooling_Urban air pollution and smoke from fires have been modeled to reduce cloud formation by absorbing sunlight, thereby cooling the surface and heating the atmosphere. Satellite data over the Amazon region during the biomass burning season showed that scattered cumulus cloud cover was reduced from 38% in clean conditions to 0% for heavy smoke (optical depth of 1.3). This response to the smoke radiative effect reverses the regional smoke instantaneous forcing of climate from -28 watts per square meter in cloud-free conditions to +8 watts per square meter once the reduction of cloud cover is accounted for.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1442281247&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 81 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States National Research Council, Washington, DC 20001, United States Jt. Ctr. for Earth Syst. Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, United Statesl}?WLee, S. H. Kang, H. M. Choi, S. I. Seo, B. S. Kim, H. Cho, Y. J. Lim, H. S. Kohroki, K.2007Status of wild grape cultivation and distribution in Korea focused on Paju city in Gyeonggi Province and Muju County North Jeolla Province229-2377Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University521coolingFebWild grapes are grown throughout Korea as a short-term income crop of forest products, and a part of measure to deal with the Uruguay Round. Local governments are providing farm assistance and helping growers to construct facilities needed to grow wild grapes. However, this fruit is produced excessively, and not sold readily due to the difficulty in finding appropriate distribution channels in recent years. In this study, the level of wild grape production in Paju City in Gyeonggi Province and Muju County in North Jeolla Province, and distribution channels were examined to seek ways for the growers to gain more profits. The results showed that the growers need 1) systematic growing techniques to produce premium grade wild grapes, 2) the expansion of cooling facilities to store their product long enough for distribution without damaging the product, 3) support from the local government to recover from natural disasters and to assist processing facilities, and 4) on-going sales and promotion activities through various media, such as the Internet. Nonetheless, more efforts area needed such as discovering other income crops along with support for these growers, such as securing distribution channels for stable sales.://000245189800038 0023-6152ISI:000245189800038}?KLiousse, C. Penner, J. E. Chuang, C. Walton, J. J. Eddleman, H. Cachier, H.1996?A global three-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols 19411-19432+Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres101D14coolingAugWe have developed detailed emission inventories for the amount of both black and organic carbon particles from biomass burning sources (wood fuel, charcoal. burning, dung, charcoal production, agricultural, savanna and forest fires). We have also estimated an inventory for organic carbon particles from fossil fuel burning and urban activities from an existing inventory for fossil fuel sources of black carbon, We also provide an estimate for the natural source of organic matter. These emissions have been used together with our global aerosol model to study the global distribution of carbonaceous aerosols. The accuracy of the inventories and the model formulation has been tested by comparing the model simulations of carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere and in precipitation with observations reported in the literature. For most locations and seasons, the predicted concentrations are in reasonable agreement with the observations, although the model underpredicts black carbon concentrations in polar regions. The predicted concentrations in remote areas are extremely sensitive to both the rate of removal by wet deposition and the height of injection of the aerosols. Finally, a global map of the aerosol single scattering albedo was developed from the simulated carbonaceous particle distribution and a previously developed model for aerosol sulfates. The computed aerosol single scattering albedos compare well with observations, suggesting that most of the important aerosol species have been included in the model. For most locations and seasons, the single scattering albedo is larger than 0.85, indicating that these aerosols, in general, lead to a net cooling.://A1996VE25800042 0148-0227ISI:A1996VE25800042 a}?Montague, T. Kjelgren, R.2004Energy balance of six common landscape surfaces and the influence of surface properties on gas exchange of four containerized tree species229-249Scientia Horticulturae1001-4cooling Albedo GS Gas exchange K Leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference LVPD RNI Relative humidity RH Soil heat flux Stomatal conductance Thermal conductivity Urban surfaces Urban trees urban soilsMard Gas exchange and growth of woody landscape plants is strongly affected by underlying surfaces. In urban areas, plants are subjected to energy balance characteristics of a variety of surfaces. We investigated energy balance properties of six urban surfaces: asphalt, gravel rock mulch, lava rock mulch, concrete, pine bark mulch, and turf. Each summer over a 3-year period, incoming global shortwave radiation, surface temperature, surface reflectivity (albedo), soil temperature below each surface, and soil heat flux were measured for each surface, and total incoming radiation, thermal conductivity, and longwave radiation emitted by each surface were calculated. Differences in surface properties were analyzed by regression analysis. Albedo was greatest for concrete and least for lava rock mulch, while thermal conductivity was greatest for asphalt and least for lava rock and pine bark mulches. Under maximum incoming total radiation, regression analysis indicated: soil heat flux was greatest under asphalt and concrete and least under lava rock and pine bark mulches; soil temperature below each surface was greatest for asphalt and concrete and least for pine bark mulch; surface temperature was greatest for pine bark mulch and least for turf; and longwave radiation flux of each surface was greatest for pine bark mulch and least for turf. This research revealed that more energy was conducted into the soil below asphalt and concrete, and that a greater portion of incoming radiation was prevented from entering the soil below pine bark and lava rock mulches than below other surfaces. Due to these effects, and the lack of evaporative cooling, surface temperatures were greater, and more longwave radiation was emitted from non-vegetative surfaces than from turf. In a concurrent study, we investigated if the energy balance of turf, pine bark mulch, and asphalt surfaces influenced gas exchange of four containerized tree species grown over each surface. On several occasions over a 2-year period, morning-to-evening measurements of stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and plant water loss were made on containerized Bechtel crabapple (Malus ionensis 'Plena'), Norway maple (Acer platanoides 'Crimson King'), globe willow (Salix matsudana 'Navajo') and American plane tree (Platanus occidentalis). Leaves over pine bark mulch and asphalt intercepted more longwave radiation and generally had greater leaf temperature and leaf-to-air vapor difference than leaves over turf. As a result, trees over non-vegetative surfaces generally had lower stomatal conductance and water loss than trees over turf. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000220270800022 0304-4238ISI:000220270800022}? Omer, A. M.2007>Renewable energy resources for electricity generation in Sudan 1481-1497&Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews117coolingSep)Electricity reaches only about 30% of Sudan's more than 40 M population; this mainly in urban areas. Hence, a major problem for rural people is the inadequate supply of power for lighting, heating, cooking, cooling, water pumping, radio or TV communications and security services. Petroleum product supplies, including diesel, kerosene and LPG are irregular and often subject to sudden price increases. Because of the inadequate supply of these fuels, women trek great distances into the forest to collect fuelwood, charcoal and biomass residues from animal and agriculture, account for more than half of total energy consumption. Most of this is utilised for cooking and heating water in rural and semi urban areas and by the urban poor. It is a need to provide alternative renewable energy sources to enhance women's participation in, and benefit from development. Household energy was the first energy sector that paid explicit attention to women and their energy needs. The contribution of women to environmental policy is largely ignored. Decision-making and policy formulation at all environmental levels, i.e., conservation, protection and rehabilitation and environmental management are more or less a male preserve. Women have been involved in promotion of appropriate energy technologies, primarily for rural population over the past 15 years. This article highlights the experience of working with rural people in seeking solutions for community energy needs through renewable environmentally friendly energy technologies. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000250568700007 1364-0321ISI:000250568700007|? Pokorny, J.2001YDissipation of solar energy in landscape-controlled by management of water and vegetation641-645Renewable Energy243-4fClimate Evapotranspiration Policy Production Sensible heat Solar energy dissipation Vegetation coolingNov-DecMan (farmers, forest managers) by dealing with water and vegetation changes substantially the distribution of solar energy. Differences in sensible heat (warming) and latent heat (cooling by evapotranspiration) on drained and wetland areas, and the air conditioning effect of a single tree are demonstrated. It is shown that the energy produced in all power stations of the Czech Republic is several orders of magnitude lower than the sensible heat released from the drained and urban areas of the country. A single tree transpiring about 400 1 of water a day has an air-conditioning efficiency of about 20 kW. Whereas photosynthesis (biomass production) uses less than 1% of incoming solar energy, by evapotranspiration (latent heat) more than 50% can be used in water saturated vegetation. Distribution of temperatures (heat potentials) in large areas is shown on satellite pictures. Land managers influence local climate and their important role should be considered in policy-making decisions. (C) 2001 Elsevier'Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000169522100037 Sp. Iss. SI 0960-1481ISI:000169522100037}? Potchter, O. Cohen, P. Bitan, A.2006rClimatic behavior of various urban parks during hot and humid summer in the Mediterranean city of Tel Aviv, Israel 1695-1711$International Journal of Climatology2612coolingOct]This study examines the climatic behavior of different designs of urban parks during hot and humid summer conditions, and their influence on human comfort in Tel Aviv, Israel. The research was conducted in three different types of urban parks: a park with grass and a few low trees, a park with medium sized trees and a park with high and wide-canopied trees. The results showed that an urban park that contains high trees with a wide canopy has the maximum cooling effect during daytime, reduces temperatures by up to 3.5 degrees C and lowers heat stress values despite increasing relative humidity values. An urban park that contains dense, medium sized trees can also reduce temperatures during daytime by up to 2.5 degrees C as well as slightly lower heat stress. However, during nighttime it can create uncomfortable climatic conditions owing to the reduction of wind velocity and increase in relative humidity. An urban park covered with grass can be warmer and sometimes even more humid than the built-up area during the day, which increases heat stress values. Copyright (C) 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.://000241478000009 0899-8418ISI:000241478000009p?4Rosenfeld, A. H. Romm, J. J. Akbari, H. Lloyd, A. C.1997#Painting the town white - and green52-59Technology Review1002cooling urban heat island UHIThis paper examines cool-communities' strategies, where the planting of trees and installing of lighter-color roofs and roads not only save energy and clean the air, but also yield a more hospitable local climate. It discusses the occurrence of heat islands in many large cities, in particular Los Angeles and Washington, and outlines their environmental and human impact. The paper concludes that the air-pollution benefit of reformulated gasoline and electric cars can be complemented by the above mentioned cooling strategies.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030842749&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopusb?C. A. Souch Souch, C.1993`The effect of trees on summertime below canopy urban climates: a case study Bloomington, Indiana303-312Journal of Arboriculture195coolingReplicate trees in each of five categories were studied: sugar maple, pin oak and walnut individuals over grass, sugar maple individuals along streets over concrete, and sugar maple clumps over grass. All the trees show a consistent effect: temperatures are reduced and humidities are elevated under the canopies. The greatest cooling effect (0.7-1.3°C) occurs in the early afternoon. The difference between species is insignificant, but street trees are significantly less effective in reducing temperature than either individual trees or clumps planted over grass. The clumps had no greater effect than the individual trees. The amount of cooling observed in this study was considerably less than that documented in many previous studies. -from Authors]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027830283&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}?3Sundberg, J. Karlsson, P. E. Schenk, L. Pleijel, H.2006RVariation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden339-354Water Air and Soil Pollution1731-4coolingJunOzone (O-3) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (similar to 1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (similar to 3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O-3 concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O-3 concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O-3 concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O-3 concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O-3 concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.://000238141100020 0049-6979ISI:000238141100020\}?Westphal, D. L. Toon, O. B.1991mSimulations of Microphysical, Radiative, and Dynamic Processes in a Continental-Scale Forest-Fire Smoke Plume 22379-22400+Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres96D12coolingDecA numerical model of meterology, aerosols, and radiative transfer is used to study the impact of a large forest fire smoke plume on atmospheric processes. The simulated smoke optical depths at 0.63-mu-m wavelength are in agreement with analyses of satellite data and show values as high as 1.8. The smoke has an albedo of 35%, or more than double the clear-sky value, and cools the surface by as much as 5 K. The best agreement with the analyses of optical depth and surface cooling is obtained when a fuel loading more than 10 times that which has been previously suggested is used to calculate the initial smoke mass load. An imaginary refractive index, n(im), of 0.01 yields results which closely match the observed cooling, single scattering albedo, and the Angstrom wavelength exponent. An n(im) of 0.1, typical of smoke from urban fires, produces 9 K cooling. Coagulation causes the geometric mean radius by number to increase from the initial value of 0.08-mu-m to a final value of 0.15-mu-m while the specific extinction and absorption increase by 40% and 25%, respectively. After 42 hours, these changes in the smoke optical properties lead to a 32% increase in optical depth and an 11% increase in surface cooling over that found in a simulation where coagulation is not allowed. In the model, 47% of the smoke is removed by scavenging as it is incorporated into the frontal zone over the Great Lakes. Self-lofting of the smoke in a direct, smoke-induced circulation is observed in the baseline simulation and is much stronger in the urban smoke simulation.://A1991GY55900012 0148-0227ISI:A1991GY55900012?,Kikegawa, Y. Genchi, Y. Kondo, H. Ohashi, Y.2004Yearlong evaluation of urban heat island countermeasures from the viewpoints of thermal environment mitigation and urban energy conservation683-689&5th Symposium on the Urban Environment1cooling energy conservation urban heat island UHIpThe building energy analysis model (BEM) was improved and validated for the yearlong numerical prediction of the regional air-conditioning energy consumption in several types of urban districts. Then, the improved system was applied to Tokyo urban canopies to assess the yearlong impacts of heat island countermeasures on urban thermal environment and building energy consumption. The developed simulation system consists of three numerical models. It was confirmed that BEM was roughly able to reproduce the yearlong temporal variations of housing thermal conditions such as room temperatures and cooling and heating loads.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-22144456076&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusEGlobal Environment Laboratory, Fuji Research Institute Corporation, Tokyo, Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan Fuji Research Institute Corp., Global Environment Laboratory, 2-3 Kandanishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8443, JapaniF?Millard-Ball, A.2007Pollution solutionsPlanning738@cooling energy efficiency preservation forestation reforestationThe move on reducing emissions is now being recognized almost everywhere with the establishment of various organizations such as US Mayors Climate Protection agreement, Cities for Climate Protection Campaign and the Clinton Climate Initiative that tackle the problem. These organizations have certain targets like committing members to strive for a 7% reduction below 1990 levels of greenhouse gas emissions by 2012 by reducing sprawl, promoting alternatives, increasing energy efficiency, recycling rates and planting trees. Others have targeted major reductions for years to come while other cities have devised tax systems to fund greenhouse gas reduction efforts. Others are moving to promote renewable technologies such as energy-saving, labor-saving LEDs for use in different applications, methane capture facilities, reflective roofs to reduce air conditioning loads and urban reforestation which reduces cooling loads on buildings. There is also the Chicago Climate Exchange which is a marketplace where carbon savings or offsets can be bought and sold. Some environmental groups however say that joining such a marketplace must only be a last resort for those who have exhausted all other options for reducing their carbon footprint.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548220888&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopushStanford University, Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford, CA, United States;?Gregory McPherson, E.5Accounting for benefits and costs of urban greenspace41-51Landscape and Urban Planningcooling energy savingUrban greenspace provides many environmental and social services that contribute to the quality of life in cities. Economic approaches used to estimate value of greenspace services include travel cost, willingness to pay, hedonic pricing and tree valuation. These methods have limited utility for policy-makers, planners, and managers because the underlying values they estimate only indirectly reflect the flow of multiple benefits and costs. A greenspace accounting approach to partially address this deficiency is described using benefit-cost analysis for a proposed tree-planting project in Tucson. AZ. The approach directly connects vegetation structure with the spatial-temporal flow of functional benefits and costs. Prices are assigned to each cost (i.e. planting, pruning, removal, irrigation) and benefit (i.e. cooling energy savings, interception of particulates, stormwater runoff reduction) through direct estimation and implied valuation of benefits as environmental externalities. The approach can be used to evaluate net economic benefits associated with capital investments in urban forests vs. other investments in the urban infrastructure or traditional environmental control technologies. © 1992.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-37849061523&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusKUSDA Forest Service, 5801 N. Pulaski Road, Chicago, IL 60646, United StatesZ}?McPherson, E. G.19925Accounting for Benefits and Costs of Urban Greenspace41-51Landscape and Urban Planning221cooling energy saving water stormwater runoff FOREST VEGETATION TREES economic issues quality of life urban forest cooling, energy use value benefits stormwater runoff tree planting economic issuesSepUrban greenspace provides many environmental and social services that contribute to the quality of life in cities. Economic approaches used to estimate value of greenspace services include travel cost, willingness to pay, hedonic pricing, and tree valuation. These methods have limited utility for policy-makers, planners, and managers because the underlying values they estimate only indirectly reflect the flow of multiple benefits and costs. A greenspace accounting approach to partially address this deficiency is described using benefit-cost analysis for a proposed tree-planting project in Tucson, AZ. The approach directly connects vegetation structure with the spatial-temporal flow of functional benefits and costs. Prices are assigned to each cost (i.e. planting, pruning, removal, irrigation) and benefit (i.e. cooling energy savings, interception of particulates, stormwater runoff reduction) through direct estimation and implied valuation of benefits as environmental externalities. The approach can be used to evaluate net economic benefits associated with capital investments in urban forests vs. other investments in the urban infrastructure or traditional environmental control technologies.://A1992JM22400005 0169-2046ISI:A1992JM22400005? Holtzclaw, J.20067Predicting the air quality costs and benefits of growth 3605-3616`Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association's Annual Conference and Exhibition, AWMA6cooling energy usecThe benefits to air quality resulting from smart growth infill rather than sprawl are presented. These benefits result from: less driving and resulting air and water pollution reductions; less use of volatile pesticide and fertilizer on lawns, reducing air and water pollution; less heating and cooling energy use, and emissions from gas, oil and coal burning and power plants; less construction material used, reducing polluting mining and deforestation (loss of carbon sinks), and energy directly used in construction; and the conversion of less natural area (carbon sinks) into urban sprawl. A Smart Growth Calculator assays the magnitude of these benefits, except for the heating and cooling energy, and construction energy and materials. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the AWMA's 99th Annual Conference and Exhibition (New Orleans, LA 6/20-23/2006).^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33847787665&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusASierra Club, 85 2nd Street, San Francisco CA 94105, United States }?Cionco, R. M. Ellefsen, R.1998BHigh resolution urban morphology data for urban wind flow modeling7-17Atmospheric Environment321cooling shade shadingJan The application of urban forestry methods and technologies to a number of practical problems can be further enhanced by the use and incorporation of localized, high resolution wind and temperature fields into their analysis methods. The numerical simulation of these micrometeorological fields will represent the interactions and influences of urban structures, vegetation elements, and variable terrain as an integral part of the dynamics of an urban domain. Detailed information of the natural and-man-made components that make up the urban area is needed to more realistically model meteorological fields in urban domains. Simulating high resolution wind and temperatures over and through an urban domain utilizing detailed morphology data can also define and quantify local areas where urban forestry applications can contribute to better solutions. Applications such as the benefits of planting trees for shade purposes can be considered, planned, and evaluated For their impact on conserving energy and cooling costs as well as the possible reconfiguration or removal of trees and other barriers for improved airflow ventilation and similar processes. To generate these fields, a wind model must be provided, as a minimum, the location, type, height, structural silhouette, and surface roughness of these components, in order to account for the presence and effects of these land morphology features upon the ambient airflow. The morphology of Sacramento, CA has been characterized and quantified inconsiderable detail primarily for wind flow modeling, simulation, and analyses, but can also be used for improved meteorological analyses, urban forestry, urban planning, and other urban related activities. Morphology methods previously developed by Ellefsen are applied to the Sacramento scenario with a high resolution grid of 100 m x 100 m. The Urban Morphology Scheme defines Urban Terrain Zones (UTZ) according to how buildings and other urban elements are structured and placed with respect to each other. The urban elements within the 100 m x 100 m cells (one hectare) are further described and digitized as building height, building footprint (in percent), reflectivity of its roof, pitched roofer flat, building's long axis orientation, footprint of impervious surface and its reflectivity, footprint of canopy elements, footprint of woodlots, footprint of grass area, and footprint of water surface. A variety of maps, satellite images, low level aerial photographs, and street level photographs are the raw data used to quantify these urban properties. The final digitized morphology database resides in a spreadsheet ready for use on ordinary personal computers. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.://A1998YJ50400003 1352-2310ISI:A1998YJ50400003t?McPherson, E. G. Haip, R. A.1989#Emerging desert landscape in Tucson435-449Geographical Review794cooling shade shadingEarly in the 20th century, thousands of trees were planted in Tucson, and the city became an arborescent oasis. By the midcentury population boom planting had declined. Mechanical cooling reduced the need for tree shade, and golf and tennis replaced gardening as the preferred leisure-time activities. Perceived water shortage has spurred the adoption of a new desert landscape marked by stone mulch and arid-adaptive plants. This landscape may have precedence for other cities similarly facing water shortages. -Authors]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0024893935&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 8 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus'Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA*}?"Montague, T. Kjelgren, R. Rupp, L.2000qSurface energy balance affects gas exchange and growth of two irrigated landscape tree species in an arid climate299-3099Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science1253cooling shade shading Acer platanoides 'Emerald Queen' Crop coefficient Gas exchange Littleleaf linden Norway maple Tilia cordata 'Greenspire' Urban surface energy fluxesMay6Research was conducted to investigate how energy balance of bark mulch and turf surfaces influence gas exchange and growth of recently transplanted trees. On several occasions over a 3-year period, stomatal conductance and leaf temperature were measured throughout the day on 'Emerald Queen' Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and 'Greenspire' littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) trees growing over each surface. Tree water loss was estimated using a general transport flux equation applied to the tree crown apportioned between sunlit and shade layers. Microclimate variables were measured ol-er each surface with a permanent weather station. Tree growth data were collected at the end of each growing season. Soil heat flux data revealed that a greater portion of incoming radiation was prevented from entering the soil below mulch than below turf. Due to this insulating effect, and consequent lack of evaporative cooling, mulch surface temperature was greater, and emitted more longwave radiation, than turf. Leaves over mulch intercepted more longwave radiation, had greater leaf temperature, and greater leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference than leaves over turf. ris a result, leaves over mulch had greater stomatal closure than leaves over turf. Estimated tree water loss varied between surface treatments and with climatic conditions. Trees over turf had greater shoot elongation and leaf area than trees over mulch. These data suggest that gas exchange and growth of recently transplanted trees in an arid climate may be reduced if planted over nonvegetative, urban surfaces.://000088149900005 0003-1062ISI:000088149900005}?Shashua-Bar, L. Hoffman, M. E.2000Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street - An empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees221-235Energy and Buildings313Fcooling shade shading urban heat island UHI design issues urban designAprFThe cooling effect of small urban green wooded sites of various geometric configurations in summer is the object of this study. It was studied experimentally at 11 different wooded sites in the Tel-Aviv urban complex during the period July-August 1996. An empirical model is developed in this study for predicting the cooling effect inside the wooded sites. The model is based on the statistical analysis carried out on 714 experimental observations gathered each hour from the 11 sites on calm days, when urban climate is expressed. Two factors were found to explain over 70% of the air temperature variance inside the studied green site, namely, the partial shaded area under the tree canopy and the air temperature of the non-wooded surroundings adjoining the site. The specific cooling effect of the site due to its geometry and tree characteristics, besides the shading, was found to be relatively small, about 0.5 K, out of an average cooling of about 3 K at noon. The cooling effect of the green wooded areas on their immediate surroundings at noon was also analyzed. The findings corroborate earlier studies that the range is noticeable. At small green sites, the cooling effect estimated in this study is perceivable up to about 100 m in the streets branching out from the site. The empirical findings in this study permit development of tools for incorporating the climatic effects of green areas in the urban design. Some policy measures are proposed accordingly, for alleviating the "heat island" effect in the urban environment. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.://000085845900006 0378-7788ISI:000085845900006}?Shashua-Bar, L. Hoffman, M. E.2004Quantitative evaluation of passive cooling of the UCL microclimate in hot regions in summer, case study: urban streets and courtyards with trees 1087-1099Building and Environment3990cooling shade shading design issues urban designSepVThis paper presents a quantitative analysis for predicting the air temperature variations within urban clusters with trees. The clusters considered are streets and attached courtyards which together constitute a major part of the residential areas. In this study, the cooling effect of trees is quantified, using the analytical "Green CTTC model" developed recently by the authors. The results are validated by empirical estimates of measurements in situ. The empirical and analytical approaches provide corroborative estimates and conclusions. Sensitivity analysis on the thermal impact of certain major control factors for design purposes, such as cluster deepening, albedo modification, and orientation in the presence of shade trees were obtained by simulations using the analytical model. The results indicate that the combined simulated cooling effect of the above three factors is about 4.5 K, at midday in summer (July August) in the Mediterranean coastal region of Israel, a cooling which is about 50% of the air temperature rise from sunrise to noon hours. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000222127100010 0360-1323ISI:000222127100010!}? Spronken-Smith, R. A. Oke, T. R.1998NThe thermal regime of urban parks in two cities with different summer climates 2085-2104'International Journal of Remote Sensing1911!cooling shade shading urban soilsJulDifferences between the temperature of vegetated urban parks and that of their surrounding built environment are reported. The study is based on observations of surface and air temperature in Vancouver, BC and Sacramento, CA. during summer conditions. A combination of remotely sensed surface temperature and air temperature from fixed station and mobile (car and bicycle) traverses is used to characterize the magnitude of park-induced coolness-the 'park cool island' (PCI) effect. Relatively large surface PCI are present by day and at night, although for different reasons. Air temperature effects are smaller. In Vancouver, parks are typically 1-2 degrees C, but in ideal conditions can be almost 5 degrees C cooler than their surroundings. Larger PCI are possible in Sacramento where irrigated green-space can be 5-7 degrees C cooler. Park type, especially the extent of irrigation and the presence of trees, is important in PCI development. During the day trees may play an important role in establishing a cool park effect, perhaps through a combination of shade and evaporative cooling. At night it appears that the surface geometry and moisture status of the park are important controls on surface cooling. Open parks (with higher sky view factors) that have dry soils (and hence lower thermal admittance) cool the most. Nocturnal cooling in open grass parks is often similar to that at rural sites. The influence of parks on air temperatures appears to be restricted to a distance of about one park width.://000075187500006 0143-1161ISI:000075187500006 }? Spronken-Smith, R. A. Oke, T. R.19993Scale modelling of nocturnal cooling in urban parks287-312Boundary-Layer Meteorology932cooling shade shading Park cool islands Scale modelling Urban climate design Urban parks urban soils design issues urban designNovScale modelling is used to determine the relative contribution of heat transfer processes to the nocturnal cooling of urban parks and the characteristic temporal and spatial variation of surface temperature. Validation is achieved using a hardware model-to-numerical model-to-field observation chain of comparisons. For the calm case, modelling shows that urban-park differences of sky view factor (psi(s)) and thermal admittance (mu) are the relevant properties governing the park cool island (PCI) effect. Reduction in sky view factor by buildings and trees decreases the drain of longwave radiation from the surface to the sky. Thus park areas near the perimeter where there may be a line of buildings or trees, or even sites within a park containing tree clumps or individual trees, generally cool less than open areas. The edge effect applies within distances of about 2.2 to 3.5 times the height of the border obstruction, i.e., to have any part of the park cooling at the maximum rate a square park must be at least twice these dimensions in width. Although the central areas of parks larger than this will experience greater cooling they will accumulate a larger volume of cold air that may make it possible for them to initiate a thermal circulation and extend the influence of the park into the surrounding city. Given real world values of psi(s) and mu it seems likely that radiation and conduction play almost equal roles in nocturnal PCI development. Evaporation is not a significant cooling mechanism in the nocturnal calm case but by day it is probably critical in establishing a PCI by sunset. It is likely that conditions that favour PCI by day (tree shade, soil wetness) retard PCI growth at night. The present work, which only deals with PCI growth, cannot predict which type of park will be coolest at night. Complete specification of nocturnal PCI magnitude requires knowledge of the PCI at sunset, and this depends on daytime energetics.://000083812000008 0006-8314ISI:000083812000008? McPherson, E. G. Rowntree, R. A.19934Energy conservation potential of urban tree planting321-331Journal of Arboriculture196)cooling shade shading energy conservation3Findings from monitoring and computer simulation studies indicate that trees can be a cost-effective energy conservation measure for some US electric utilities. Our simulations suggest that a single 25ft tall tree can reduce annual heating and cooling costs of a typical residence by 8-12%. Assuming annual savings of $10 per household, a nationwide residential tree planting program could eventually save about $1 B each year. A study of the potential for energy-conserving shade tree plantings within residential sections of San Diego found that over 40% of all houses surveyed had space available for a tree opposite their west wall. The 30 yr net present value of proposed shade tree plantings for demand side management in Fresno was projected to be $22.3 M, with an overall benefit-cost ratio of 19. -from Authors]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027728411&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 11 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}? Sailor, D. J.1998ISimulations of annual degree-day impacts of urban vegetative augmentation43-52Atmospheric Environment321#cooling shade shading energy savingJanOne approach for reducing summertime energy consumption in cities is through implementation of urban vegetation planting programs. While the direct effect of such programs is to cool individual buildings and air conditioning condenser units, there is also an indirect regional cooling associated with increasing vegetative cover. This paper models the regional cooling impacts of urban vegetation augmentation through a series of meteorological simulations. Numerical experiments were conducted for a hypothetical city located at various latitudes (25-45 degrees N) and subjected to several background climate conditions. Simulations were conducted for one day from each month of the year to determine seasonal variability of the impacts of vegetation on urban climates. To provide a simple and useful index of the climatic impact of urban vegetation, cooling and heating degree days were calculated for each simulation. Comparison of baseline degree days for six modeled cities at various latitudes across the United States with the corresponding historical climate data indicate that the modeling approach was successful in reproducing the general temperature profile characteristics of each city. Simulation results indicate that the regional climate can be significantly cooled through the planting of urban vegetation. For regions of low-to-moderate ambient humidity, increasing the vegetative fraction of the core of a hypothetical city by less than 0.065 resulted in an estimated 3-5% decrease in summertime cooling loads. It is believed that this effect could be doubled by application of a more ambitious program. This energy saving is due to the indirect regional cooling effects of vegetation, and does ndt include the direct energy savings associated with shading of individual buildings. The wintertime energy costs associated with vegetative augmentation were found to be smaller than the summertime savings, and may be negligible in the case of deciduous vegetation. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.://A1998YJ50400006 1352-2310ISI:A1998YJ50400006?Sonne, J. K. Vieira, R. K.2000?Cool neighborhoods: The measurement of small scale heat islands 1307-1318@Proceedings ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings1energy efficiencyRapid population influx in many Sunbelt cities has led to demands for converting natural areas to housing, many times by clear-cutting large tracts of land. This trend may be affecting the climate for existing and future residents and increasing energy bills. The heat island for large cities has been documented, however the impact of tree canopy on micro-climates in suburban environments has not been researched as much. Tree canopy in micro-climates has implications, both for preserving trees within recently constructed developments, as well as for tree-planting programs. To address this issue, temperature measurements were made over a one year period at three Melbourne, Florida sites. The results showed a forested nature park of 19 hectares to be consistently cooler during both summer days and nights than a residential development of 9 hectares and density of 4.6 houses per hectare with an extensive tall tree canopy. This development was, in turn, consistently cooler than a residential development of 37 hectares and density of 10.1 houses per hectare with very few trees. The average July air temperatures in 1992 for the forested undeveloped site, residential site with trees, and residential site without trees measured at the project's main stations were 26.2, 26.9 and 27.8°C respectively at a 2.5-meter height and 26.7, 27.0 and 27.7°C respectively at a 9-meter height. The 2.5-meter temperature differences were greater than 1°C between the two residential sites 93% of the time when both sites had wind speeds greater than 0.5 m/s. Mobile measurements were made on two summer days, with good agreement with the main stations. The mobile measurement made on a sunny day indicated significant localized warming at commercial sites adjacent to the residential development with trees.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034581275&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus>Florida Solar Energy Center, Cape Canaveral, FL, United Stateso}?Wang, F.2006cModelling sheltering effects of trees on reducing space heating in office buildings in a windy city 1443-1454Energy and Buildings3812 energy savingDeccUsing statistical weather analysis, computational fluid dynamics and thermal dynamic simulation, a systematic method was developed to assess quantitatively the effects of a shelterbeft on space heating, particularly with regard to the energy consumption and CO2 emission. It was then applied to estimate the heating loads of two typical office buildings in a windy city located at 57.2North, with and without a shelterbelt. Firstly, the statistical analysis of weather data was carried out to identify the prevailing wind direction during a typical winter heating season in the location. It was to ensure the windbreak planted rightly to maximise its sheltering benefits for the buildings in its leeward. This analysis, which revealed the main weather features in the location, would help to better comprehend the results of the thermal modelling and gain insight of how the load responses to the climate. In the second part, CFD modelling predicted wind reduction due to the shelterbelt under various wind directions. The predicted data were then used to prepare two sets of weather data, the original weather file and the revised one, in which the wind data had taken into account the reduction effect of the windbreak. The third part was a dynamic thermal modelling study where two types of office buildings were selected as the representative offices in Edinburgh for the assessment of sheltering effect on energy saving and CO, reduction. The predicted savings over a heating season due to the shelterbelt were in a range of 16-42% and the actual values in space heating were about 2.2 kWh m(-2) for new office buildings and 14.5 kWh m(-2) for offices converted from conventional houses without insulation improvement. These significant savings were due to the local weather that is typically known as long windy winter with many cloudy days. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000241249100010 0378-7788ISI:000241249100010{? Banister, D. Watson, S. Wood, C.19975Sustainable cities: Transport, energy, and urban form125-143/Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design241energy use urban open spaceThis paper extends the debate over the ideal of the sustainable city, particularly as it relates to transport, by providing empirical evidence, from five case-study cities in the United Kingdom and one in the Netherlands on the links between urban form and energy consumption in transport. It also links energy use measures to the physical, economic, and social structure of the city to determine whether there are significant relationships. Energy-use measures combine all the characteristics of travel (mode, distance, and frequency), together with occupancy, to give a new set of composite measures of travel. The conclusions reached are mixed in that significant relationships have been found, principally between energy use in transport and physical characteristics of the city, such as density, size, and amount of open space. But comparability problems make it difficult to establish definitive relationships.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030825668&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 45 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusiBartlett School of Planning, University College London, 22 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0QB, United Kingdom}? Cairns, J.19975Defining goals and conditions for a sustainable world 1164-1170!Environmental Health Perspectives10511energy use economic issuesNovSustainable development is being approached component by component-socioeconomic, sustainable agriculture, transportation, forestry, energy use, cities, and the like - but, leaving a habitable planet for future generations will require the development of a widely shared paradigm. Further, the paradigm should be ecological from a scientific point of view. This development will be facilitated by a discussion of goals and those conditions necessary to meet them. The presently shared paradigm is that economic growth is the cure for all of society's problems, such as poverty, overpopulation, environmental degradation, and the increasing gap between rich and poor. A paradigm shift from growth to sustainability might result either from suffering painful consequences of continuing to follow out-moded paradigms or by discussing what sort of ecosystems will be available to future generations. The purpose of this paper is to help initiate such a discussion.://000072815000002 0091-6765ISI:000072815000002 ,?Corradini, R. Krimmer, A.2003CTransportation. System comparison of alternative drive technologies51-54:Verkehr. Systemvergleich alternativer antriebstechnologien555 energy useTransportation contributes authoritatively to primary energy use and to emissions in Germany. In the study, "System comparison of alterative technologies" by the Bavarian Hydrogen Initiative (wiba), the specific energy use for the manufacture and use of selected passenger car drive variants is compared with conventional primary energy systems. The discussion covers the variants studied; energy expense in manufacture of the different vehicle types; energy expense during the use of the various vehicle types; other aspects to be considered such as weight saving; summing up; and outlook. The reference vehicle in the study was the Volvo V40, characterized by conventional drive technology at the state of the art and powered by a gasoline direct injection Otto engine and a TDi engine with common rail technology. Alternative drive technologies that have reached market maturity are the bivalent natural gas and autogas drives. As biogenic fuels, there are biodiesel (rapeseed methyl ester, RME) from rapeseed and methanol from forest residues. These alternative motor fuels can not make serious market penetration because their supplies are still limited such that they as a rule are designed for bivalent use. The use of methanol from reformed natural gas is also considered. The PEM fuel cells are considered fuelled with liquid hydrogen. Since this drive concept is still in the development and test phase, the drive system of an Opel Zafira "HydroGen 3" was implemented. Also, the Ford e-Ka was considered. It is a new kind of electro vehicle with lithium ions traction battery. Battery operated electro vehicles are still in a niche market since their range is limited to inner city use. The study demonstrates that there is still from the primary energy standpoint no economical alternative as yet to conventional engines. The research activities of the large automobile manufacturers concentrate on hydrogen/fuel cell technology and on hybrid systems with optimized combustion engines.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0043124401&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}?*Du, B. Zhang, K. M. Song, G. J. Wen, Z. G.2006ZMethodology for an urban ecological footprint to evaluate sustainable development in China245-254BInternational Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology134 energy useAugjThe ecological footprint (EF) is a method for measuring sustainable development through ecological impact. A methodology is presented for predicting urban ecological footprints. Urban energy use and natural resource consumption were analyzed to calculate an EF based on land type (arable, pasture, forest, fossil energy land, built-up area and water area) and consumption (food, housing, transportation, goods, services and waste). The result was then compared with the local ecological carrying capacity to develop criteria for sustainable ecological footprints. Case studies of four cities in China (Guangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou and Yangzhou) illustrate the urban EF approach. The time series of EF in a case study of Guangzhou for 1991-2001 was analyzed and the consumption-land-use matrix of urban EF was established. The results show that the cities are ecologically unsustainable, with average ecological conflicts per capita of more than 2 ha. The urban EF method is useful to measure urban sustainable development and provides policy proposals for decision-making. However, the EF method still has limitations and weaknesses.://000239876800001 1350-4509ISI:000239876800001? Emmanuel, R.1995aEnergy-efficient urban design guidelines for warm-humid cities: strategies for Colombo, Sri Lanka58-79,Journal of Architectural & Planning Research121 energy useoThis paper develops a set of energy-efficient urban design guidelines for an equatorial tropical city (Colombo, Sri Lanka), on the basis of a survey of energy-conserving urban design guidelines developed and applied principally in temperate regions. A total of twenty-two urban design guidelines currently enforced in various US cities and six from the UK are analyzed. These address one or more of the following urban energy requirements: space-conditioning, transportation and embodied energy needs. Problems related to excessive energy use in Colombo, Sri Lanka, are then identified by critically analyzing the "Colombo Development Plan' which legally binds all its urban development. Key factors analyzed are: floor area ratio, plot size, building height, open space, waterfront development, and landscaping. Finally, a hypothetical proposal is made for Colombo. -from Author]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029511736&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus 9}?Fearnside, P. M.1997_Human carrying capacity estimation in Brazilian Amazonia as a basis for sustainable development271-282Environmental Conservation243 energy useSep)Sustainable development requires that population and consumption remain within the limits of carrying capacity, while preventing a decline in the carrying capacity of an area requires that productive systems implanted through development be sustainable. Zoning can be a valuable tool in influencing land-use decisions, but we cannot expect government decrees to be capable of causing the landscape to evolve toward the sustainable patterns which have been recommended through zoning. A prerequisite for influencing land-use change is understanding the social processes involved in land-use decisions, beginning with deforestation dynamics. Work to estimate carrying capacity needs to embrace the wide variety of production systems used and contemplated for Amazonia and to be able to interpret this information at scales ranging from local communities to the region as a whole. This will require not only studies of different land-use systems in rural areas, but also integration with studies of energy use and support limits of urban populations. Risks of environmental impacts must be quantified under different development scenarios, and limits of acceptable risk identified and integrated into analyses of carrying capacity. Tapping the value of environmental services of standing forest represents a promising means of sustaining Amazonia's population over the long term, but numerous obstacles exist. These include halting deforestation before opportunities are lost and supporting the population in non-damaging ways while the institutional groundwork is laid for using the environmental services involved. Research is needed to quantify the magnitude of services and the appropriate monetary value per unit of service. Diplomatic agreement must be reached on these values, which can be expected to be quite different from estimates of the 'true' values based on research. A series of social arrangements must be proposed and implemented if the value derived from environmental services is to fulfil its dual role of maintaining both the forest and the human population in Amazonia.://000071117100009 0376-8929ISI:000071117100009ZF? Holmberg, J.1992Policies for a small planetPolicies for a small planet energy useFA collection of 11 papers in which the International Institute for Environment & Development presents its analysis of the problems of sustainable development and suggests policies for averting global environmental decline, addressed particularly to the South. Beginning with a discussion of what constitutes sustainable development, it goes on to deal with the institutional arrangement needed to mobilise human resources for change and the economic policies essential for sustainable natural resource management. It then examines the policies needed in agriculture, urban development, industry, forests, drylands, energy use, finance, population and consumption. Policy presciptions are biased towards the principle of the greatest possible public participation in order to achieve sustainable development while reducing poverty. -M.Amos]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026452589&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}?}Lebel, L. Garden, P. Banaticla, M. R. N. Lasco, R. D. Contreras, A. Mitra, A. P. Sharma, C. Nguyen, H. T. Ooi, G. L. Sari, A.2007Integrating carbon management into the development strategies of urbanizing regions in Asia - Implications of urban function, form, and role61-81Journal of Industrial Ecology112 energy useSprThe way urbanization unfolds over the next few decades in the developing countries of Asia will have profound implications for sustainability. One of the more important opportunities is to guide urbanization along pathways that begin to uncouple these gains in well-being from rising levels of energy use. Increasing energy use for transport, construction, climate control in houses and offices, and industrial processes is often accompanied by increasing levels of atmospheric emissions that impact human health, ecosystem functions, and the climate system. Agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry alter carbon stocks and fluxes as carbon dioxide, methane, and black carbon. In this article we explore how carbon management could be integrated into the development strategies of cities and urbanizing regions. In particular, we explore how changes in urban form, functions, and roles might alter the timing, aggregation, spatial distribution, and composition of carbon emissions. Our emphasis is on identifying system linkages and points of leverage. The study draws primarily on emission inventories and regional development histories carried out in the regions around the cities of Manila, Jakarta, Ho Chi Minh City, New Delhi, and Chiang Mai. We find that how urban functions, such as mobility, shelter, and food, are provided has major implications for carbon emissions, and that each function is influenced by urban form and role in distinct ways. Our case studies highlight the need for major "U-turns" in urban policy.://000246782200007 1088-1980ISI:000246782200007 }?Livernash, R. Rodenburg, E.19981Population change, resources, and the environment2-+Population Bulletin531 energy useMarThe unprecedented population growth that occurred in the last century and the projected growth in the next will put increasing pressure on the natural environment and threaten the health of the Earth's basic ecosystems. This Population Bulletin examines the likely global impacts of population growth and distribution on food supply, energy consumption, emission of greenhouse gases, forests, oceans, and other environmental factors. The authors review various models developed to explore the complex relationship among population change, consumption levels, resources, and environmental health, and they discuss the various philosophical perspectives that affect the interpretation of model results. Demographic factors such as uneven regional population distribution and growth and migration from rural to urban areas are analyzed in the context of resource use. The authors also look at the interaction of such social factors as poverty, affluence, and consumption patterns with demographic trends and environmental impact. About 90 percent of population growth is occurring in low-income regions such as sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where water supplies and basic health systems are deficient. By 1994, for example, about 1.2 billion people in developing countries still lacked safe water supplies and about 3 billion-more than half the world's population-lacked access to sanitation services. These countries also lack the resources or institutional capacity to invest in sound environmental policies or to reduce the environmental impact of their economic growth. Population growth in rapidly expanding economies in Asia and other areas is accelerating the emission of greenhouse gases that can change the Earth's climate. Populations in industrialized countries are expanding slowly but are major contributors to environmental pressures through their historically high levels of material consumption and energy use. This Population Bulletin also discusses steps already taken by the international community to combat environmental problems and policies most likely to ensure a healthy environment and an abundance of resources in the face of massive population growth and the environmental problems that accompany it.://000072994300001 0032-468XISI:000072994300001V?Nathan, D. Kelkar, G.1997/Wood energy: the role of women's unvalued labor205-224"Gender, technology and development12 energy use Gender issues have been introduced into energy policy considerations as the first round of efforts to mitigate the rural energy crisis (involving noncommercial fuels like wood) with improved technology, such as improved stoves, failed because the specific needs of the users (women) were ignored. Models of household energy use continue to consider the household a unit possessing certain aggregate resources. These models continue to be applied to both rural and urban areas despite the fact that a gender analysis of labor availability in rural households may be necessary to understand the production and consumption of wood fuel and the fact that urban and rural wood fuel use patterns vary considerably. Studies show that the collection, processing, and use of wood fuel is largely a task of women and children who have fewer possible opportunities than men of earning income with their available time. Rural households that collect their own fuel will not have an incentive to invest in an improved stove or more efficient commercial fuels if the time saved by the women from such an investment would not result in more income to the household. Thus, while income plays an important role in sparking a transition from biomass fuels in urban areas, it fails to play such a role in rural areas. Thus, attempts to increase fuel efficiency or fuel switching should focus on increasing women's income-earning opportunities outside of the homestead. Studies of leisure also indicate that sustained underinvestment in women's labor-saving devices also reflects a bias towards male rather than female leisure. A transition up the energy ladder is desirable not only to save women's time and improve the environment but also to improve the health of women and children and calls for village-level solutions.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031129544&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}?AOliver-Sola, J. Nunez, M. Gabarrell, X. Boada, M. Rieradevall, J.2007aService sector metabolism - Accounting for energy impacts of the Montjuic Urban Park in Barcelona83-98Journal of Industrial Ecology112 energy useSprThis article evaluates, from an industrial ecology (IE) perspective, the energy performance of the services inside an urban system and determines their global environmental impact. Additionally, this study determines which are the most energy demanding services and the efficiency of their energy use per visitor and per surface area unit. The urban system under study is the Montjuic urban park in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, which can be considered a services system. In this case study we distinguished the different patterns of consumption among the service fields and, by studying each field individually, found the most efficient facilities and identified the most critical services based on energy use per visitor or per square meter. These findings are based on the use of energy flow accounting (EFA), life-cycle assessment (LCA), and the energy footprint to analyze the Park's technical energy consumption. Electricity consumption represents nearly 70% of the total energy consumed by the services at Montjuic Park. The forest surface area required to absorb the CO2-equivalent emissions produced by the life cycle of the energy consumed at Montjuic Park represents 12.2 times the Park's surface area. We conclude this article by proposing the incorporation of the methods of IE within the study of parks containing multiple services to improve energy management, and as a result, to raise the global environmental performance of the service sector.://000246782200008 1088-1980ISI:000246782200008}?1Pataki, D. E. Xu, T. Luo, Y. Q. Ehleringer, J. R.2007]Inferring biogenic and anthropogenic carbon dioxide sources across an urban to rural gradient307-322 Oecologia1522 energy useMayWe continuously monitored CO2 concentrations at three locations along an urban-to-rural gradient in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah from 2004 to 2006. The results showed a range of CO2 concentrations from daily averages exceeding 500 p.p.m. at the city center to much lower concentrations in a non-urbanized, rural region of the valley. The highest values were measured in the wintertime and under stable atmospheric conditions. At all three sites, we utilized weekly measurements of the C and O isotope composition of CO2 for a 1-year period to evaluate the CO2 sources underlying spatial and temporal variability in CO2 concentrations. The results of an inverse analysis of CO2 sources and the O isotope composition of ecosystem respiration (delta O-18(R)) showed large contributions (> 50%) of natural gas combustion to atmospheric CO2 in the wintertime, particularly at the city center, and large contributions (> 60%) of biogenic respiration to atmospheric CO2 during the growing season, particularly at the rural site. delta O-18(R) was most enriched at the rural site and more isotopically depleted at the urban sites due to the effects of irrigation on ecosystem water pools at the urban sites. The results also suggested differences in the role of leaf versus soil respiration between the two urban sites, with seasonal variation in the contribution of leaf respiration at a residential site and relatively constant contributions of leaf respiration at the city center. These results illustrate that spatial and temporal patterns of urban CO2 concentrations and isotopic composition can be used to infer patterns of energy use by urban residents as well as plant and soil processes in urban areas.://000246276200013 0029-8549ISI:000246276200013$? Rooks, A.2004:Technology summit II targets 'the challenge of deployment'49-50 Solutions876 energy use Technology Summit II, held in Peachtree City, Georgia, USA, from March 29-April 1, 2004, was designed to refine the forest industry's research agenda and move specific projects forward. The summit included leaders representing manufacturing, government, and academia, all working towards a common goal to begin the technology development stage of the Agenda 2020, a slate of research pathways for forest products industry, designed to improve competitiveness and reduce energy use. The presentation on Positively Impacting the Environment, considered options for communicating the industry's environmental performance. One of the presentations named A Societal Assessment of the Agenda 2020 Vision focused on designing a process to assess pre-competitive investments and deliver improved industry economics and high societal values. The speakers at the Summit felt that a close observance is required at projects that are ready for development, which will create partnerships with society to grow and compete in a productive environment.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744816811&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus ?Skinner, C. J.1992#Climate as a factor in urban design251-253ENational Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia92 pt 5 energy useThe climate of a place changes just because a city is built there: among other things cities are warmer than the nearby countryside. In the warmer parts of Australia, this effect is not welcome. Energy use for airconditioning increases, resulting in burning of more fossil fuels and more greenhouse gases. During heatwaves, death rates in cities rise above those in rural areas. To conserve energy and improve the health and comfort of citydwellers, cities can be designed to provide the best possible climate for their inhabitants. Street layouts can be planned to achieve the best combination of ventilation and wind sheltering, taking both winter and summer climate into account. Increasing the reflection of solar radiation from city surfaces is essential in hot dry climate, whereas ventilation is of greatest importance in warm humid, rainy climates. In terms of reducing carbon dioxide output, urban tree plantings are far more effective than rural afforestation.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027067735&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusB}?$Uddin, A. Islam, A. K. Reazuddin, M.1996GAn inventory of greenhouse gas emissions in Bangladesh: Initial results300-303Ambio254 energy useJunKIn this paper, we present an inventory of greenhouse gas sources and sinks in Bangladesh for the year 1990. Because CO2 is believed to be the principal contributor to global climate change worldwide, and energy use is the largest source of CO2 emissions, much effort was made to analyze the Bangladesh energy system. Carbon emissions and carbon uptake in forests were also accounted for. Emissions of methane from agriculture, livestock, and urban landfill waste were also included in the inventory. In 1990, energy production using fossil fuels accounted for 15.5 Tg of CO2 emissions. Carbon emissions resulting from forestry were also calculated. It was found that about 5.46 Tg of carbon was removed/consumed from the forest sources in 1990. On the other hand, about 12.32 Tg of carbon was taken up in forests. Based on these numbers, which exclude bamboo, the forests of Bangladesh acted as a net sink for approximately 6.86 Tg of carbon in 1990. Methane emissions in 1990 from flooded rice cultivation ranged between 257 and 622 Gg, with a median of 439 Gg CH4. Methane emissions from the livestock sector were about 453 Gg CH4. About 5.92 Gg CH4 are emitted due to venting, flaring, and transmission and distribution of natural gas. Methane emissions from landfilled wastes in the major urban areas of Bangladesh contributed approximately 74 Gg CH4.://A1996UZ30400017 0044-7447ISI:A1996UZ30400017?Akbari, Hashem Taha, Haider1992hImpact of trees and white surfaces on residential heating and cooling energy use in four Canadian cities141-149Energy172energy use cooling energy useWe have investigated the potential of using vegetation and high-albedo materials in Toronto, Edmonton, Montreal, and Vancouver, Canada, to modify the urban microclimate, thereby saving residential heating and cooling energy use. Parametric computer simulations of microclimates and energy performance of prototypical houses were our primary analysis tools. The building prototypes included a detached one-story and a detached two-story single family house, as well as a row house. The simulations indicated that by increasing the vegetative cover of the neighborhood by 30% (corresponding to about three trees per house) and increasing the albedo of the houses by 20% (from moderate-dark to medium-light color), the heating energy in Toronto can be reduced by about 10% in urban houses and 20% in rural houses, whereas cooling energy can be reduced by 40 and 30%, respectively. The annual savings in heating and cooling costs for different houses ranged from $30 to $180 in urban areas and from $60 to $400 in rural zones. In urban houses of Edmonton, Montreal, and Vancouver, savings in heating energy use were about 10%. Cooling energy can be totally offset in Edmonton and Vancouver, and average savings of 35% can be achieved in Montreal.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026818690&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 QCited By (since 1996): 15 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus energy use+Univ of California, Berkeley, United StatesF?Konopacki, S. Akbari, H.2000nEnergy savings calculations for heat island reduction strategies in Baton Rouge, Sacramento and Salt Lake City@Proceedings ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings9benergy use cooling shade shading energy saving energy efficiency heat island urban heat island UHI-This paper summarizes our efforts to calculate the potential annual energy savings, peak power avoidance and annual CO2 reduction from heat island reduction (HIR) measures (i.e., shade trees, reflective roofs, reflective pavements and urban vegetation) in three cities: Baton Rouge, Sacramento and Salt Lake City. We focused on three building types that offer most savings potential: single-family residence, office and retail store; and characterized each by old or new construction and with a gas furnace or electric heat pump. We simulated the impact of HIR measures on building cooling and heating energy use and peak power demand using the DOE-2.1E model. Our simulations included the impact of (1) strategically-placed shade trees near buildings, (2) use of high-albedo roofing material on building, (3) combined measures 1 and 2, (4) cooling of ambient air resulting from implementation of HIR measures, and (5) combined measures 1, 2 and 4. The results show that in Baton Rouge potential annual energy savings of $15M could be realized by rate-payers from the implementation of HIR measures, additionally, peak power avoidance is estimated at 133 MW and the reduction in annual carbon at 41 kt. In Sacramento the potential benefits are estimated at $26M, 486 MW and 92 kt, and in Salt Lake City, $4M, 85 MW and 20 kt.-Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Akbari, H., Bretz, S., Kurn, D., Hanford, J., Peak power and cooling energy savings of high-Albedo roofs (1997) Energy and Buildings, 25, pp. 117-126; Akbari, H., Konopacki, S., Eley, C., Wilcox, B., Van Geem, M., Parker, D., Calculations for reflective roofs in support of Standard 90.1 (1998) ASHRAE Transactions, 104 (1), pp. 984-995; Akbari, H., Kurn, D., Bretz, S., Hanford, J., Peak power and cooling energy savings of shade trees (1997) Energy and Buildings, 25, pp. 139-148; Akridge, J., High-Albedo roof coatings - Impact on energy consumption (1998) ASHRAE Technical Data Bulletin, 14 (2); American housing survey for the (New Orleans, Sacramento & Salt Lake City) Metropolitan Area in (1995, 1996 & 1992) (1994), AHS; US Department of Commerce: Economics and Statistics Administration & Bureau of the CensusBoutwell, C., Salinas, Y., Building for the future - Phase I: An energy saving materials research project (1986), Oxford: Mississippi Power Co., Rohm and Haas Co. and the University of MississippiBretz, S., Akbari, H., Long-term performance of high-Albedo roof coatings (1997) Energy and Buildings, 25, pp. 159-167; (1998) Cool Roofing Materials Database (CRMD), , http://eetd.lbl.gov/coolroof; (1997) DOE/EIA-0383(97) Annual Energy Outlook 1997, , Energy Information Administration (EIA); Tables A8 and A19; Gartland, L., Konopacki, S., Akbari, H., Modeling the effects of reflective roofing (1996) ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, 4, pp. 117-124. , Pacific Grove, Calif; Hildebrandt, E., Bos, W., Moore, R., Assessing the impacts of white roofs on building energy loads (1998) ASHRAE Technical Data Bulletin, 14 (2); Konopacki, S., Akbari, H., Energy savings calculations for heat island reduction strategies in Baton Rouge, Sacramento and Salt Lake City (2000), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-42890. Berkeley, CalifKonopacki, S., Akbari, H., Simulated impact of roof surface solar absorptance, attic, and duct insulation on cooling and heating energy use in single-family new residential buildings (1998), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-41834. Berkeley, CalifKonopacki, S., Akbari, H., Gartland, L., Rainer, L., Demonstration of energy savings of cool roofs (1998), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-40673. Berkeley, CalifKonopacki, S., Akbari, H., Pomerantz, M., Gabersek, S., Gartland, L., Cooling energy savings potential of light-colored roofs for residential and commercial buildings in 11 US Metropolitan Areas (1997), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-39433. Berkeley, CalifParker, D., Huang, J., Konopacki, S., Gartland, L., Sherwin, J., Gu, L., Measured and simulated performance of reflective roofing systems in residential buildings (1998) ASHRAE Transactions, 104 (1), pp. 963-975; Parker, D., Sonne, J., Sherwin, J., Demonstration of cooling savings of light colored roof surfacing in Florida commercial buildings: Retail strip mall (1997), Florida Solar Energy Center Report FSEC-CR-964-97. Cocoa, FloTaha, H., Chang, S.C., Akbari, H., Modeling the potential meteorological and ozone air quality impacts of the US EPA's Urban heat island pilot project (UHIPP) in five US regions (1999), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-44222. Berkeley, CalifTaha, H., Constructing full-year modified weather based on episodic meteorological simulation results (1999), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-44107. Berkeley, CalifTaha, H., Konopacki, S., Gabersek, S., Modeling the meteorological and energy effects of urban heat islands and their mitigation: A 10 region study (1996), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-39335. Berkeley, CalifUR - http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034581652&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 energy use? Banister, D.1996BEnergy, quality of life and the environment: The role of transport23-35Transport Reviews161-energy use energy efficiency urban open spaceETransport has a major role in advanced economies in the movement of people and goods, in maintaining standards of living and in improving the quality of life. However, it is also a major consumer of non-renewable sources of energy and is responsible for much of the growth in pollution emissions. These two conflicting views, together with congestion and delay, health effects and accidents, have raised transport as one of the main unresolved problems facing decision makers at the end of the 20th century. This paper examines the patterns of energy use in transport and how they have changed over the last two decades. It then establishes the links between urban form and energy consumption in the transport sector. This has formed the basis of a series of major research projects in the U.K. and elsewhere. The analysis focuses on settlement size, density and other physical factors, but also develops measures of the economic base and social structure of the city. All these factors seem important in determining levels of energy use in transport. It is concluded that although energy efficiency in all forms of transport is increasing, this is more than outweighed by the growth in traffic. Energy use in transport is likely to continue to increase and it will be difficult to meet the targets set at the 1992 Rio Summit. Moreover, the tendency to live at lower densities, to value open space and a higher quality of life, to commute long distances, to establish complex activity patterns, all mean that it is very difficult to change these trends. As cities themselves become more dispersed and looser agglomerations, the prime concern of planners should be to make cities more attractive places in which to live. That is the only way to maintain the city in the next century and transport inefficiency may be one of the costs of achieving that objective.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029799748&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 12 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusNBartlett School of Planning, University College London, London, United Kingdom? Barton, Hugh1992Is transport a delight67-80Applied energy431-3energy use energy efficiencyIUp to now the concept of energy efficiency was widely applied to buildings and to industry, but the growing energy use i transport was largely ignored. If we are to incorporate this sector into our thinking, then this implies a review of urban and regional planning strategies as well as the transport policy per se. There are already signs of recognition in some sections of UK Government that the delights of unrestrained mobility need to be curtailed. Real changes can occur when altered public consciousness and altered government priorities work together for a sustainable future.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026748131&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus,Bristol Polytechnic, Bristol, United Kingdom ?John Arnfield, A.1998Micro- and mesoclimatology533-544Progress in Physical Geography224[energy use influence of pollution on trees urban trees air quality influence of urban trees]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001152420&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 NCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: Scopus energy useDepartment of Geography, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210-1361, United States? Kollin, C.2003San Antonio: Ripples of change7-10American Forests1091=energy use air quality influence of urban trees water quality(The plans of officials of San Antonio to give the city favourable environmental conditions are discussed. The city area is trying to improve the air quality, water quality and to meet the energy requirements of its residents. It is reported that the tree cover in the city helped to reduce the air conditioning costs and to improve the air quality. Integrating trees in to all aspects of community development has helped the city to meet the air quality standards, reduce flooding and to find ways to expand urban growth with environmental sensitivity.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3242666883&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 5Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus energy use$American Forest, Urban Forest Center|?,McPherson, E. G. Scott, K. I. Simpson, J. R.1998Estimating cost effectiveness of residential yard trees for improving air quality in Sacramento, California, using existing models75-84Atmospheric Environment321 energy use shade shading energy saving air quality influence of urban trees air pollution mitigation urban forestry pollutant deposition hydrocarbon emission natural resource valuation VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS EMISSION RATE VARIABILITY UNITED-STATES OZONE HYDROCARBONS ISOPRENE benefitsJanThe Sacramento Municipal Utility District's (SMUD) shade tree program will result in the planting of 500,000 trees and has been found to produce net benefits from air conditioning savings. In this study we assume three scenarios (base, highest, and lowest benefits) based on the SMUD program and apply Best Available Control Technology (BACT) cost analysis to determine if shade trees planted in residential yards can be a cost effective means to improve air quality. Planting and maintenance costs, pollutant deposition, and biogenic hydrocarbon emissions are estimated annually for 30 years with existing deterministic models. For the base case, the average annual dollar benefit of pollutant uptake was $895 and the cost of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions was $512, for a net pollutant uptake benefit of $383 per 100 trees planted. The uniform annual payment necessary to repay planting and maintenance costs with a 10% rate of interest was $749. When high biogenic hydrocarbon emitting tree species were replaced with low-emitters, the base case benefit-cost ratio (BCR) increased from 0.5:1 to 0.9:1. The BCR for the ''highest'' and ''lowest'' benefit cases were 2.2:1 and -0.8:1, respectively. Although SMUD plantings produce cost effective energy savings, our application of the BACT analysis does not suggest convincing evidence that there is cost savings when only air quality benefits are considered. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.://A1998YJ50400009 energy use 1352-2310ISI:A1998YJ50400009)}?JKrause, C. W. Lockard, B. Newcomb, T. J. Kibler, D. Lohani, V. Orth, D. J.2004TPredicting influences of urban development on thermal habitat in a warm water stream 1645-16583Journal of the American Water Resources Association406 shade shadingDecWatershed and aquatic ecosystem management requires methods to predict and understand thermal impacts on stream habitat from urbanization. This study evaluates thermal effects of projected urbanization using a modeling framework and considers the biological implications to the fish community. The Stream Network Temperature Model (SNTEMP) was used in combination with the Hydrologic Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF) to assess changes in stream thermal habitat under altered streamflow, shade, and channel width associated with low, medium, and high density urban developments in the Back Creek watershed (Roanoke County, Virginia). Flow alteration by the high density development scenario alone caused minimal heating of mean daily summer base flow (mean +0.1degreesC). However, when flow changes were modeled concurrently with reduced shade and increased channel width, mean daily temperature increased 1degreesC. Maximum daily temperatures exceeding the state standard (31degreesC) increased from 1.1 to 7.6 percent of the time using summer 2000 climatic conditions. Model results suggest that additional urban development will alter stream temperature, potentially limiting thermal habitat and shifting the fish community structure from intolerant to tolerant fish species in Back Creek. More research is needed on the sublethal or chronic effects of increased stream temperature regimes on fish, particularly for those species already living in habitats near their upper limits.://000226335800018 1093-474XISI:000226335800018F?McPherson, G. E. Geiger, J.2005.Environmental benefits of trees in urban areasPlanning Advisory Service MemoMAR/APRBshade shading soils urban soils water runoff urban heat island UHI=Trees are now part of urban planning. They are now recognized for their health benefits, increasing property values, attracting business, conserve energy, improve air quality, reduce storm water runoff and many others. Since the Clean Water Act regulations require municipalities to manage storm water runoff, trees have been a healthy, environment-friendly and cheap solution. Trees intercepts water when it is raining. This acts as a first line of defense in the battle for nonpoint-source pollution. The growth of their roots and decomposition increases the capacity and rate of soil infiltration by rainfall and decreases overland flow. Soil erosion is reduced by tree canopies by diminishing the impact of raindrops on barren surfaces. In addition, soil moisture is reduced through tree transpiration which increase the soil's capacity to store rainfall. In addition to benefits for agriculture, the energy benefits include shading which decrease the amount of radiant energy absorbed and stored by built surfaces and reduces the infiltration of outside air into interior spaces. Air quality is improved by means of absorbing gaseous pollutants through leaf surfaces, intercepting particulate matter on plant surfaces, releasing oxygen through photosynthesis and reduces evaporative hydrocarbon emissions from parked vehicles. They also sequester CO2 directly as woody and foliar biomass and reduce the demand for heating and air conditioning when near buildings. Trees can also be incorporated in a parking lot since it is a fact that a parking lot in a city is like a miniature heat island.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35448992919&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopuszCenter for Urban Forest Research, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service Center for Urban Forest Research<?%Corchnoy, S. B. Arey, J. Atkinson, R.1992]Hydrocarbon emissions from twelve urban shade trees of the Los Angeles, California, Air Basin339-3481Atmospheric Environment - Part B Urban Atmosphere263shade shading energy use2The large-scale planting of shade trees in urban areas to counteract heat-island effects and to minimize energy use is currently being discussed. Among the costs to be considered in a cost benefit analysis of such a program is the potential for additional reactive organic compounds in the atmosphere due to emissions from these trees. In this program, 15 species of potential shade trees for the Los Angeles Air Basin were studied and emission rates were determined for 11 of these trees, with one further tree (Crape myrtle) exhibiting no detectable emissions. The emission rates normalized to dry leaf weight and corrected to 30°C were (in ?g g-1 h-1), ranked from lowest to highest emission rate: Crape myrtle, none detected; Camphor, 0.03, Aleppo pine, 0.15; Deodar cedar, 0.29; Italian Stone pine, 0.42; Monterey pine, 0.90; Brazilian pepper, 1.3; Canary Island pine, 1.7; Ginkgo, 3.0; California pepper, 3.7; Liquidambar, 37; Carrotwood, 49. In addition to the emission rates per unit biomass, the biomass per tree must be factored into any assessment of the relative merits of the various trees, since some trees have higher biomass constants than others. The present data shows that there are large differences in emission rates among different tree species and this should be factored into decision-making as to which shade trees to plant. Based solely on the presently determined emission rates, the Crape myrtle and Camphor tree are good choices for large-scale planting, while the Carrotwood tree and Liquidambar are poor choices due to their high isoprene emission rates.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026808966&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 37 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus`Statewide Air Pollution Res Center, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States?Zixue, S. Jianshe, C.2005/Experience in the treatment of male infertility163-170<Erfahrungen mit der behandlung von ma?nnlicher infertilita?t204"Qi deficiency" of the kidney functional system (depletio of o. Renalis, shenxu) Chinese phytotherapy Damp-heat (color humidus, shire) Male infertility Stases and toxic agents coolingIn this article the authors focus on the experience gathered by Professor Wang Qi in the treatment of male infertility. In contrast to the situation that is generally the case in Chinese medicine in which a qi deficiency in the kidney functional system (depletio of o. renalis, shen xu) is described as the pathogenic mechanism, Professor Wang believes that, in addition to this depletion of the Kidney functional system, damp-heat (color humidus, shire), stases and toxic agents also are involved. He substantiates this by reference to the many changes that have taken place in people's lifestyles over the years. The authors explain the significance of the Liver, spleen and kidney functional systems (oo. hepaticus, lienalis et renalis, gan pi shen) with regard to this disorder and they also indicate how necessary it is to identify the patterns of symptoms precisely, as is fundamental practice in Chinese medicine. Three important methods of treatment are presented: suppletion, mobilising the xue and freeing up the network conduits (reticulares, Iw) as well as cooling heat (color, re), eliminating dampness (humor, shi) and removal of toxic agents. In each case, the major prescriptions and individual substances are provided. In conclusion, three case studies are used to illustrate the approaches described. In all three cases, the treatment resulted in the patients' partners becoming pregnant. © Urban & Vogel.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-29944446046&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusHKrankenhaus fu?r Chinesische Medizin der Provinz Henan, Zhengzhou, China ?*Fischer, G. Prieler, S. Van Velthuizen, H.2005Biomass potentials of miscanthus, willow and poplar: Results and policy implications for Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asia119-132Biomass and Bioenergy282uAgro-ecological zones methodology Biomass energy Land suitability for willow miscanthus poplar urban soils energy useuOver the past 20 years, the term agro-ecological zones methodology (AEZ) has become widely used for global regional and national assessments of agricultural potentials. The AEZ methodologies and procedures have recently been extended and newly implemented to make use of the latest digital geographical databases. At the same time a companion model of AEZ has been developed that enables assessments of potential productivity of forest tree species. AEZ follows an environmental approach; provides a standardized framework for the characterization of climate, soil and terrain conditions relevant to crop and forest species production; uses environmental matching procedures to identify limitations of prevailing climate, soil and terrain for assumed management objectives. The AEZ model includes an inventory of ecological adaptability characteristics as well as an inventory of specific ecological and environmental requirements for crop and forest tree species. The natural resources inventory is based on an up-to-date GIS database of climate, soil, terrain and vegetation covering China, Europe, Mongolia and the former Soviet Union. Results of potential productivity for miscanthus, willow and poplars in countries of Eastern Europe and Northern and Central Asia are presented for (i) all suitable areas, (ii) all suitable areas but excluding forests, urban areas and land that is potentially highly suitable for cereal production. The results show a large variation in potentials for bio-energy in the various countries. In a few countries - Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, Georgia, Belarus and Azerbaijan, the potential for producing energy from miscanthus, poplar and willow alone is more than one-third of the current commercial energy use in these countries, even when forests and land potentially highly suitable for cereals are excluded from the assessment. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-9544242764&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 OCited By (since 1996): 10 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus energy use<Intl. Inst. Appl. Syst. Anal. S., A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria a?5Rosenfeld, A. H. Akbari, H. Romm, J. J. Pomerantz, M.1998JCool communities: Strategies for heat island mitigation and smog reduction51-62Energy and Buildings281>Air conditioning Commercial buildings Cool communities Cool roofs Energy Heat islands Implementation Incentives Ozone Pavements Policy Residential buildings Savings Simulation Smog South Coast USA Trees Utilities air quality influence of urban trees urban heat island UHI energy use cooling shade shading energy savingAdopting our 'cool communities' strategies of reroofing and repaying in lighter colors and planting shade trees can effect substantial energy savings, directly and indirectly. In our target city of Los Angeles, annual residential air-conditioning (A/C) bills can be reduced directly by about US$100 M and, because these strategies serve to cool the air in the Los Angeles basin and reduce smog exceedance levels by about 10%, an additional savings of US$70 M in indirect cooling and US$360 M in smog-reduction benefits - a total savings of about US$1/2 B per year - is possible. Trees are most effective if they shade buildings, but the savings are significant even if they merely cool the air by evapotranspiration. In Los Angeles, avoided peak power for air conditioning can reach about 1.5 GW (more than 15% of the city's air conditioning). Generalized to the entire US, we estimate that 25 GW can be avoided with potential annual benefits of about US$5 B by the year 2015. Recent steps taken by cities in the warm half of US towards adoption of cool communities include (1) incorporation of cool roofs in the revised ASHRAE building standards S90.1 and (2) inclusion of cool surfaces and shade trees as tradeable smog-offset credits in Los Angeles. Other step underway include (1) plans by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to approve heat island mitigation measures in the state implementation plan to comply with ozone standards and (2) plans for ratings and labeling of cool surfaces. © 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032136438&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 OCited By (since 1996): 24 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: Scopus energy useUS Department of Energy, EE-40, 1000 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, United States Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United Statesa?Simpson, J. R. McPherson, E. G.1998_Simulation of tree shade impacts on residential energy use for space conditioning in Sacramento69-74Atmospheric Environment321Air conditioning Tree planting Tree shade Urban forest energy use cooling shade shading energy use energy efficiency urban forest, property cooling, energy use tree plantingSTree shade reduces summer air conditioning demand and increases winter heating load by intercepting solar energy that would otherwise heat the shaded structure. We evaluate the magnitude of these effects here for 254 residential properties participating in a utility sponsored tree planting program in Sacramento, California. Tree and building characteristics and typical weather data are used to model hourly shading and energy used for space conditioning for each building for a period of one year. There were an average of 3.1 program trees per property which reduced annual and peak (8 h average from 1 to 9 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time) cooling energy use 153 kWh (7.1%) and 0.08 kW (2.3%) per tree, respectively. Annual heating load increased 0.85 GJ (0.80 MBtu, 1.9%) per tree. Changes in coolihg load were smaller, but percentage changes larger, for newer buildings. Averaged over all homes, annual cooling savings of $15.25 per tree were reduced by a heating penalty of $5.25 per tree, for net savings of $10.00 per tree from shade. We estimate an annual cooling penalty of $2.80 per tree and heating savings of $6.80 per tree from reduced wind speed, for a net savings of $4.00 per tree, and total annual savings of $14.00 per tree ($43.00 per property). Results are found to be consistent with previous simulations and the limited measurements available.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031986305&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 12 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Akbari, H., Taha, H., The impact of trees and white surfaces on residential heating and cooling energy use in four Canadian cities (1992) Energy, 17 (2), pp. 141-149; Akbari, H., Bretz, S.E., Hanford, J.W., Kurn, D.M., Fishman, B.L., Taha, H.G., Bos, W., Monitoring peak power and cooling energy savings of shade trees and white surfaces in the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) service area (1993) Report Lbl-34411, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, , University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; (1992) Residential Manual for Compliance with the Energy Efficiency Standards (For Low-rise Residential Buildings), , Publication P400-92-002, California Energy Commission, 1516 Ninth St, Sacramento, CA 95814; Dirr, M.A., (1977) Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses, , Stipes Publishing Company, Champaign, Illinois; (1992) Micropas4 V4.0 User's Manual, , Enercomp, Inc. 1851 Heritage Way, Suite 187, Sacramento, CA 95815; Hildebrandt, E., Maximizing the energy benefits of urban forestation (1996) Proceedings of the ACEEE 1996 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, 9, pp. 9123-9131. , Asilomar, California, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Washington, D.C; Huang, Y.J., Akbari, H., Taha, H., Rosenfeld, A.H., The potential of vegetation in reducing summer cooling loads in residential buildings (1987) Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 26, pp. 1103-1116; Huang, J., Akbari, H., Taha, H., The wind-shielding and shading effects of trees on residential heating and cooling requirements (1990) ASHRAE Transactions, 96, pp. 1403-1411; Heisler, G.M., Mean wind speed below building height in residential neighborhoods with different tree densities (1990) ASHRAE Transactions, 96, pp. 1389-1396; Heisler, G.M., Computer simulation for optimizing windbreak placement to save energy for heating and cooling buildings (1991) Trees and Sustainable Development: the 3rd National Windbreaks and Agroforestry Symposium Proceedings, pp. 100-104. , Ridgetown College, Ridgetown; Johnson, H., (1978) The International Book of Trees, , Mitchell Beazley; McPherson, E.G., Benefits and costs of tree planting and care in chicago (1994) Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Final Report of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project, pp. 117-135. , eds E. G. McPherson, D. J. Nowak, R. Rowntree, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA; McPherson, E.G., Evaluating the cost effectiveness of shade trees for demand-side management (1995) Electricity Journal, 6, pp. 57-65; McPherson, E.G., Net benefits of healthy and productive urban forests (1995) Urban Forest Landscapes, Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives, pp. 188-194. , ed. G. A. Bradley, University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA; McPherson, E.G., Brown, R., Rowntree, R.A., Simulating tree shadow patterns for building energy analysis (1985) Solar 85: Proceedings of the National Passive Solar Conference, pp. 378-382. , eds A. T. Wilson and W. Glennie, American Solar Energy Society, Boulder, Colarado; McPherson, E.G., Sacamano, P.L., (1992) Energy Savings with Trees in Southern California, , Technical Report U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Western Center for Urban Forest Research, Davis, California; McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., Shade trees as a demand-side resource (1995) Home Energy, 12, pp. 11-17; Treefinder (1994) A Shade Tree User Manual. A Tree Selection Guide, , Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco, California; (1994) Demand-side Management Resource Plan, 3. , Resource Planning and Evaluation Department. Sacramento, California; (1995) Shade Tree Program Impact Evaluation, , Sacramento Municipal Utility District, Monitoring and Evaluation Dept. Sacramento, California; Sailor, D.J., Rainer, L., Akbari, H., Measured impact of neighborhood tree cover on microclimate (1992) Proceedings of the 1992 Aceee Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, 9, pp. 9149-9157. , American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Washington, D.C; Sand, M.A., Huelman, P.H., Planting for energy conservation in minnesota communities (1993) Summary Report for 1991-93 LCMR Research Project, , Department of Natural Resources, Forestry, St. Paul, Minnesota; Simpson, J.R., McPherson, E.G., Rowntree, R.A., Potential of tree shade for reducing building energy use in the PG & E service area (1994) Final Report to Pacific Gas and Electric Company, , San Francisco, California; Gerhold, H.D., Lacasse, N.L., Wandell, W.N., (1993), Publications Office, 112 Agricultural Administration Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PAHogan, E.L., (1988) Sunset Western Garden Book, 5th Edn, , Lane Publishing, Menlo Park, California; Thayer, R., Maeda, B., Measuring street tree impact on solar performance: A five-climate computer modeling study (1985) Journal of Arboric., 11, pp. 1-12 energy useqPacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States u? Karaoz, M. O.2003:Air pollution effects on forest trees in Balikesir, Turkey269-279%Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus35-6Air pollution Air pollution impacts on Pinus brutia Air pollution impacts on Pinus nigra Forest impacts of air pollution in Turkey Forests Sulfur dioxide(Air pollution has become an actual problem in Balikesir because of rapid urbanisation and increasing of the polluting sources. Air pollution problems occur under the unfavorable meteorological conditions which increase in frequency of occurrence in winter due to use of low quality lignite coals for heating. The 'Protection of Air Quality' in Turkey dated 1986 is based on the human health criteria. But the critical limit values are lethal for the forest trees as far as SO2 is concerned. The field observations showed that leaves of the trees have yellow spots indicating acid burns in Balikesir. This study aims at determining the relationships between the SO2 concentrations in the air under selected climatic conditions, and the effects of air pollution on forest trees in Balikesir. Samples of leaves were collected from the City Parks in Balikesir, Deg?irmenbog?azi forested area located 10 km far from Balikesir on the Balikesir-Bursa highway, and from the forestation areas near the Balikesir-Edremit highway. Sulfur contents of the leaves were very high especially in the city (2650-5300 ?g m-3). Samples from other areas had values lower than this range but above the usual values (850-3612 ?g m-3). The diameter increments of the trees were found to be lower and these results clearly showed the adverse impacts. Negative correlations were found between these sulfur concentrations and the daily mean temperatures and wind speeds. Positive correlation was seen between these concentrations and pressures, humidities. Emission sources must be controlled in order to safeguard the forests which protects the soil, facilitate water production, assimilate carbon dioxide in air and produce oxygen. It must be considered that the problems are not only regional but have a global identity. © 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4344683556&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusiSoil Science and Ecology Department, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy, Istanbul, Turkeyn?1Loppi, S. Bosi, A. Signorini, C. De Dominicis, V.2003tLichen recolonization of Tilia trees in Arezzo (Tuscany, central Italy) under conditions of decreasing air pollution175-185Cryptogamie, Mycologie242CAir quality Biodiversity Biomonitoring Italy Lichens RecolonizationHThe results of a biomonitoring survey carried out in the town of Arezzo (central Italy) using the biodiversity of epiphytic lichens as indicator of environmental quality are reported. Lichen biodiversity counts raised progressively with distance from the old town centre, with concentric zones extending from the central parts towards the edge of town. Compared with the situation of 1994, ameliorating conditions were found, with higher biodiversity values and new colonizing species at all stations. This trend was confirmed by analytical measurements, which showed decreasing values for the most common phytotoxic gaseous pollutants (SO2, NOX). Increasing use of unleaded fuel and catalytic vehicles, as well as areas of the town closed to traffic and conversion to methane for domestic heating are probable reasons for this improvement.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0042879423&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopuscDipto. Sci. Ambientali G. Sarfatti, Universita? di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy1?Georgi, N. J. Zafiriadis, K.20067The impact of park trees on microclimate in urban areas195-209Urban Ecosystems93cAir temperature Relative humidity Shade trees Solar radiation Thermal comfort cooling shade shadingTrees in cities have an important positive effect on people's lives. One such positive effect is the amelioration of microclimate. The aim of this research is to assess the correlation between parameters that affect the microclimate of parks during the summer. We measured air temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation in the sun and shade of the trees in urban parks in Thessaloniki, Greece. The results indicate that: the air (A) temperature reduction percentage (dTair%), air relative humidity increase (dTRh%), discontent index reduction percentage (DI%) (cooling effect) and solar radiation (L) percentage that passes through the trees' foliage to their shade creates an exponential function of dA% = a.e-bL. These functions are also applicable to the limiting variation values of the parameters. If we use L = 0 (meaning Lightsh = 0, which is the case for an extremely dense tree), then the values that we expect from this particular parameter are the maximum possible. These maximum values are a characteristic feature of the parameter variation for this particular research area. These maximum values for the trees in the parks of Thessaloniki are: maxdTair% ? 24%, maxdRh% ? 41% and maxdDI% ?16%.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33747656335&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusHellenic Open University, Ministry of Environment, Planning and Public Works, P.O. Box. 13680, 10310 Athens, Greece Dept. of Financial and Management Engineering, Business School, University of the Aegean, Karolou St, Athens, GreeceB?Costa, M. Baldasano, J. M.1996WDevelopment of a source emission model for atmospheric pollutants in the Barcelona area309-318Atmospheric Environment302cAir traffic emissions Domestic heating Emission factors Emission inventories Road traffic emissionsWe describe the EMITEMA-EIM atmospheric emission model, and how it has been used along with CORINAIR emission factors to estimate the annual emissions in the Barcelona area in 1990. The study area is a 39 x 39 km2 square with a high population density and important industrial activities. The space and time resolution of the emissions is, respectively, 1 km2 and 1 h. The pollutants considered were NO(x), CO, SO2, particles, methane and several VOCs (alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and aldehydes). The emission sources studied were road traffic, air traffic, industrial activities, gas stations, domestic heating and biogenic emission from forests. Methodologies for each of these sources are described in this paper. Finally, we present and analyse the results.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029656253&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 24 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusInst Tecnol Modelitzacio Ambiental, Universitat Politecnica Catalunya, Apartat de Correus 508, 08220 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain ?Shashua-Bar, L. Hoffman, M. E.2003PGeometry and orientation aspects in passive cooling of canyon streets with trees61-68Energy and Buildings351|Architectural climatic design tools Environmental design Shade trees Thermal comfort Urban climate Urban street canyon energy use cooling shade shading energy use urban climate environmental design urban street canyon shade trees architectural climatic design tools thermal comfort URBAN CANYON DESIGN MODEL TEMPERATURE design issues cooling, energy use design issues urban design.As streets usually cover more than a quarter of the urban area, canyon street morphology plays an important role in creating the urban climate. It directly influences the air temperature, moisture and wind flow within the streets as well as the urban surrounding area and has been the topic in several urban climatology studies. Recently, studies based on the street cluster thermal time constant (CTTC) model have been carried out by the authors with a view to assessing the thermal effects of alternative architectural designs of the flanking buildings and inner courtyards. The effect of green spaces, especially that of shade trees which plays a significant role in solar radiation penetration, has not yet been considered. In the CTTC model, passive cooling of the street by solar heating attenuation is governed mainly by the street orientation and its geometry as measured by the aspect ratio of flanking buildings height to street width. The tree shading coverage largely offsets the contribution of these two factors. Moreover, significant thermal effects are provided by the tree canopy, in addition to the direct solar radiation. Accordingly, adjustments are called for in the currently used canyon street models. The present paper discusses the geometry and orientation aspects of the canyon street climate and how these aspects are affected and can be reconciled in the presence of shade trees. Some consequences of environmental design of urban spaces and their effects on outdoor thermal comfort are also considered. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037210760&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 NCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: Scopus energy useFaculty of Arch. and Town Planning, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel Natl. Building Research Institute, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel ?0Yan, W. D. Tian, D. L. Xiang, W. H. Huang, Z. H.2006YSeasonal change in atmospheric SO2 concentration in forested and non-forested urban lands 1367-1374Acta Ecologica Sinica265YAtmospheric SO2 concentration Forest cover Seasonal change Urban ecosystems Urban forestsAs one of the most dominant pollutants in the air, the pollution of sulfur dioxide can cause significant damage to the surrounding population and environment. The acid rain caused by sulfur dioxide do much more harm to environment than pollution of sulfur dioxide, which is endangering the most regions of south China. In order to assess the role played by forests in the urban ecosystems, the atmospheric SO2 concentration was measured continually from Jan., 2004 to Jan., 2005 in specifically selected forested and non-forested sites of the campus within Changsha and Zhuzhou cities, Hunan Province, representing two types of area, respectively. The prosaniline formaldehyde spectrophotometric method was employed to determine atmospheric SO2 content. The results showed that the atmospheric SO2 concentration in both site categories exhibited a significant seasonal fluctuation (p = 0.001) with the highest in winter and the lowest in autumn. The seasonal change in SO2 concentration was closely related to local geographical condition, climatic characteristic, heating period, and distribution of urban industry district. It was found that coal burning was the dominant pollution source, and precipitation, wind speed and direction, and temperature were the dominant factors for affecting atmospheric SO2 concentration in the cities. In addition, SO2 concentration level in the atmosphere had a tight relationship with the urban forest cover. The annual mean atmospheric SO2 concentration was significantly higher in the non-forested sites ((0.18 ± 0.08) mg/m3) than in the forest sites ((0.09 ± 0.07) mg/m3) . Tree physiological activities made a contribution in the decrease of the atmospheric SO2 concentration in urban forest sites. According to the abating effect amount of atmospheric SO2 concentration in forested sites, it ranked as summer(55.4%) > winter(54.1%) > autumn(49.3%) > spring (29.6 %). Our results demonstrated that urban forest played an important role in controlling and reducing the atmospheric SO2 concentration in urbanized areas. Therefore, to sustain urban forest resources and increase urban forest canopy cover will be benefit to improve environmental quality, enhance human health, and enrich urban beauty.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745132362&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus^Research Section of Ecology, Central-South Forestry University, Changsha, Hu'nan 410004, China? Guan, D. S. Chen, Y. J.2003MRoles of urban vegetation on balance of carbon and oxygen in Guangzhou, China155-159!Journal of Environmental Sciences1520Balance Carbon Guangzhou Oxygen Urban vegetationThe plant biomass and net primary production(NPP) of urban vegetation in Guangzhou were estimated by dimension analysis, tree truck volume, and harvest methods as well as relationship between biomass and NPP and so on. The biomass and NPP were respectively 2875150t and 1058122 t/a. They were respectively 392495t and 64948 t/a in the built-up area and 2482655t and 993147 t/a in the unbuilt-up area. It would make plant biomass, especially NPP decline obviously, if the unbuilt-up area were changed to the built-up area. The carbon content of plant was 1328649 for the total and 13.78 t/hm2 for the mean, and amounts of carbon fixed and oxygen made by urban vegetation were respectively 4.80 t/(hm2·a) and 12.79 t/(hm2·a) for the mean and 462624 t/a and 1232430 t/a for the total, which were equal to 1.45 times and 1.04 times of those by human breathing. However, they were only equal to 7.61% and 4.97% of amount of carbon released and oxygen consumption in urban Guangzhou. The biomass and NPP of urban vegetation in Guangzhou only corresponded to 7.8% and 47.3% of those of southern subtropical evergreen broad-leaf forest in Dinghu Mountain. Therefore, the roles of Guangzhou urban vegetation in balance of carbon and oxygen would be increased greatly if it could be conserved and improved in some way.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037799567&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusRDepartment of Environmental Science, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China:?  Mertens, E.19992Bioclimate and city planning - Open space planning 4115-4123Atmospheric Environment3324-25^Bioclimate City planning Predicted mean vote Sunlight condition shade shading urban open space|The planning and using of open spaces in urban areas very much depend on the shading of the surrounding building structures. This article presents a method for the investigation of the sunlight and the bioclimatic conditions in dependence on the surrounding buildings. It is illustrated for typical courtyards in Berlin, Germany, as one type of open spaces. The programme HelioDat determines the shading of any spot of an open space. It gives the possible duration of direct sunlight for the selected spot for each day of the year. The sunlight conditions in the courtyards differ from one another a lot in dependence on their size the tallness of the surrounding buildings. The calculation of the PMV on the basis of the results of the programme HelioDat determine the bioclimatic situation in the discussed courtyards. Although the results of HelioDat are only one input among the weather conditions and the personal characteristics of the test-person, the bioclimatic conditions correlate very much with the sunlight conditions. In a projected building structure, the sunlight conditions vary a lot between the present situation and the two architectural alternatives. Since the bioclimatic situation is correlated to the sunlight conditions, this example demonstrates the importance for the investigation of the sunlight conditions and the bioclimate already during the planning process of buildings.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033034888&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus(Mommsenstrasse 57, 10629 Berlin, Germany? 2Kurban, A. Papparelli, A. Cunsulo, M. Montilla, E.2007+Shading by urban forests in arid ecosystems122-129Architectural Science Review502Bioclimatic architecture Climate Energy conservation Environmental policy Open spaces Public forestation Shading Urban forests shade shading energy conservation energy savingIn arid areas, the forestation of cities constitutes an important bioclimatic potential that acts positively in the improvement of the conditions of the population's physical comfort (temperature and humidity) in open, public and private spaces. This study comparatively investigates two methods to calculate the shading capacity of trees: a solarmetrical and a photometrical method. Both methods were found to be suitable for the selection of deciduous species potentially more capable to be used in urban areas in arid climatic zones. The results can be incorporated into the national norms and policies for urban public forestation applicable in the design of consolidated or new urban areas in arid zones around the world. The results contribute to bioclimatic architecture and the population's physical comfort in arid ecosystems and as a contribution to regional energy saving. © 2007 University of Sydney. All rights reserved.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34250856797&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusInstitute for Studies on Environmental Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Urbanism and Design, National University of San Juan, Santa Fe? 198 Oeste, 5400 San Juan, Argentina CONICET, Pre-college, National University of San Juan, Chile 169 Oeste, Casa 6, 5400 San Juan, Argentina? >De Asiain Alberich, M. L. Ehrenfried, A. Sierra Herna?ndez, M.2007YAspects of sustainability in new urban developments: Case study of Santa Barbara, Seville155-164/WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment102Bioclimatic architecture Environmental architecture Environmental urban planning Sustainable city Sustainable urban planning energy savingyThe reality of our cities poses new challenges. The proliferation of the sprawling city as a higher standard model is provoking non-sustainable situations in a large number of cities worldwide. The alternative compact city model resulting from the traditional European city provides sustainably advantageous aspects in relation to the spread model, but a specific study is required to determine what aspects of sustainability are applicable to new urban developments in our cities. For this purpose, the case study of the development of Santa Barbara in Seville will be examined, a paradigmatic project for its great size and environmental approach. Covering an overall surface of 3.751.260 m2, 25% of the area remains as green space, with a built surface of 2.246.180 m2, 81% of which is devoted to housing and 19% to business. The topics that have been developed are structured in three large groups: matter, energy and information flows. They have been developed at different scales following a study of accessibility and alternative mobility. The urban space has been shaped according to the interpretation of the green space as a primary consideration, and to the built space as secondary. The project has been developed from the large scale main through routes to small scale pedestrian mobility and access to private and semi-public spaces. Aspects related to energy saving and bioclimatic architecture in buildings have also been developed. The aim of this study is to take a step forward in urban planning, taking us closer and closer towards the paradigm of sustainability and enabling us to adopt it as a new model for society. © 2007 WIT Press.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-36148955101&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusEddea Arquitectos S.L., Spain? Brannstrom, C.2005ZWas Brazilian industrialisation fuelled by wood? Evaluating the wood hypothesis, 1990-1960395-430Environment and History1147Biomass Brazil Energy Industrialisation Wood energy useThe ecological relationship between cities and resource hinterlands is a major theme in environmental history and historical geography. Most scholars described the twentieth-century industrialisation of Sa?o Paulo, Brazil, as reliant on hydroelectricity. Warren Dean's 'wood hypothesis', published posthumously in 1995, argued that industrialisation relied on wood fuel and charcoal during the first half of the twentieth century. However, Dean's wood hypothesis has not yet been tested or evaluated. Two substantive criticisms are offered here: the wood hypothesis is accurate in general but under-estimated the industrial consumption of fossil fuels, without conclusively reject the competing 'hydroelectricity' hypothesis; the method used for estimating potential energy supply from forest area was erroneous. The paper also makes several specific claims that advance the issues raised by the wood hypothesis: evidence of actual industrial demand for fuel, not potential supply, should advance the debate on Sa?o Paulo's energy use; wood fuel consumption required labourers, yet work and trade relations are still not well described; and specific moments in Sa?o Paulo's energy transition, such as the 1940s, require in-depth analysis. A revised wood hypothesis is that Sa?o Paulo's industrialisation depended on the interplay of three energy sources, led by biomass fuels, then fossil fuels and hydroelectricity, each of which was supplied by a distinct energy hinterland. © 2005 The White Horse Press.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-27844549817&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus|Department of Geography, Texas A and M University, 815 Eller O and M Building, College Station, TX 77843-3147, United States?0Kandefer, S. Pilawska, M. Zukowski, W. Baron, J.2004`"Sludge for heat" co-combustion of sewage sludge with biomass wastes in atmospheric bubbling FBC157MInternational Symposium on Combustion, Abstracts of Works-in-Progress PostersLbiosludge municipal solid waste Compost biomass urban trees urban tree waste@Some of the very damp sludge can be partly replaced by the second waste fuel, irrespective of its physical state (solid, liquid or gaseous). Candidate supporting fuels are, e.g., the biomass by-products of the maintenance of vegetation within the city (street trees, parks, etc.), partly segregated municipal solid waste (MSW), or even animal waste. A pilot installation, 1 Mw, was designed, with some of the heat produced employed in the gas cleaning system and for heating the premises used by the technical staff and for providing hot water. The combustor is equipped with feed systems for the sewage sludge and for the supporting fuels. An automatic process control system was developed. The effect of bed temperature and air excess on the flue gas composition and the degree of mineralisation of the sewage sludge was assessed. The flue gas concentrations monitored were: O2, CO, NO, NO2, and SO2 (using ECOM®-SG Plus instrument, with electrochemical sensors), VOCs (JUM® working on the FID principle). The mean flue gas concentrations of CO and VOC were 200 ppm and 124 mg/cu m respectively. The presence of SO2 and NOx was due to the presence of combined sulfur and nitrogen in the fuel, most likely in organic form. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 30th International Symposium on Combustion (Chicago, IL 7/25-30/2004).^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-10644278959&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusCracow University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Poland Cracow University of Technology, Fac. of Chem. Engineering/Technology, Poland?Akbari, H. Konopacki, S.2005HCalculating energy-saving potentials of heat-island reduction strategies721-756 Energy Policy336Building energy simulation Cooling- and heating-energy savings Heat-islands mitigation measures energy use cooling shade shading energy use energy saving urban heat island UHI We have developed summary tables (sorted by heating- and cooling-degree-days) to estimate the potential of heat-island reduction (HIR) strategies (i.e., solar-reflective roofs, shade trees, reflective pavements, and urban vegetation) to reduce cooling-energy use in buildings. The tables provide estimates of savings for both direct effect (reducing heat gain through the building shell) and indirect effect (reducing the ambient air temperature). In this analysis, we considered three building types that offer the most savings potential: residences, offices, and retail stores. Each building type was characterized in detail by Pre-1980 (old) or 1980+ (new) construction vintage and with natural gas or electricity as heating fuel. We defined prototypical-building characteristics for each building type and simulated the effects of HIR strategies on building cooling- and heating-energy use and peak power demand using the DOE-2.1E model and weather data for about 240 locations in the US. A statistical analysis of previously completed simulations for five cities was used to estimate the indirect savings. Our simulations included the effect of (1) solar-reflective roofing material on building (direct effect), (2) placement of deciduous shade trees near south and west walls of building (direct effect), and (3) ambient cooling achieved by urban reforestation and reflective building surfaces and pavements (indirect effect). Upon completion of estimating the direct and indirect energy savings for all the locations, we integrated the results in tables arranged by heating- and cooling-degree-days. We considered 15 bins for heating-degree-days, and 12 bins for cooling-degree-days. Energy use and savings are presented per 1000 ft2 of roof area. In residences heated with gas and in climates with greater than 1000 cooling-degree-days, the annual electricity savings in Pre-1980 stock ranged from 650 to 1300 kWh/1000 ft2; for 1980+ stock savings ranged 300-600 kWh/1000 ft2. For residences heated with electricity, the savings ranged from 350 to 1300 kWh/1000 ft2 for Pre-1980 stock and 190-600 kWh/1000 ft2 for 1980+ stocks. In climates with less than 1000 cooling-degree-days, the electricity savings were not significantly higher than winter heating penalties. For gas-heated office buildings, simulations indicated electricity savings in the range of 1100-1500 kWh/1000 ft2 and 360-700 kWh/1000 ft2, for Pre-1980 and 1980+ stocks, respectively. For electrically heated office buildings, simulations indicated electricity savings in the range of 700-1400 kWh/1000ft2 and 100-700 kWh/1000 ft2, for Pre-1980 and 1980+ stocks, respectively. Similarly, for gas-heated retail store buildings, simulations indicated electricity savings in the range of 1300-1700 kWh/1000 ft2 and 370-750 kWh/1000 ft2, for Pre-1980 and 1980+ stocks, respectively. For electrically heated retail store buildings, simulations indicated electricity savings in the range of 1200-1700 kWh/1000 ft2 and 250-750 kWh/1000 ft2, for Pre-1980 and 1980+ stocks, respectively.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-10644223615&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Bretz, S., Akbari, H., Long-term performance of high-albedo roof coatings (1997) Energy and Buildings, 25, pp. 159-167; (1990) Overview of the DOE-2 Building Energy Analysis, , Building Energy Simulation Group (BESG), Program Version 2.1D. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBL-19735, Rev. 1. Berkeley, CA; (1994) Technology Energy Savings Volume II: Building Prototypes, , California Energy Commission (CEC), California Energy Commission Report P300-94-007, Sacramento, CA; Cool Roofing Materials Database (CRMD) (2001), http://eetd.lbl.gov/coolroof, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA(1997) Annual Energy Outlook, , Energy Information Administration (EIA), DOE/EIA-0383(97) Tables A8 and A19, Washington, DC; (2003) Annual Energy Outlook, , Energy Information Administration (EIA), DOE/EIA-0383(03) Tables A8 and A19, Washington, DC; Henderson, H., Part load curves for use in DOE-2 (1998), Draft report prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Florida Solar Energy Center. CDH Energy Corp. Cazenovia, NY, January 16, 1998Konopacki, S., Akbari, H., Demonstration of energy savings of Cool Roofs: Phase II (1998), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory-Heat Island Group Technical Note. Berkeley, CAKonopacki, S., Akbari, H., Energy savings calculations for heat island reduction strategies in Baton Rouge, Sacramento and Salt Lake City (2000) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-42890, , Berkeley, CA; Konopacki, S., Akbari, H., Energy savings of heat island reduction strategies in Chicago and Houston (2002), (including updates for Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-49638. Berkeley, CAKonopacki, S., Akbari, H., Pomerantz, M., Gabersek, S., Gartland, L., Cooling energy savings potential of light-colored roofs for residential and commercial buildings in 11 US Metropolitan Areas (1997), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-39433. Berkeley, CA(1995) "User's Manual for TMY2s", , National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL); Parker, D., Huang, J., Konopacki, S., Gartland, L., Sherwin, J., Gu, L., Measured and simulated performance of reflective roofing systems in residential buildings (1998) ASHRAE Transactions, 104 (1), pp. 963-975; Sherman, M., Wilson, D., Kiel, D., Variability in residential air leakage (1986), Measured Air Leakage in Buildings ASTM STP-904. Philadelphia, PATaha, H., Chang, S.C., Akbari, H., Meteorological and air quality impacts of heat island mitigation measures in three U.S. Cities (2000), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-44222. Berkeley, CATaha, H., Constructing full-year modified weather based on episodic meteorological simulation results (1999), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Draft Report LBNL-44107"Choosing or Upgrading Your Central Air Conditioner" (2001), US Department of Energy (USDOE), Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs. http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/heatcooln?air.htmlWinklemann, F., Birdsall, B., Buhl, W., Ellington, K., Erdem, A., (1993) DOE-2 Supplement Version 2.1E, , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-34947. Berkeley, CA energy usexHeat Island Group, Environ. Energy Technologies Div., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA 94720, United States?Simpson, J. R.2002BImproved estimates of tree-shade effects on residential energy use 1067-1076Energy and Buildings3410pBuilding energy use Simulation modeling Tree shade energy use cooling shade shading energy use energy efficiency9Tree-shade alters building cooling and heating loads by reducing incident solar radiation. Estimates of the magnitude of this effect, and how it is influenced by urban forest structure (e.g. tree size and location), are difficult due to the complexity inherent in tree-sun-building interactions. The objective of this paper is to present a simplified method for making these estimates appropriate for neighborhood and larger scales. The method uses tabulated energy use changes for a range of tree types (e.g. size, shape) and locations around buildings (lookup tables), combined with frequency of occurrence of trees at those locations. The results are average change in energy use for each tree type that are not explicitly dependent on tree location. The method was tested by comparison to detailed simulations of 178 residences and their associated trees in Sacramento, California. Energy use changes calculated using lookup tables matched those from detailed simulations within ±10%. The method lends itself to practical evaluation of these shading effects at neighborhood or larger scales, which is important for regional assessments of tree effects on energy use, and for development of tree selection and siting recommendations for proposed energy conserving planting programs. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036836748&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 OCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Akbari, H., Bretz, S.E., Kurn, D.M., Hanford, J.W., Peak power and cooling energy savings of shade trees (1997) Energy and Buildings, 25, p. 139; Akbari, H., Rosenfeld, A.H., Taha, H., Summer heat islands, urban trees, and white surfaces (1990) ASHRAE Transactions, 96 (PART 1), p. 1381; Akbari, H., Taha, H., The impact of trees and white surfaces on residential heating and cooling energy use in four Canadian cities (1992) Energy, 17, p. 141; Ca, V.T., Asaeda, T., Abu, E.M., Reductions in air-conditioning caused by a nearby park (1998) Energy and Buildings, 29, p. 83; Dwyer, J.F., McPherson, E.G., Schroeder, H.W., Rowntree, R.A., Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest (1992) Journal of Arboricultural, 18, p. 227; Garner, M.E., CityGreen 2.0 (1998) GIS World, 11, p. 72; Heisler, G.M., Computer simulation for optimizing windbreak placement to save energy for heating and cooling buildings, Trees and sustainable development (1991) Proceedings of the 3rd International Windbreak and Agroforestry Symposium, pp. 100-104. , Ridgetown College, Ridgetown, Ont., Canada; Huang, Y.J., Akbari, H., Taha, H., Rosenfeld, A.H., The potential of vegetation in reducing summer cooling loads in residential buildings (1987) Journal Climate and Applied Meteorology, 26, p. 1103; Jones, Stokes, Cost-benefit analysis for the T.R.E.E.S. project (1998) Product specification for the Transagency Resources for Economic and Environmental Sustainability Project cost-benefit analysis, , Jones and Stokes, Associates Inc., 2600 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95818; Marion, W., Urban, K., (1995) User's manual for TMY2s - Typical meteorological years, , National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, Colorado 80401; McPherson, E.G., Solar control planting design (1984) Energy-Conserving Site Design, pp. 141-164. , E.G. McPherson (Ed.), Washington DC, American Society of Landscape Architects; McPherson, E.G., Energy saving potential of trees in Chicago (1994) Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project, pp. 95-114. , E.G. McPherson, D.J. Nowak, R.A. Rowntree (Eds.), US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Radnor, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, PA; McPherson, E.G., Structure and sustainability of Sacramento's urban forest (1998) Journal of Arboricultural, 24, p. 174; McPherson, E.G., Dougherty, E., Selecting trees for shade in the southwest (1989) Journal of Arboricultural, 15, p. 35; McPherson, E.G., Herrington, L.P., Heisler, G., Impacts of vegetation on residential heating and cooling (1988) Energy and Buildings, 12, p. 41; McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D., Heisler, G., Grimmond, S., Souch, C., Grant, R., Rowntree, R., Quantifying urban forest structure, function, and value: The Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project (1997) Urban Ecosystems, 1, p. 49; McPherson, E.G., Rowntree, R.A., Geometric solids for simulation of tree crowns (1988) Landscape and Urban Planning, 15, p. 79; McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., (1995) Technical Potential for Shade Tree Planting in Sacramento County, , USDA Forest Service, Western Center for Urban Forest Research, Davis, CA; Meier, A.K., Strategic landscaping and air-conditioning savings: A literature review (1990) Energy and Buildings, 15-16, p. 479; Peper, P.J., McPherson, E.G., Mori, S.M., Equations for predicting diameter, height, crown width and leaf area of San Joaquin Valley street trees (2001) Journal of Arboricultural, 27, p. 306; Ritschard, R.L., Hanford, J.W., Sezgen, A.O., (1992) Single family heating and cooling requirements: Assumptions, methods, and summary results, , Publication GRI-91/0236, Gas Research Institute, Chicago; Rowntree, R.A., Urban forest ecology: Conceptual points of departure (1998) Journal of Arboricultural, 24, p. 62; Shashua-Bar, L., Hoffman, M.E., Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street: An empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees (2000) Energy and Buildings, 31, p. 221; Simpson, J.R., Simulating effects of turf landscaping on building energy use (1991) Energy Efficiency and the Environment, pp. 335-347. , E. Vine, D. Crawley, P. Centolella (Eds.); Simpson, J.R., Urban forest impacts on regional space conditioning energy use: Sacramento County case study (1998) Journal of Arboricultural, 24, p. 201; Simpson, J.R., McPherson, E.G., Potential of tree-shade for reducing residential energy use in California (1996) Journal of Arboricultural, 22, p. 10; Simpson, J.R., McPherson, E.G., Simulation of tree-shade impacts on residential energy use for space conditioning in Sacramento (1998) Atmosphere and Environment, 32, p. 69; Sonne, J.K., Vieira, R.K., Cool neighborhoods: The measurement of small scale heat islands (2000) Proceedings of 2000 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, , Washington DC, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy; Taha, H., Modeling impacts of increased urban vegetation on ozone air quality in the South Coast Air Basin (1996) Atmosphere and Environment, 30, p. 3423; Thayer, R.J., Maeda, B.T., Measuring street tree impact on solar performance: A five-climate computer modeling study (1985) Journal of Arboricultural, 11, p. 1; Wilkinson, D.M., Modeling tree crowns as geometric solids (1995) Arboricultural Journal: The International Journal for Urban Forestry, 19, p. 387 energy useDepartment of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Western Center for Urban Forest Research, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8587, United States?Dimoudi, A. Nikolopoulou, M.2003HVegetation in the urban environment: Microclimatic analysis and benefits69-76Energy and Buildings351\CFD analysis Microclimate Urban block Vegetation energy use cooling shade shading energy useThis paper describes work that was carried out by CRES, in the frame of the EU-funded Joule project "PRECis: assessing the potential for renewable energy in cities." The main aim of the project is to develop simplified parameters that describe the microclimate and environmental performance of different urban textures. One of the roles of CRES within the team was to describe simplified parameters for the use of vegetation in the urban context, which can eventually be used irrespective of site-specific characteristics for different climatic contexts and urban textures. Of particular interest is the effect of vegetation on microclimate: thermal effects, as well as the effect of vegetation on solar and daylight access. These affect the microclimate of the existing open spaces as well as the energy use of the surrounding buildings for heating, cooling and lighting, through shading, evapotranspiration, etc. Simple parametric studies were examined, to identify the thermal impact of vegetation in the urban environment, at the scale of the urban block, particularly as far as the reduction of air temperature is concerned. © 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037210534&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 11 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: ScopusVCentre for Renewable Energy Sources, 19th km Marathonos Avenue, Pikermi 190 09, Greece;?$Holmer, B. Thorsson, S. Eliasson, I.2007]Cooling rates, sky view factors and the development of intra-urban air temperature difference237-2481Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography89 A4FCooling rates Intra-urban Radiative divergence Sky view factor coolingIntra-urban cooling rates were monitored for a year in the centre of Go?teborg on the Swedish west coast. Five sites with different building geometry - from dense canyon to open space - within a radius of 300 m were analysed. Results showed two modes of cooling during the night. In the first mode, the cooling was site-dependent - the open space cooled the most and the dense canyon the least. In the second mode, which began about 3-4 hours after sunset, all sites cooled at the same rate. Our hypothesis is that in the early part of the evening both radiative divergence and sensible heat dominate the cooling. However, as the evening progresses, a spatially homogeneous inversion is established which controls the radiative cooling, making the cooling independent of both surface geometry and surface type. From April to November the sites cooled rapidly around sunset and the cooling slowly decreased during the rest of the night. However, between December and March, the cooling was less intense, with an almost constant rate during the entire night. It has been suggested that this might be the result of the draining of stored solar heat during the summer and a continuous flux of anthropogenic heating during the winter. © 2007 Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-36749058899&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusvDepartment of Physical Geography, Department Earth Sciences, Go?teborg University, Box 460, S-405 30 Go?teborg, Sweden?Shih, N. J. Huang, Y. S.2001%A study of reflection glare in Taipei30-39!Building Research and Information291Curtain walls Glazing Human factors Reflection glare Taiwan Urban design Urban microclimate Visualization energy use urban open spaceThe relationship between reflection glare caused by buildings and the local urban environment is explored. Reflection glare becomes undesirable if it accidentally or improperly falls within a person's visual cone and intrudes upon people's work. Thirty buildings were selected in Taipei for a survey of effective reflection glare sources judged by glare boundary, visibility, and their impact on the surrounding environment. Building and environment related factors include building orientation, height and materials, neighbouring open space and street width, and building codes. Reflection glare caused by the design, location and orientation of curtain-walled buildings is identified as an important urban issue effecting the comfort and safety of people as well as the thermal load and energy use in buildings. As a result, the design, location and impact of buildings' reflective surfaces should be given consideration in building design, urban planning and regulation.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035065059&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusdDepartment of Architecture, Natl. Taiwan Univ. of Sci./Technol., 43, Keelung Rd., Taipei 106, TaiwanM?!Du, B. Zhang, K. Wen, Z. Song, G.2004HUrban ecological footprint method for evaluating sustainable development 1171-11753Qinghua Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Tsinghua University449hEcological carrying capacity Ecological conflict Ecological footprint Sustainable development energy useThe ecological footprint (EF) method is a new method for measuring sustainable development in forms of the ecological impact. This paper describes the methodology for predicting urban ecological footprints. The urban energy use and natural resource consumption was analyzed to calculate EF based on the land types (arable land, pasture, forest, fossil energy land, built-up area and water area) and the consumption types (food, housing, transportation, goods, services and waste). The result was then compared with the local ecological carrying capacity to develop cateria for sustainable ecological footprints. Case studies of 4 cities in China (Guangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou and Yangzhou) illustrate the urban EF approach. The results show that these cities are ecologically unsustainable, with average ecological conflicts per capita of more than 2 hectares. The urban ecological footprint method is helpful to urban sustainable development and provides useful policy proposals for decision-making.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-10644290290&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusDept. of Environ. Sci. and Eng., Tsinghua Univ., Beijing 100084, China Environ. Inst., Renmin Univ. of China, Beijing 100872, China ? Mead, D. J.20050Forests for energy and the role of planted trees407-421"Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences245-6XEnergy analysis Forest residues Plantations Silviculture Woodfuels energy use energy use Woodfuels currently supply 7 percent of worldwide energy use and are much more important in developing than developed countries. Worldwide fuelwood use may be slowly declining, while charcoal production is increasing. In developing countries, woodfuel comes from natural forests, woodlands, shrublands, plantations and trees outside forests; the last is often the most important source. In developed countries, woodfuels are largely from industrial roundwood processing where up to 50 percent of logs may be used for energy. In urban areas, of both developing and developed countries, woodfuels also arises from wood processing and construction and other urban residues including tree trimming. Currently, apart from some nonindustrial plantations and the small areas of energy plantations, woodfuel largely results from by-products and residues. Forest plantation may currently provide 15 to 20 percent of all fuelwood and this contribution will rise due to continued tree planting plus the rapidly increasing industrial plantation harvest. However, forest and woodfuel-use data are of uneven quality, making estimates tenuous. There is potential to increase the amount of woodfuels in developed countries but its use will depend on fossil fuel price increases, and on ecological and social issues. In Nordic countries, forest residue use has grown, being underpinned by carbon taxes and research and development. Site nutrient conservation is assisted by leaving foliage on site and by returning the ash after burning. Leaving bark on site may be important for eucalypts. In developing countries participatory programmes are critical for encouraging tree planting. Farmers seldom plant for fuelwood alone. Large-scale fuelwood plantations programs have not always been successful. Agroforestry practices are often practiced as they provide multiple benefits, including the provision of woodfuel. Silviculture should be readily adoptable, with special attention being given to species selection, high-quality planting stock, establishment methods and protection from animals. Because of woodfuel's low relative value, energy is seldom a management objective of industrial plantations. However, often silviculture could be altered to increase bioenergy output, particularly with those sawlog regimes based on low stockings and non-extraction thinnings, and through more intensive silviculture. As a supplement to current silvicultural decision-making tools, energy analysis of silvicultural options would assist in efficient allocation of fossil fuels. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-30344448301&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 NCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus energy usew?*Grimmond, C. S. B. Souch, C. Hubble, M. D.1996dInfluence of tree cover on summertime surface energy balance fluxes, San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles45-57Climate Research61KEnergy balance GIS Urban climate Vegetation Water use energy use energy useTrees are an important but little studied component of the urban canopy which have distinct climatic effects. This study investigates the influence of trees on local-scale surface energy balance fluxes. Simultaneous energy balance observations were conducted using eddy correlation methods for 2 suburban neighborhoods with higher (30 %) and lower (10%) tree and shrub cover, in the San Gabriel Valley of the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, California, USA. Data were collected on the materials and morphology of the urban surface through a combination of aerial photo analysis and field surveys and analyzed using a geographic information system. Information on external water use was obtained from questionnaires and the analysis of water use data from bi-monthly bills. In terms of the relative partitioning of energy, the effects of the trees are as expected: at the higher tree coverage neighborhood (HTN) the latent heat flux is increased as a fraction of net all-wave radiation, so too is the storage heat flux, whereas the sensible heat flux is decreased. However, in absolute terms, all fluxes, including the sensible heat flux, are enhanced at the HTN. A combination of lower albedos and lower surface temperatures in the HTN result in reduced loss of solar and longwave radiation respectively. Thus at the HTN there is greater net all-wave radiation, hence a greater amount of energy to be dissipated. Above the canopy, temperatures are slightly greater in the neighborhood with higher tree cover.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029667146&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 OCited By (since 1996): 17 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: Scopus energy useClimate and Meteorology Program, Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States Department of Geography, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United StatesQ?Abbott, J. A. Meentemeyer, V.2005?Research note - Vegetation effects on suburban air conditioning558-564Urban Geography266YEnergy conservation Passive cooling Shade Trees cooling shade shading energy conservationConventional wisdom indicates that shade trees reduce air-conditioning energy demands in U.S. southern-tier states. Existing studies of shade effects on dwellings generally do not consider that contemporary home structures are inhabited and well insulated. Through a statistical analysis of weather, vegetative, and energy consumption data for 38 inhabited, modern homes in the eastern suburbs of Atlanta, we establish that existing tree plantings play only a small role in energy conservation for individual homes vis-a?-vis insulation and heat gain from external walls and windows. Copyright © 2005 by V. H. Winston & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645321092&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus;Department of Geography and Land Studies, Stetson University, 421 N. Woodland Ave., Deland, FL 32723, United States Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Stetson University, 421 N. Woodland Ave., Deland, FL 32723, United States Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States ?McPherson, E. G. Simpson, J. R.2003WPotential energy savings in buildings by an urban tree planting programme in California73-86!Urban Forestry and Urban Greening22Energy conservation Peak load reduction Urban forests energy use cooling shade shading energy use energy conservation energy saving energy efficiencyTree canopy cover data from aerial photographs and building energy simulations were applied to estimate energy savings from existing trees and new plantings in California. There are approximately 177.3 million energy-conserving trees in California communities and 241.6 million empty planting sites. Existing trees are projected to reduce annual air conditioning energy use by 2.5% with a wholesale value of $ 485.8 million. Peak load reduction by existing trees saves utilities 10% valued at approximately $778.5 million annually, or $ 4.39/tree. Planting 50 million trees to shade east and west walls of residential buildings is projected to reduce cooling by 1.1% and peak load demand by 4.5% over a 15-year period. The present wholesale value of annual cooling reductions for the 15-year period is $ 3.6 billion ($ 71/tree planted). Assuming total planting and stewardship costs of $ 2.5 billion ($ 50/tree), the cost of peak load reduction is $ 63/kW, considerably less than the $ 150/kW benchmark for cost-effectiveness. Influences of tree location near buildings and regional climate differences on potential energy savings are discussed. © Urban & Fischer Verlag.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-31844438367&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Akbari, H., Bretz, S.E., Kurn, D.M., Hanford, J.W., Peak power and cooling energy savings of shade trees (1997) Energy and Buildings, 25, pp. 139-148; Akbari, H., Davis, S., Dorsano, S., Huang, J., Winnett, S., (1992) Cooling Our Communities: A Guidebook on Tree Planting and Light-colored Surfacing, , US Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC; Akbari, H., Rosenfeld, A.H., Taha, H., Summer heat islands, urban trees, and white surfaces (1990) ASHRAE Transactions, 6, pp. 1381-1388; Bernhardt, E., Swiecki, T.J., (1993) The State of Urban Forestry in California: Results of the 1992 California Urban Forest Survey, , California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Sacramento; Berthelsen, C., Winokur, S., Soaring electric use more fiction than fact (2001) San Francisco Chronicle: Sunday, March, 11, p. 1; Birdsall, B.E., Buhl, W.F., Ellington, K.L., Erdem, A.E., Winkelmann, F.C., Hirsch, J.J., Gates, S., (1994) DOE-2 Basics Version 2.1E, , Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, CA; Department Of Finance, C., (1998) County Population Projections with Age, Sex, and Racial/ethnic Detail, , Department of Finance Sacramento; Department Of Finance, C., (2000) City/county Population and Housing Estimates, January 1, 2000, , California Department of Finance Sacramento, CA; Energy Commission, C., (1995) California Climate Zone Descriptions for New Buildings, , California Energy Commission Sacramento, CA; Energy Commission, C., (2000) California Energy Demand 2000-2010, , California Energy Commission Sacramento; Energy Commission, C., (2000) Natural Gas Analysis and Model Development Unit, , California Energy Commission Sacramento, CA; Dwyer, J.F., Nowak, D.J., Noble, M.H., Sisinni, S.M., (2000) Connecting People with Ecosystems in the 21st Century: An Assessment of Nation's Urban Forests, , USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Portland, OR; Enercomp, (1992) Micropas4 User Manual, , Enercomp, Inc. Sacramento, CA; Heisler, G.M., Energy savings with trees (1986) Journal of Arboriculture, 12, pp. 113-125; Hildebrandt, E.W., Sarkovich, M., Assessing the cost effectiveness of SMUD's shade tree program (1998) Atmospheric Environment, 32, pp. 85-94; Huang, Y.J., Akbari, H., Taha, H., Rosenfeld, A.H., The potential of vegetation in reducing summer cooling loads in residential buildings (1987) Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 26, pp. 1103-1116; Mallette, E.E., Miller, K.A., Miwa, J., Eckstrom, R., (1983) California Climate Zone Descriptions for New Residential Construction in Climate Zones 1 Through 16, , California Energy Commission Sacramento; McPherson, E.G., Solar control planting design (1984) Energy-conserving Site Design, pp. 141-164. , E.G. McPherson American Society of Landscape Architects Washington D.C; McPherson, E.G., Structure and sustainability of Sacramento's urban forest (1998) Journal of Arboriculture, 24, pp. 174-190; McPherson, E.G., Brown, R., Rowntree, R.A., Simulating tree shadow patterns for building energy analysis (1985) Solar 85 - Proceedings of the National Passive Solar Conference, pp. 378-382. , (Ed. AT Wilson & W Glennie): American Solar Energy Society, Boulder, CO; McPherson, E.G., Sacamano, P.L., (1992) Energy Savings with Trees in Southern California, , USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station Chicago, IL; McPherson, E.G., Sacamano, P.L., Wensman, S., (1993) Modeling Benefits and Costs of Community Tree Plantings, , USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station Davis, CA; McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., (1999) Carbon Dioxide Reductions Through Urban Forestry: Guidelines for Professional and Volunteer Tree Planters, , General Technical Report 171. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA; McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., (2001) Effects of California's Urban Forests on Energy Use and Potential Savings from Large-scale Tree Planting, , Center for Urban Forest Research Davis, CA; McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., Peper, P.J., Xiao, Q., (1999) Tree Guidelines for San Joaquin Valley Communities, , Local Government Commission Sacramento, CA; McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., Peper, P.J., Scott, K.I., Xiao, Q., (2000) Tree Guidelines for Coastal Southern California Communities, , Local Government Commission Sacramento, CA; McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., Peper, P.J., Xiao, Q., Pittenger, D.R., Hodel, D.R., (2001) Tree Guidelines for Inland Empire Communities, , Local Government Commission Sacramento, CA; Meier, A.K., Strategic landscaping and air-conditioning savings: A literature review (1991) Energy and Buildings, pp. 479-486; Miller, R.H., Miller, R.W., Planting survival of selected street tree taxa (1991) Journal of Arboriculture, 17, pp. 185-191; Peper, P.J., McPherson, E.G., Mori, S.M., Equations for predicting diameter, height, crown width and leaf area of San Joaquin Valley street trees (2001) Journal of Arboriculture, 27, pp. 306-317; Peper, P.J., McPherson, E.G., Mori, S.M., Predictive equations for dimensions and leaf area of coastal Southern California street trees (2001) Journal of Arboriculture, 27, pp. 169-180; Simpson, J.R., Urban forest impacts on regional space conditioning energy use: Sacramento County case study (1998) Journal of Arboriculture, 24, pp. 201-214; Simpson, J.R., McPherson, E.G., Potential of tree shade for reducing residential energy use in California (1996) Journal of Arboriculture, 22, pp. 10-18; Simpson, J.R., McPherson, G.E., Rowntree, R.A., (1994) Potential of Tree Shade for Reducing Building Energy Use in the Pacific Gas & Electric Service Area, Final Report to Energy Efficiency Services, , Pacific Gas & Electric, San Rafael; Thompson, R.P., Ahern, J.J., (2000) The State of Urban and Community Forestry in California, , Urban Forest Ecosystem Institute San Luis Obispo, CA; Census Bureau, U.S., (1996) Land Area, Population, and Density for Places in California, , U.S. Census Bureau Washington, DC; Forest Service, U., (1997) Urban Forest Canopy Cover in California: Analysis of 21 Cities and Towns, , California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Riverside, CA; Energy Information Administration, U.S., (1993) Household Energy Consumption and Expenditure Tables, , US Department of Energy/Energy Informaiton Administration Washington, DC; Energy Information Administration, U.S., (1993) Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 1990, Supplement: Regional, , US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration Washington, DC energy useUSDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, United States USDA Forest Service, Dept. of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, United States%? Omer, A. M.2003QImplications of renewable energy for women in Sudan: Challenges and opportunities246-2590International Journal of Sustainable Development62AEnergy potential Environment Renewable energy Sudan Women cooling In Sudan, electricity reaches only about 30% of the population, mainly in urban areas. Hence, a major problem for rural people is the inadequate supply of power for lighting, heating, cooking, cooling, water pumping, radio or TV communications and security services. Petroleum product supplies, including diesel, kerosene and liquid petroleum gas are irregular and often subject to sudden price increases. Because of the inadequate supply of these fuels, women trek great distances into the forest to collect fuel wood, charcoal and biomass residues from animals and agriculture, which account for more than half of total energy consumption. Most of this is used for cooking and heating water in rural and semi-urban areas and by the urban poor. There is a need to provide alternative renewable energy sources to enhance women's participation in, and benefit from development. Household energy was the first energy sector that paid explicit attention to women and their energy needs. The contribution of women to environmental policy is largely ignored. Decision-making and policy formulation at all environmental levels, i.e. conservation, protection and rehabilitation and environmental management, are more or less a male preserve. Women have been involved in the promotion of appropriate energy technologies, primarily for rural population, over the past 15 years. This article highlights the experience of working with rural women in seeking solutions for community energy needs through renewable, environmentally friendly, energy technologies.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0141785174&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusnSchool of the Built Environment, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United KingdomD?'Carver, A. D. Unger, D. R. Parks, C. L.2004kModeling energy savings from urban shade trees: An assessment of the CITYgreen® energy conservation module650-655Environmental Management345Energy savings Geographic information systems GIS Urban forest energy use cooling shade shading energy use energy conservation energy saving\CITYgreen® software has become a commonly used tool to quantify the benefits of urban shade trees. Despite its frequent use, little research has been conducted to validate results of the CITYgreen energy conservation module. The first objective of this study is to perform a familiar application of CITYgreen software to predict the potential energy savings contribution of existing tree canopies in residential neighborhoods during peak cooling summer months. Unlike previous studies utilizing CITYgreen, this study also seeks to assess the software's performance by comparing model results (i.e., predicted energy savings) with actual savings (i.e., savings derived directly from energy consumption data provided by the electric utility provider). Homeowners in an older neighborhood with established trees were found to use less energy for air-conditioning than homeowners in a recently developed site. Results from the assessment of model performance indicated that CITYgreen more accurately estimated the energy savings in the highly vegetated, older neighborhood. © 2004 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-14744269475&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 NCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus energy useDepartment of Forestry, Southern Illinois University, Mailcode 4411, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States Arthur Temple College of Forestry, P. O. Box 6109 SFA, Nacogdoches, TX 75962-6109, United States[? Hildebrandt, E. W. Sarkovich, M.1998=Assessing the cost-effectiveness of SMUD's shade tree program85-94Atmospheric Environment321Heat island Urban climate Urban forests trees and cooling shade shading urban climate urban forests heat island benefits tree plantingDThis paper examines key issues involved in evaluating benefits (avoided cost of energy and capacity) of tree planting programs from the perspective of electric utilities, as well as from a wider perspective of public and private entities that may benefit from such programs. The nation's largest shade tree program, sponsored by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) in collaboration with the Sacramento Tree Foundation (STF), is used as a case study. Results of a recent analysis of the energy benefits of SMUD's Shade Tree Program are presented, along with program modifications being implemented to improve program cost-effectiveness. A sensitivity analysis of the relative importance of major uncertainties surrounding the benefits of the Shade Tree Program is presented, and priorities for future research are discussed.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031986316&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusASacramento Munic. Utility District, Sacramento, CA, United States? Korhonen, J.2001tRegional industrial ecology: Examples from regional economic systems of forest industry and energy supply in Finland367-375#Journal of Environmental Management634Industrial ecology Local forest industry systems Regional energy supply of cities Regional industrial ecosystem economic issuesmIndustrial ecology (IE) promotes the development of industrial systems based on recycling of matter and cascading of energy through cooperation. In this paper, the local/regional industrial ecosystem approach is reflected in two examples from Finland. The local forest industry system is based on renewable resources, waste materials and energy utilisation between forestry companies, a saw-mill, a pulp mill, a paper mill and a forest industry power plant. Waste energy from electricity production is used for production of heat and process steam. Regional city energy supply systems in Finland are also to a large extent arranged around power plants that utilise waste energy. The potential of combining the forest industry system with the energy supply systems of cities is considered and the conditions for success in the Finnish case are discussed. © 2001 Academic Press.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035693204&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusUUniversity of Joensuu, Department of Economics, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland1}?)Robitu, M. Musy, M. Inard, C. Groleau, D.2006IModeling the influence of vegetation and water pond on urban microclimate435-447 Solar Energy804influance of trees on urban temperature urban trees cooling urban climate vegetation water pond thermal comfort ENERGY USE COOLING LOADS SHADE TREES BUILDINGS PLANTS AREAS PLANTATION SIMULATION QUALITY STREETlThe beneficial influence of trees and water ponds on summer comfort in urban spaces was studied experimentally in situ and in wind tunnels but the modeling needs further development to become effective in practical applications. This paper introduces a numerical approach based on coupling the CFD model of airflow, in which the influence of trees is considered as source terms, and the radiation exchange, completed with thermal conduction. The CFD, radiation and thermal conduction models use the same discretization. grid at their common boundaries. The model was used to estimate the influence of trees and water ponds in a real town square. Comparison of results between two situations, with and without vegetation and water pond, indicate that surface temperatures are reduced in presence of trees and the comfort is improved. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000237643500008 0038-092XISI:000237643500008?Hadorn, J. C. Saugy, B.8Analysis of urban pollution and forest fire surveillance265-277(Computers, Environment and Urban Systems&urban air quality wildfire Forest fireStudies at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) and the Municipal and Energy Research Centre in Martigny (CREM) have led towards the identification of original town management and complex systems concepts which integrate planning, cadastres, and real-time management under the neologism of urbistics. To illustrate an example, this presentation deals with the modelling of pollution-reduction strategies via actions on heating systems and the adaptation of public and private transport networks in the Swiss conurbation of Lausanne. It also describes the installation of a system for forest fire surveillance and fire-fighting in the Bouches-du-Rho?ne in France. The application will include the monitoring of fire-fighting vehicles via satellite and alerting the population with automated telephone calls controlled by numeric models forecasting affected areas. These two examples show how to employ map-based and urban data for the benefit of the public, its security, and the environment. Starting with the concepts and passing through real applications, this presentation covers the stages right up to final realisation, in order that the limits and advantages of these methods may be explained. © 1994.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-37749065929&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusBureau de Service et d'Inge?nierie, Lausanne, Switzerland Bureau de Service et d'Inge?nierie, Groupe de Projets en Ge?nie Urbain de I'EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland$?4E. Gregory McPherson Rowan A. Rowntree J. Alan Wagar1995Energy-Efficient Landscapes17-40CUrban Forest Landscapes: Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives1Gordon A. BradleyUniversity of Washington Press_Urban areas Book reviews Forests Landscaping Nonfiction Trees Environment Community developmentnUrban Forest Landscapes: Integrating Multidisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Gordon A. Bradley, is reviewed.Shttp://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=10673158&Fmt=7&clientId=13766&RQT=309&VName=PQD 01944363?  Harte, A.2003Melding hope and high tech48American Forests1093Curban canopy cover energy conservation air quality water managementThe New Jersey tree foundation (NJTF) is cooperating with Hopeworks to study the city's existing tree cover. The project help NJTF and the Camden Public Housing Authority find the most suitable locations for trees while quantifying the air quality, energy conversation and water storage benefits provided by the exixting tree canopy. Engaging more that 400 at-risk youth, the nonprofit has completed more than 30 major munciple geographic information systems (GIS) projects. With this data layer in its portfolio, the contracts keep pouring in. And so do the the city's youth, looking for scant opportunities in a city with a high school dropout rate of 70 percent and more than half its residents below the poverty line.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3242740894&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus?!4American Association for the Advancement of Science,1993Benchmarks for Science LiteracyOxfordOxford University Presseducation literacy?"4American Association for the Advancement of Science,19938Resources for Science Literacy: Professional DevelopmentOxfordOxford University Presseducation literacy?#Basile, Carole; White, Cameron2000QEnvironmental Literacy: providing an interdisciplinary context for young children201-208&Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood128education literacy education children and youth benefitsThis article outlines the benefits of developing a program considering environmental education in which children are engaged in learning opportunities that connect to their lives and interests. The authors contend that reform efforts generally focus on the application of content knowledge by using higher order thinking skills and encourage connections to be made with the world beyond the classroom. The article includes examples which highlight that environmental literacy is particularly appropriate for emphasizing the world beyond the classroom, for developing depth of understanding and content knowledge, and opportunities to use higher order thinking skills?$Brody, Michael2005Learning in nature603-621 Environmental Education Research115 RoutledgeUENVIRONMENTAL education CONSERVATION of natural resources -- Study & teaching LEARNING COGNITION NATURE study EXPERIENTIAL learning SCIENTIFIC knowledge education ENVIRONMENTAL education CONSERVATION of natural resources -- Study & teaching LEARNING COGNITION NATURE study EXPERIENTIAL learning SCIENTIFIC knowledge education race, ethnicityThis paper traces the evolution of a theory of learning in nature in order to explain how people learn in natural settings. The intellectual roots of the theory in informal learning, cognition, affective development, experiential and meaningful learning are described and the synthesis into a comprehensive theory of learning in nature are explained. The evolution of the theory is traced through several iterations describing the addition of organizing concepts as well as efforts seeking simplicity in its conceptualization. An in‐depth case study of meaningful learning about bogs illustrates how the theory can be applied to explain environmental learning experiences. The implications for this theory in terms of environmental education are discussed.Vhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=18908666&site=ehost-live Environmental Education Research Article 13504622 Accession Number: 18908666; Subject: ENVIRONMENTAL education; Subject: CONSERVATION of natural resources -- Study & teaching; Subject: LEARNING; Subject: COGNITION; Subject: NATURE study; Subject: EXPERIENTIAL learning; Subject: SCIENTIFIC knowledge; Number of Pages: 19p; Illustrations: 1 diagram; Authors: Brody, Michael 1 Email Address: brody@montana.edu; Affiliations: 1: Montana State University, USA; DOI: 10.1080/13504620500169809?%Cerullo, Mary M.1997GReading the Environment: Children's Literature in the Science ClassroomColumbus, OhioENC Learning Inc.education children and youthScience trade books, both fiction and nonfiction, nurture a child's personal journey of discovery through the anecdotes, adventures, and experiences of others and through vivid word and picture images. This book focuses on the use of children's literature in the science classroom. Chapters include: (1) "Why Science and Literature Belong Together"; (2) "Reading the Landscape: Earth Science"; (3) "Weather and Seasons"; (4) "Water from the Mountains to the Sea"; and (5) "Ocean." Contains 25 references. ?& Cobb, Edith1977'The Ecology of Imagination in Childhood New York, NYColumbia University Press'education well-being children and youthIs genius shaped by the imagination of childhood? Cobb's collection of autobiographies and biographies of creative people, as well as her observations of children's play, suggests just that. She sees the child to be innately connected with the natural world. Inner powers alone do not further the imagination. Her book remains an important philosophical meditation on the importance of children's deep experience of nature to their adult cognition and psychological well-being.?'Cornell, Joseph B.1998Sharing Nature with ChildrenNevada City, CADawn Publicationseducation children and youth?( Hart, Roger1979Children's Experience of Place New York, NYIrvington Publisherseducation children and youth?).International Technology Education Assocation,2002IStandards for Technological Literacy: Content for the Study of TechnologyReston, Virginia.International Technology Education Associationeducation literacy?* Louv, Richard2005ILast Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit DisorderChapel Hill, North CarolinaAlgonquin Bookseducation children and youth?+Lutts, Ralph H.19851Place, home, and story in environmental education37"Journal of Environmental Education171bPSYCHOLOGY ACCLIMATIZATION HUMAN ecology Environment Human ecology Personal significance educationFallUhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=8294709&site=ehost-live AJournal of Environmental Education Article 00958964 Accession Number: 8294709; Subject: PSYCHOLOGY; Subject: ACCLIMATIZATION; Subject: HUMAN ecology; Author-Supplied Keyword: Environment; Author-Supplied Keyword: Human ecology; Author-Supplied Keyword: Personal significance; Number of Pages: 0p; Authors: Lutts, Ralph H.?,!Nabhan, Gary Paul Stephen Trimble19959The Geography of Childhood: Why Children Need Wild PlacesBoston Beacon Presseducation children and youth?- Orr, David1992GEcological Literacy: Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World Albany, NY"State University of New York Presseducation literacy educationF?.pPickett, Steward T. A. Burch, William R., Jr. Shawn E. Dalton Timothy W. Foresman J. Morgan Grove Rowan Rowntree1997HA conceptual framework for the study of human ecosystems in urban areas Urban Ecosystems14 education?/Roettger, Doris1991LSeeds and Plants: Using Nonfiction to Promote Literacy Across the Curriculum New York, NYSimon & Schustereducation literacy?0Rous, Emma Wood2000MLiterature and the Land: Reading and Writing for Environmental Literacy, 7-12Portsmouth, NH Boynton/Cookeducation literacy?1Russell, Helen Ross1990Ten-Minute Field TripsWashington, D.C.%National Science Teachers Association educationy?2 Sobel, David1998Mapmaking with ChildrenPortsmouth, NH Heinemannchildren and youth education?3 Sobel, David2002aChildren's Special Places: Exploring the Role of Forts, Dens, and Bush Houses in Middle ChildhoodDetroit, MichiganWayne State University Presseducation children and youth?4 Sobel, David2004<Place-based Education: Connecting Classrooms and CommunitiesGreat Barrington, MA Orion Society education?5 Steele, Fritz1981The Sense of Place Boston, MACBI Publishing Company, Inc.education sense of place?6$Volk, Trudi L. Hungerford, Harold R.19909Changing learner behavior through environmental education8"Journal of Environmental Education213ECOLOGY EDUCATION ENVIRONMENTAL education Ecology Environmental education Environmental objective Hines behavior model Learner behavior change educationSpringJournal of Environmental Education Article 00958964 Accession Number: 8294815; Subject: ECOLOGY; Subject: EDUCATION; Subject: ENVIRONMENTAL education; Author-Supplied Keyword: Ecology; Author-Supplied Keyword: Environmental education; Author-Supplied Keyword: Environmental objective; Author-Supplied Keyword: Hines behavior model; Author-Supplied Keyword: Learner behavior change; Number of Pages: 0p; Authors: Volk, Trudi L. Hungerford, Harold R.?7Whitin, D. J. P. Whitin19977Inquiry at the Window: Pursuing the Wonders of LearnersPortsmouth, New HampshireHeineman education?8XRossa, G. Donovan Hope, E. Stewart Susan, M. Owen A. Robert Mackenzie C. Nicholas Hewitt2005Development and Application of an Urban Tree Air Quality Score for Photochemical Pollution Episodes Using the Birmingham, United Kingdom, Area as a Case Study6730"Environmental Science & Technology3917+Trees Urban areas Air pollution urban treesAn atmospheric chemistry model (CiTTyCAT) is used to quantify the effects of trees on urban air quality in scenarios of high photochemical pollution. The combined effects of both pollutant deposition to and emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from the urban forest are considered, and the West Midlands, metropolitan area in the UK is used as a case study. While all trees can be beneficial to air quality in terms of the deposition of O3, NO2, CO, and HNO3, some trees have the potential to contribute to the formation of O3 due to the reaction of BVOC and NOx. A number of model scenarios are used to develop an urban tree air quality score (UTAQS) that ranks trees in order of their potential to improve air quality. Of the 30 species considered, pine, larch, and silver birch have the greatest potential to improve urban air quality, while oaks, willows, and poplars can worsen downwind air quality if planted in very large numbers. The UTAQS classification is designed with practitioners in mind, to help them achieve sustainable urban air quality. The UTAQS classification is applicable to all urban areas of the UK and other mid-latitude, temperate climate zones that have tree species common to those found in UK urban areas. The modeling approach used here is directly applicable to all areas of the world given the appropriate input data. It provides a tool that can help to achieve future sustainable urban air quality. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]Thttp://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=895411991&Fmt=7&clientId=13766&RQT=309&VName=PQD 0013936X?9,Sager, E. P. Hutchinson, T. C. Croley, T. R.2005iFoliar phenolics in sugar maple (acer saccharum) as a potential indicator of tropospheric ozone pollution419-430'Environmental Monitoring and Assessment1051-3Passive ozone monitoring Phenolics Sugar maple Tropospheric ozone Urban-rural transect influence of pollution on trees urban trees air quality influence of urban trees nitrogen issuesTropospheric O3 has been implicated in the declining health of forest ecosystems in Europe and North America and has been shown to have negative consequences on human health. We have measured tropospheric ozone (O3) in the lower canopy through the use of passive monitors located in five woodlots along a 150 km urban-rural transect, originating in the large urban complex of Toronto, Canada. We also sampled foliage from 10 mature sugar maple trees in each woodlot and measured the concentration of a number of phenolic compounds and macronutrients. O3 concentrations were highest in the two rural woodlots, located approximately 150 km downwind of Toronto, when compared to the woodlots found within the Greater Toronto Area. Foliar concentrations of three flavonoids, avicularin, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin, were significantly greater and nitrogen concentrations significantly lower at these same rural woodlots, suggesting some physiological disruption is occurring in those sites where exposure to tropospheric O3 is greater. We suggest that foliar phenolics of sugar maple may be a biochemical indicator of tropospheric ozone exposure. © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-21044433950&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusEnvironmental and Resource Studies Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ont., Canada Department of General Services, Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services, 1 North 14th St., Richmond, VA, United States}?:8Lodovici, M. Akpan, V. Casalini, C. Zappa, C. Dolara, P.1998{Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Laurus nobilis leaves as a measure of air pollution in urban and rural sites of Tuscany 1703-1712 Chemosphere368aPAHs influence of pollution on trees air quality urban trees air quality influence of urban treesAprsThe levels of 9 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 6 of which carcinogenic were measured in the leaves of evergreen tree (Laurus nobilis) sampled in 13 locations in summer and winter in Tuscany, Italy. The carcinogenic PAH levels were correlated with the PAH air levels sampled at the same site. Samples from larger towns had higher PAH levels than those from medium and small towns. Leaves collected in the center of larger cities had higher carcinogenic PAH levels than samples from residential areas indicating that vehicular traffic is the main PAH source. Carcinogenic PAH levels in leaves collected in the winter in medium towns were considerably higher than expected, probably due to domestic heating. These findings demonstrate that air quality in terms of PAH contamination is not markedly different in towns of different size in Tuscany. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.://000072355900002 0045-6535ISI:000072355900002 }?;+Verheyen, K. Bossuyt, B. Hermy, M. Tack, G.1999The land use history (1278-1990) of a mixed hardwood forest in western Belgium and its relationship with chemical soil characteristics 1115-1128Journal of Biogeography2658influence of pollution on trees urban trees and land useSep Aim During the last decades, an increasing number of studies have stressed the importance of historical human influence on the ecology of forests and on the characteristics of forest soils. Therefore, the Objectives of this study are (1) the quantification of the laud use history of Ename Wood from 1278 to 1990 and (2) tu find out whether the former land use of the forest has long-lasting effects on present-day chemical soil properties. Location The 62-ha present-jay Ename Wood is situated in western Belgium and is the remainder of the 145-ha historical Ename Wood. Methods We disposed of eighteen laud-use maps for the period between 1278 and 1990 which were digitized using a geographic information system (GIS). Transition between thc different land uses and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices were calculated to quantify the history of changing laud use. Mixed soil samples were taken in lots delimited on the basis of the historical data. Next, the soil properties were combined with the land-use variables using redundancy analysis and ANOVA. Results The quantification of the land use changes showed that the present Ename Wood is the result of several forest regression and progression phases, with a complete clearance in thr nineteenth century. Diversity in land use was maximal between the fourteenth and the sixteenth century due a variety of transitional forms between forest and pasture. A positive correlation between the duration of arable land use since the 19th century clearance and soil pH, calcium and phosphate content was observed and a negative correlation was found with the carbon content, the total nitrogen content and the C:N ratio. These correlations are probably caused by;1 combination of acidification processes and the accumulation of organic matter under forest in combination with manuring practices in the twentieth century. Present-dal: forest lots which have been pastured for some time between 1278 and nineteenth-century clearance still had a significantly lower pH and degree of base saturation, which is probably caused by the export of nutrient rich plant material at that time. Discussion and conclusions The results demonstrate that the developed methodology is successful and confirm that historical land use, even in the distant past, can still influence present-day soil characteristics. For this reason, long-term historical land use should always be considered in forest ecological research.://000084988000016 0305-0270ISI:000084988000016}?<Morselli, L. Brusori, B. Passarini, F. Bernardi, E. Francaviglia, R. Gataleta, L. Marchionni, M. Aromolo, R. Benedetti, A. Olivieri, P.2004yHeavy metals monitoring at a Mediterranean natural ecosystem of Central Italy. Trends in different environmental matrixes173-181Environment International302>Influence of pollution on trees urban trees Contaminated soilsAprThe study deals with the evaluation of the impact of heavy metal pollution on a Mediterranean natural ecosystem, and presents the results derived from a monitoring of heavy metals in different environmental matrixes (atmospheric dry depositions, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and stemflow of forest trees). Two sites in Castelporziano Presidential Estate (Rome), one internal and one near the sea-side, were chosen in order to assess the differences in pollutant load. Results showed that heavy metal contamination can arise from local anthropogenic activities, in particular road traffic, and long-range pollution, from industrial and artisan activities near Rome. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000220204900006 0160-4120ISI:000220204900006?=,Kulhavy, J. Knappe, S. Richter, W. Klimo, E.1999cElement fluxes in floodplain forest ecosystems affected by the long-term influence of air pollution149-159Ekologia Bratislava189999+Influence of pollution on trees Urban trees]The floodplain forest ecosystems in the region are a part of the Weisse Elster-Pleisse-Luppe river system which flows into the Saale-Elbe river system. The symbiosis of floodplain forest ecosystems and the City of Leipzig is an extraordinary example of an interacting system between nature and man. Long-term air pollution resulting from power station and industrial activities belongs to the most important negative anthropogenic effects. The main objective of this research was to obtain data on atmospheric deposition and fluxes of nutrients in the ecosystem with regard to site development, growth, biodiversity and groundwater pollution. Two measuring sites were established to colect precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, seepage water, soil solution and groundwater. Samples were colected in two-week intervals and analysed monthly in laboratory in 1996.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-24644513464&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusMendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Forest Ecology, Zeme?de?lska? 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Leipzig, Germany0?>Tong, S. T. Y. Farrell, P. M.1991<The concentration profile of heavy metals in an urban forest79-85Environmental Technology121+influence of pollution on trees urban treesbThe concentration profile of copper and lead in the soil and foliage of an urban forest in Cincinnati, Ohio, was examined. The relationship of the profile to tree type, location, and vegetation, soil and site attributes was also studied. Results showed an elevated metal level near the forest edge and highway. Sites located in the forest interior had a much lower metal burden. Pine needles retained more metals, suggesting that they may be a good repository for airborne particles. Significant relationships between the foliar copper loadings with site aspect, elevation and slope angle were also identified.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026053733&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusWGeography Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-131, United States2}?? Hanesch, M. Scholger, R. Rey, D.2003cMapping dust distribution around an industrial site by measuring magnetic parameters of tree leaves 5125-5133Atmospheric Environment3736Influence of pollution on treesNovIn recent years magnetic measurements were increasingly used as a proxy for the heavy metal content in soils and sediments influenced by industrial emissions. But sometimes it is difficult to judge if the measured distribution really reflects the present situation or if it is a product of past industrial activities. Therefore, we tested in how far magnetic measurements of tree leaf samples can give information on the current spread of magnetic dusts. We sampled maple leaves at 102 locations in and around the industrial city of Leoben in Austria and determined magnetic susceptibility, isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) at 1 Telsa(T), the S-ratio (IRM-100mT/IRMIT) and the ratio of IRM to susceptibility (IRM/kappa). The distributions of S-ratio and IRM/kappa showed that one soft ferrimagnetic phase is dominant over the whole investigated area. This finding was corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the leaves. A comparison with a map of soil magnetic susceptibility revealed that the location of the main source has been the same over a long-time span. The correspondence of the soil map and the leaf map is a convincing proof of the suitability of the method to monitor ongoing emissions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000186310600009 1352-2310ISI:000186310600009?@Takagi, M. Gyokusen, K.2004[Light and atmospheric pollution affect photosynthesis of street trees in urban environments167-171!Urban Forestry and Urban Greening23^Holly Ilex rotunda Nitrogen dioxide Sulfur dioxide influence of pollution on trees urban treesThe gas exchange of leaves of the Ilex rotunda trees planted at thirteen sites in the city of Fukuoka, Japan, with various sun light conditions and air pollutant concentrations was studied. The highest maximum photosynthetic rate and the stomatal conductance of single leaves were measured under controlled conditions and analyzed with the environmental variables by correlation analysis. The photosynthetic rate of the urban core was highest and that of the suburban area was lowest. The results from the correlation analysis showed that the photosynthetic rate was negatively correlated with sun light conditions and positively correlated with air pollutant concentrations. The reasons for the higher photosynthetic rate in the urban core with poor sun light condition and higher air pollutant concentrations were discussed in relation to stimulation by air pollutant and avoidance of photoinhibition.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-32044465268&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ;Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Bassuk, N., Whitlow, T., Environmental stress in street trees (1987) Acta Horticulturae, 195, pp. 49-57; Carreras, H.A., Can?as, M.S., Pignata, M.L., Differences in responses to urban air pollutants by Ligustrum lucidum Air. and Ligustrum lucidum Air. f. tricolor (Rehd.) Rehd (1996) Environmental Pollution, 93, pp. 211-218; Darrall, N.M., The effect of air pollutants on physiological processes in plants (1989) Plant, Cell and Environment, 12, pp. 1-30; Eleftheriou, E.P., A comparative study of the leaf anatomy of olive trees growing in the city and the country (1987) Environmental and Experimental Botany, 27, pp. 105-117; Fu?hrer, G., Payer, H.-D., Pfanz, H., Effects of air pollutants on the photosynthetic capacity of young Norway spruce trees. Response of single needle age classes during and after different treatments with O3, SO2, or NO22 (1993) Trees, 8, pp. 85-92; Gej, B., Gozlin?ski, H., Gas exchange and accumulation of mineral components in assimilatory organs of trees growing in urban conditions (1983) Polish Ecological Studies, 9, pp. 255-265; Gregg, J.W., Jones, C.G., Dawson, T.E., Urbanization effects on tree growth in the vicinity of New York City (2003) Nature, 424, pp. 183-187; Grunau, J.A., Swiader, J.M., Application of ion chromatography to anion analysis in vegetable leaf extracts (1986) Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 17, pp. 321-335; Hodge, S.J., Boswell, R., A study of the relationship between site conditions and urban tree growth (1993) Journal of Arboriculture, 19, pp. 358-367; Climate Statistics, , http://www.data.kishou.go.jp/index.htm, [In Japanese]; Jim, C.Y., Tree-habitat relationships in urban Hong Kong (1992) Environmental Conservation, 19, pp. 209-218; Kitayama, K., Nishida, M., Katayama, T., A study on relation between air temperature distribution and land-use in and around urban area (1993) [In Japanese] Kyushu Sangyo Daigaku Kenkyu Houkoku, 30, pp. 241-246; Kjelgren, R.K., Clark, J.R., Photosynthesis and leaf morphology of Liquidambar styraciflua L. under variable urban radiant-energy conditions (1992) International Journal of Biometeorology, 36, pp. 165-171; Lanaras, T., Sgardelis, S.P., Pantis, J.D., Chlorophyll fluorescence in the dandelion (Taraxacum spp.): A probe for screening urban pollution (1994) The Science of the Total Environment, 149, pp. 61-68; Lorenc-Plucin?ska, G., Effect of nitrogen dioxide on CO2 exchange in Scots pine seedlings (1988) Photosynthetica, 22, pp. 108-111; Mansfield, T.A., Freer-Smith, P.H., Effects of urban air pollution on plant growth (1981) Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 56, pp. 343-368; Neighbour, E.A., Cottam, D.A., Mansfield, T.A., Effects of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide on the control of water loss by birch (Betula spp.) (1988) New Phytologist, 108, pp. 149-157; O'Rourke, P.A., Terjung, W.H., Relative influence of city structure on canopy photosynthesis (1981) International Journal of Biometeorology, 25, pp. 1-19; Ohwi, J., Kitagawa, M., (1992) New Flora of Japan, Revised, , Shibundo Co., Publishers Tokyo; Pandey, J., Agrawal, M., Evaluation of air pollution phytotoxicity in a seasonally dry tropical urban environment using three woody perennials (1994) New Phytologist, 126, pp. 53-61; Rao, M.V., Dubey, P.S., Explanations for the differential response of certain tropical tree species to SO2 under field conditions (1990) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 51, pp. 297-305; Sas Institute, Inc., (2000) JMP User S Guide. Version 4, , SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC; (1997) Statistical Yearbook of City of Fukuoka [in Japanese], p. 13. , City of Fukuoka, Fukuoka; Steege, H.T., (1994) HEMIPHOT, a Programme to Analyse Vegetation Indices, Light and Light Quality from Hemispherical Photographs, , The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen; Takagi, M., Gyokusen, K., Decrease in the photosynthetic rate of leaves of Ilex rotunda seedlings exposed to urban atmospheric condition (2002) Journal of Japanese Revegetation Technology, 27, pp. 589-593; Takagi, M., Gyokusen, K., Saito, A., Urban micro environment and photosynthesis of street trees (1996) Journal of Japanese Revegetation Technology, 22, pp. 15-23; Whitlow, T.H., Bassuk, N.L., Reichert, D.L., A 3-year study of water relations of urban street trees (1992) Journal of Applied Ecology, 29, pp. 436-450Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Miyazaki University Forests, Otsu 11300, Tano-cho, Miyazaki-gun, Miyazaki-Pref., JapanB?A\Steinbrecher, R. Klauer, M. Hauff, K. R. Stockwell, W. Jaeschke, W. Dietrich, T. Herbert, F.2000{Biogenic and anthropogenic fluxes of non-methane hydrocarbons over an urban-impacted forest, Frankfurter Stadtwald, Germany 3779-3788Atmospheric Environment3422Flux-gradient- relationship Isoprene Monoterpene Photochemistry Tall vegetation influence of pollution on trees urban trees air quality influence of urban trees= In an urban-impacted oak/beech/pine forest (Frankfurter Stadtwald, 50°04' 06'' N; 8°40' 17'' E) trace gas distributions and fluxes of anthropogenic and biogenic non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) were determined for a bright weather period in August 1995. In general, ozone peaked at 70 ppb in the early afternoon. NO and NO(x) reach values of up to 25 ppb under low wind conditions and local automobile traffic. Anthropogenic NMHC dominate with up to 8.0 ppb in the air above the forest. The dominating biogenic NMHC in ambient air above the forest was isoprene with peak values of 1.5 ppb during daytime. The flux-gradient relationship with specific adapted and validated stability functions for this forest was used for calculating NMHC- fluxes. Transfer times of up to 100 s require a correction of the mixing ratios for HO-radical chemistry occurring along the gradient between 22 and 51 m for high reactive substances such as isoprene. The specific situation in the Frankfurter Stadtwald with high road traffic inside the forest (up to 10,000 vehicles per hour) lead to sometimes significant emission of anthropogenic NMHC as exhaust plumes were spread in the trunk space. Isoprene fluxes were high and amounted to 3.5 nmol m-2 ground area s-1 due to the high percentage of oaks growing in the forest but were at the lower end of estimates made by current biogenic NMHC emission inventories. The high isoprene emission flux and ambient air mixing ratios underscore the importance of isoprene daytime and nighttime chemistry for the Frankfurt area. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. In an urban-impacted oak/beech/pine forest (Frankfurter Stadtwald, 50° 04? 06? N; 8° 40? 17? E) trace gas distributions and fluxes of anthropogenic and biogenic non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) were determined for a bright weather period in August 1995. In general, ozone peaked at 70 ppb in the early afternoon. NO and NOx reach values of up to 25 ppb under low wind conditions and local automobile traffic. Anthropogenic NMHC dominate with up to 8.0 ppb in the air above the forest. The dominating biogenic NMHC in ambient air above the forest was isoprene with peak values of 1.5 ppb during daytime. The flux-gradient relationship with specific adapted and validated stability functions for this forest was used for calculating NMHC-fluxes. Transfer times of up to 100 s require a correction of the mixing ratios for HO-radical chemistry occurring along the gradient between 22 and 51 m for high reactive substances such as isoprene. The specific situation in the Frankfurter Stadtwald with high road traffic inside the forest (up to 10,000 vehicles per hour) lead to sometimes significant emission of anthropogenic NMHC as exhaust plumes were spread in the trunk space. Isoprene fluxes were high and amounted to 3.5 nmol m-2 ground area s-1 due to the high percentage of oaks growing in the forest but were at the lower end of estimates made by current biogenic NMHC emission inventories. The high isoprene emission flux and ambient air mixing ratios underscore the importance of isoprene daytime and nighttime chemistry for the Frankfurt area.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034215010&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: ScopusFraunhofer-Inst. Atmospharische U., Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany Dessert Research Institute, Atmospheric Science Division, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, United States Zentrum fur Umweltforschung (ZUF), J.-W.- Goethe Unversita?t, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14, D-60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany Inst. fur Meteorol. und Geophys., Robert-Mayer-Str. 1, D-60325 Frankfurt/Main, GermanyM?B4Power, A. L. Worsley, A. T. Booth, C. A. Farr, K. M.2006Preliminary insights into magneto-biomonitoring (Tilia europaea and Acer pseudoplatanus) as an alternative roadside particulate air pollution technology525-534/WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment86Environmental magnetism PM10 Traffic management Tree leaves Vehicular pollution monitoring influence of pollution on trees urban treesVUrban roadside particulate air pollution, deposited on tree leaf surfaces (Lime: Tilia europaea; Sycamore: Acer pseudoplatanus), has been monitored (July 2003 to November 2003) by mineral magnetic technologies. The nature of this work is particularly important because particulate pollution affects human health (i.e. cardio-vascular and respiratory systems). Leaves were collected from four roadside locations and a woodland park within the City of Wolverhampton, West Midlands, U.K. Data analyses reveal that significant (p <0.001) site-specific differences are chiefly attributed to differences in types of traffic management and associated vehicular behaviour, but may also be influenced by the type of vehicular engine (notably diesel) and localised conditions. Moreover, evidence suggests magnetic concentration parameters are a surrogate for particulate air pollution. Given the speed, measurement sensitivity and non-destructive nature of the technique, it is proposed this low-cost approach offers some advantages over other technologies currently used to monitor urban roadside particulate pollution.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-36148941352&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 *Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusEdge Hill University College, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom Research Institute in Advanced Technologies (RIATec), University of Wolverhampton, West Midlands, United Kingdom?CMesanza, J. M. Casado, H.1997TOzone concentrations in urban and rural-forested areas in the Basque country (Spain) 2259-2274mJournal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering328jCritical levels Forest Ozone Pollution Urban area air quality influence of urban trees climate urban treesIn response to general concern about atmospheric pollution and forest decline, a comprehensive program was created in 1985 to assess the deposition levels of atmospheric pollutants and their effects in Pinus radiata plantations in the Basque Country (Spain). There is a serious concern about the environmental impact of ozone (O3) on vegetation and on human health both in urban and rural areas. We present data from 1993-1995 measures of O3 levels near Pinus radiata forested areas, and in urban sites of the Bilbao metropolitan area. To quantify the O3 exposures, hourly average O3 concentration data were characterized in the Barambio and the Berganza sites (rural-forested areas), and in the Basauri and the Getxo sites (Bilbao metropolitan area). The Berganza and the Barambio sites experienced more occurrences of hourly average concentrations >75 and >100 ppb than the Basauri and the Getxo sites. The AOT40 exposure values in the two forested sites were 2-4 times higher that the critical levels, while in the two urban sites AOT40 were lower or equal to the critical values. The lower-elevation site of Berganza and the urban sites experienced a greater percentage of its O3 exposure during daylight hours (08:00-20:00 h) than the Barambio site. The results indicate an overall increase on the average values of the O3 concentrations since 1993 in the forested sites, while in the urban sites, the values are variable.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346443332&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus^Department of Applied Physics, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Spain M?DMatzka, J. Maher, B. A.1999Magnetic biomonitoring of roadside tree leaves: Identification of spatial and temporal variations in vehicle-derived particulates 4565-4569Atmospheric Environment3328Biomonitoring Magnetic measurements Vehicle pollution air quality influence of urban trees influence of pollution on trees urban treesWe report here the novel use of rapid and non-destructive magnetic measurements to investigate the spatial and temporal pattern of urban dust loadings on leaves of roadside trees. More than 600 leaves were collected from birch trees and their remanent magnetization (IRM(300mT)) determined and normalized for the leaf area. The results show that this normalised 2-D magnetization is dominantly controlled by the tree's distance to the road. The magnetic analyses enabled detailed mapping of the spatial and temporal variations of vehicle-derived particulates. Higher 2D-magnetizations, indicating higher magnetic dust loadings, were measured for leaves collected adjacent to uphill road sections than for those next to downhill sections. This suggests that vehicle emissions, rather than friction wear or resuspended road dust, are the major source of the roadside magnetic particles. Additional magnetic analyses suggest that the particle size of the magnetic grains dominantly falls in the range classified for airborne particulate matter as PM2.5 (<2.5?m), a particle size hazardous to health due to its capacity to be respired deeply into the lungs. Thus, the leaf magnetizations relate directly to release into the atmosphere of harmful vehicle combustion products. For leaves from individual trees, magnetization values fall significantly from high values proximal to the roadside to lower values at the distal side, confirming the ability of trees to reduce aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere. Magnetic analysis of leaves over days and weeks shows that rainfall produces a net decrease in the leaf magnetic loadings. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032865353&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 43 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusInst. fur Allg. und Ang. Geophys., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita?t, Munich, Germany School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, United Kingdom*?E7Alfani, A. Maisto, G. Vittoria Prati, M. Baldantoni, D.2001MLeaves of Quercus ilex L. as biomonitors of PAHs in the air of Naples (Italy) 3553-3559Atmospheric Environment3521Biomonitoring Leaves Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Quercus ilex L. Rural and urban areas influence of pollution on trees urban treesPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by the GC-MS chromatography in the leaves of Quercus ilex L., an evergreen Mediterranean oak, to monitor the degree of pollution in the urban area of Naples compared to remote areas. Leaf samples were collected in July 1998 from four urban parks, six roadsides and two sites in remote areas. The total PAH contents in Q. ilex leaves ranged from 106.6 in a control site to 4607.5ng/g d.w. along a road with a high traffic flow. The mean concentration factors (urban/control) were 3.8 for the parks and 15 for the roads. The contribution of carcinogenic PAHs (benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene) was higher in urban area and differed according to the site, ranging from 6.7% to 21.3%. The total PAH burden in control sites was dominated by the low molecular weight PAHs, whilst along the urban roads fluoranthene, pyrene and benz[a]anthracene among the measured PAHs showed the highest values. PAHs were positively correlated (P<0.01) to trace metals measured in a previous study. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034742497&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 17 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDipartimento Di Biologia Vegetale, Universita? Federico II, via Foria 223, 80139 Napoli, Italy Istituto Motori del CNR, via Marconi 8, 80125 Napoli, Italyk?F'Lombardo, M. Melati, R. M. Orecchio, S.2001oAssessment of the quality of the air in the city of Palermo through chemical and cell analyses on Pinus needles 6435-6445Atmospheric Environment3536Atomic absorption spectroscopy Chemical and cell analyses Concentrations of lead Needles Pinus pinea L. Quality of air air quality influence of urban trees influence of pollution on trees urban treesThe influence of air pollution on the chemical composition of Pinus sp. needles was examined in polluted and control sites in and around the city of Palermo (Sicily). The chemical composition of needles indicated the extent of contamination of the trees, which were cytologically examined. Cell analysis was carried out on pine samples, including needles and pollens, from 15 different locations. Biostructural and spectrophotometric tests were performed. In particular, concentrations of toxic (Cd, Pb) and non-toxic metals (Fe,Cu, Zn) were determined, as well as injury caused by their accumulation in the needles. The more highly urbanised areas showed higher concentrations of metals (Pb, Cu. Zn, Fe); only the concentrations of Cd and Mn turned out to be constant in all the sites. Cell analysis revealed displasic cells and secondary metabolite accumulations in trees from polluted sites. These changes observed were most likely caused by the toxic effect of pollutants. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035176694&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 10 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Botanical Science, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 38, 90123 Palermo, Italy Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Palermo, Parco d'Orleans, 90100 Palermo, Italy Department of Botanical Science, University of Palermo, Via Trinacria N.8, 90144 Palermo, Italy:?G Dineva, S. B.2005aLeaf blade structure and the tolerance of Acer negundo L. (Box elder) to the polluted environment11-16 Dendrobiology53]Anatomical structure Polluted air Sulphur dioxide influence of pollution on trees urban trees7Polluted air is a stress factor that contributes to the decline of urban trees. Air pollution may cause short-term (acute) damage, which is immediately visible and long-term (chronic) damage, which can lead to gradual tree decline. Long-term damage may predispose trees to other disorders. The impact of technogenic factors on the leaf's anatomical structure of Acer negundo L. (Box elder) was studied. The thickness of the upper cuticle is increased when compared to those from an ecologically pure area. A change in the rate of mesophyll tissue is due to the enlargement of the palisade parenchyma. The thickness of lower epidermal cells is decreased. All changes of the leaf blade structure are significant and are in direction of increasing the xerophyte characteristics of the leaves. Box elder is native to much of temperate North America. This is a tree of lowlands and wet hardwood forests. As such, we can assume that the registered changes are adaptive responses of the tree to the contaminated environment and that the tree can be considered to be relatively tolerant.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-25144525185&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 *Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopuslTechnical College - Yambol, Thracian University Stara Zagora, Gr. Ignatiev str. No 38, Yambol 8600, Bulgaria?H@Tomasevic, M. Vukmirovic, Z. Rajsic, S. Tasic, M. Stevanovic, B.2005bCharacterization of trace metal particles deposited on some deciduous tree leaves in an urban area753-760 Chemosphere616pAirborne particles SEM-EDAX Trace metals Tree leaves Urban pollution influence of pollution on trees urban treesIn 1996 and 1997 horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) and Turkish hazel (Corulys colurna L.) leaves were sampled at 2 m height in the Belgrade Botanic Garden, located in an urban area with heavy traffic. Using a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDAX), the size, size distribution, morphology and chemical composition of individual particles were examined on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaf discs of both species. The majority of particles observed on leaves belonged to a class of fine particles (D < 2 ?m). Morphological and chemical composition indicated that the most abundant particles were soot and dust with minor constituents such as Pb, Zn, Ni, V, Cd, Ti, As and Cu. Using an electrochemical technique (DPASV), it was possible to measure trace metal concentrations (Pb, Cu, Zn) in a water-soluble fraction of deposits on each single leaf. Trace metal contents in the leaf deposits, increased during the vegetation period for both species and were considerably higher in A. hippocastanum due to different epidermal characteristics. The higher trace metal concentrations in deposits in 1997 reflected greater atmospheric pollution in the Belgrade urban area. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-27144439072&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusEnvironmental Physics Laboratory, Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11080 Zemun, Pregrevica 118, Yugoslavia University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Botany and Botanic Garden, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia[?I%Kurteva, M. Merakchiyska-Nikolova, M.2004Influence of industrial and urban pollution on the morphological structure and dust-catch ability of decorative tree and shrub species77-95Silva Balcanica5Air pollution Decorative trees and shrubs Dust-catch ability Morphological parameters influence of pollution on trees urban trees6Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Acer saccharinum L., Tilia tomentosa Moench., Juglans regia L., Laburnum anagyroides Medic. and Ligustrum vulgare L. have been studied under industrial (MW "Kremikovtzi") and urban pollution in Sofia, with predominant road traffic, by three morphological parameters and for dust-catch ability (in dynamics) during the period of vegetation of 2000. The study has shown that all of morphological indexes are sensitive, especially the foliar assimilation area and they can be used for bioindication of air pollution in the investigated regions. Some species specificity has been outlined, depending on the type of pollution. The data about dust-catch ability have determined Elaeagnus angustifolia, Tilia tomentosa and Ligustrum vulgare as most suitable for "green filter" in the polluted regions. The highest quantity of dust was accumulated on the leaves of the species in June. On the basis of the made study Tilia tomentosa, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Ligustrum vulgare and Acer saccharinum were recommended as relatively resistant and suitable for planting in the polluted regions, but with provided water regime for the last species. Juglans regia, with its low values for all parameters, has outlined as more sensitive and should be used more moderately in regions with high level of technogenic pollution.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-5144227628&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 *Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus-Institute of Botany, Sofia, Bulgaria Institute of Plant Physiology, Sofia, Bulgaria Institute of Botany, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Institute of Plant Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria?J@Khan, L. V. Pahar'kova, N. V. Grigoriev, Y. S. Astafurova, T. P.2001FEstimation of urban coniferous trees state by chlorophyll fluorescence644-648GProceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering4341Air pollution Bioindication Chlorophyll fluorescence Coniferous trees Dormancy Urban environment influence of pollution on trees urban trees=Coniferous trees are characterized by a high sensibility to an atmospheric pollution. Therefore, they are widely used in contamination level indication. Methods, basing on the chlorophyll fluorescence recording, are among the fastest methods of plants physiological state definition. In present work the physiological state of coniferous trees, growing in several districts of Tomsk City with different degree of air pollution was investigated by fluorescent methods. It was found that in winter-spring time the fluorescence intensity of the trees in stronger polluted areas is higher. The reason is that the weakened plants can not reach the state of the deep dormancy. Therefore, under artificial removing, they overpass this state earlier, showing the higher physiological activity in comparison with plants of the pure sites.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035046442&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 *Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusFTomsk State University, Lenin Av. 36, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation ?KStreck, G. Herrmann, R.2000vDistribution of endocrine disrupting semivolatile organic compounds in several compartments of a terrestrial ecosystem39-44Water Science and Technology427-8Aerosol particles Endocrine disrupter Phthalate acid esters Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Precipitation Semivolatile organic compound (SOC) Vapour phase Contaminated soils Influence of pollution on trees Concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds - most of them known or suspected endocrine disrupters - were monitored in different compartments of a forested region in Northeast Bavaria. Considered compartments included precipitation (rain, snow), aerosol particles and vapour phase, soil and spruce needles (Picea abies). Investigated compounds comprised 4 phthalate acid esters, 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and 8 pesticides. While nearly all PAHs and phthalate acid esters were found in significant concentrations in the different compartments, pesticide concentrations were low, perhaps due to sampling in winter conditions. Regarding literature data about receptor affinity, the estrogen potential of the investigated compounds were evaluated. Concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds-most of them known or suspected endocrine disrupters-were monitored in different compartments of a forested region in Northeast Bavaria. Considered compartments included precipitation (rain, snow), aerosol particles and vapour phase, soil and spruce needles (Picea abies). Investigated compounds comprised 4 phthalate acid esters, 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and 8 pesticides. While nearly all PAHs and phthalate acid esters were found in significant concentrations in the different compartments, pesticide concentrations were low, perhaps due to sampling in winter conditions. Regarding literature data about receptor affinity, the estrogen potential of the investigated compounds were evaluated. In a mountainous region in northeastern Bavaria, Germany, the occurrence of various semivolatile organic compounds was examined in a coniferous forest. Samples of air, precipitation, soil, and Norway spruce needles were studied. The results indicated that concentrations of PAHs and phthalate acid esters were relatively high in all ecosystem compartments under the winter conditions investigated. In rain samples, low-molecular-weight PAHs were found at high concentrations, while snow samples had much higher values of high-molecular-weight PAHs. Some of the investigated compounds, especially PAHs, are known to act as endocrine disruptors. (from Int Assoc on Water Qual/et al Third Specialized Conf on Hazard Assessment and Control of Environ Contaminants, Otsu City, Japan (Dec 5-8, 99)).]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033732598&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus]Department of Hydrology, University of Bayreuth, Universitatsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany @?LIMitrovic, M. Pavlovic, P. Djurdjevic, L. Gajic, G. Kostic, O. Bojovic, S.2006Differences in Norway maple leaf morphology and anatomy among polluted (Belgrade city parks) and unpolluted (Maljen Mt.) landscapes126-137Ekologia Bratislava252lAcer platanoides Air pollution Leaf anatomy Leaf damage symptoms influence of pollution on trees urban trees{Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) is often used for urban landscaping because it is considered to be tolerant to different ecological conditions. This study examined leaf anatomy and morphology, and leaf damage symptoms (using the light and SEM microscopy) of maple tree growing in three Belgrade city parks (high polluted sites: park "Hall Pioneer" and Botanical garden "Jevremovac" within City industrial zone, and low polluted Kalemegdan park), and control site (unpolluted) at Maljen Mt. during a two-year period. Microscopic measures included thickness of leaves, upper and lower epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll and stomatal density. Differences in leaf attributes varied significantly among sites. Leaves in parks within industrial zone were thicker (with changes most expressed by the thickening of palisade mesophyll), smaller, heavier and more voluminous from the control ones. Leaf damage were noted only in the urban zone, expressed in form of light to dark colour chloroses, and reddish-brown marginal necroses related to toxic effect of elevated concentrations of particulate matter, SO2, and Pb, Zn and Ni in city air. Damage ranged from lesions to the last stadium of necrosis of whole mesophyll. SEM microscopy indicated erosive damage of the cuticle and stomata. We concluded that the sensitivity to air pollution of A. platanoides leaves is related to its leaf structure, low leaf volume and large intercellular spaces. In the same time, the leaf structural change (due thickening of mesophyll and increasing of leaf volume) follows the course of developing xeromorphic adaptations to the stressful conditions of urban environment.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745621293&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research Sinis?a Stankovic?, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Yugoslavia,}?M Oke, T. R.1989(The Micrometeorology of the Urban Forest335-349VPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences3241223&urban trees design issues urban forestAug://A1989AP05500009 0962-8436ISI:A1989AP05500009p}?NIqbal, M. Z. Shafiq, M.2000OPeriodical effects of automobile pollution on the growth of some roadside trees104-110Ekologia-Bratislava191 urban treesuThe automobile exhaust significantly reduced the branch length and yield of Guaiacum offoconale, Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus sp. The yield of Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus sp. and Guaiacum officinale was lessened at the polluted sites of the city. The increase in branch length of all the species was found mainly in control as compared to polluted sites. The branch length and seed weight of G. officinale and Eucalyptus sp. reduced significantly (p <0.05) at highly polluted sites of the city i.e. M.A. Jinnah Road as compared to control. Eucalyptus sp. showed maximum branch length (2.36 cm) at campus (Control) as compared to Shaheed-c-Millat Road (2.04 cm) Liaquatabad (1.97 cm) and M.A.Jinnah Road (1.82 cm), respectively in the month of July. However the lowest increase in branch length of Eucalyptus sp. (1.7 cm) was found at the highly polluted site on the forth week of observation in the month of June at M.A. Jinnah Road followed by Shaheed-c-Millat Road (2.0 cm) Liaquatabad (2.03 cm) and Campus (2.24 cm), respectively Azadirachta indica showed maximum reduction in branch length at M.A. Jinnah Road (0.94 cm) followed by Shaheed-c-Millat Road (1.18 cm), Liaquatabad (1.30 cm) and Campus (2.02 cm) on the forth week of observation in June. Guaiacum officinale showed the minimum branch length at M. A. Jinnah Road (1.94 cm) on eight weeks of observation in the month of July.://000168969500010 1335-342XISI:000168969500010}?OTuomisto, H. Neuvonen, S.1993[How to Quantify Differences in Epicuticular Wax Morphology of Picea-Abies (L) Karst Needles787-799New Phytologist1234+influence of pollution on trees urban treesAprXBecause researchers seldom possess unlimited resources, planning is needed to maximize the ratio of information gained to work needed. The aim of the present study was to find reasonable sampling and observation schemes for documenting regional differences in the impact of air pollution on the morphology of epicuticular needle wax. One-year-old Picea abies (L.) Karst. needles were collected in Southern Finland at two sites with different air pollution levels. In both sites, samples were taken from four trees, and within each tree, from three heights and four compass directions. The epicuticular wax of the needles was investigated under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) by estimating the relative abundances of eight wax types representing both tubular and degraded forms. Two ways are proposed to convert these data to index values, and the usefulness of this approach is evaluated. The differences between the two sites were significant, the needles from the urban site showing, on average, less-preserved wax types than those from the rural site. Variation among individual trees within each site was pronounced, which proved the necessity of sampling several trees. There was also marked variation among the needles taken from the same tree, but this showed no consistent pattern with respect to sampling height or compass direction. Analysis of the variance at different hierarchical levels (among trees, among needles and within needles) suggested that the sampling effort is better invested when it is spread among several tree individuals than when it is concentrated on the detailed study of fewer trees.://A1993LE53500017 0028-646XISI:A1993LE53500017?PTong, S. T. Y.1991TThe retention of copper and lead particulate matter in plant foliage and forest soil31-37Environment International171+influence of pollution on trees urban treesSoil and foliage samples were collected from 15 groves of American elders in the Mt. Airy Forest, Cincinnati, and tested for lead and copper concentrations. Analysis of variance revealed significant reduction of foliar copper and soil lead contents with distance into the forest; a result supporting the hypothesis suggested by Lederer (1982) and others that trees and shrubs not only beautify our cities, but are effective particulate interceptors. This ability of soil and vegetation acting as sinks for particulate matter contamination is especially beneficial in populated urban areas where ambient pollution levels tend to be high. Soil and foliage samples were collected from 15 groves of American elders in the Mt. Airy Forest, Cincinnati, and tested for lead and copper concentrations. Analysis of variance revealed significant reduction of foliar copper and soil lead contents with distance into the forest; a result supporting the hypothesis suggested by Lederer (1982) and others that trees and shrubs not only beautify our cities, but are effective particulate interceptors. This ability of soil and vegetation acting as sinks for particulate matter contamination is especially beneficial in populated urban areas where ambient pollution levels tend to be high.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0025923933&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusWGeography Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-131, United States<}?Q'Tommasini, S. Davies, G. R. Elliott, T.2000Lead isotope composition of tree rings as bio-geochemical tracers of heavy metal pollution: a reconnaissance study from Firenze, Italy891-900Applied Geochemistry1577influence of pollution on trees urban trees urban soilsAugPb isotope composition of tree rings (Celtis Australis) and urban aerosols have been determined to assess whether arboreal species can be used as bio-geochemical tracers of the evolution of heavy metal pollution to the environment. Particular care was paid to setting up a high quality analytical technique to work with arboreal species with low Pb content. The Pb isotope composition of tree rings from 1950 to 1995 is within the range of European aerosols and is correlated with the temporal evolution of Pb isotopes measured in air particulates from Firenze. The entire data set (tree rings and air particulates) demonstrate that Pb isotope composition of tree rings can be used successfully as a proxy of the atmospheric Pb isotope composition of urban areas. This, in turn, suggests that tree rings are potentially a powerful bio-geochemical tracer for monitoring air pollution history due to human activities. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000087308900001 0883-2927ISI:000087308900001k?R$Tejeda, T. H. De Pascual Pola, C. N.1996\Effects of oxidant air pollution on Pinus maximartinezii Rzedowski in the Mexico City region79-83Environmental Pollution921+influence of pollution on trees urban treesfThe response of Pinus maximartinezii Rzedowski to photochemical oxidant air pollution was examined using 100 trees, during a 1 year cycle, at Vivero de Coyoacan, a tree nursery located in the south central part of Mexico City, where exposure to polluted air masses has been continuous. The tree response assessment method was based upon documented symptoms of pollutant injury on the foliage. The results showed a homogeneous pattern of health and vigor and only medium sensitivity (based on foliar injury) to photochemical oxidants, although the trees maintained their needles through a three and not the normal 5 year period as at its geographic location of origin (different habitat or environment). Nevertheless, these data suggest that this species of pine could be proposed as good planting material for reforestation in the urban metropolitan area of Mexico city.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029749191&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopushCtro. Nac. Invest. Disciplinaria C., INIFAP (SARH), Ave. Progreso 5, Coyoacan, Mexico 04110 D.F., Mexico}?S Supuka, J. Berta, F. Chladna, A.1997wThe Influence of the urban environment on the composition of terpenes in the needles of Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold)176-182Trees-Structure and Function113+influence of pollution on trees urban treesJan-The composition of terpenoid substances in needles of Pinus nigra Arnold with respect to air pollution is discussed. Trees grown in the urban environment of the city of Nitra, which is contaminated by immissions, and trees grown in the relatively clean environment of the Mlynany Arboretum SAS were investigated. The urban environment caused a change in the species composition and the content of terpenes. In the city of Nitra needles of P. nigra contained a smaller number of terpenoid substances (12 terpenes) in comparison with the Arboretum (15 terpenes). At Nitra P. nigra contained four terpenes with a relative portion above 1% and at the Mlynany Arboretum P. nigra needles contained six terpenes above 1%. At the polluted site citral, eugenol, and bisabolol are completely missing in the terpene pattern of needles and myrcene, carvone and alfa-humulene were notably lower. The decrease of the alfa-pinene content and the increase of the beta-pinene content in needles from Nitra significantly lowered the ratio of alfa-pinene to beta-pinene from 2.80 to 0.86.://A1997WJ13000007 0931-1890ISI:A1997WJ13000007K?T#Sturaro, A. Parvoli, G. Doretti, L.1993`Plane tree bark as a passive sampler of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban environment435-438Journal of Chromatography6431-2+influence of pollution on trees urban treesVThe use of plane tree bark as a natural and passive sampler allowed the detection of nineteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the molecular mass range 128-202. The compounds extracted using a Soxtec system were separated by gas chromatography, characterized by mass spectrometry and confirmed by comparison with reference product data. The investigation emphasized the amount of pollution in the urban and rural environments, the kind of traffic and the concentrations of pollutants at various heights in the trunk of the plane trees. The accuracy and precision of the method were also studied.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027185420&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 9 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusNUfficio Sicurezza e Prevenzione, CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35020 Padova, Italy}?U?Soda, C. Bussotti, F. Grossoni, P. Barnes, J. Mori, B. Tani, C.2000<Impacts of urban levels of ozone on Pinus halepensis foliage69-82%Environmental and Experimental Botany441+influence of pollution on trees urban treesAugBetween May and September, 1996, seedlings of Pinus halepensis were placed at a site adjacent to an automated air pollution monitoring station within the urban area of Florence. Additional 'control' plants were placed in chambers ventilated with charcoal/Purafil(R)-filtered air. All trees were well watered throughout the whole experimental period. During the exposure period, ambient levels of sulphur dioxide were very low, whilst the accumulated hourly exposure to ozone above 40 ppb (i.e. AOT40) exceeded 20 000 ppb h(-1) peak hourly ozone concentrations rising to levels above 100 ppb. Trees exposed to ambient levels of air pollution exhibited typical symptoms of ozone damage (chlorotic mottle) on previous year needles toward the end of the summer. Similar symptoms were not observed on equivalent trees exposed to filtered-air, nor were visible symptoms accompanied by insect or pest infestation. Anatomical and ultrastructural observations made on symptomatic needles revealed degeneration in mesophyll cells bordering sub-stomatal cavities and alterations in chloroplast ultrastructure (fat accumulation, starch and tannin pattern modifications). These observations are consistent with the known effects of air pollutants (namely ozone) recorded in the literature. Findings are discussed in relation to the impacts of ozone on P. halepensis in the Mediterranean region. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.://000088290200008 0098-8472ISI:000088290200008?V:Singh, S. K. Rao, D. N. Agrawal, M. Pandey, J. Narayan, D.1991'Air pollution tolerance index of plants45-55#Journal of Environmental Management321+influence of pollution on trees urban treesIn order to evaluate the susceptibility level of plants to air pollutants, four parameters, namely ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, relative water content, and leaf-extract pH, were determined and computed together in a formulation signifying the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of plants. APTI values of 69 plant species, including herbs shrubs and trees, growing in the urban-industrial Lahartara region of Varanasi were estimated. Plants with a high index value were tolerant to air pollutants and vice-versa. On the basis of their indices, different plant groups were categorized into sensitive, intermediate, moderately tolerant, and tolerant classes. Plants like A. lebbek, P. dulce, B. spectabilis, C. gigantea, C. roseus, etc. were tolerant and D. sissoo, L. chinensis, C. carandus, C. rottleri, etc. were sensitive to air pollutant. The susceptibility level of plants to air pollution, as indicated through their index values, compared well with the responses of plants observed under laboratory and field experiments. The APTI determination provides a reliable method for screening sensitive/tolerant plants under field conditions where the air-shed is contaminated by a variety of pollutants.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0025925712&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusUCentre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India}?W&Simonetti, A. Gariepy, C. Carignan, J.2003Tracing sources of atmospheric pollution in Western Canada using the Pb isotopic composition and heavy metal abundances of epiphytic lichens 2853-2865Atmospheric Environment3720+influence of pollution on trees urban treesJunBThe Pb isotopic composition and trace metal concentrations of epiphytic lichens collected from tree branches within northwestern North America are reported here, with a latitudinal coverage extending from the Beaufort Sea (Arctic circle) to the Canada-USA border. Overall, the trace metal concentrations and Pb isotope compositions correlate with latitudinal position, since lichens retrieved north of latitude 60degreesN are characterized by low enrichment factors (EF) (mainly between 10 and 30) for heavy metals (i.e. Pb, Zn) and radiogenic Pb-206/Pb-207 isotope values (similar to1.170-1.180). Samples collected further south are characterized by higher EF for heavy metals and much lower Pb isotopic compositions (i.e. Pb-206/Pb-207 less than or equal to 1.150). Lichens retrieved in the immediate vicinity of major urban centers (i.e. Calgary, Alberta and Victoria, British Columbia) record distinct Pb isotopic values compared to the regional signal measured in adjacent (remote) samples. The total variation defined by the Pb isotopic compositions of the lichens may be attributed to the mixing of atmospheric particulates and aerosols derived from at least four end-member components, three anthropogenic and one natural. The latter is the predominant signal recorded in lichens retrieved north of 60degreesN, and is similar in Pb isotopic composition to a natural component identified in aerosols collected during the autumn season of 1994 at Alert (Canadian High Arctic). In contrast, samples collected further south reflect in-part mixing between Canadian and USA anthropogenic sources of atmospheric Pb. The third (unradiogenic) anthropogenic end-member most probably represents atmospheric emissions originating from one of the world's major Zn/Pb smelters located at Trail, British Columbia. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000183644000012 1352-2310ISI:000183644000012;|?XPSawicka-Kapusta, K. Gdula-Argasinska, J. Budka, D. Zakrzewska, M. Szpakowska, K.2003=The influence of Cracow urban pollution on small forest areas 1197-1200Journal De Physique Iv107+influence of pollution on trees urban treesMayThe impact of Cracow conurbation on small forest ecosystems was studied during the last four years (1998-2001). Seven sites located at different distances from the city and from busy road were selected. Lichen Hypogymnia physodes from unpolluted areas were transplanted to each of investigated sites for 6-month period (winter 1998/1999, 1999/2000, summer 2000). The quantity of litter fall with percentage composition of each species was estimated, also the input of litter and heavy metals to the forest floor were evaluated. Metal concentration (Cd, Ph, Cu, Zn, Fe) in Hypogymnia physodes, leaves of common oak, hornbeam and litter fall were determined in IL 251 flame AAS. Acute injuries of lichen thalli as well as concentrations of Pb, Zn, Fe and S were higher after winter transplantation and in sites located close to Cracow conurbation. High concentration of heavy metals were noticed in tree leaves from eastern transect as the effect of steel works emission as well as in those sites from southern transect situated nearby the city, Although air pollution has generally declined in the Malopolska district over the last few years the metal concentration and input to the forest floor in 2001 remains at the same level than in the previous years.://000183782500113 Part 2 1155-4339ISI:000183782500113 ?YQian, S. S. Anderson, C. W.1999Exploring factors controlling the variability of pesticide concentrations in the Willamette River Basin using tree-based models 3332-3340$Environmental Science and Technology3319Vinfluence of pollution on trees urban trees air quality influence of urban trees waterWe analyzed available concentration data of five commonly used herbicides and three pesticides collected from small streams in the Willamette River Basin in Oregon to identify factors that affect the variation of their concentrations in the area. The emphasis of this paper is the innovative use of classification and regression tree models for exploratory data analysis as well as analyzing data with a substantial amount of left-censored values. Among variables included in this analysis, land-use pattern in the watershed is the most important for all but one (simazine) of the eight pesticides studied, followed by geographic location, intensity of agriculture activities in the watershed (represented by nutrient concentrations in the stream), and the size of the watershed. The significant difference between urban sites and agriculture sites is the variability of stream concentrations. While all 16 nonurban watersheds have significantly higher variation than urban sites, the same is not necessarily true for the mean concentrations. Seasonal variation accounts for only a small fraction of the total variance in all eight pesticides. We analyzed available concentration data of five commonly used herbicides and three pesticides collected from small streams in the Willamette River Basin in Oregon to identify factors that affect the variation of their concentrations in the area. The emphasis of this paper is the innovative use of classification and regression tree models for exploratory data analysis as well as analyzing data with a substantial amount of left-censored values. Among variables included in this analysis, land-use pattern in the watershed is the most important for all but one (simazine) of the eight pesticides studied, followed by geographic location, intensity of agriculture activities in the watershed (represented by nutrient concentrations in the stream), and the size of the watershed. The significant difference between urban sites and agriculture sites is the variability of stream concentrations. While all 16 nonurban watersheds have significantly higher variation than urban sites, the same is not necessarily true for the mean concentrations. Seasonal variation accounts for only a small fraction of the total variance in all eight pesticides.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033215216&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusEnviron. Sci. and Resources Program, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, United States U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Portland, OR 97216, United States}?Z(Puccinelli, P. Anselmi, N. Bragaloni, M.1998MPeroxidases: Usable markers of air pollution in trees from urban environments889-894 Chemosphere364-5+influence of pollution on trees urban treesFebAir pollution induced-guaiacol peroxidase activity in leaves trees was verified in Turin on 530 plants, both evergreen and deciduous broadleaf, without visible injuries and water stress. Throughout the year, by spectrophotometric analysis, peroxidase quantity in leaves of each plant was periodically analysed by assaying enzyme activity on leaf crude extract. In all cases peroxidase activity of the trees in the urban environment was higher than those from the non-urban. The enzyme activity was also directly correlated with the intensification of road traffic. These results provide evidence of the possibility to use peroxidase activity as a marker to edit maps of air quality. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.://000071885000046 0045-6535ISI:000071885000046}?[)Ostrolucka, M. G. Bolvansky, M. Tokar, F.1997pSeed production and seed viability in black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) at sites with different level of pollution129-136Ekologia-Bratislava162+influence of pollution on trees urban treesJSeed production and seed viability of Pinus nigra Arnold were evaluated with the aim to assess its generative power and reproductive ability in plantations on localities with different levels of pollution. Three factors of variability were defined (years, localities and individual trees) which affected the analysed characters of quantity and quality of seeds. We have found a significant influence of years and localities on the variability of evaluated parameters - seed weight and seed germination appeared to be the most stable characters less influenced by years and localities. The results of this study confirmed Pinus nigra Arnold possessed remarkable flexibility, showing tolerance to environmental conditions of urban sites and to a great extent also ability of generative reproduction in an environment contamined by heavy metals.://A1997XH43500002 0862-9129ISI:A1997XH43500002n?\Nowak, D. J. McBride, J. R.1991?Comparison of Monterey pine stress in urban and natural forests383-395#Journal of Environmental Management324+influence of pollution on trees urban trees*Monterey pine street trees within Carmel, California and its immediate vicinity, as well as forest-grown Monterey pine within adjacent natural stands, were sampled with regard to visual stress characteristics, and various environmental and biological variables. Two stress indices were computed, one hypothesized before data collection was based on relative foliage retention and color; the other was derived through principal component analysis of 10 visual stress characteristics. Both indices were highly correlated (r = 0.89). The more closed and generally denser forest stands led to increased plant competition that induced higher levels of stress for forest trees less than 50 cm in diameter when compared with urban street trees of comparable diameters. Urban tree stress generally increased with tree size due to increased internal shading of branches and loss of shade tolerance associated with aging. Differences in stress levels and stress factors are discussed from the standpoint of landscape ecology and implications for tree management are presented.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0025923632&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusUSDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, c/o 5 Moon Library, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States }?]CMoreno, E. Sagnotti, L. Dinares-Turell, J. Winkler, A. Cascella, A.2003WBiomonitoring of traffic air pollution in Rome using magnetic properties of tree leaves 2967-2977Atmospheric Environment3721+influence of pollution on trees urban treesJulWe report a biomonitoring study of air pollution in Rome based on the magnetic properties of tree leaves. In a first step, magnetic properties of leaves from different tree species from the same location were compared. It was observed that leaves of evergreen species, like Quercus ilex, present much higher magnetic intensities than those of deciduous species, like Platanus sp., suggesting that leaves accumulate magnetic pollutants during their whole lifespan. In a second step, leaves from Q. ilex and Platanus sp. trees, both very common in Rome, have been used to monitor traffic emission pollution in two different periods. A Platanus sp. sampling campaign was undertaken in October 2001, at the end of the seasonal vegetational cycle, and 5 Q. ilex monthly sampling campaigns from April to August 2002. The strong difference observed in the magnetic susceptibility from leaves collected in green areas and roads allowed the realization of detailed pollution distribution maps from the south of Rome. Magnetic properties indicate that high concentrations and relatively larger grain-sizes of magnetic particles are observed in trees located along roads with high vehicle traffic and in the vicinity of railways. The decrease in concentration and grain size of magnetic particles with distance from the roadside confirms that magnetic properties of leaves are related to air pollution from vehicle emissions. The results indicate that a magnetic survey of tree leaves, which is relatively rapid and inexpensive, may be used in addition to the classical air quality monitoring systems to identify and delineate high-polluted areas in urban environments. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000183902000009 1352-2310ISI:000183902000009?^Good, J. E. G.1991:Air pollution and tree health in relation to arboriculture107-119Forestry Commission Bulletin977influence of pollution on trees urban trees tree health@The chief air pollutants affecting trees and their geographical distribution, the mechanisms by which they are brought into contact with trees and the ways in which trees respond to them are identified. Special factors determining the influence of air pollution on urban trees are discussed. The trend of reducing sulphur dioxide emissions and the probable future requirement for catalytic converters to reduce hydrocarbon emissions from car exhausts indicate sustained improvement in the quality of the urban environment to the continuing benefit of urban trees. -from Author]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026283962&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 *Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusInst. of Terrestrial Ecology, Bangor Research Unit, University College of North Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL75 2UP. UK.P}?_OGoldman, M. B. Groffman, P. M. Pouyat, R. V. McDonnell, M. J. Pickett, S. T. A.1995NCh4 Uptake and N Availability in Forest Soils Along an Urban to Rural Gradient281-286Soil Biology & Biochemistry273influence of pollution on trees urban trees urban soils METHANE OXIDATION NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION NITROSOMONAS-EUROPAEA ATMOSPHERIC METHANE OXIC SOILS CONSUMPTION TEMPERATE OZONE AIR KINETICS urban forest forest compositionMar=Concern about increases in atmospheric CH4 concentrations has resulted in investigations of the magnitude of and the factors that control aerobic soils as a sink for CH4. N additions decrease CHI consumption in temperate forest, prairie and agricultural soils, suggesting that low rates of CH4 consumption are associated with high concentrations of available N. We have observed the opposite pattern in a series of oak-dominated forest sites of similar age on similar soils located along an urban to rural land-use gradient. Low rates of CH4 consumption were observed in urban forest sites with low amounts of available N relative to rural sites that had high concentrations of available N. In situ consumption rates ranged from 6.9 to 2.1 mg CH4 m(-2) d(-1). Mean rates of consumption were 30% lower in urban than in rural and suburban forest sites, suggesting that factors associated with urbanization may decrease rates of CH4 consumption in temperate forest soils. We hypothesize that low consumption rates of CH4 in urban forest sites are a product of low rates of organic matter degradation and nutrient cycling caused by air pollution (especially ozone) damage to forest tree leaves. Reduced rates of decomposition may result in lower rates of C and N flow from litter to soil microbial populations responsible for consumption of CH4.://A1995QM48200006 0038-0717ISI:A1995QM48200006.}?`Dongarra, G. Varrica, D.2002_delta C-13 variations in tree rings as an indication of severe changes in the urban air quality 5887-5896Atmospheric Environment3639-40+influence of pollution on trees urban treesDecAnnual growth rings sampled from three free-standing trees (Platanus hybrida sp.), grew in the metropolitan area of Palermo (Italy) and covering a 118 years time span (1880-1998), have been studied for their C-13/C-12 carbon isotope ratios. It has been found that the C-13/C-12 tree ring record, during the study time interval, decreased of -3.6parts per thousand, from -26.4parts per thousand in 1880 to -30parts per thousand in 1998. Such a progressive depletion has been attributed to the addition of anthropogenic C-13 depleted carbon dioxide to the local atmosphere. The observed C-13/(12) C decrease has been used to infer some possible pathways of atmospheric CO2 change in the study urban area. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000179920200002 1352-2310ISI:000179920200002}?a Coghlan, A.1999HThe smog of war - Urban tree trunks tell a tale of wartime air pollution12-12 New Scientist1632193+influence of pollution on trees urban treesJul://000081201700011 0262-4079ISI:000081201700011D?bBylinska, E. Sarosiek, J.19970Biological monitoring of environmental beryllium7International Conference on Air Pollution - Proceedings+influence of pollution on trees urban treesPInternational Programme on chemical Safety (IPCS) introduced the environmental health criteria for beryllium (1990). General human population exposure today is mainly confined to low levels airborne beryllium from combustion of fossil fuels. Where coal of very high beryllium content is burned, health problems may arise. In industrial urban agglomerations, Wroclaw being one of them technical monitoring of beryllium should be complemented with biological monitoring (1). We propose bioindicators trees able to accumulate beryllium abilities: Populus nigra, Corylus colurna and Tilia cordata. Concentration of Be measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry was determined in leaves and in dust deposited on leaves collected from sampling sites with different degree of air pollution. Czaja Mnium test revealed that the dust deposited in all sampling sites was toxic to experimental plants. Moreover, leaves showed disturbances in cationic equilibrium i.e. their Olsen's constant was below 12,51, Beryllium concentration in leaves of the above species and probably also of other species is a good bioindicator of air pollution, with this element produced mostly by imission of dust from power stations. Concentration of beryllium in leaves is correlated with the concentration of sulphur and to a high degree reflects also concentration of SO2 in atmosphere. This indicates a possibility to use the level of beryllium in tree leaves to evaluate pollution with this metal on a local scale, its spatial distribution in big cities and to detect the extent of dust imissions from main sources e.g. big power station.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031386546&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 *Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusWroclaw Univ, Wroclaw, Poland}?cBoone, R. Westwood, R.2006rAn assessment of tree health and trace element accumulation near a coal-fired generating station, Manitoba, Canada151-172'Environmental Monitoring and Assessment1211-3Bur oak Coal-fired station Forest health Site factors Trace elements Tremblin gaspen soils urban soils tree health tree mortality tree death influence of pollution on trees urban treesOctA forest health assessment was performed in stands dominated by bur oak and trembling aspen to study the potential effects of airborne emissions from a 132 MW coal-fired station. Forty-two stands were sampled within a 16-km radius of the station for both foliar stress symptoms and trace element toxicology. The concentrations of tracer elements (As, Ba, Sr, and V) in the leaf litter were not spatially congruent with airborne emission deposition models (except Ba, which showed elevated levels immediately SE of the station), nor were they at phytotoxic levels. Elemental concentrations were significantly related to soil parameters including organic matter and texture. No patterns were found in forest health along directional or distance gradients from the generating station. Trembling aspen stands demonstrated little decline in general, but three of the 19 bur oak plots, all located on thin sandy soils developed on calcareous till, demonstrated branch dieback. In addition to poor soil conditions, two of these sites also had high water tables, and exhibited tree mortality. The bur oak decline did not appear to be related to emissions from the station, but is suspected to be a result of poor site quality, with urban development as a confounding factor.://000241453500010 0167-6369ISI:000241453500010 r}?d*Bates, J. W. Bell, J. N. B. Massara, A. C.2001Loss of Lecanora conizaeoides and other fluctuations of epiphytes on oak in SE England over 21 years with declining SO2 concentrations 2557-2568Atmospheric Environment3514Algae Bioindication Epiphyte Lecanora conizaeoides Lichens NOx Quercus robur SO2 pests diseases nitrogen issues influence of pollution on trees urban treesEpiphytic lichens and algae were studied on the bark of mature, free-standing Quercus robur L. at five stations along a transect extending S.S.W. for nearly 70 km into rural Sussex from central London. Percentage cover data for the epiphytes was recorded annually over the period 1979-1999 at chest height (1500 mm) and on the trunk base (450 mm). Data from the nearest pollution monitoring stations in the UK network show that SO2 concentrations have declined at all transect stations, but particularly dramatically at the three inner sites (Kensington Gardens, Putney Heath, Epsom Common). The crustose lichen Lecanora conizaeoides, initially almost ubiquitous on oak bark at Epsom Common and once frequent at all but the innermost site, had declined and is now extinct at the four outer stations. However, it had recently appeared on oak bases in Kensington Gardens, the only station to retain appreciable SO2 levels. Lepraria incanu agg. had increased progressively at all sites with the decline of SO2. 'Green alga', probably Desmococcus viridis, had also increased with declining importance of SO2, although there was evidence that it was the most SO2-tolerant of the three epiphytes. Its abundance at the urban stations is possibly connected with their high NOx concentrations. Hypogymnia physodes was the most common macrolichen but only occurred in significant quantities at the two outer sites (Hesworth Common, Holmwood Common). It too had shown a significant decline with falling SO2 levels. No significant re-colonization of formall(y) polluted sites by SO2-sensitive macrolichens had been noted during: 21 years of study, probably because of the high acidity of oak bark and elevated NOx in inner London. The loss oft. conizaeoides supports the hypothesis that this species requires elevated SO2 inputs (or some closely related chemical factor) for healthy growth, but competitive interactions with the other epiphytes and attacks by the parasitic fungus Athelia arachnoidea may also be important. The results suggest that Lecanora conizaeoides cover on Quercus bark is a relatively sensitive bioindicator of SO2 levels in town air. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000168792000011 1352-2310ISI:000168792000011?eArnfield, John2000Micro- And mesoclimatilogy261-271Progress in Physical Geography242Pinfluence of pollution on trees urban trees air quality influence of urban trees]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001478190&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Geography, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mail, Columbus, OH 43210-1361, United States?fArnfield, John1998Micro- and mesoclimatology533-544Progress in Physical Geography224Pinfluence of pollution on trees urban trees air quality influence of urban trees]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001152420&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Geography, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210-1361, United States?gArnfield, A. J.2006Micro- and mesoclimatology677-689Progress in Physical Geography305Pinfluence of pollution on trees urban trees air quality influence of urban trees^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33947370482&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 *Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: Scopus9Department of Geography, Ohio State University, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210-1361, United States School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom Peel Wyke, Longhills Road, Church Stretton, Shropshire SY6 6DS, United Kingdom?hArnfield, A. J.2005Micro- and mesoclimatology426-437Progress in Physical Geography293Pinfluence of pollution on trees urban trees air quality influence of urban trees^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-24944520913&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Geography, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210-1361, United States?iArnfield, A. J.2003Micro- and mesoclimatology435-447Progress in Physical Geography273Pinfluence of pollution on trees urban trees air quality influence of urban trees]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0141795478&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: ScopuskDepartment of Geography, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, Columbus, OH 43210-1361, United States?jArnfield, A. J.2001Micro- and mesoclimatology560-569Progress in Physical Geography254Pinfluence of pollution on trees urban trees air quality influence of urban trees]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035193681&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: ScopuskDepartment of Geography, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, Columbus, OH 43210-1361, United States?kArnfield, A. J.1998Micro- and mesoclimatology103-113Progress in Physical Geography221Pinfluence of pollution on trees urban trees air quality influence of urban trees]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001619072&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: ScopusgDepartment of Geography, Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, Columbus, OH 43210-1361, United StatesG}?l?Alfani, A. Maisto, G. Iovieno, P. Rutigliano, F. A. Bartoli, G.1996|Leaf contamination by atmospheric pollutants as assessed by elemental analysis of leaf tissue, leaf surface deposit and soil243-248Journal of Plant Physiology1481-2influence of pollution on trees urban trees nitrogen issues urban soils Air pollution Leaf contamination Nitrogen Quercus ilex L. Sulphur Trace metals nitrogenAprRIn order to evaluate the influence of air pollutants influx on leaf elemental composition, the concentration of N, S, Cu, Fe and Pb were analyzed in the surface deposit and tissue of Quercus ilex L. leaves from 8 sites of the urban area of Naples. The soil from the trunk base area of Q. ilex trees in the same sites was also analyzed for total contents of N and S and for available contents of Cu, Fe and Pb. In the leaf surface deposit S content was high though significantly (P < 0.001) lower than in the leaf tissue, whilst N was not detectable. Cu, Pb and Fe contents in leaf surface deposit were conspicuous. The Pb content was higher in the leaf surface deposit than in the leaf tissue. No correlation between leaf tissue and surface deposit contents was found for S or for Fe. By contrast, positive and significant correlations (P < 0.01) were found between leaf deposit and leaf tissue for both Cu and Pb. N and S contents in the leaves were not correlated to the respective contents in the soil and the same was also found for Cu and Fe. In contrast with the presence of limiting concentrations in the soil, N, S and Fe leaf contents were significantly higher than in the leaves from remote sites. The data suggest that direct uptake of airborne pollutants, in addition to root absorption, may influence leaf elemental composition of Q. ilex L. leaves.://A1996UL69800036 0176-1617ISI:A1996UL69800036g}?mBAlfani, A. Bartoli, G. Rutigliano, F. A. Maisto, G. DeSanto, A. V.1996`Trace metal biomonitoring in the soil and the leaves of Quercus ilex in the urban area of Naples117-131!Biological Trace Element Research511+influence of pollution on trees urban treesJanThe concentrations of Pb, Cu, Fe, and Mn were analyzed in surface deposit and tissue of Quercus ilex leaves from several sites of the urban area of Naples, exposed to different degrees of air pollution. These included some major roads with heavy traffic loads, squares, and three urban parks. The soil from the trunk base area of Q. ilex trees in the same sites was also analyzed for total and available metal contents. Pb, Cu, and Fe contents in the surface deposit and leaf tissue were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in leaves from roadside sites than in leaves from parks; significant correlations were found between deposit- and tissue-contents of Pb, Cu, and Fe. Mn content in leaves from roadside sites and in leaves from parks were similar and Mn content in the leaf deposit was irrelevant. Significant differences (p < 0.001) in both total and available Pb and Cu soil content were found between sampling sites. Also for available Fe and Mn soil content differences among sites were relevant, although the highest values were measured in soil from urban parks. A positive correlation between leaf and soil metal content was found only for Pb, thus suggesting that trace metal contents of leaves directly depend on atmospheric depositions. Seasonal variations of Pb, Cu, and Fe were pronounced at a polluted site, whereas no relevant seasonal variation was observed at a control site; moreover, metal accumulation was high at the polluted site. Mn content and seasonal dynamics were comparable at control and polluted sites.://A1996TU16400014 0163-4984ISI:A1996TU16400014 }?nAkbari, H. Rose, L. S. Taha, H.2003RAnalyzing the land cover of an urban environment using high-resolution orthophotos1-14Landscape and Urban Planning631air quality influence of urban trees urban fabric analyzing high-resolution orthophotos urban LULC neighbors neighborhood issues green roofsMard To estimate the impact of light-colored surfaces (roofs and pavements) and urban vegetation (trees, grass, shrubs) on meteorology and air quality of a city, it is essential to accurately characterize various urban surfaces. Of particular importance is the characterization of the area fraction of various surface-types as well as the vegetative fraction. In this paper, a method is discussed for developing data on surface-type distribution and city-fabric (land cover) makeup (percentage of various surface-types) using high-resolution orthophtos. We devised a semi-automatic Monte Carlo method to sample the data and visually identify the surface-type for each pixel. The color aerial photographs for Sacramento covered a total of about 65 km(2), at 0.3-m resolution. Five major land-use types were examined: (1) downtown and city center, (2) industrial, (3) offices, (4) commercial, and (5) residential. In downtown Sacramento, the top view (above-the-canopy) shows that vegetation covers 30% of the area, whereas roofs cover 23% and paved surfaces (roads, parking areas, and sidewalks) 41%. In the industrial areas, vegetation covers 8-14% of the area, whereas roofs cover 19-23%, and paved surfaces 29-44%. The surface-type percentages in the office area were 21% trees, 16% roofs, and 49% paved areas. In commercial areas, vegetation covers 5-20%, roofs 19-20%, paved surfaces 44-68%. Residential areas exhibit a wide range of percentages among their various surface-types. On average, vegetation covers about 36% of the area, roofs about 20%, and paved surfaces about 28%. Trees mostly shade streets, parking lots, grass, and sidewalks. In most non-residential areas; paved surfaces cover 50-70% of the under-the-canopy area. In residential areas, on average, paved surfaces cover about 35% of the area. Land-use/land cover (LULC) data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) was used to extrapolate these results from neighborhood scales to metropolitan Sacramento. Of an area of roughly 800 km(2), defining most urban areas of the metropolitan Sacramento, about half is residential. The total roof area comprises about 150 km(2) and the total paved surfaces (roads, parking areas, sidewalks) are about 310 km(2). The total vegetated area covers about 230 km(2). The remaining 110 km(2) consist of barren land and miscellaneous surfaces. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.://000181558600001 0169-2046ISI:000181558600001}?o[Bealey, W. J. McDonald, A. G. Nernitz, E. Donovan, R. Dragosits, U. Duffy, T. R. Fowler, D.2007vEstimating the reduction of urban PM10 concentrations by trees within an environmental information system for planners44-58#Journal of Environmental Management8514tree planting influence of trees on air quality PM10OctzTrees have been widely quoted as effective scavengers of both gaseous and particulate pollutants from the atmosphere. Recent work on the deposition of urban aerosols onto woodland allows the effect of tree planting strategies on airborne aerosol concentrations to be quantified and considered within the planning process. By identifying the potential planting locations in the local authority area, and applying them within a dispersion and deposition model, the potential magnitude of reduction in the ambient concentration of PM10, achievable through urban tree planting, has been quantified for two UK cities. As part of the Environmental Information Systems for Planners (EISP), flow diagrams, based on planning decisions, have incorporated output from the model to make decisions on land use planning ranging from development plans and strategic planning, to development control. In this way, for any new developments that contribute to the local PM10 level, the mitigation by planting trees can be assessed, and in some cases, reductions can be sufficient to meet air quality objectives for PM10. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000249139400005 0301-4797ISI:000249139400005}?p,Beckett, K. P. Freer-Smith, P. H. Taylor, G.1998LUrban woodlands: their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution347-360Environmental Pollution993air quality influence of urban trees particulates PM10 pollution urban trees woodlands forestry AIR-POLLUTION INDUSTRIAL-POLLUTION EXHAUST POLLUTION ROADSIDE PLANTS HEAVY-METALS TREES FOLIAGE MATTER DUST CONTAMINATION health issues valueIn recent years a substantial research effort has focused on the links between particulate air pollution and poor health. As a result the PM10 value has been set as a measure of such pollutants which can directly cause illness. Due to their large leaf areas relative to the ground on which they stand and the physical properties of their surfaces, trees can act as biological filters, removing large numbers of airborne particles and hence improving the quality of air in polluted environments. The role of vegetation and urban woodlands in reducing the effects of particulate pollution is reviewed here. The improvement of urban air quality achieved by establishing more trees in towns and cities is also illustrated. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000074984400007 0269-7491ISI:000074984400007}?q,Beckett, K. P. Freer-Smith, P. H. Taylor, G.2000MParticulate pollution capture by urban trees: effect of species and windspeed995-1003Global Change Biology682air quality influence of urban trees tree plantingDecParticulate pollution is a serious health problem throughout the world, exacerbating a wide range of respiratory and vascular illnesses in urban areas. The use of trees to reduce the effects of these pollutants has been addressed in the literature, but has rarely been quantified. The aim of the present study was to quantify the effectiveness of five tree species-pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima), cypress (x Cupressocyparis leylandii), maple (Acer campestre), whitebeam (Sorbus intermedia), poplar (Populus deltoides x trichocarpa 'Beaupre')-in capturing pollutant particles. This was achieved by exposing them to NaCl droplets of approximately 1 mum diameter at a range of windspeeds in two windtunnels. The deposition velocity (V-g) and particle trapping efficiency (C-p) were calculated from these exposures. In addition, a variable dependent on foliage structure [Stokes number (St)] was correlated with C-p to gauge the effect of tree morphology on particle capture. Maximum C-p values ranged from 2.8% for P. nigra, to 0.12% and 0.06% for P. trichocarpa x deltoides and A. campertre, respectively. The finer, more complex structure of the foliage of the two conifers (P. nigra and C. leylandii) explained their much greater effectiveness at capturing particles. The data presented here will be used to model the effectiveness of tree planting schemes in improving urban air quality by capturing pollutant particles.://000166524000013 1354-1013ISI:000166524000013?r,Beckett, K. P. Freer-Smith, P. H. Taylor, G.2000MThe capture of particulate pollution by trees at five contrasting urban sites209-230Arboricultural Journal242-3$air quality influence of urban trees1The beneficial effect of trees on urban air quality through their uptake of particulates has been widely discussed in the literature and is often cited as one of the multiple benefits of amenity planting. However, uptake rates have not been measured for European amenity trees and thus only limited advice can be given on the design of urban planting to maximise removal of particulates. Data from the network of urban air quality monitoring sites suggests that today particulates may represent a greater threat to human health in urban areas than any other air pollutant. Clear understanding of both the value of urban trees in removal of particulates and the principle factors which determine capture efficiency are therefore required. The work presented here shows that significant quantities of particulate matter may be removed from the atmosphere by trees of various age and size at a variety of urban locations throughout the UK. The rate of uptake of these particles was shown to vary between species, with trees that display a more aerodynamically rough surface performing as the best air pollution filters. Interestingly, it appears that younger, smaller trees of the same species are also highly effective at removing pollutant particles due to their greater foliage densities compared to much larger mature specimens.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033669581&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusVWSP Environmental, Intec 4, Wade Road, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG24 8NE, United Kingdom}?s%Corchnoy, S. B. Arey, J. Atkinson, R.1992YHydrocarbon Emissions from 12 Urban Shade Trees of the Los-Angeles, California, Air Basin339-348/Atmospheric Environment Part B-Urban Atmosphere263:air quality influence of urban trees urban heat island UHISep:The large-scale planting of shade trees in urban areas to counteract heat-island effects and to minimize energy use is currently being discussed. Among the costs to be considered in a cost/benefit analysis of such a program is the potential for additional reactive organic compounds in the atmosphere due to emissions from these trees. In this program, 15 species of potential shade trees for the Los Angeles Air Basin were studied and emission rates were determined for 11 of these trees, with one further tree (Crape myrtle) exhibiting no detectable emissions. The emission rates normalized to dry leaf weight and corrected to 30-degrees-C were (in mug g-1 h-1), ranked from lowest to highest emission rate: Crape myrtle, none detected; Camphor, 0.03; Aleppo pine, 0.15; Deodar cedar, 0.29; Italian Stone pine, 0.42; Monterey pine, 0.90; Brazilian pepper, 1.3; Canary Island pine, 1.7; Ginkgo, 3.0; California pepper, 3.7; Liquidambar, 37; Carrotwood, 49. In addition to the emission rates per unit biomass, the biomass per tree must be factored into any assessment of the relative merits of the various trees, since some trees have higher biomass constants than others. The present data shows that there are large differences in emission rates among different tree species and this should be factored into decision-making as to which shade trees to plant. Based solely on the presently determined emission rates, the Crape myrtle and Camphor tree are good choices for large-scale planting, while the Carrotwood tree and Liquidambar are poor choices due to their high isoprene emission rates.://A1992JQ38900009 0957-1272ISI:A1992JQ38900009D?t!Diem, Jeremy E. Comrie, Andrew C.1998KEstimating biogenic emissions for urban airshed modeling in Tucson, ArizonaSProceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association's Annual Meeting & Exhibition$air quality influence of urban treesDetermining the background or 'natural' emission of pollutants is important for air pollution studies that attempt to quantify the impact of human activities on pollutant levels. In the case of ozone, its atmospheric concentrations are impacted partially by the emissions of ozone precursor chemicals (i.e. volatile organic compounds) from biogenic sources. This study describes the development of a summertime biogenic emissions inventory for the Tucson region. Relatively accurate non-methane hydrocarbon emission rates are available for many trees and shrubs of the eastern United States; however, rough and/or no emissions estimates are available for southwestern vegetation. In this study we have developed a biogenic emissions inventory using land cover information derived from a satellite image. Preliminary results reveal the overwhelming importance of total leaf biomass with respect to the spatial variation in VOC emissions. Overall, satellite imagery has proven to be a useful tool for developing a biogenic emissions inventory. The image's relatively fine spatial resolution (28.5 meters) allows for detailed investigations of specific VOC source areas as well as the influence of these emissions on eventual ozone concentrations.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-17544388025&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 *Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus&Univ of Arizona, Tucson, United Statesm?uDiem, J. E. Comrie, A. C.2000Integrating remote sensing and local vegetation information for a high-resolution biogenic emissions inventory - Application to an urbanized, semiarid region 1968-19793Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association50113air quality influence of urban trees native species This paper presents a methodology for the development of a high-resolution (30-m), standardized biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions inventory and a subsequent application of the methodology to Tucson, AZ. The region's heterogeneous vegetation cover cannot be modeled accurately with low-resolution (e.g., 1-km) land cover and vegetation information. Instead, local vegetation data are used in conjunction with multispectral satellite data to generate a detailed vegetation-based land-cover database of the region. A high-resolution emissions inventory is assembled by associating the vegetation data with appropriate emissions factors. The inventory reveals a substantial variation in BVOC emissions across the region, resulting from the region's diversity of both native and exotic vegetation. The importance of BVOC emissions from forest lands, desert lands, and the urban forest changes according to regional, metropolitan, and urban scales. Within the entire Tucson region, the average isoprene, monoterpene, and OVOC fluxes observed were 454, 248, and 91 ?g/m2/hr, respectively, with forest and desert lands emitting nearly all of the BVOCs. Within the metropolitan area, which does not include the forest lands, the average fluxes were 323, 181, and 70 ?g/m2/hr, respectively. Within the urban area, the average fluxes were 801, 100, and 100 ?g/m2/hr, respectively, with exotic trees such as eucalyptus, pine, and palm emitting most of the urban BVOCs. The methods presented in this paper can be modified to create detailed, standardized BVOC emissions inventories for other regions, especially those with spatially complex vegetation patterns. This paper presents a methodology for the development of a high-resolution (30-m), standardized biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions inventory and a subsequent application of the methodology to Tucson, AZ. The region's heterogeneous vegetation cover cannot be modeled accurately with low-resolution (e.g., 1-km) land cover and vegetation information. Instead, local vegetation data are used in conjunction with multispectral satellite data to generate a detailed vegetation-based land-cover database of the region. A high-resolution emissions inventory is assembled by associating the vegetation data with appropriate emissions factors. The inventory reveals a substantial variation in BVOC emissions across the region, resulting from the region's diversity of both native and exotic vegetation. The importance of BVOC emissions from forest lands, desert lands, and the urban forest changes according to regional, metropolitan, and urban scales. Within the entire Tucson region, the average isoprene, monoterpene, and OVOC fluxes observed were 454, 248, and 91 ?g/m2/hr, respectively, with forest and desert lands emitting nearly all of the BVOCs. Within the metropolitan area, which does not include the forest lands, the average fluxes were 323, 181, and 70 ?g/m2/hr, respectively. Within the urban area, the average fluxes were 801, 100, and 100 ?g/m2/hr, respectively, with exotic trees such as eucalyptus, pine, and palm emitting most of the urban BVOCs. The methods presented in this paper can be modified to create detailed, standardized BVOC emissions inventories for other regions, especially those with spatially complex vegetation patterns.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034322736&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 10 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopuskDep. of Geography/Regional Devmt., University of Arizona, Harvill Building, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States}?v,Freer-Smith, P. H. Beckett, K. P. Taylor, G.2005Deposition velocities to Sorbus aria, Acer campestre, Populus deltoides X trichocarpa 'Beaupre', Pinus nigra and X Cupressocyparis leylandii for coarse, fine and ultra-fine particles in the urban environment157-167Environmental Pollution1331$air quality influence of urban treesJanTrees are effective in the capture of particles from urban air to the extent that they can significantly improve urban air quality. As a result of their aerodynamic properties conifers, with their smaller leaves and more complex shoot structures, have been shown to capture larger amounts of particle matter than broadleaved trees. This study focuses on the effects of particle size on the deposition velocity of particles (Vg) to five urban tree species (coniferous and broadleaved) measured at two field sites, one urban and polluted and a second more rural. The larger uptake to conifers is confirmed, and for broadleaves and conifers Vg values are shown to be greater for ultra-fine particles (Dp < 1.0 mum) than for fine and coarse particles. This is important since finer particles are more likely to be deposited deep in the alveoli of the human lung causing adverse health effects. The finer particle fraction is also shown to be transported further from the emission source; in this study a busy urban road. In further sets of data the aqueous soluble and insoluble fractions of the ultra-fines were separated, indicating that aqueous insoluble particles made up only a small proportion of the ultra-fines. Much of the ultra-fine fraction is present as aerosol. Chemical analysis of the aqueous soluble fractions of coarse, fine and ultra-fine particles showed the importance of nitrates, chloride and phosphates in all three size categories at the polluted and more rural location. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.://000224022000019 0269-7491ISI:000224022000019}?w.Freer-Smith, P. H. El-Khatib, A. A. Taylor, G.2004Capture of particulate pollution by trees: A comparison of species typical of semi-arid areas (Ficus nitida and Eucalyptus globulus) with European and North American species173-187Water Air and Soil Pollution1551-4?air quality influence of urban trees design issues urban designJun+Particulate pollution is a serious concern in developed countries especially in urban and suburban areas where it has adverse effects on human health, exacerbating a wide range of respiratory and vascular illnesses. Data are now available which indicate that similar problems probably occur in countries in transition and may indeed be worse where national air quality standards have been neither set nor monitored. Recently a variety of approaches using both wind tunnel and field measurements have suggested that trees can significantly reduce such adverse effects through their ability to capture pollutant particles. It is clear that species choice, planting design and location relative to pollution source are critical in determining the effectiveness of particle capture by trees. Here we present relative deposition velocities and capture efficiencies of five species used widely in woodland of urban and periurban areas of Europe (Quercus petraea (oak), Alnus glutinosa (alder), Fraxinus excelsior ( ash), Acer pseudo-platanus ( sycamore) and Pseudotsuga menziesii ( Douglas fir)), and for two species being used increasingly in semi-arid regions, ( Ficus nitida ( weeping fig) and Eucalyptus. globulus ( Eucalyptus)). These data are for species not previously worked on and measurements were made at three windspeeds. Deposition velocities and capture efficiencies are compared with those published for other tree species, with the values of deposition velocity ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 cm s(-1) at a windspeed of 3 m s(-1) to maximum values 2.9 cm s(-1) at 9 m s(-1) windspeed. Species with more complex stem structure and smaller leaves had greater relative deposition velocities. The use of such data in models to guide species choice and planting design in order to maximise particle removal from urban air are considered.://000221209100012 0049-6979ISI:000221209100012?x+Freer-Smith, P. H. Holloway, S. Goodman, A.1997]The uptake of particulates by an urban woodland: Site description and particulate composition27-35Environmental Pollution9516air quality influence of urban trees soils urban soilsWoodlands may improve local air quality by increasing the uptake rates of gaseous, particulate and aerosol pollutants from the atmosphere and can also act as relatively permanent sinks for some pollutants. Rough Wood, Walsall was selected for a study of the material which accumulates on tree foliage because of its location in a densely populated urban area, and its proximity to a motorway with high traffic flow (the M6) and to other pollutant sources. Methods were developed for leaf washing to allow determination of the quantity of dust and the identification of the dust particles present on oak leaves. Elemental analysis of particles was also undertaken using scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron probe microanalysis. A large proportion of particles were organic in origin. Of the inorganic particles, the majority contained silicon and aluminium in varying proportions suggesting that they were soil derived. Some particles were clearly identified as the products of combustion, and sea or road salt was present on leaf surfaces. Some particles contained copper, tin and titanium which may reflect the proximity of Rough Wood to local metal workings. The number of particles counted on leaf surfaces decreased as distance from the motorway increased.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030620890&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 31 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: Scopus&Forest. Commission Research Division, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, United Kingdom 43 Liphook Road, Whitehill, Bordon, Hants, GU35 9DA, United Kingdom National Urban Forestry Unit, The Science Park, Stafford Road, Wolverhampton, W. Midlands, WV10 9RT, United Kingdom}?y*Geron, C. D. Pierce, T. E. Guenther, A. B.1995PReassessment of Biogenic Volatile Organic-Compound Emissions in the Atlanta Area1569-&Atmospheric Environment2913$air quality influence of urban treesJulLocalized estimates of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions are important inputs for photochemical oxidant simulation models. Since forest tree species are the primary emitters of BVOCs, it is important to develop reliable estimates of their areal coverage and BVOC emission rates. A new system is used to estimate these emissions in the Atlanta area for specific tree genera at hourly and county levels. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data and an associated urban vegetation survey are used to estimate canopy occupancy by genus in the Atlanta area. A simple canopy model is used to adjust photosynthetically active solar radiation at five vertical levels in the canopy. Leaf temperature and photosynthetically active radiation derived from ambient conditions above the forest canopy are then used to drive empirical equations to estimate genus level emission rates of BVOCs vertically through forest canopies. These genera-level estimates are then aggregated to county and regional levels for input into air quality models and for comparison with (1) the regulatory model currently used and (2) previous estimates for the Atlanta area by local researchers. Estimated hourly emissions from the three approaches during a documented ozone event day are compared. The proposed model yields peak diurnal isoprene emission rates that are over a factor of three times higher than previous estimates. This results in total BVOC emission rates that are roughly a factor of two times higher than previous estimates. These emissions are compared with observed emissions from forests of similar composition. Possible implications for oxidant events are discussed.://A1995RH24800009 1352-2310ISI:A1995RH24800009?z Givoni, B.1991@Impact of planted areas on urban environmental quality: A review289-2991Atmospheric Environment - Part B Urban Atmosphere253$air quality influence of urban treesThe paper discusses the impact of urban planted areas: public parks and private planting around individual buildings, on various aspects of the quality of the urban environment. Specific issues discussed are: functions and impacts of urban planted areas; effect of plants on the climatic characteristics of an area; climatic impacts of private planted areas around buildings; experimental studies on the thermal effect of plants; public parks and the urban climate; range of the effect of urban parks; impact of green spaces on air pollution; planted areas as noise; social functions of urban parks; parks as social interaction areas between neighborhoods; and summary: Climatic guidelines for parks design: Parks in hot, dry regions; Parks in hot, humid regions; and Parks in cold regions. Comment: this paper is based on a book by the author, published by the World Meteorological Organization (Givoni, 1989, Urban Design for Different Climates, WMO).]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026269123&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 25 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopuscGraduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1467, United States }?{Kuttler, W. Strassburger, A.1999<Air quality measurements in urban green areas - a case study 4101-4108Atmospheric Environment3324-25air quality influence of urban trees urban air pollution tropospheric ozone green areas traffic-induced pollutants urban land use types Essen HYDROCARBONS POLLUTION EMISSIONS TREES ROADS race, ethnicity valueOct The influence of traffic-induced pollutants (e.g. CO, NO, NO2 and O-3) on the air quality of urban areas was investigated in the city of Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Germany. Twelve air hygiene profile measuring trips were made to analyse the trace gas distribution in the urban area with high spatial resolution and to compare the air hygiene situation of urban green areas with the overall situation of urban pollution. Seventeen measurements were made to determine the diurnal concentration courses within urban parks (summer conditions: 13 measurements, 530 30 min mean values, winter conditions: 4 measurements, 128 30 min mean values). The measurements were carried out during mainly calm wind and cloudless conditions between February 1995 and March 1996. It was possible to establish highly differentiated spatial concentration patterns within the urban area, These patterns were correlated with five general types of land use (motorway, main road, secondary road, residential area, green area) which were influenced to varying degrees by traffic emissions. Urban parks downwind from the main emission sources show the following typical temporal concentration courses: In summer rush-hour-dependent CO, NO and NO2 maxima only occurred in the morning. A high NO2/NO ratio was established during weather conditions with high global radiation intensities (K > 800 W m(-2)), which may result in a high O-3 formation potential. Some of the values measured found in one of the parks investigated (Gruga Park, Essen, area: 0.7 km(2)), which were as high as 275 mu g m(-3) O-3 (30-min mean value) were significantly higher than the German air quality standard of 120 mu g m(-3) (30-min mean value, VDI Guideline 2310, 1996) which currently applies in Germany and about 20% above the maximum values measured on the same day by the network of the North Rhine-Westphalian State Environment Agency. In winter high CO and NO concentrations occur in the morning and during the afternoon rush-hour. The highest concentrations (CO = 4.3 mg m(-3), NO = 368 mu g m(-3), 30-min mean values) coincide with the increase in the evening inversion. The maximum measured values for CO, NO and NO2 do not, however, exceed the German air quality standards in winter and summer. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000082257400024 1352-2310ISI:000082257400024h}?| Millard, A.2000^The potential role of natural colonisation as a design tool for urban forestry - a pilot study173-179Landscape and Urban Planning522-3vair quality influence of urban trees health mortality tree health tree mortality tree death design issues urban designDecTraditionally, the establishment of urban trees and forests has involved some element of deliberate design, which includes, at the very least, selection of location and species. followed by planting and subsequent maintenance. However, the ecological stresses of the urban environment can often cause such an approach to end in failure. In contrast, natural colonisation will select only those plants that are adapted to survive in the urban environment. This paper reports on a pilot study of some naturally colonised urban sites in Leeds and examines the potential contribution such processes can make to the urban landscape. Dominant woody species are identified and discussed in relation to their provision of amenity, support of biodiversity, modification of urban microclimate and amelioration of air pollution to help establish the benefits and disadvantages of naturally established woody vegetation as part of an overall urban forestry strategy. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.://000166704000009 0169-2046ISI:000166704000009/?}1Nowak, D. J. Cardelino, C. A. Rao, S. T. Taha, H.1998Discussion: Estimating cost effectiveness of residential yard trees for improving air quality in Sacramento, California, using existing models 2709-2711Atmospheric Environment3214-15$air quality influence of urban trees]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031876133&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusUUSDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States}?~Ould-Dada, Z. Baghini, N. M.20012Resuspension of small particles from tree surfaces 3799-3809Atmospheric Environment3522air quality influence of urban trees Aerosol particles Inhalation hazard Resuspension rate Spruce canopy Wind tunnel urban soils tree plantingAugcA detailed study of resuspension of 1.85 mum MMAD silica particles from five horizontal layers within a small scale spruce canopy was carried out in a wind tunnel in which saplings were exposed to a constant free stream wind speed of 5 m s(-1). This provided quantitative estimates of the potential for a tree canopy contaminated with an aerosol deposit to provide (i) an airborne inhalation hazard within the forest environment and (ii) a secondary source of airborne contamination after an initial deposition event. Resuspension occurred with a flux of 1.05 x 10(-7) gm(-2) s(-1) from spruce saplings initially contaminated at a level of 4.1 X 10(-2) gm(-2). An average resuspension. rate (Lambda) of 4.88 x 10(-7) s(-1) was obtained for the canopy as a whole, Values of A were significantly different (ANOVA, p < 0.001) between canopy layers and was markedly greater at the top of the canopy than lower down although there was a slight increase in Lambda at the base of the canopy. The resuspended silica particles deposited onto the soil surface at an average rate of about 5.3 x 10(-8) mug cm(-2) s(-1). It is concluded that resuspension under wind velocities similar to that used in the reported experiments is likely to pose a relatively small inhalation hazard to humans and a relatively minor source of secondary contamination of adjacent areas. Furthermore, resuspension rates are likely to diminish rapidly with time. The results are discussed in relation to the growing interest in the tree planting schemes in urban areas to reduce the impacts of air pollution. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000170436200006 1352-2310ISI:000170436200006}?6Pignata, M. L. Gudino, G. L. Canas, M. S. Orellana, L.1999zRelationship between foliar chemical parameters measured in Melia azedarach L. and environmental conditions in urban areas85-96 Science of the Total Environment244$air quality influence of urban treesDecA diagnostic study was done on Melia azedarach L, in relation to atmospheric pollutants in Cordoba city, Argentina. The study area receives regional pollutants, and it was categorized taking into account traffic level, industrial level, location of the sample point in relation to the corner, treeless condition, building type, topographic level and distance to the river. Water content and Specific Leaf Area (SLA) were calculated; and concentrations of soluble proteins, sulphur, hydroperoxy conjugated dienes (HPCD), chlorophylls (Total Chi) and pheophytins (Total Paeoph) were determined in leaf samples. HPCD correlated positively with industry, topographic level and distance to the river, and with a combination of the environmental variables (ECI); pigments correlated negatively with traffic level and with ECI; Total Phaeoph/Total Chi ratio correlated positively with traffic, building and ECI. On the basis of our results, traffic level, industrial level, building type, topographic level and distance to the river are the environmental variables to bear in mind when selecting analogous sampling points in a passive monitoring program. An approximation to predict tree injury may be obtained by measuring water content, soluble proteins, sulphur, HPCD and pigments as they are responsible for the major variability of data. This study revealed that M. azedarach was sensitive to air pollutants from traffic and industry. Thus, in those sampling sites with the maximum score for traffic level, industrial level and ECI, the highest values of the parameters that indicate foliar damage together with the least pigment concentration were observed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.://000084565500007 0048-9697ISI:000084565500007 ?Schade, G. W. Goldstein, A. H.2001PFluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from a ponderosa pine plantation 3111-3123.Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres106D3$air quality influence of urban treesWe present the first canopy-scale, continuous, long-term flux measurements of a suite of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). Fluxes were measured above a ponderosa pine plantation, adjacent to the Blodgett Forest Research Station (38°53?42.9?N, 120°37?57.9?W, 1315 m elevation), with a fully automated relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) system coupled to a dual GC-FID system. Quantified OVOCs included 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO), methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone. These compounds were the most abundant nonmethane VOCs at this site and were highly correlated with each other, especially during daytime. Fluxes were dominated by MBO and methanol with daytime average emissions of ?1.3 mg C m-2 h-1. Ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone fluxes were approximately a factor of 5 lower. All fluxes showed diurnal cycles with maxima around noon and minima at night. Temperature and light were the main drivers for MBO emission, and the canopy level flux responses were virtually identical with previously measured leaf level fluxes from ponderosa pine trees at the same site. Ambient temperature appeared to be the most important driver of the other OVOC fluxes, but moisture also played a role, particularly for ethanol and acetone emissions, shown for the first time under field conditions. Soil and litter emissions, measured using a Pyrex glass chamber, contributed significantly to the canopy level fluxes of methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone, and had a much smaller contribution to the canopy fluxes of ethanol. If the magnitude of these OVOC fluxes is similar in other ecosystems, they will have to be considered a major volatile organic compound emission to the atmosphere and a potentially significant carbon loss from the biosphere. Copyright 2001 by the American Geophysical Union.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035083617&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 59 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: ScopusEcosystem Sciences Division, Dept. Environ. Sci., Plcy. and Mgmt., University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States Ecosystem Sciences Division, Dept. Environ. Sci., Plcy., Mgmt., University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, United StatesC}?Taha, H.1996`Modeling impacts of increased urban vegetation on ozone air quality in the South Coast Air Basin 3423-3430Atmospheric Environment3020$air quality influence of urban treesOct This paper analyzes the possible effects of increased urban vegetation on the ozone air quality in California's South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB). Air quality impacts are accounted for through mesoscale meteorological and photochemical modeling of a late-August period. The simulations indicate that the net effect of increased urban vegetation is a decrease in ozone concentrations if the additional vegetation (trees) are low emitters. Hydrocarbon-emitting tree Species have negative impacts on air quality. Episode-specific simulations in this study suggest that trees emitting roughly more than 2 mu g g(-1) h(-1) of isoprene (micrograms of isoprene per gram dry-leaf mass per hour) and 1 mu g g(-1)h(-1) of mono terpenes should not be introduced in the SoCAB. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd://A1996VD98600006 1352-2310ISI:A1996VD98600006}?LNowak, D. J. Civerolo, K. L. Rao, S. T. Sistla, G. Luley, C. J. Crane, D. E.20006A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone 1601-1613Atmospheric Environment34106influence of urban trees urban forestry air quality modeling photochemistry urban meteorology biogenic hydrocarbons dry deposition ESTIMATING COST-EFFECTIVENESS RESIDENTIAL YARD TREES IMPROVING AIR-QUALITY UNITED-STATES EXISTING MODELS EMISSIONS DEPOSITION HYDROCARBONS SACRAMENTO CALIFORNIA forest compositiondModeling the effects of increased urban tree cover on ozone concentrations (July 13-15, 1995) from Washington, DC, to central Massachusetts reveals that urban trees generally reduce ozone concentrations in cities, but tend to increase average ozone concentrations in the overall modeling domain. During the daytime, average ozone reductions in urban areas (1 ppb) were greater than the average ozone increase (0.26 ppb) for the model domain. Interactions of the effects of trees on meteorology, dry deposition, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, and anthropogenic emissions demonstrate that trees can cause changes in dry deposition and meteorology, particularly air temperatures, wind fields, and boundary layer heights, which, in turn, affect ozone concentrations. Changes in urban tree species composition had no detectable effect on ozone concentrations. Increasing urban tree cover from 20 to 40% led to an average decrease in hourly ozone concentrations in urban areas during daylight hours of 1 ppb (2.4%) with a peak decrease of 2.4 ppb (4.1 %). However, nighttime (20:00-1:00 EST) ozone concentrations increased due to reduced wind speeds and loss of NOx scavenging of ozone from increased deposition of NOx. Overall, 8-hour average ozone concentration in urban areas dropped by 0.5 ppb (1%) throughout the day. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.://000085995400010 1352-2310ISI:000085995400010g?-McLaughlin, S. B. Shortle, W. C. Smith, K. T.2002ZDendroecological applications in air pollution and environmental chemistry: Research needs133-157Dendrochronologia201-2Acidic deposition Climate Forest decline Growth Growth - Climate relationships Ozone Stress air quality influence of urban trees During the past two decades, dendrochronology has evolved in new dimensions that have helped address both the extent and causes of impacts of regional scale environmental pollution on the productivity and function of forest ecosystems. Initial focus on the magnitude and timing of alterations of baseline growth levels of individual forest trees has now broadened to include characterization of the geographic extent of effects, their distribution among species, and their relationship to soils and biogeochemical cycles. Increasingly dendrochronology has benefitted from and contributed to improved understanding of the physiological and biogeochemical basis of air pollution effects on forest ecological processes. In addition, the need to consider levels and types of remedial action has raised concerns about the relative roles of anthropogenic and natural causative factors. The subdisciplines of dendroecology and dendrochemistry have evolved in response to those needs. Such applications have extended the field from its initial primary focus on historical growth and climatic reconstruction to an emerging role as an exploratory research tool with the potential to address basic questions about the roles of air pollution in modifying relationships between the amount, timing, distribution, and quality of tree growth and biogeochemical and atmospheric processes. In this paper we focus on two regional scale air quality issues, acidic deposition and tropospheric ozone, as stressors. We evaluate past success, current limitations, and future potential of dendrochronology as an investigative tool for both quantifying and understanding the effects of these stressors on forests. Important issues related to the use of dendrochemistry to evaluate effects of acidic deposition include the role of natural vs anthropogenic processes in cation mobilization in soils; biological and geochemical significance of increases in potentially phytotoxic metals and depletion of essential base cations in stem wood; and quantitative vs qualitative interpretation of patterns of element changes in wood related to metal mobility and species differences in accumulation. Shifts in root growth, function, and distribution and increased sensitivity of tree growth to temperature stress are important indicators that cation depletion can alter forest function and the dendroclimatic signal. Critical challenges in evaluating forest responses to ozone, include defining the relative roles of episodic and chronic exposures in seasonal and annual growth cycles, and the quantifying impacts of ozone on the water relations of trees and stands. Here high-resolution measures of diurnal growth and water use patterns have the potential to identify critical features of both pollutant exposure and plant response. These insights should enhance our analytical capabilities in examining annual-scale measures of growth and provide needed understanding of changes in relationships of growth to climate. We conclude that dendrochronology, when coupled with mechanistic understanding of underlying ecological processes influencing growth, has been, and will continue to be, a valuable monitoring and investigative tool for exploring relationships between trees and their growing environment. We expect this role to become even more important in the future as better ways are sought to evaluate and predict forest growth and function in a changing global environment. © Urban & Fischer Verlag.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0345323775&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusOak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Durham, NH, United States Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422, United States ?WEscobedo, F. J. Wagner, J. E. Nowak, D. J. De la Maza, C. L. Rodriguez, M. Crane, D. E.2008jAnalyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago, Chile's policy of using urban forests to improve air quality148-157#Journal of Environmental Management861Air pollution abatement Cost-effective analysis Ecosystem services Street trees Urban forest management air quality influence of urban treesSantiago, Chile has the distinction of having among the worst urban air pollution problems in Latin America. As part of an atmospheric pollution reduction plan, the Santiago Regional Metropolitan government defined an environmental policy goal of using urban forests to remove particulate matter less than 10 ?m (PM10) in the Gran Santiago area. We used cost effectiveness, or the process of establishing costs and selecting least cost alternatives for obtaining a defined policy goal of PM10 removal, to analyze this policy goal. For this study, we quantified PM10 removal by Santiago's urban forests based on socioeconomic strata and using field and real-time pollution and climate data via a dry deposition urban forest effects model. Municipal urban forest management costs were estimated using management cost surveys and Chilean Ministry of Planning and Cooperation documents. Results indicate that managing municipal urban forests (trees, shrubs, and grass whose management is under the jurisdiction of Santiago's 36 municipalities) to remove PM10 was a cost-effective policy for abating PM10 based on criteria set by the World Bank. In addition, we compared the cost effectiveness of managing municipal urban forests and street trees to other control policies (e.g. alternative fuels) to abate PM10 in Santiago and determined that municipal urban forest management efficiency was similar to these other air quality improvement measures. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35748946327&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 *Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusUniversity of Florida, IFAS-School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Building 164, Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-0806, United States SUNY-ESF, 304 Bray Hall, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 5 Moon Library, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Manejo de Recursos Forestales, Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago, Chile B? Diem, J. E.2000Comparisons of weekday-weekend ozone: Importance of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in the semi-arid southwest USA 3445-3451Atmospheric Environment3420KAir pollution Biogenic emissions Climatology Ozone influence of urban trees This paper examines differences between daily maximum weekday and weekend ambient ozone concentrations in the Tucson, AZ metropolitan area. Temporal variations in the Weekend Effect (i.e. weekend ozone concentrations are larger than weekday concentrations) are not explained entirely by changes in anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursor chemicals (i.e. nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds). A dramatic change from the Weekend Effect in June to the Weekday Effect (i.e. weekday ozone concentrations are larger than weekend concentrations) in July is associated with the onset of the North American Monsoon. A transition from a relatively dry atmosphere during the arid foresummer months of May and June to a relatively moist atmosphere during the monsoon months of July and August seems to explain the changes in ozone concentrations. Moist conditions are associated with increases in biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions in the urban forest and surrounding desert areas. BVOC emissions appear to be an important source of VOCs, especially during the monsoon months. Therefore, an increase in ambient BVOC concentrations from June to July presumably reverses the sensitivity of ozone production in the Tucson area from VOC- to NO(x)-sensitive. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. This paper examines differences between daily maximum weekday and weekend ambient ozone concentrations in the Tucson, AZ metropolitan area. Temporal variations in the Weekend Effect (i.e. weekend ozone concentrations are larger than weekday concentrations) are not explained entirely by changes in anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursor chemicals (i.e. nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds). A dramatic change from the Weekend Effect in June to the Weekday Effect (i.e. weekday ozone concentrations are larger than weekend concentrations) in July is associated with the onset of the North American Monsoon. A transition from a relatively dry atmosphere during the arid foresummer months of May and June to a relatively moist atmosphere during the monsoon months of July and August seems to explain the changes in ozone concentrations. Moist conditions are associated with increases in biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions in the urban forest and surrounding desert areas. BVOC emissions appear to be an important source of VOCs, especially during the monsoon months. Therefore, an increase in ambient BVOC concentrations from June to July presumably reverses the sensitivity of ozone production in the Tucson area from VOC- to NOx-sensitive.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034100031&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 22 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus\Dept. of Geogr. and Regl. Devmt., The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States? Anonymous2001Houston checks its green14American Forests10713Air pollution Cities Trees influence of urban treesThe results of "American Forests'" regional ecosystem analysis in Houston shows that while the city's existing tree canopy is working to remove 83 million pounds of pollutants, the loss of trees is contributing to the region's air quality problems.Shttp://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=71088678&Fmt=7&clientId=13766&RQT=309&VName=PQD 00028541?(Nowak, D. J. Crane, D. E. Stevens, J. C.2006DAir pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States115-123!Urban Forestry and Urban Greening43-4cAir quality Environmental quality Urban forestry Urban forests air quality influence of urban treesA modeling study using hourly meteorological and pollution concentration data from across the coterminous United States demonstrates that urban trees remove large amounts of air pollution that consequently improve urban air quality. Pollution removal (O3, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO) varied among cities with total annual air pollution removal by US urban trees estimated at 711,000 metric tons ($3.8 billion value). Pollution removal is only one of various ways that urban trees affect air quality. Integrated studies of tree effects on air pollution reveal that management of urban tree canopy cover could be a viable strategy to improve air quality and help meet clean air standards.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33746240855&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 CCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopuseUSDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 5 Moon Library, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States J?3Chen, W. He, X. Zhang, Y. Sun, Y. Wang, W. Ning, Z.2003;Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China 2113-2116"Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology1412jAmount of dust absorption Dust absorption effect Dust pollution Evergreen conifer influence of urban treesSDust pollution is much heavier in winter than in other seasons in the cities of Northeast China, because the urban heating system consumes mainly coal as energy resources. Deciduous trees can hardly absorb dust because of their defoliation, and hence, urban conifer trees become more important in dust absorption in winter. This paper studied the dust absorption ability of 7 conifers under the same and different dust pollution status in Shenyang city, Northeast China. The results showed that the dust absorption ability of conifers was decreased in the order of Abies holophilla < Picea mongolica > P. koraiensis > Taxus cupidata > Pinus bungeana > P. armandi > P. tabulaeformis. Different conifers had different surface structures. Pinus bungeana, P. armandi and P. tabulaeformis had smooth surfaces, their cells and stomata arranged in order, and hence, their dust absorption ability was poor. P. koraiensis, Abies holophilla and Taxus cupidata had coarse surfaces, and their cells and stomata arranged out of order. There were even many tubercular things on the surface of P. koraiensis, and hence, their dust absorption ability was stronger. The dust absorption ability of conifers was related the shape of their leaf sections. The upper leaf surface of Pinus bungeana and P. tubulaeformis was arc, not opted to absorb the dust. The leaf section of P. armandi was prism, and its upper surface was narrow, and hence, its dust absorption ability was also poor. The leaves of Picea mongolica and P. koraiensis had four edges, their upper surfaces were broader and flatter than the former three species, and hence, they had stronger dust absorption ability. The leaf section's shape of Abies holophilla and Taxus cupidata was also broad and flat, which made the dust absorption ability of the two latter's was stronger than other three Pinus species and two Picea species.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1642423483&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusInstitute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China Shengyang Land Planning/Manage Bur., Shenyang 110003, China Southern University, A and M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, United States ?,Xiaoshan, Z. Yujing, M. Wenzhi, S. Yahui, Z.2000>Seasonal variations of isoprene emissions from deciduous trees 3027-3032Atmospheric Environment3418SDiurnal variation Emission factors Emission rates Isoprene influence of urban trees Isoprene emission fluxes were investigated for 12 tree species in and around Beijing city. Bag-enclosure method was used to collect the air sample and GC-PID was used to directly analyze isoprene. Ginkgo and Magnolia denudata had negligible isoprene emissions, while significant emissions were observed for Platanus orientalis, Pendula loud, Populus simonii, and Salix matsudana koidz, and other remaining trees showed no sign of isoprene emission. Variations in isoprene emission with changes in light, temperature and season were investigated for Platanus orientalis and Pendula loud. Isoprene emission rates strongly depended on light, temperature and leaf age. The maximum emission rates for the two trees were observed in summer with values of about 232 and 213?gg-1dwh-1, respectively. The measured emission fluxes were used to evaluate 'Guenther' emission algorithm. The emission fluxes predicted by the algorithm were in relatively good agreement with field measurements. However, there were large differences for the calculated median emission factors during spring, summer and fall. The 25-75 percentiles span of the emission factor data sets ranged from -33 to +15% of the median values. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. Isoprene emission fluxes were investigated for 12 tree species in and around Beijing city. Bag-enclosure method was used to collect the air sample and GC-PID was used to directly analyze isoprene. Ginkgo and Magnolia denudata had negligible isoprene emissions, while significant emissions were observed for Platanus orientalis, Pendula loud, Populus simonii, and Salix matsudana koidz, and other remaining trees showed no sign of isoprene emission. Variations in isoprene emission with changes in light, temperature and season were investigated for Platanus orientalis and Pendula loud. Isoprene emission rates strongly depended on light, temperature and leaf age. The maximum emission rates for the two trees were observed in summer with values of about 232 and 213 ?g g-1 dw h-1, respectively. The measured emission fluxes were used to evaluate `Guenther' emission algorithm. The emission fluxes predicted by the algorithm were in relatively good agreement with field measurements. However, there were large differences for the calculated median emission factors during spring, summer and fall. The 25-75 percentiles span of the emission factor data sets ranged from -33 to +15% of the median values.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034016953&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 16 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusLRes. Ctr. for Eco-Environ. Sciences, Academia Sinica, 100085, Beijing, China}?Leahey, D. M. Hansen, M. C.1992PEstimates of Dark Ecosystem Respiration of CO2 from the City of Calgary, Alberta 1725-1733-Atmospheric Environment Part a-General Topics269Influence of urban treesJunCarbon dioxide flux can be used as a criterion of the metabolism of terrestrial communities. A method has been developed to estimate this flux from urban areas during nocturnal periods characterized by stable air. The method assumes that biogenic and anthropogenic CO2 emissions are proportional to one another. This assumption appears to be acceptable for average conditions in Calgary, Alberta, which is an "urban forest" situated in a prairie setting. Application of the method for estimating the CO2 flux from Calgary's terrestrial ecosystem shows that dark respiration is absent during autumn and winter seasons. It is twice as great in summer as in spring. Its summer level is less than half that observed for an oak-pine forest in New York state. The lesser value is explainable in terms of Calgary's colder climate and the fact that a significant portion of the city is occupied by streets, houses, high-rise buildings and parking lots.://A1992HW52500016 0004-6981ISI:A1992HW52500016B?)Peper, P. J. McPherson, E. G. Mori, S. M.2001hEquations for predicting diameter, height, crown width, and leaf area of San Joaquin valley street trees306-317Journal of Arboriculture276{Leaf area Predictive equations Size relationships Tree growth Urban forest urban soils air quality influence of urban treesAlthough the modeling of energy-use reduction, air pollution uptake, rainfall interception, and microclimate modification associated with urban trees depends on data relating diameter at breast height (dbh), crown height, crown diameter, and leaf area to tree age or dbh, scant information is available for common municipal tree species. In this study, tree height, crown width, crown height, dbh, and leaf area were measured for 12 common street tree species in the San Joaquin Valley city of Modesto, California, U.S. The randomly sampled trees were planted from 2 to 89 years ago. Using age or dbh as explanatory variables, parameters such as dbh, tree height, crown width, crown height, and leaf area responses were modeled using two equations. There was strong correlation (adjusted R2 > 0.70) for total height, crown diameter, and leaf area with dbh. Correlations for dbh with age and crown height for several species were weaker. The equations for predicting tree sizes and leaf area are presented and applied to compare size and growth for all species 15 and 30 years after planting. Tree height, crown diameter, and dbh growth rates tended to slow during the second 15 years, but the leaf area growth rate increased for most species. Comparisons of predicted sizes for three species common to Modesto and Santa Monica trees suggest that pruning has a significant impact on tree size and leaf area, potentially more than climate and soil characteristics.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035726442&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 10 Export Date: 4 January 2008 Source: ScopusUSDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8587, United States?Grant, R. H. Heisler, G. M.1996lSolar ultraviolet-B and photosynthetically active irradiance in the urban sub-canopy: A survey of influences201-212'International Journal of Biometeorology394EModeling Urban climates Uv radiation climate influence of urban trees-Stratospheric ozone loss in mid-latitudes is expected to increase the ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation at the earth's surface. Impacts of this expected increase will depend on many factors, including the distribution of light in other wavelengths. Measurements of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UVB irradiance were made under clear skies at an open field and under the canopy of scattered trees in a suburban area in W. Lafayette, Indiana, USA (latitude 40.5°). Results showed that when there was significant sky view, the UVB penetration into sub-canopy spaces differs greatly from that of PAR. The UVB Tcanopy (transmittance; irradiance below canopy/irradiance in open) was inversely related to sky view. The UVB irradiance did not vary as greatly between shaded and sunlit areas as did PAR. Analysis of measurements made near a brick wall indicated that the leaf area of a canopy and the brick wall primarily acted to block fractions of the sky radiance and contributed little scattered UVB to the horizontal plant. A model was developed to predict the UVB and PAR Tcanopy based on diffuse fraction, sky view, and porosity of the crown(s) through which the beam is penetrating. The model accounted for the UVB and PAR Tcanopy to within 0.13 and 0.05 root mean squared error (RMSE), respectively. Analysis of the errors due to model assumptions indicated that care must be taken in describing the sky radiance distribution, the porosity of trees, the penetration of diffuse radiation through porous trees, and the location of sky-obstructing trees and buildings.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0000549038&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 26 Export Date: 9 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1150, United States US Forest Service, SUNY-CESF, NE Forest Experiment Station, Syracuse, NY 13210, United StatesNF? Betts, K. S.2005-Choosing the right trees to improve urban air"Environmental Science & Technology3917<tree selection Influence of trees on air quality urban trees^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33644796282&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopusm?Kellyn, S. Betts2005-Choosing the right trees to improve urban airA356"Environmental Science & Technology3917HTrees Air pollution Ozone Urban areas Emissions influence of urban trees2No one disputes that Ronald Reagan was dead wrong when he said in 1981 that "trees cause more pollution that automobiles do." However, scientists have known for nearly two decades that the biogenic emissions from certain trees can increase the levels of some pollutants, particularly ozone, in urban areas.Thttp://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=895325051&Fmt=7&clientId=13766&RQT=309&VName=PQD 0013936X>?2001Trees May Not Be So Green!1Hart's European Fuels News516RUrban areas Air pollution Trees Studies influence of urban trees species selection7Low-emitters include the Chinese Hackberry, Avocado, Peach, Ashes, Sawleaf Zelkova and the Eastern Redbud. A few of the high emitters include the London Plane, California Sycamore, Liquidamber, Chinese Sweet Gum, Goldenrain Tree, and the Scarlet, Red and Willow Oaks. When considering a new tree, there are three main concerns: intended use (large or small shading needs), climate of area, and the tree's emissions types and amounts. Large scale planting can affect air quality through regional concentrations of ozone and fine particles. To reduce ozone concentrations in urban areas it is particularly important to use low emitting species. When selected appropriately, trees and other plants can improve local cooling, reduce energy use and slow the chemical reactions that lead to the formation of ozone, or urban smog.Shttp://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=77245879&Fmt=7&clientId=13766&RQT=309&VName=PQD }?Humble, L. M. Allen, E. A.2006AForest biosecurity: alien invasive species and vectored organisms S256-S269GCanadian Journal of Plant Pathology-Revue Canadienne De Phytopathologie28/invasive species pests diseases economic issuessAlien invasive species pose a serious threat to the ecological and economic sustainability of Canada's forests. Recent establishments of invasive insect pests such as the brown spruce longhorn beetle (Tetropium fuscum), Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), and emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) highlight the risk of alien species to natural and urban forests of Canada. An emerging area of phytosanitary concern for scientists and phytosanitary regulators is the relationship between fungi or other organisms (e.g., nematodes, mites) and their insect vectors. Invasive insects may introduce and vector alien fungal pests or may serve as vectors for native fungi. Conversely, native insects can become vectors of introduced fungi. The diversity of fungi vectored by introduced insect species is poorly understood. Canadian and international strategies to prevent the influx of alien invasive species, to monitor their presence, and to control established populations are discussed. Surveys for better understanding risks posed by vectored fungi will require development of novel survey techniques and diagnostic tools. 0706-0661ISI:000237741700027C}??Snyder, C. MacQuarrie, C. J. K. Zogas, K. Kruse, J. J. Hard, J.2007iInvasive species in the last frontier: Distribution and phenology of birch leaf mining sawflies in Alaska113-119Journal of Forestry1053invasive speciesApr-MayInvasive species pose a significant threat to forested ecosystems. Within the past 10 years, three normative birch leaf mining sawflies, have been found in Alaska: Fenusa pumila, Heterarthrus nemoratus, and Profenusa thomsoni. Damage, caused primarily by A thomsoni, is particularly notable in urban areas where the impact of browning free crowns in mid-to-late summer raises public concern. The initial outbreak in Anchorage in 1996 increased to more than 32,000 ac by 2003. That same year, a survey was initiated to determine the extent of leaf mining sawflies throughout most of the state. Adult emergence, flight period, and larval phenology were assessed also. Surveys done through 2006 show that P. thomsoni is present over 20% of the surveyed area with the largest contiguous population in south central Alaska and localized populations in the Fairbanks area and on the Kenai Peninsula. The spread of P. thomsoni in Alaska suggests an association between establishment of new infestations, human population centers, and major travel routes. 0022-1201ISI:000246574900006}?eSun, J. Z. Lockwood, M. E. Etheridge, J. L. Carroll, J. Hollomon, C. Z. Coker, C. E. H. Knight, P. R.2007YDistribution of formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) in Mississippi 1400-1408Journal of Economic Entomology1004invasive speciesAugAn extensive monitoring and survey program in Mississippi was conducted from 2000 to 2004 to investigate the distribution of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Seventy-two towns from 22 counties in southern Mississippi were monitored with a total of 3914 traps that catch alates during the swarming season. In addition, 259 licensed pest management professionals in Mississippi were surveyed to determine the locations of termite infestations treated. The alates of C.formosanus were recovered in 12 counties with light traps, and termite infestations were documented in an additional 13 from data collected in the termite survey. Infestations of C formosanus have been documented in urban, urban cluster, rural, and forested areas of Mississippi. However, the distribution in mean total capture of alates for 4 yr differed significantly among the four ecological areas with the highest percentage in forested areas (31%) and the lowest percentage in urban cluster areas (17%). Most of the infestations of C. formosanus were geographically distributed along the coastal areas of southern Mississippi from Gulfport to Pascagoula. The greatest total number of alates captured in light traps was documented in Pearl River County. Mass swarming of C. formosanus occurred primarily in May or June, depending on weather conditions. The number of documented counties with the evidence of large and widely dispersed swarms of C. formosanus in different ecological areas, and the increase in total annual alate captures from 2000 to 2003, suggest that this invasive termite species is now firmly established in Mississippi. 0022-0493ISI:000248583700048Q}?/Thalmann, C. Freise, J. Heitland, W. Bacher, S.2003rEffects of defoliation by horse chestnut leafminer (Cameraria ohridella) on reproduction in Aesculus hippocastanum383-388Trees-Structure and Function175invasive species pests diseasesSepIn large parts of Europe horse chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum) suffer from severe defoliation by an alien invasive species, the specialist leaf mining moth Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera; Gracillariidae). Heavily infested trees have a drastically shortened period for photosynthesis. We quantified the effect of moth infestation on reproduction of horse chestnut trees in two different cities in central Europe, Bern and Munich. C. ohridella negatively affected seed and fruit weight of A. hippocastanum at both locations. In Munich, seed weight of heavily damaged trees was reduced by almost half. However, the number of seeds per fruit, the number of fruits per inflorescence, and the number of inflorescences per tree did not change due to herbivory. We conclude that C. ohridella mining affects seed quality but not seed quantity. The reduced seed weight may severely impair growth and survival of horse chestnut seedlings and thus may endanger the long-term persistence of A. hippocastanum in its endemic forests in south-east Europe. 0931-1890ISI:000184902500001}?)Thomas, J. R. Middleton, B. Gibson, D. J.2006A landscape perspective of the stream corridor invasion and habitat characteristics of an exotic (Dioscorea oppositifolia) in a pristine watershed in illinois 1103-1113Biological Invasions85invasive speciesJulsThe spatial distribution of exotics across riparian landscapes is not uniform, and research elaborating the environmental constraints and dispersal behavior that underlie these patterns of distribution is warranted. This study examined the spatial distribution, growth patterns, and habitat constraints of populations of the invasive Dioscorea oppositifolia in a forested stream corridor of a tributary of Drury Creek in Giant City State Park, IL. The distribution of D. oppositifolia was determined at the watershed scale mainly by floodplain structure and connectivity. Populations of D. oppositifolia were confined to the floodplain, with overbank flooding from the stream. Dioscorea oppositifolia probably originates in disturbed areas upstream of natural corridors, and subsequently, the species disperses downstream into pristine canyons or ravines via bulbils dispersing in the water. In Giant City State Park, populations of D. oppositifolia were distributed on the floodplain across broad gradients of soil texture, light, slope, and potential radiation. The study also examined the longevity of bulbils in various micro-environments to illuminate strategies for the management of the species in invaded watersheds. After 1 year, the highest percentages of bulbils were viable under leaves, and much lower percentages were viable over leaves, in soil, and in the creek (76.0 +/- 6.8, 21.2 +/- 9.6, 21.6 +/- 3.6, and 5.2 +/- 5.2%), respectively. This study suggests that management procedures that reduce leaf litter on the forest floor (e.g., prescribed burning) could reduce the number of bulbils of D. oppositifolia stored in the watershed. 1387-3547ISI:000239742900012s}?Ward, K. Kromroy, K. Juzwik, J.2007}Transformation of the oak forest spatial structure in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area, Minnesota, USA over 7 years27-33Landscape and Urban Planning811-2invasive speciesMayOThe Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (TCMA) oak (Quercus spp.) forest area decreased by 5.6% between 1991 and 1998. Accompanying spatial transformation of the forest can have great impacts on forest health, water flow and quality, wildlife habitat, potential for the spread of invasive species, and the quality of life of urban residents. The types of spatial transformation that occurred along with the loss of oak forest in the TCMA were investigated through the integration of remote sensing, a Geographic Information System (GIS), and landscape and patch metrics in seven ecological subsections between 1991 and 1998. Oak forest patches in the TCMA as a whole decreased in area, number, and complexity. Fragmentation of oak forest took place in all subsections and attrition occurred in three subsections. Knowledge of how the oak forest has changed over time can be integrated with land use change information to help planners make decisions about zoning and development that will minimize the impacts of increasing land conversion pressure on forest areas. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0169-2046ISI:000247084200003?Huebner, C. D.2003Vulnerability of oak-dominated forests in West Virginia to invasive exotic plants: Temporal and spatial patterns of nine exotic species using Herbarium records and land classification data1-14Castanea6811invasive species nonnative species exotic speciesAre oak-dominated forests immune to invasive exotic plants? Herbarium and land classification data were used to evaluate the extent of spread of nine invasive exotic plants and to relate their distributions to remotely-sensed land use types in West Virginia. Collector-defined habitats indicated that the most common habitat was roadsides, but seven of the nine species were found in forests. Regression analyses indicated that the most significant variables were urban land use and population per km2, but these were only significant for three of the species. Detrended correspondence analysis showed a forest to urban gradient and that one of the species, Rosa multiflora, was significantly correlated to heavily forested counties while Ailanthus altissima was significantly correlated with more urbanized counties. Although forests clearly are not immune to invasion, the lack of spatial and temporal patterns among the species support the need for intensive plot-level monitoring before predictions of spread can be made.]Northeasthern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Morgantown, WV 26505-3180, United States}?,Thomas, J. R. Gibson, D. J. Middleton, B. A.2005lWater dispersal of vegetative bulbils of the invasive exotic Dioscorea oppositifolia L. in southern Illinois187-196'Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society13221invasive species nonnative species exotic speciesApr-JunRiparian corridors promote dispersal of several species of exotic invasives worldwide. Dispersal plays a role in the colonization of exotic invasive species into new areas and this study was conducted to determine if the invasiveness of Dioscorea oppositifolia L. (Chinese yam) is facilitated by secondary dispersal of vegetative diaspores (bulbils) by water. Since seed production of this plant has not been observed in the United States, bulbils represent the only means of dispersal to new habitats. Dispersal was monitored by placing aquatic traps, tethered bulbils, and painted bulbil caches in a tributary of Drury Creek, Giant City State Park, Illinois. Results indicate that high-energy flow in the creek accelerated secondary dispersal of bulbils downstream and onto the floodplain. The longest recorded dispersal distance was 206.2 in downstream. Dispersal distance of tethered bulbils was not related to rainfall or flow velocity in the creek; however the total number of bulbils trapped was positively related to flow velocity. We conclude that secondary dispersal by water in streams can facilitate dispersal of vegetative bulbils of this exotic species. 0040-9618ISI:000231602400002c}? Anderson, R.1999tDisturbance as a factor in the distribution of sugar maple and the invasion of Norway maple into a modified woodland264-273Rhodora101907native species street treesSumbDisturbances have the potential to increase the success of biological invasions. Norway maple (Acer platanoides), a common street tree native to Europe, is a foreign invasive with greater tolerance and more efficient resource utilization than the native sugar maple (Acer saccharum). This study examined the role disturbances from a road and path played in the invasion of Norway maple and in the distribution of sugar maple. Disturbed areas on the path and nearby undisturbed areas were surveyed for both species along transects running perpendicular to a road. Norway maples were present in greater number closer to the road and on the path, while the number of sugar maples was not significantly associated with either the road or the path. These results suggest that human-caused disturbances have a role in facilitating the establishment of an invasive species. 0035-4902ISI:000082964900003?Anderson, R. L.2003YChanging forests and forest management policy in relation to dealing with forest diseases 1041-1043Phytopathology938native species pests diseasesThe forest landscape of the United States has changed over time, as has public concern for the trees, water, and wildlife. Early in the history of the United States, forests were viewed as an encumbrance and an inexhaustible resource, used to meet the needs of a growing nation. Around 1900, it became clear that old approaches were not sustainable and forest pathology saw its beginning. Annual lumber production increased from 5.4 billion to 44.5 billion board feet. Forest pathologists were called upon to help manage forests for a variety of products, with a focus on decays of wood and wood products. Projection of timber famine stirred public concern, and a number of laws were enacted to deal with the issue. Pathologists were called upon to deal with many of the issues associated with intensive management, and new pests such as chestnut blight and white pine blister rust demanded attention. Then pathologists were called upon to help manage for multiple benefits, and the issues became more complex. Pests such as mistletoes, root diseases, rusts, nursery pests, and urban pests presented new challenges. Concepts such as landscape level assessments, ecosystem management, and multiple-use led to the management of forests to provide for a complex variety of needs. Management objectives vary across the landscape, and pathologists find themselves working with managers who want to maximize fiber production, those that manage areas set aside for special purposes, and all combinations in between. Issues such as acceptable levels of pests, nonnative invasive species, landowner values, visual and watershed quality, and best management practices must be considered in an ever-changing landscape.^Forest Health Protection, U.S. Dept. Agric. Forest Serv., S., Atlanta, GA 30367, United StatesR}?/Aronson, M. F. J. Handel, S. N. Clemants, S. E.2007dFruit type, life form and origin determine the success of woody plant invaders in an urban landscape465-475Biological Invasions94native speciesJunBThe spread of alien plant species is a critical ecological event worldwide, but the forces that control this spread are not well documented. Alien plant species are well known to disrupt ecological services of native ecosystems, change the composition of native habitats, and often lead to the extirpation of native flora and fauna. Here, we report on life history patterns of plant species with rapidly spreading and declining ranges in North America's major urban region. We tested for differences in life history traits between the 466 native and alien woody flora of the New York metropolitan area. We also examined the relationship between life history traits and change in distribution in the New York metropolitan area between 1900 and 2000. Native and alien species of the New York metropolitan area differ with respect to pollination vector and breeding system. However, pollination vector and breeding system are not associated with success, defined here as increasing range spread in the urban environment; instead, fruit type (dispersal), life form and origin are important determinants of success. Alien species that are deciduous trees, shrubs or vines with fleshy fruit are the most successful in increasing their distribution in this urban landscape. Newly introduced species with these characteristics are expected to have a better chance at establishing in similar urban landscapes and should be targets for intensive management. The ability to predict which alien species will become invasive is also a valuable tool for the prevention of invasions by newly introduced plant species. 1387-3547ISI:000246351300010}?HBeland, J. D. Krakowski, J. Ritland, C. E. Ritland, K. El-Kassaby, Y. A.2005YGenetic structure and mating system of northern Arbutus menziesii (Ericaceae) populations 1581-15898Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique8312native speciesDec{Arbutus (Arbutus menziesii Pursh. (Ericaceae)) is the only broadleaved evergreen tree native to Canada. It occurs in three red-listed (endangered) plant communities in British Columbia (BC), threatened by urban encroachment, fire suppression, grazing, and exotic invasive species. Its growth is sensitive to environmental changes: more severe summer drought caused by climate change could further threaten this species. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were assayed in 10 populations in BC and 1 in Washington to obtain baseline population genetic and mating system data. We found that genetic diversity within populations was low (mean H = 0.094) for a woody perennial. Genetic variation among populations (F-ST = 0.15) was comparable to woody perennials on average (0.19). Pairwise kinship coefficients were significantly associated with distance (p < 0.01). The multilocus outcrossing rate for one BC island population was high (t(m) = 0.97), but inbreeding due to consanguineous matings was also quite high (t(m) - t(s) = 0.10). These data can be used to guide conservation strategies and future research priorities for arbutus. 0008-4026ISI:000237306700006 k?Breuste, J. Winkler, M.1999`Characterization of urban biotopes according to the trees and shrubs present: Studies in Leipzig45-57\Charakterisierung von stadtbiotoptypen durch ihren geholzbestand - untersuchungen in Leipzig1431native species This differentiated analysis of trees and shrubs in the city of Leipzig was prompted by a lack of knowledge about the extent and nature of trees and shrubs in Leipzig as well as their spatial ecology and ecological importance. The spectrum, combination, frequency and continuity of both planted and spontaneous tree and shrub species and their morphological and phenological characteristics were assessed. taking relationships between plant ecology, biotope structure, land use and age into account. - Six biotope types were studied over a total area of 239 hectares, and 384 species were found. This underlines the fact that the number of species in urban biotopes greatly exceeds that of the hinterland and of planned forest areas. Twice as many species were found in the biotope types examined in Leipzig than are common in present-day German dendroflora. A high variety of species was found in all the biotope types examined, although those established after the Second World War had a higher number of species than the older housing areas. Residential biotopes are noticeably richer in species than the more structured park areas. - Although there were differences between the structural units, there were fewer native species than foreign species and cultivated species in all the biotopes examined. However, it could be seen that the proportion of native trees was higher than the proportion of native shrubs: non-native shrubs were more frequent in terms of quantity and the numbers of species found. Similarly, there were fewer native species among the vegetative and generative spontaneous groups. However, several native species were found among the highly 'wild' species. Spontaneous diffusion could only be identified for 24.8% of the cultivated species. The exotic and cultivated plants also shows signs of slight growth stagnation in the strongly anthropogenic habitats. - These facts show that foreign woods and shrubs can be invaluable as replacement plantation at strongly disrupted locations. 38 species have a high continuity level. The majority of these are very commonly occurring species. The basic species makeup of the biotopes - those species which occurred in all the biotopes examined - included 106 species. The extended species spectrum of each biotope type is mainly made up of foreign shrubs. Thus, no particular species combinations can be identified for particular structural units. Multiple examples of a small number of species were found in single biotope types: however, this is a time-related characteristic in some cases. The urban biotopes can be differentiated more clearly with regard to the variety of trees and shrubs planted and, within limits, in the similarities between the study areas with regard to species composition and frequency.tUmweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-H., Projektbereich Urbane Landschaften, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany?Dlugosch, K. M.2005[Understory community changes associated with english ivy invasions in Seattle's urban parks53-60Northwest Science791native species)English ivy has become a common invader in Seattle's urban parks and in forests throughout the Pacific Northwest. Despite a great deal of concern over the potential impacts of this species, no studies have investigated ivy's effects on native vegetation in this region. In this study, paired comparisons between ivy-invaded and adjacent non-invaded plots in three Seattle parks were used to quantify changes associated with ivy invasion in the forest understory. Species diversity, percent cover, and tree regeneration were surveyed. Differences in species diversity, calculated as both richness and evenness, were not significantly different between invaded and non-invaded plots. Ivy-invaded plots did have significantly higher total cover, and significantly lower non-ivy cover, than non-invaded plots. The reduction of percent cover in invaded plots was primarily due to the loss of native shrubs. A plot where ivy had been removed over five years was also surveyed, and percent cover in this plot showed intermediate values relative to invaded and non-invaded plots, for both total cover and cover of native shrubs. The number of trees regenerating in the understory was higher in invaded plots, though this difference was not significant. These results suggest that English ivy invasions have substantial impacts on understory cover, and may influence the species composition and diversity of forest communities over the long-term by increasing vegetative cover and suppressing dominant native shrubs. © 2005 by the Northwest Scientific Association. All rights reserved.Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United Statesm?<Duryea, M. L. Blakeslee, G. M. Hubbard, W. G. Vasquez, R. A.1996=Wind and trees: A survey of homeowners after hurricane Andrew44-49Journal of Arboriculture221<native species preservation forestation reforestation timberThe destructive winds of Hurricane Andrew dramatically changed the urban forest in Dade County, Florida on August 24, 1992. Overnight, the tree canopy was replaced by a landscape of broken, uprooted, defoliated and severely damaged trees. To assist communities in reforestation efforts, scientists at the University of Florida conducted a homeowner survey to determine how different tree species responded to strong winds. Native tree species, such as box leaf stopper, sabal palm gumbo limbo, and live oak were the best survivors of the winds. Other palms such as areca, cabada, and Alexander were also highly wind resistant. In general, fruit trees such as navel orange, mango, avocado and grapefruit were severely damaged. Black olive, live oak, and gumbo limbo trees that were pruned survived the hurricane better than unpruned trees. Only 18% of all the trees that fell caused property damage. Hurricane-susceptible communities should consider wind resistance as one of their criteria in tree species selection.sSch. of Forest Rsrc. and Conserv., IFAS, University of Florida, PO Box 110420, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States}?Essl, F.2007_From ornamental to detrimental? The incipient invasion of Central Europe by Paulownia tomentosa377-389Preslia794native speciesNovThe invasion of Paulownia tomentosa (Paulowniaceae), a new alien tree species in Central Europe, native to China, is analysed. By using its distribution in Austria, the invasion of this country is analysed in detail. The first reports of P. tomentosa in Austria were in the 1960s in Vienna. Since then, the number of sites has increased exponentially, with a total of 151 sites in 27 grid cells of the Floristic Mapping project of Austria. The number of sites per grid cell is strongly positively correlated with the minimum residence time in grid cell, which explains 86% of the deviance in the general linear model (GLM). The localities are confined to warm lowland areas (below 450 in altitude) and are concentrated in cities, with 90% of all localities recorded in cities with > 100,000 inhabitants. Paulownia tomentosa typically occurs in small populations of less then 10 individuals (83% of all records) and behaves as a pioneer species colonizing mainly disturbed urban habitats. Near-natural habitats, e.g. forest clearings and riparian shrubberies are rarely colonized. In extremely disturbed areas, the average number of vascular plant species is low (8.9 species), as is total plant cover (17%). As R tomentosa is currently mostly confined to synanthropic habitats in urban areas, the invasion is not yet a nature conservation issue. In the future, predicted climate change might allow P. tomentosa to spread beyond its current distribution. The habitat preference in the eastern USA indicates that further spread of P tomentosa in Central Europe might be accompanied by a switch to more natural habitats, e.g. forest clearings and forest margins. Thus, the future spread of this species should be closely monitored. 0032-7786ISI:000251315100004 ?=Handel, S. N. Robinson, G. R. Parsons, W. F. J. Mattei, J. H.1997TRestoration of woody plants to capped landfills: Root dynamics in an engineered soil178-186Restoration Ecology52*native species pests diseases urban soils"Closed or abandoned landfills represent significant land areas, often in or near urban centers, that are potential sites for ecological restoration of native woodlands. But current guidelines in many jurisdictions do not allow for the installation of trees or shrubs above landfill clay caps, although these plants have many environmental, functional, and aesthetic advantages, including a rapid start to community succession. Typical closure procedures for capped landfills include only a grass cover to control moisture infiltration and impede soil erosion. The main concern that limits the application of a woody cover to a closed landfill is that roots may penetrate and weaken the clay cap. As part of a comprehensive experimental program on woodland restoration, we installed 22 tree and shrub species on Staten Island, New York (the Fresh Kills Sanitary Landfill). We found no evidence that roots of the transplanted woody plants penetrate caps used on these landfills. Root growth requirements and dynamics stop penetration of these materials. Anoxic and acidic conditions were found in the sandy subsoil above the cap, as indicated by corrosion patterns on steel test rods. Also, the intensity of mycorrhizal infection on the experimental plants was high in the surface soil and decreased progressively with increasing soil depth. The potential vertical rooting depth during this time period was greater than that occurring over the clay cap. This was shown from data collected on a nearby control site, where seven of the species were installed on an engineered soil lacking a clay barrier layer, and roots of all seven species penetrated deeper than on the landfill. The engineered landfill soils are poor growth media for roots, and below ground constraints that limit restoration on these sites must be addressed.}Dept. Ecol., Evol., and Nat. Rsrc., Rutgers-The State Univ. New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231, United States Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States Smithsonian Environ. Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, United States Fac. of Sci., Math. and Comp. Sci., Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06432, United States?Hopkinson, C. Cane, T. Gaborit, S. Horrigan, K. Jasinski, P. McLernon, S. McTavish, M. Pennington, S. Quon, S. Woo, L. Mulamoottil, G.1997|An integrated approach to the planning and management of urban Wetlands: The case of Bechtel Park Wetland, Waterloo, Ontario45-56 Canadian Water Resources Journal221#native species water quality runoffThe Bechtel Park Wetland in Waterloo, Ontario was examined in an attempt to provide an integrated approach to the planning and management of wetlands in urban environments. The Wetland is the result of urban development activity and is of recent origin. A chronology detailing the development stages of the Wetland over the previous thirty years is presented. Evaluation, functional assessment and public consultation processes were carried out to understand the Wetland's ecological functions and establish its values. The results of the investigations raised four issues of concern: 1) urban runoff entering the Wetland is impairing water quality; 2) invasive plant species are threatening biodiversity; 3) beavers are cutting down trees and; 4) the lack of a delineated trail system is reducing the amenity value of the Wetland and leading to loss of vegetation. Options to address these concerns are discussed and the formation of a 'Friends of Bechtel Park' volunteer group is suggested. The paper concludes with a recommendation that pro-active planning of urban wetlands is essential if the functions and values of these ecosystems are to be sustained.Department of Geography, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ont., Canada Sch. of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada Department of Geography, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., CanadaZ?Rabasse, J. M.2006,New urban trees/pests interactions in Europe339-346>Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences712 Pt B*native species pests diseases urban soilsThe tree species have long been chosen for street use on the ground of the following criteria: they should be easy and inexpensive to produce, they had to be hardy and withstand stresses and finally they should not bear undesirable pests. Recently, in order to bypass pests and diseases problems that could have arisen, or simply to introduce aesthetic changes, more and more exotic tree species have been used. Some inappropriate practices were developed, for instance the transport of cuttings or of adult plants with soil, sometimes on long distances. Such practices and the increase of international trading resulted in an exponential growth of the unintentional introductions of new pests. In this fast-changing situation, some street-trees are abandoned or doomed, even before being used as such. The best solution for this problem should be classical biological control, which consists in the safe acclimatization of specific natural enemies of introduced pests; this method should be used systematically on a larger scale.vInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Sophia Antipolis, FR-06 903 - Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.q?0Robinson, G. R. Handel, S. N. Schmalhofer, V. R.1992_Survival, reproduction, and recruitment of woody plants after 14 years on a reforested landfill265-271Environmental Management162Anative species preservation forestation reforestation restorationWith the advent of modern sanitary landfill closure techniques, the opportunity exists for transforming municipal landfills into urban woodlands. While costs of full-scale reforestation are generally prohibitive, a modest planting of clusters of trees and shrubs could initiate or accelerate population expansions and natural plant succession from open field to diverse forest. However, among woody species that have been screened for use on landfills, these ecological potentials have not yet been investigated. We examined a 14-yr-old landfill plantation in New Jersey, USA, established to test tolerance of 19 species of trees and shrubs to landfill environments. We measured survivorship, reproduction, and recruitment within and around the experimental installation. Half of the original 190 plants were present, although survival and growth rates varied widely among species. An additional 752 trees and shrubs had colonized the plantation and its perimeter, as well as 2955 stems of vines. However, the great majority (>95%) of woody plants that had colonized were not progeny of the planted cohort, but instead belonged to 18 invading species, mostly native, bird-dispersed, and associated with intermediate stages of secondary plant succession. Based on this evidence, we recommend that several ecological criteria be applied to choices of woody species for the restoration of municipal landfills and similar degraded sites, in order to maximize rapid and economical establishment of diverse, productive woodlands._Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1059, United States?Rowntree, L. B.1994bAfforestation, fire, and vegetation management in the East Bay Hills of the San Francisco Bay area7-303Yearbook - Association of Pacific Coast Geographers565native species preservation forestation afforestationkThe East Bay hills were transformed by human action from open grassland and oak woodland to dense forests of pine, eucalyptus, and other exotic tree and shrub species within a 50-yr period beginning in the 1880s. Because this artificial forest is both within and also adjacent to the developed urban area, it has created an enormous fire hazard with catastrophic potential. In this paper, the author examines the historical afforestation of the Berkeley-Oakland hills, the link between this exotic vegetation and past fires, and, finally, the complexities of managing vegetation to reduce this fire hazard. -from Author5Dept of Geog., San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA, USAZ? Stalter, R.1998NNon-native urban arborescent vegetation at home sites, New York City, New York155-163Advances in Ecological Sciences1native speciesyTrees found at forty home sites, Jamaica Estates. New York City, New York, were selected for study October 15 to November 7, 1995, Trees with a DBH (diameter at breast height) greater than 7.6 cm were identified and mapped at each property. Density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, basal area, relative dominance and importance values for all trees with a DBH greater than 7.6 cm were calculated. Black oak (Quercus velutina) and red oak (Quercus rubra) ranked first and second in relative dominance and importance; oaks (Quercus spp.) collectively have a relative dominance value of 81. Oaks are most numerous in the largest three size classes, (51 to 75 cm, 76 to 100 cm and greater than 100 cm) but comprise a small percentage of the two smaller size classes (7.5 to 25 cm, 26 to 50 cm) which presumably contain the youngest trees. Non-native trees make up seventy percent of the smallest size class category and native trees other than oaks are more numerous than oaks in the smallest two size class categories. The transition to a forest of non-native species may be a very gradual process because of the longevity of oaks.'St. John's Univ, Jamaica, United States?Starfinger, U.1991@Population biology of an invading tree species - Prunus serotina171-1846Species conservation: a population-biological approachnative speciesBlack cherry, a North American forest tree, has successfully spread in Central Europe. By establishing dense shrub layers in previously sparse forests, it may outcompete native plant species and become a problem for nature conservation. Demographic studies were performed in its native range (NW Pennsylvania) and in Berlin. In both areas, the distribution in space and time of size classes suggests an oskar-behaviour; the smaller trees can survive with limited height growth in the shade of the conspecific mother trees. This property is, together with other population biological characteristics, an important prerequisite for a successful colonization of new biotopes and the establishment of the species in Central Europe. Without disturbance, few large black cherry trees prevail and little regeneration. Prunus serotina will continue to grow in Berlin, but the density will be lower than now. -from AuthorInstitut fur Okologie-Okosystemforschung und Vegetationskunde-, Technische Universitat Berlin, Schmidt-Ott-Str.1, 1000 Berlin 41, Germany?Thomas, T. B. Carey, A. B.1996Endangered, threatened, and sensitive plants of Fort Lewis, Washington: Distribution, mapping, and management recommendations for species conservation148-163Northwest Science702native species urban soilsThe loss of native species and their habitats has increased with urban development, agriculture, and resource utilization. According to the Washington Natural Heritage Program, 20 plants listed as endangered, threatened, or sensitive are suspected to occur on the glacial outwash soils of south Puget Sound. In our study, more than 3.000 ha of prairie, wetland, and moist-forest plant communities were systematically sampled at Fort Lewis, Washington, and rare plant species, their habitats, and associated species were mapped. Four rare species, Aster curtus. Trillium parviflorum, Carex comosa, and C. interrupta, were found. Aster curtus, the most abundant of these four species, attained highest cover and frequency on prairies dominated by Festuca idahoensis, other graminoids, and native forbs. It also was present on some sites dominated by trees or non-native species. Trillium parviflorum was found in moist-forest communities with an overstory of conifers and hardwoods. Carex comosa was found on the margins of two wetlands, and C. interrupta was found growing on a gravel bar of the Nisqually River Major threats to the four rare species are discussed, and recommendations are made for management of rare plant habitats with the goal of preserving the species.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North Pacific Coast Ecoregion, 3704 Griffin Ln. SE, Olympia, WA 98501, United States Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 3625 93d Ave. SW, Olympia, WA 98501-9193, United Statesm?.Zipperer, W. C. Rowntree, R. A. Stevens, J. C.1991\Structure and composition of streetside trees of residential areas in State of Maryland, USA1-11Arboricultural Journal151native species-The composition and structure of streetside trees in residential areas were surveyed for three counties within the State of Maryland, USA: Wicomico, Prince Georges, and Anne Arundel. In the rapidly developing county of Prince Georges, streetside trees were dominated by non-native species. Anne Arundel County, with its moderate urban growth, had a higher percentage of native species than Prince Georges, but a lower percentage than Wicomico. In the slowly developing county of Wicomico, native species dominated its composition. Structurally, each of the three counties had a preponderance of small diameter trees (<15cm dbh). However, a comparison among counties revealed that both Wicomico and Anne Arundel Counties had higher densities of large diameter trees (>30cm dbh) than Prince Georges County. -Authors^USDA Forest Service, SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA@}?0Aronson, M. F. J. Hatfield, C. A. Hartman, J. M.2004]Plant community patterns of low-gradient forested floodplains in a New Jersey urban landscape232-242'Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society1313 native species nonnative speciesJul-Sep This study characterized the vegetation of floodplain forests along a 66 km stretch of the upper Passaic River in northern New Jersey, USA. Although the study wetlands lie in a highly disturbed region of New Jersey, they are intact and well-buffered floodplains. A characterization of wetlands in this region is imperative to property assess and restore natural lands in this ever increasingly developed landscape. As in similar floodplain systems, there was a change in canopy composition along the 66 km stretch. Specifically, Quercus palustris dominated forests shifted to Acer saccharinum dominated forests near the midpoint of the sampled river section. Sub-canopy, shrub and ground vegetation were sampled but clear patterns were not detected with respect to position along the sampled river section. Species richness was lower than any other published descriptions for this type of floodplain system. The low species richness in all strata may be attributed to urban influences although this requires additional study. Exotic flora represented up to 20% of the total flora, but did not appear to correlate with river position or canopy composition. Our data provide quantitative vegetation descriptions of reference wetland standards for a hydrogeomorphic model for this river system. 0040-9618ISI:000224351400005w}?Digweed, S. C.1998uMortality of birch leafmining sawflies (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae): Impacts of natural enemies on introduced pests 1357-1367Environmental Entomology276Birch Fenusa pusilla Lathrolestes luteolator Leafminer Life table Profenusa thomsoni pests diseases native species nonnative speciesDecLarvae of introduced birch leafmining sawflies in Alberta, Canada suffered light mortality from native generalist parasitoids of the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Eggs of Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) were attacked by 2 native species of Trichogramma (Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae), and larvae of P. thomsoni were attacked by a more specialized native koinobiont parasitoid, Lathrolestes luteolator (Gravenhorst) (Ichneumonidae: Ctenopelmatinae). Spiders, beetles, hemipterans, thrips, ants, neuropterans, and flies preyed on Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) and P, thomsoni. Mortality levels differed between F, pusilla and P. thomsoni and tended to be higher in earlier instars, on urban trees, and during 1993. Experiments during 1993 revealed little predation of larval F. pusilla when population densities were uniformly high, but during the 1994 experiments, predators efficiently exploited branches having high densities of immature P. thomsoni within a matrix of low background P. thomsoni density. 0046-225XISI:000078027000009 }?Jackson, L. E.2003>The relationship of urban design to human health and condition191-200Landscape and Urban Planning644Enative species nonnative species ecological design public health social capital LYME-DISEASE RISK ENVIRONMENT COMMUNITY PEOPLE HOME well-being health issues participation design issues neighbors neighborhood issues mental health, well-being Ecological design Public health Social capital well-being design issues urban designAugThe population of the United States of America is currently experiencing increased illness from dispersed and synergistic causes. Many of the acute insults of the past have receded due to centralized health care and regulatory action. However, chronic ailments including asthma and allergies, animal-transmitted diseases, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and depression are on the rise. These diverse illnesses join with forest fragmentation, stream degradation, wetlands destruction, and the concomitant loss of native species to suggest detrimental contributions from the built environment. This paper surveys the state of the science on the impacts of urban design on human health and well-being. Drawing primarily on recent peer-reviewed literature in a broad array of health, planning, and environmental fields, it outlines the influence of design at three spatial scales on aspects of physical and mental health, and social and cultural vibrancy. Selected ecological effects are also discussed to illustrate shared associations with urbanization. While causal chains are generally complex and not always completely understood, sufficient evidence exists to reveal urban design as a powerful tool for improving human condition. Solutions are discussed at the personal and professional level, emphasizing cross-disciplinary collaboration in urban planning and design, and the participation of residents in shaping their living environment. At the parcel scale, greenery and access to it visually and physically are the principal keys to health. These elements must be incorporated into relatively high-density neighborhood designs that include public buildings, open space, mixed land use, and pedestrian walkways to increase physical exercise and enhance civic life. Finally, neighborhoods must be embedded in existing urban infrastructure to provide larger cultural and business opportunities and reduce reliance on the automobile. Further research is recommended to strengthen the associations between design and health. Increased communication on this subject is also necessary between design and health practitioners and their clients and colleagues. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 0169-2046ISI:000184113600001 }?McKinney, M. L.20066Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization247-260Biological Conservation1273native species nonnative species urbanization homogenization city exotic species non-native species human population URBAN BIRD COMMUNITY SPECIES-DIVERSITY UNITED-STATES RURAL GRADIENT TROPICAL CITY ECOLOGY CONSERVATION FLORA ASSEMBLAGES MASSACHUSETTSJanWhen measured by extent and intensity, urbanization is one of the most homogenizing of all major human activities. Cities homogenize the physical environment because they are built to meet the relatively narrow needs of just one species, our own. Also, cities are maintained for centuries in a disequilibrium state from the local natural environment by the importation of vast resources of energy and materials. Consequently, as cities expand across the planet, biological homogenization increases because the same "urban-adaptable" species become increasingly widespread and locally abundant in cities across the planet. As urbanization often produces a local gradient of disturbance, one can also observe a gradient of homogenization. Synanthropic species adapted to intensely modified built habitats at the urban core are "global homogenizers", found in cities worldwide. However, many suburban and urban fringe habitats are occupied by native species that become regionally widespread. These suburban adapters typically consist of early successional plants and "edge" animal species such as mesopredator mammals, and ground-foraging, omnivorous and frugivorous birds that can utilize gardens, forest fragments and many other habitats available in the suburbs. A basic conservation challenge is that urban biota is often quite diverse and very abundant. The intentional and unintentional importation of species adapted to urban habitats, combined with many food resources imported for human use, often produces local species diversity and abundance that is often equal to or greater than the surrounding landscape. With the important exception of low-income areas, urban human populations often inhabit richly cultivated suburban habitats with a relatively high local floral and faunal diversity and/or abundance without awareness of the global impoverishment caused by urbanization. Equally challenging is that, because so many urban species are immigrants adapting to city habitats, urbanites of all income levels become increasingly disconnected from local indigenous species and their natural ecosystems. Urban conservation should therefore focus on promoting preservation and restoration of local indigenous species. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 0006-3207ISI:000234695800001}?%Niemela, J. Spence, J. R. Carcamo, H.1997gEstablishment and interactions of carabid populations: an experiment with native and introduced species643-652 Ecography2060native species nonnative species pests diseasesDecThe ground beetle Pterostichus melanarius (Coleoptera, Carabidae), of European origin, is abundant and wide-spread in the northern United States and southern Canada. Three field enclosures were used in a four-year experiment in Alberta, Canada, to examine whether the species is able to establish in natural aspen-poplar forest, and to test the hypothesis that it has an adverse effect on the native carabid assemblage. After introduction to the enclosures P. melanarius maintained breeding populations in them, establishing that the forest is suitable habitat for the species, and suggesting that the species will eventually invade from nearby populations. Pterostichus melanarius had no negative effect on population size or body mass of the native carabid species. However, the two most abundant native species (Ptero-stichus adstrictus and P. pensylvanicus) appeared to be more active (measured as escape rate) in compartments where they co-occurred with P. melanarius. Although the three enclosures were just a few metres apart, one of them consistently yielded the highest densities of all carabid species. This difference was correlated with high abundance of earthworms and low litter accumulation. Relatively low densities of P. melanarius may explain the lack of negative interspecific interactions in forests, although such effects are suggested by data from urban and agricultural environments where P. melanarius is more abundant. 0906-7590ISI:000071524800013}?Robinson, G. R. Handel, S. N.1993YForest Restoration on a Closed Landfill - Rapid Addition of New Species by Bird Dispersal271-278Conservation Biology72 native species nonnative speciesJunUrban areas often contain sizeable pockets of degraded land, such as inactive landfills, that could be reclaimed as wildlife habitat and as connecting links to enhance remnant natural areas. In the northeastern U.S., many such lands fail to undergo natural succession to woodland, instead retaining a weedy, herbaceous cover for many years. We hypothesize that seed dispersal is a limiting factor, and that a form of secondary succession could be stimulated by introducing clusters of trees and shrubs to attract avian seed disperses. As a direct test we censused a 1. 5 -ha experimental plantation on the Fresh Kills Landfill (Staten Island, New York) one year after installation in search of evidence that the plantation was spreading or increasing in diversity. The 17 planted species, many from coastal scrub forests native to this region, were surviving well but contributed almost no seedlings to the area, in part because only 20 % of the installed trees or shrubs were reproductive. Of the 1079 woody seedlings found, 95 % came from sources outside the plantation; most (71 % ) were from fleshy-fruited, bird-dispersed plants from nearby woodland fringes Although the restoration planting itself bad not begun to produce seedlings, it did function as a site for attracting dispersers, who enriched the young community with 20 new species. One-fourth of all new recruits were from nine additional wind-dispersed species. Locations with a high ratio of trees to shrubs had proportionately more recruits, indicating that plant size contributed to disperser attraction. The density of new recruits of each species was dependent on distance from the nearest potential seed source. Introducing native species with the capacity to attract avian dispersers may be the key to success of many restoration programs. 0888-8892ISI:A1993LE12500016 }?Robinson, G. R. Handel, S. N.2000[Directing spatial patterns of recruitment during an experimental urban woodland reclamation174-188Ecological Applications1010native species nonnative species nitrogen issuesFeb Studies of biological invasions indicate that natural recruitment of new species can occur as a "nucleation" phenomenon, in which scattered colonization. fuci spread and coalesce. Ecological reclamation of damaged lands might make use of this potential for enhanced natural dispersal, by inoculating sites with multiple small plantings to attract animal dispersers and other mutualists from nearby remnants of natural habitat. We conducted an experimental test of this proposition. On a 6-ha section of an abandoned municipal landfill in the New Jersey Meadowlands, we installed 16 clusters of 21 trees and shrubs in an array of fenced plots. Clusters contained seven native species known to: (1) attract bird dispersers to introduce propagules from remnants of off-site habitat; (2) contribute propagules by virtue of high reproductive output and clonal growth; and (3) accelerate woodland succession on open, degraded habitats. Average plant size was varied, with half the plots receiving larger tries and shrubs, to test whether woody plant size would enhance any attractive function. An additional eight empty plots were studied to estimate background rates of recruitment and to test for a fencing effect. Site preparation included the addition of 90 cm of fresh substrate, including organic matter, and a cover crop of annual grasses. Recruitment of woody plants inside and surrounding the experimental plots was examined fur five years, and results were compared on the basis of treatment and recruitment mode (avian, wind, or clonal dispersal). Woody plant recruitment into experimental plots was rapid and substantial, primarily via dispersal from natural sources. Plots with larger plants attracted significantly more recruits at the outset. but this difference diminished over time. Fall seed rain samples yielded a mean estimate of 426 seeds/m(2) within plots. However size distributions of recruiting woody species increasingly shifted toward larger individuals each year. Experimental manipulations that opened seed beds for woody plant recruitment had short-lived effects. indicating a narrow window of opportunity for establishment. Spread of the planted species themselves was generally weak, although clonal growth contributed substantially to spread on the margins of plots. Most recruitment outside experimental plots was from external sources. A strong proximity component was found fur bird-dispersed recruits, which were highly clustered near planted plots, with the highest densities near source populations on the site margin. Wind-dispersed trees and shrubs, by contrast, were nor associated with planted plots and were concentrated near one corner of the site. Discounting plot interiors, total recruitment density for the site after 5 yr was similar to 800 woody stems/ha, 36% via avian dispersal. 10% via clonal spread, and the remainder via wind-borne propagules. New recruits represented 26 woody plant species, all but four from external sources, and only five common species contributed more than a few recruits. We conclude that techniques for manipulating natural seed dispersal hold promise for ecological restoration, provided that background populations are available to supply colonists. 1051-0761ISI:000085108400014 u}?+Allison, J. D. Borden, J. H. Seybold, S. J.2004AA review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)123-150 Chemoecology143-4Gnative species nonnative exotic species pests diseases economic issues^This review summarizes the literature related to the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae and provides a brief overview of cerambycid biology, ecology, economic significance, and management. Beetles in the family Cerambycidae have assumed increasing prominence as pests of forest and shade trees, shrubs, and raw wood products, and as vectors of tree diseases. Exotic species associated with solid wood packing materials have been notable tree killers in North American urban and peri-urban forests. In forested ecosystems native species respond to disturbances such as fires and windstorms, and initiate the biodeterioration of woody tissue. Eggs are laid by females, on or through the bark surface of stem and branch tissue of moribund, recently killed or decomposing woody plants; larval cerambycids (roundheaded woodborers) typically feed in the phloem and later in the xylem. Females will also, in some cases, select living hosts, e.g. adult conifer and angiosperm trees, for oviposition. Research on the chemical ecology of over 70 species has revealed many examples of attractive kairomones (such as floral volatiles, smoke volatiles, trunk and leaf volatiles, and bark beetle pheromones), repellents and deterrents, oviposition stimulants, short- and long-range sex pheromones, and defensive substances. Emerging generalities are that attractants tend to be monoterpenoids and phenolic esters; oviposition stimulants are monoterpenoids and flavanoids; short-range sex pheromones are female-produced, methyl-branched cuticular hydrocarbons; and long-range sex pheromones are male-produced a-hydroxy ketones and (alpha,beta)-diols ranging in length from 6 to 10 carbons. The latter compounds appear to originate from glands in the male thorax; putative defensive substances originate from metasternal secretory pores or mandibular glands. In one unusual case, a flightless, subterranean female that attacks sugar cane produces a sex pheromone that is derived from the amino acid isoleucine. With significantly more than 35,000 species of Cerambycidae worldwide, these generalities will be subject to change as more species are examined. 0937-7409ISI:000224526000001"?Beer, R.1996AThe role of trees in the urban environment: The example of Geneva437-443Arboricultural Journal204Anative species nonnative species nonnative species exotic speciesThe foundations of management policy of the City of Geneva's Department of Green Areas and Environment (SEVE) was laid down in 1863. The introduction of exotic species to enhance the indigenous trees was encouraged by the donation of land by local personalities and the enthusiasm of eminent biological scientists. In the past fifty years budgets have ensured a continued sustainable management, despite recent reductions. A city wide tree inventory has been in progress since the mid 1980s and forms the basis of a regeneration programme - a policy which equates with the sustainable development philosophy of the 1992 Summit. As part of its regeneration policy, Geneva has implemented a scheme whereby trees from private tree nurseries are reserved in the form of cultivation contracts. Despite financial difficulties, the scheme, which has proved to provide mutual benefits to both the local authorities and the nurserymen, has contributed to the city's regeneration scheme.zGn. Areas and Environ. Department, City of Geneva (SEVE), R. de Lausanne 116-122, Case P. 2761, 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland \}?:Detenbeck, N. E. Galatowitsch, S. M. Atkinson, J. Ball, H.1999kEvaluating perturbations and developing restoration strategies for inland wetlands In the Great Lakes Basin789-820Wetlands194bnative species nonnative species exotic species water quality land cover deforestation restorationDec Wetland coverage and type distributions vary systematically by ecoregion across the Great Lakes Basin. Land use and subsequent changes in wetland type distributions also vary among ecoregions. Incidence of wetland disturbance varies significantly within ecoregions but tends to increase from north to south with intensity of land use. Although the nature of disturbance activities varies by predominant land-use type, mechanisms of impact and potential response endpoints appear to be similar across agricultural and urban areas. Based on the proportion of associated disturbance activities and proportion response endpoints affected, the highest ranking mechanisms of impact are sedimentation/turbidity, retention time, eutrophication, and changes in hydrologic timing. Disturbance activities here are defined as events that cause wetland structure or function to vary outside of a normal range, while stressors represent the individual internal or external agents (causes) that act singly or in combination to impair one or more wetland functions. Responses most likely associated with disturbance activities based on shared mechanisms of impact are 1) shifts in plant species composition, 2) reduction in wildlife production, 3) decreased local or regional biodiversity, 4) reduction in fish and/or other secondary production, 5) increased flood peaks/frequency, 6) increased aboveground production, 7) decreased water quality downstream, and 8) loss of aquatic plant species with high light compensation points. General strategies and goals for wetland restoration can be derived at the ecoregion scale using information on current and historic wetland extent and type distributions and the distribution of special-concern species dependent on specific wetland types or mosaics of habitat types. Restoration of flood-control and water-quality improvement functions will require estimates of wetland coverage relative to total land area or specific land uses (e.g., deforestation, urbanization) at the watershed scale. The high incidence of disturbance activities in the more developed southern ecoregions of both Canada and the U.S. is reflected in the loss of species across all wetland types. The species data here suggest that an effective regional strategy must include restoration of a diversity of wetland types, including the rarer wetland types (wet meadows, fens), as well as forested swamps, which were extensive historically. The prevalence of anthropogenic stresses and openwater habitats likely contributes to the concentration of exotic species in inland wetlands of the southern Great Lakes ecoregions. Vegetation removal and site disturbance are the best-documented causes for plant invasions, and encroachment activities are common in marshes and ponds of the southern ecoregions. 0277-5212ISI:000084526200007-}?*Dombeck, M. P. Williams, J. E. Wood, C. A.2004mWildfire policy and public lands: Integrating scientific understanding with social concerns across landscapes883-889Conservation Biology184~native species nonnative species exotic species Forest management Policy Public lands U.S. Forest Service Wildfire urban soilsAugEfforts to suppress wildfires have become increasingly problematic in recent years as costs have risen, threats to firefighter safety have escalated, and detrimental impacts to ecosystems have multiplied. Wildfires that escape initial suppression often expand into large, high-intensity summer blazes. Lost is the legacy of smaller fires that likely burned outside extreme weather and fuel conditions and resulted in less severe impacts. Despite the recognized need for modifications to existing policies and practices, resource agencies have been slow to respond. The spread of exotic species, climate change, and increasing human development in wildlands further complicates the issue. New policies are needed that integrate social and ecological needs across administrative boundaries and broad landscapes. These policies should promote a continuum of treatments with active management and reduction of fuel hazard in wildland-urban interface zones and reintroduction of fire in wildlands. Management goals should focus on restoration of the long-term ecological health of the land. Projects that reduce fuel loads but compromise the integrity of soil, water supplies, or watersheds will do more harm than good in the long run. Despite significant ecological concerns, learning to live with fire remains primarily a social issue that will require greater political leadership, agency innovation, public involvement, and community responsibility. 0888-8892ISI:000222979400010?Drayton, B. Primack, R. B.1996\Plant species lost in an isolated conservation area in Metropolitan Boston from 1894 to 199330-39Conservation Biology101Anative species nonnative species nonnative species exotic species&A recensus was undertaken of the Middlesex Fells (West), a 400-ha woodland park in Metropolitan Boston, to determine how species composition changed between 1894 (the time of first census) and 1993. This park is isolated by an 0.5-km-wide barrier of roads and development from the eastern half of the Fells preserve, is at least 5 km from other protected areas, and is strongly affected by human activity. Out of 422 original plant species, 155 species were no longer present in 1993. Sixty-four new species were recorded on the site in 1993, the majority of them exotic species. The proportion of native species in the flora went from 83% in 1894 to 74% in 1993. Overall, the number of native species is declining at a rate of 0.36% per year, whereas the exotic species are increasing at a rate of 0.18% per year. Many of the native species lost were attractive and well-known components of the native flora, such as orchids and lobeliads. Many remaining native plant species have been reduced to one or a few small populations. Species of moist woods were disproportionately lost from the Fells. The loss of species has coincided with an increase in human activity, including ground fires, a greater number of trails and roads, thinning of the forest, and trampling of the vegetation, all of which may have contributed to species loss. A policy to stop and reverse this progressive loss of species might include preventing new trails from being developed, closing off some existing trails, excluding people from sensitive areas, and reintroducing some of the lost species.Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States c/o TERC, 2067 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02140, United States N}?Ehrenfeld, J. G.2004?The expression of multiple functions in urban forested wetlands719-733Wetlands244Inative species nonnative species exotic species urban soils water qualityDecRForested wetlands in metropolitan areas function to support biodiversity, protect water quality, store floodwaters, and maintain streamflow, but they also function to provide natural areas for passive recreation, education, and esthetic appreciation for the surrounding human populations. However, the presence of dense human populations in the watersheds of wetlands is usually associated with disturbance and the diminution of the capacity of the wetlands to provide socially-valued ecological functions. I have examined indicators of biological, hydrologic, biogeochemical, and social functions in a sample of twenty-one mature forested wetlands located in northeastern New Jersey, USA, part of the New York City metropolitan region, which supports over 2000 people km(-2). The field data and the principal components analyses of the sets of indicator variables for each class of function showed that the wetlands were arrayed along well-defined complex gradients in each case and that some functions were being performed at high levels in some of the wetlands despite the urban setting. However, the arrangement of sites within each ordination space differed, suggesting complex relationships among the various functions, some of which may be contradictory. For example, high ability to store floodwaters and evidence of flooding is associated with greater plant diversity and presence of obligate wetland species but is also associated with poor habitat for vertebrates and the presence of water-borne trash and exotic species. Conversely, low wetness is associated with high quality of habitat for vertebrates but also increased disturbance from large-scale dumping of trash and human disturbance and the release of nitrate from the soils. High levels of human use in and around the wetlands, while providing opportunity for human use and appreciation of the sites, is associated with low plant diversity and high release of nitrate-nitrogen. I conclude that because the functions performed by urban wetlands include human use and presence, there will necessarily be trade-offs required among ecological and human functions. 0277-5212ISI:000226264700002t}?Godefroid, S. Koedam, N.2007XUrban plant species patterns are highly driven by density and function of built-up areas 1227-1239Landscape Ecology228Nnative species nonnative species nonnative species exotic species urban soilsOctGThis paper aims to assess the relative importance of the type of built-up area in structuring plant species composition and richness in urbanised environments. The study was carried out in the city of Brussels where all vascular plant species were recorded in 189 grid cells of 1 km(2) each. The effect of urban land use type on species composition was investigated using first Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Densely built-up area was the most powerful predictor for species composition, followed by industrial built-up areas, half open or open built-up areas with plantations, and open built-up areas with much natural vegetation in the surroundings. Indicator species were found for each type of built-up area and a response curve to the amount of built land was produced using Generalised Additive Modelling. Various types of built-up areas had different effects on environmental conditions as inferred by Ellenberg's indicator values, as well as on the species richness, species rarity, number of exotic species and proportion of extinction-prone species. It is concluded that future ecological studies should not treat urban areas as homogeneous areas by combining all anthropogenic factors into one aggregated variable. Instead, the urban matrix should be categorised in subsystems as it is multidimensional and highly variable across space. 0921-2973ISI:000248941900009?Helliwell, D. R.1989Lime trees in Britain119-123Arboricultural Journal132?native species nonnative species exotic species pests diseasesTilia spp, which once formed a major component of woodlands in England and Wales, are long lived, robust trees which can withstand drought and most pests and diseases. They are, however, very attractive to browsing cattle and deer, and the species native to Britain are susceptible to infestation by aphids in urban conditions. Nevertheless, these and several exotic species are well worth planning. -from Author?Yokecliffe House, West End, Wirksworth, Derbyshire, DE4 4EG, UK}?-LaBonte, J. R. Mudge, A. D. Johnson, K. J. R.2005Nonindigenous woodboring coleoptera (Cerambycidae, Curculionidae : Scolytinae) new to Oregon and Washington, 1999-2002: Consequences of the intracontinental movement of raw wood products and solid wood packing materials554-5646Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington1073Pnative species nonnative species nonnative species exotic species pests diseasesJulUrban forests, port areas, mills and businesses known to have received or handled imported wood or wood products were surveyed for nonindigenous woodboring insects in Oregon and southernmost western Washington from 1999-2002, predominantly using Lindgren funnel traps, lntercept (TM) panel traps and/or Scots pine bait logs. Several other woodborer surveys or projects, using various traps and lures, also took place concurrently. Eight species of nonindigenous woodboring beetles new to Oregon, Washington, the western U.S., western North America, or North America are recorded for the first time: Phymatodes testaceus (L.), Tetropium castaneum L., Xylotrechus hircus (Gebler), and X. sagittatus sagittatus (Germar) (Cerambycidae), Monarthrum fasciatum (Say), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), X. germanus (Blandford), and an undetermined species of Xyleborus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Additional records are included for the following nonindigenous woodborers detected in 1997-1998 and reported in an earlier paper: Gnathotrichus materiarius (Fitch), Hylastes opacus Erichson, Xyleborinus alni (Niisima), Xyleborus californicus Wood, X. pfeili (Ratzeburg) (Scolytinae), and Xiphydria prolongata (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae). Seventy-five percent of the nonindigenous woodborers treated in this and our earlier paper are known from both eastern and western North America. We believe these western records of five eastern indigenous species and eight extracontinental exotic species established in the East are evidence of the intracontinental movement of untreated domestic solid wood packing material and other raw woods as the probable pathways for these species to the West. 0013-8797ISI:000230277700010V}?Moffatt, S. F. McLachlan, S. M.2003VEffects of land use disturbance on seed banks of riparian forests in southern Manitoba361-369 Ecoscience103;native species nonnative species exotic species urban soilsFRiparian forests have been adversely affected by human land use and are threatened across North America. Seed banks play an important role in the maintenance and regeneration of forests, yet effects of land use and fragmentation on forest seed banks remain poorly understood. In 1998 and 1999, we assessed impacts of human disturbance on the diversity and species composition of seed banks in upland portions of riparian forests along an urban-rural gradient in southern Manitoba. Twenty-five forest fragments were categorized according to the following land-use: urban, suburban, high-intensity rural, low-intensity rural, and relatively undisturbed reference classes. Seeds of weedy and exotic species were positively associated with fragmentation, high levels of disturbance, and dry alkaline soils. Seed bank species diversity was lower in urban sites than in rural sites, and the similarity of urban to reference sites was significantly lower than that of rural to reference sites. In contrast, the proportion of exotic to native species richness was highest in seed banks of urban sites. Exotic species Hackelia virginiana and Poa pratense were associated with urban and suburban sites, respectively. Six exotic species were unique to urban sites; these included Hesparis matronalis and Plantago major. In contrast, many of the frequently encountered native species were absent from urban sites; these included Anemone canadensis and Rubus idaeus. These changes in seed bank may affect the ability of riparian forests to recover from adverse impacts associated with urban development and agriculture. 1195-6860ISI:000185589200013?Niemela, J. Spence, J. R.1991]Distribution and abundance of an exotic ground-beetle (Carabidae): a test of community impact351-359Oikos623Anative species nonnative species nonnative species exotic specieslThe distribution and wing morph proportions of Pterostichus melanarius and the possible effects of this exotic species on native carabid assemblages in central Alberta were studied along pitfall trapping transects out of Edmonton. The species was first reported from Edmonton in 1959, but is today one of the most abundant carabids in the city and is also common up to 70km from Edmonton. The proportion of macropterous individuals of this dimorphic species increased from 20% in Edmonton to 60-70% in the most distant populations, suggesting that flight is a major mode of range expansion. P. melanarius did not show negative pairwise associations with any of the abundant native spoecies and was not associated with reduced numbers of species or individuals or with diminished carabid diversity in aspen-poplar forest. The success of the species in rapidly invading natural forested habitats, often viewed as less prone to invasion than are human-modified habitats, is attributed to good migratory ability of macropterous individuals, flexible habitat use and lack of biological resistance in the native assemblages. -from AuthorsCDept Entomology, Univ of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E3}?XRadeloff, V. C. Hammer, R. B. Stewart, S. I. Fried, J. S. Holcomb, S. S. McKeefry, J. F.20051The wildland-urban interface in the United States799-805Ecological Applications153Anative species nonnative species nonnative species exotic speciesJunhThe wildland-urban interface (WUI) is the area where houses meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland vegetation. The WUI is thus a focal area for human-environment conflicts, such as the destruction of homes by wildfires, habitat fragmentation, introduction of exotic species, and biodiversity decline. Our goal was to conduct a spatially detailed assessment of the WUI across the United States to provide a framework for scientific inquiries into housing growth effects on the environment and to inform both national policymakers and local land managers about the WUI and associated issues. The WUI in the conterminous United States covers 7 19 156 km(2) (9% of land area) and contains 44.8 million housing units (39% of all houses). WUI areas are particularly widespread in the eastern United States, reaching a maximum of 72% of land area in Connecticut. California has the highest number of WUI housing units (5.1 million). The extent of the WUI highlights the need for ecological principles in land-use planning as well as sprawl-limiting policies to adequately address both wildfire threats and conservation problems. 1051-0761ISI:000229723400002 }? Reiss, K. C.2006BFlorida wetland condition index for depressional forested wetlands337-352Ecological Indicators62=native species nonnative species exotic species water qualityApr Increasingly in the last decade biological monitoring and assessment have been used by federal and state agencies to assess water quality standards as required under the Clean Water Act. These efforts have led to the development of indices of biological integrity (often referred to as IBIs). Many states have created multi-metric indices, incorporating individual metrics into a quantitative value of community condition or biological integrity. The primary objective of this study was to develop the Florida Wetland Condition Index (FWCI) as a tool to evaluate the biological integrity of Florida depressional freshwater forested wetlands. Vegetative community composition and chemical and physical water and soil parameters were measured at 118 wetlands throughout Florida. An independent measure of the human disturbance gradient, the Landscape Development Intensity (LDI) index, which is based on the use of nonrenewable energy within a 100 m buffer around a wetland, was calculated. Six macrophyte community composition metrics were selected for inclusion in the FWCI based on the strength of correlation with LDI (P < 0.01) and differentiation between low (LDI >= 2.0) and high (LDI >= 2.0) LDIgroups (P < 0.01). The metrics included tolerant indicator species, sensitive indicator species, exotic species, floristic quality assessment index, native perennial species, and wetland status species. Metrics were scaled between 0 and 10, with 10 representing the reference wetland condition (correlating to wetlands in undeveloped landscapes). Scaled metrics were then added together to create the FWCI, with values ranging from 0 to 60. The FWCI was significantly correlated with LDI (P < 0.001), and significantly differentiated among sample wetlands categorized by low and high LDI groups (P < 0.001). In addition, significant correlations were found among the six metrics, FWCl, and LDI with measured chemical and physical water and soil parameters, including water column pH, turbidity, ammonia-nitrogen concentration, and total phosphorus concentration, and soil moisture, organic matter, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentration. The primary efficacy of the FWCI was the calculation of a quantitative value of biological integrity for wetlands across a gradient of anthropogenic land use activities, which can be used objectively to assess water quality standards of Florida wetlands. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1470-160XISI:000236510700006}? DeCandido, R.2004MRecent changes in plant species diversity in urban Pelham Bay Park, 1947-1998129-136Biological Conservation1201!non-native species native speciesNovAnthropogenic activity and natural successional processes negatively affected native plant species diversity in Pelham Bay Park, New York City. From 1947 to 1994, 25.5% of the native species were extirpated from this urban park, a rate of 2.9 species lost per year. Native species of the flora declined from 71.7% in 1947 to 59.6% in 1994-98. Native herbaceous species were significantly more likely to be extirpated than native woody species. Native species of meadow-type habitats were significantly more likely to be extirpated than species found in woodlands. By comparison, the number of non-native species found increased by 39.7% since 1947. Each of the different habitats in the park had a greater proportion of alien species in 1994-1998 than in 1946-1947. The key element in creating support for preserving the extant biodiversity of Pelham Bay Park is conservation education that stresses the importance of the city's biological heritage. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 0006-3207ISI:000223381700013`}?*DeCandido, R. Muir, A. A. Gargiullo, M. B.2004A first approximation of the historial and extant vascular flora of New York City: Implications for native plant species conservation243-251'Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society1313!non-native species native speciesJul-SepThis historical and extant vascular flora of greater New York City is a literature review supplemented with field work and examination of herbarium specimens held in New York State. For the historical and modern periods combined, 2177 species in 779 genera and 161 families were found in New York City. The City retains 57.4% of its native plant species diversity with 779 extant native species compared to 1357 ever recorded. Extirpations have disproportionately affected native vs. non-native species. Staten Island (Richmond County) has the greatest diversity of the five boroughs with 154 families and 1633 species known from both the historical and modern time periods combined, as well as the greatest number of extant species (921), and the greatest number of native extant species (621). However it has lost approximately 35% of its native flora in the last 70 years. Brooklyn (Kings County) has the lowest diversity of any borough with 695 native and alien species known from both the historical and modern periods combined. Manhattan (New York County) and Brooklyn have lost more than 75% of their native species. Queens County has lost the greatest number of native species (585). In New York City since the mid-19(th) century, 46.4% of all native herbaceous species have been extirpated, while 22.9% of native woody plants have been lost. In the last 70 years, extirpations have continued even in natural areas protected in parks. Strategies are recommended for preserving New York City's significant native plant species diversity. 0040-9618ISI:0002243514000061}?#Duguay, S. Eigenbrod, F. Fahrig, L.2007OEffects of surrounding urbanization on non-native flora in small forest patches589-599Landscape Ecology224!non-native species native speciesApr1The purpose of our study was to compare the number, proportion, and species composition of introduced plant species in forest patches situated within predominantly forested, agricultural, and urban landscapes. A previous study suggested that agricultural landscape context does not have a large effect on the proportion of introduced species in forest patches. Therefore, our main goal was to test the hypothesis that forest patches in an urban landscape context contain larger numbers and proportions of non-native plant species. We surveyed the vegetation in 44 small remnant forest fragments (3-7.5 ha) in the Ottawa region; 15 were situated within forested landscapes, 18 within agricultural landscapes, and 11 within urban landscapes. Forest fragments in urban landscapes had about 40% more introduced plant species and a 50% greater proportion of introduced plant species than fragments found in the other two types of landscape. There was no significant difference in the number or proportion of introduced species in forest fragments within forested vs. agricultural landscapes. However, the species composition of introduced species differed among the forest patches in the three landscape types. Our results support the hypothesis that urban and suburban areas are important foci for spread of introduced plant species. 0921-2973ISI:000245296600009 ?+Maestas, J. D. Knight, R. L. Gilgert, W. C.2003-Biodiversity across a Rural Land-Use Gradient 1425-1434Conservation Biology175!non-native species native speciesPrivate lands in the American West are undergoing a land-use conversion from agriculture to exurban development, although little is known about the ecological consequences of this change. Some nongovernmental organizations are working with ranchers to keep their lands out of development and in ranching, ostensibly because they believe biodiversity is better protected on ranches than on exurban developments. However, there are several assumptions underlying this approach that have not been tested. To better inform conservation efforts, we compared avian, mesopredator, and plant communities across the gradient of intensifying human uses from nature reserves to cattle ranches to exurban developments. We conducted surveys at randomly selected points on each type of land use in one Colorado watershed between May and August of 2000 and 2001. Seven bird species, characterized as human commensals or tree nesters, reached higher densities (all p < 0.02) on exurban developments than on either ranches or reserves. Six bird species, characterized as ground and shrub nesters, reached greater densities (all p < 0.015) on ranches, reserves, or both of these types of land use than on exurban developments. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and house cats (Felis catus) were encountered almost exclusively on exurban developments, whereas coyotes (Canis latrans) were detected more frequently (p = 0.047) on ranchlands than exurban developments. Ranches had plant communities with higher native species richness and lower non-native species richness and cover than did the other types of land use (all p < 0.10). Our results support the notion that ranches are important for protecting biodiversity and suggest that future conservation efforts may require less reliance on reserves and a greater focus on private lands.Dept. of Fish. and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1474, United States Dept. Forest, Rangeland, Wildl. S., Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1474, United States Wildl. Habitat Management Institute, Dept. of Fish. and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1474, United States U.S. Nat. Rsrc. Conservation Service, 302 E. 1860 S., Provo, UT 84606, United States}?Mahan, C. G. O'Connell, T. J.2005DSmall mammal use of suburban and urban parks in central Pennsylvania307-314Northeastern Naturalist123!non-native species native speciesTo assist land managers responsible for park management, we conducted a pilot study to examine small mammal assemblages at 7 riparian parks in suburban/ urban landscapes and at 1 riparian site in mature forest, all located in central Pennsylvania. Species richness and diversity were lowest in parks containing manicured habitats and surrounded by human-modified landscapes. However, parks managed for passive recreation supported mammalian assemblages that were similar in richness and diversity to our mature riparian forest site. The mature riparian forest site contained four species of small mammals (eastern chipmunks [Tamias striatus], white-footed mice [Peromyscus leucopus], deer mice [P. maniculatus], and woodland jumping mice [Napeozapus insignis]), and Spring Creek Nature Park, a park managed to promote natural and native habitats, contained five species (short-tailed shrews [Blarina brevicauda], eastern chipmunks, white-footed mice, meadow voles [Microtus pennsylvanicus], and meadow jumping mice [Zapus hudsonius]). In contrast, parks located in more urban settings and consisting primarily of mowed habitat contained only 1 or 2 species of small mammals. We did not capture non-native species in our study. Based upon this study, we recommend locating parks along streams or other natural corridors, leaving unmowed 10-15-m buffers along streams, and planting native trees along stream corridors in order to encourage diversity of small mammals in suburban and urban parks. 1092-6194ISI:000232252200006 }?McLachlan, S. M. Bazely, D. R.2003QOutcomes of longterm deciduous forest restoration in southwestern Ontario, Canada159-169Biological Conservation1132non-native species native species Conservation Disturbance Multivariate analysis Regeneration Restoration Seed dispersal Succession urban soilsOct At present, forest cover in southwestern Ontario, Canada, remains at less than 5% due to intensive agricultural and urban land use. Although much of the extant forest is increasingly protected by legislation, remnants continue to be degraded by the spread of non-native plant species, overgrazing, and recreational use. Some parks in the region have adopted management programs aimed at mitigating this degradation. Over the last 35 years, cottages and roads at Point Pelee National Park have been removed and sites either passively restored (i.e. road or cottage eliminated and vegetation allowed to regenerate) or actively restored (i.e. road or cottage eliminated, exotic vegetation removed, and native species planted). In 1994 and 1995, we assessed the effectiveness of restoration by comparing the understorey plant communities in 28 restored sites with those in less disturbed reference sites. There was a significant increase (P < 0.0001) in the similarity of understorey plant communities between restored and reference sites as time-since-restoration increased. Soil moisture, canopy cover, distance to continuous forest, and site-shape all significantly affected plant species composition. Former road sites recovered significantly (P < 0.05) more rapidly than former cottage sites, and the former lawns of passively restored cottage sites were the slowest to recover. Five years following active restoration, non-native ruderal species continued to dominate restored sites. The observed recovery of understorey plant communities in restored sites is attributed to their proximity to natural vegetation, and its function as a seed source. In some sites, recovery is substantial and, assuming present trajectories of change are maintained, we predict that recovery could occur in many mesic sites within the next 20 years. Restoration activity facilitates forest recovery and would appear to have a valuable function in mitigating ongoing conflicts between conservation and human use in this region. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 0006-3207ISI:000183819900001}?DSmith, R. M. Thompson, K. Hodgson, J. G. Warren, P. H. Gaston, K. J.2006{Urban domestic gardens (IX): Composition and richness of the vascular plant flora, and implications for native biodiversity312-322Biological Conservation1293!non-native species native speciesMayGarden floras interact with native biodiversity by providing resources for wildlife and by acting as a source of non-native species. Understanding the composition and richness of garden floras will help evaluate the relationships between these floras and the wider environment. The composition and richness of vascular plant floras were measured in a stratified sample of 61 urban, domestic gardens in Sheffield, UK, based on complete garden inventories. The entire garden flora contained 1166 species, of which 30% were native and 70% alien. Across gardens, aliens showed lower occupancy than natives, comprising 79% of the species recorded only once. The garden flora contained 146 plant families, which included 72% of the native, naturalised or recurrent casual families recorded in the wild in Britain and Ireland. Gardens contained on average 45% natives, irrespective of garden size. Garden area explained 30% of the variation in species richness within individual gardens. Doubling garden size led to an increase in species richness of 25%. The garden flora comprised 10% annuals, 63% biennial/perennials, 18% shrubs and 8% trees; shrubs were disproportionately composed of alien species. The floras of urban domestic gardens probably form the greatest source of potentially invasive alien plants. However, the plants found in domestic gardens have closer affinities with the uncultivated flora than is often perceived, and their role for wildlife in gardens deserves reassessment. Declines in garden size that result from recommendations on the density of new housing are unlikely to have major consequences for plant richness in gardens. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 0006-3207ISI:000236959600003+}?>Steinberg, D. A. Pouyat, R. V. Parmelee, R. W. Groffman, P. M.1997\Earthworm abundance and nitrogen mineralization rates along an urban-rural land use gradient427-430Soil Biology & Biochemistry293-4-non-native species native species urban soilsMar-AprPreliminary observations of glaciated regions in North America suggest that forest stands associated with urban areas may support high populations of non-native species of earthworms relative to forests in rural areas. Moreover, the presence of these non-native species of worms may be moderating the effects of pollutant deposition on litter quality, or the decomposability of litter, and subsequently nutrient cycling processes in the urban stands. In this study we quantified earthworm abundance and biomass in urban and rural oak forest stands along a 130 x 20 km urban-rural transect in New York City, USA metropolitan area. We also evaluated the effects of earthworms on potential net N mineralization and nitrification in a laboratory microcosm study. Earthworm abundance and biomass along the transect was significantly higher in urban (25.1 individuals m(-2) and 2.16 g m(-2)) than in rural (2.1 individuals m(-2) and 0.05 g m(-2)) stands. In a microcosm study, potential net N mineralization rates (0.15 mg N kg(-1) d(-1)) were significantly higher in urban soil with earthworms than in urban soil without earthworms, which exhibited a net immobilization of N. Rural soil with earthworms had significantly higher rates (0.57 mg N kg(-1) d(-1)) than urban soil with earthworms and rural soil without earthworms (0.28 mg N kg(-1) d(-1)). Nitrification rates in urban soils were surprisingly high given the relatively low litter quality and rates of N mineralization in these soils. The results suggest that earthworms may play an important role in forest ecosystems embedded within urban areas by enhancing nitrogen cycling processes and thereby compensating for the effects of air pollution on litter quality and decomposition. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. 0038-0717ISI:A1997XE84200038-}?SSzlavecz, K. Placella, S. A. Pouyat, R. V. Groffman, P. M. Csuzdi, C. Yesilonis, I.2006IInvasive earthworm species and nitrogen cycling in remnant forest patches54-62Applied Soil Ecology321-non-native species native species urban soilsMayInvasive non-native earthworms in forested areas of the northeastern United States are of concern since they have the potential to greatly change the nutrient dynamics of these ecosystems. Urban landscapes are particularly susceptible to non-native species invasions. In this study, we assessed earthworm communities and nitrogen transformations rates in urban and rural forest patches of the Greater Baltimore Metropolitan area, USA. We expected to observe a mixture of native and non-native species at the sites because the region has never been glaciated. The fauna was dominated by European lumbricids. Density and biomass varied between 5 and 288 ind m(-2) and 5.2 and 144.0 g m(-2), respectively, with urban forests having higher abundances than rural forests. In laboratory incubations, urban forest soils had higher potential N-transformation rates. Both N-mineralization and nitrification rates were positively correlated with soil pH. However, controls on earthworm communities and N-cycling are complex in the Baltimore region, because parent material and soil type also change along the urban-rural gradient. Further studies will separate out land use and inherent soil controls on earthworm populations and N-transformation rates. Published by Elsevier B.V. 0929-1393ISI:000237157900006}?&Yost, S. E. Antenen, S. Hartvigsen, G.1991=The Vegetation of the Wave-Hill Natural Area, Bronx, New-York312-325%Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club1183!non-native species native speciesJul-SepA vegetation survey of the Wave Hill natural area, an urban woodland in the Bronx, NYC, was conducted in 1987. A permanent grid of 10 x 10 meter quadrats was established throughout the three ha natural area. Importance values were calculated in 238 quadrats. The most important arborescent species were Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus rubra, and Acer platanoides. The most important non-arborescent species were Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Lonicera maackii, and Alliaria petiolata. Four vegetation associations were recognized: oak-maple, black locust, black birch, and open areas. The high percentage (48%) and importance of non-native species is related to Wave Hill's urban location and land-use history. Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, the most important of the non-arborescent species, is a vine which appears to inhibit the growth of other species in open areas. A list of the 276 species of vascular plants identified is included in an appendix. 0040-9618ISI:A1991GH46400008 L?IBertin, R. I. Manner, M. E. Larrow, B. F. Cantwell, T. W. Berstene, E. M.2005fNorway maple (Acer platanoides) and other non-native trees in urban woodlands of central Massachusetts225-235'Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society1322^Acer platanoides Introduced species Invasive trees Norway maple Urban woodlands native speciesWe investigated the contribution of non-native tree species to woodlands in and near Worcester, a city of 170,000 residents in central Massachusetts. We sampled species composition of canopy, sapling and seedling layers in 32 woodlands. At three additional sites, we collected additional information on Norway maple, including size/age data, abundance with respect to distance from woodland edge, and apparent mortality compared to that of other species. In all, we encountered 66 tree species, of which 28 were introduced. The most common non-native trees were Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle). The last two are shade-intolerant, and there was little evidence that they invade intact woodland. Young Norway maples, in contrast, can persist for decades in the understory, Norway maple comprised 11% of all trees sampled, and 23% of all seedlings and saplings. Its wind-borne seeds dispersed tens and occasionally hundreds of meters away from seed sources into woodland. Because its mortality was lower than or equal to that of most competing species, it is likely to increase in abundance. Young Norway maples were more common on disturbed sites and those near seed sources. Norway maple trees were less common on wet and dry sites than on mesic sites. Because of its widespread use as an ornamental, its capacity to invade intact woodlands and its dense shade, Norway maple has the potential to profoundly alter native woodlands, especially on mesic sites. Mesic woodlands in Worcester are likely to see a decline of species with low to moderate shade tolerance, like white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black locust, and an increase in shade-tolerant species, including Norway maple. Dry woodlands are likely to remain dominated by a mixture of native oaks, especially black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.).QBiology Department, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA 01610, United States?*Wangen, S. R. Webster, C. R. Griggs, J. A.2006ZSpatial characteristics of the invasion of Acer platanoides on a temperate forested island 1001-1012Biological Invasions85Acer platanoides Invasive tree species Measures of aggregation Roads as vectors of spread Satellite populations Spatial patterns of invasive spread native speciesWe examined the spatial pattern of an introduced population of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) on a temperate forested island in order to quantify the influence of landscape context on invasion pattern. The spatial location of every Norway maple tree and sapling (?0.5 m tall) that had invaded the island forest (n = 4496) was mapped using a global positioning system. The influence of landscape context was examined with the aid of a geographic information system and indices of spatial association. We found that the coniferous forest type was the most heavily invaded (71.9% of all Norway maple stems) when compared to either the hardwood or mixed conifer-hardwood forest types (5.4% and 19.3%, respectively). Across all forest types (excluding urban trees), the population was highly aggregated around roads and other Norway maple trees. For example, 90% of the population was within 40.8 m of a road with an average distance from road of 21.02 ± 0.40 m. This association around roads was significantly greater than would be predicted by chance alone (P < 0.001). Similarly, nearest neighbor distances averaged 4.5± 0.2 m with 90% of individuals within 8.3 m of another Norway maple. Measures of spatial association indicated that the invasion was significantly aggregated at both the stand and island scale. Nevertheless, a comparatively small but potentially influential set of individuals were observed at relatively long distances from the main invasion front. Ramifications of these disjunct establishments and other observed patterns are discussed in the context of current spread pattern theory, invasive species monitoring, and control efforts. © Springer 2006.School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, United States B?$Day, S. D. Seiler, J. R. Persaud, N.2000}A comparison of root growth dynamics of silver maple and flowering dogwood in compacted soil at differing soil water contents257-263Tree Physiology204Acer saccharinum Bottomland Bulk density Cornus florida Oxygen diffusion rate Soil compaction Soil strength Urban forestry native species urban soilsMany bottomland tree species are tolerant of compacted soil and perform well in urban environments; however, the mechanism underlying this tolerance is unknown. Increased soil water content has been shown to alleviate some of the effects of soil compaction on plant growth, presumably because increasing soil water reduces soil strength. We hypothesized that tree species tolerant of very wet soils would have opportunities for root growth in compacted soil when high soil water contents reduced soil strength, whereas species intolerant of bottomland conditions would not. We tested this hypothesis on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), a mesic species intolerant of inundation, and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), a bottomland species. Seedlings of both species were grown in pots for 21 and 30 days, respectively, in a growth chamber in native loam soil maintained at various combinations of soil strength and soil water tension. Downward root growth rate decreased in response to increasing soil strength in both species. At low soil strength (0.6 MPa), downward root growth rate of dogwood seedlings slowed when soil was either excessively wet or dry, whereas root growth rate of silver maple seedlings increased linearly with soil water content. In moderately compacted soil (1.5 g cm-3 bulk density), silver maple seedlings had greater root growth rate, root length per plant, and ratio of root length to root dry weight in wet soil (0.006 MPa soil water tension) than in moist and dry soils (0.026 and 0.06 MPa, respectively), even though mean oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) was only 0.28 ?g cm-2 (SE = 0.05). No such effect was detected in highly compacted soil (1.7 g cm-3 bulk density) in either species. Mean ODR showed a weak positive correlation with soil water tension (r = 0.40, P = 0.07), but was unrelated to soil strength. We conclude that silver maple roots can grow in moderately compacted soil when high soil water content decreases soil strength, whereas dogwood is unable to take advantage of this opportunity.Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytech. Inst./Stt. Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States Dept. of Crop and Soil Environ. Sci., Virginia Polytech. Inst./Stt. Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States H?-Moffatt, S. F. McLachlan, S. M. Kenkel, N. C.2004[Impacts of land use on riparian forest along an urban - Rural gradient in southern Manitoba119-135 Plant Ecology1741Agriculture Disturbance Exotic species Fragmentation Landscape Multivariate analysis Urbanisation soils urban soils native species nonnative species exotic speciesDExtensive landscape modification by humans has led to the fragmentation of riparian forests across North America. We compared the vegetation of extant riparian forest along an urban-rural disturbance gradient. In 1999, twenty-five sites along Assiniboine River in Manitoba, Canada were categorized according to land use: urban, suburban, high intensity rural, low intensity rural, and relatively high quality reference forest. Differences in herbaceous, shrub, and tree species composition and diversity were related to the proportion of surrounding land use, forest patch size, connectivity, and area:perimeter ratio. Urban riparian forests were more disturbed and isolated. They were smaller and characterized by drier, more alkaline soils. Moreover, they had significantly lower native and overall understorey species diversity, and had a higher proportion of exotics including Solanum dulcamara and Hesperis matronalis. Suburban forests were less disturbed, faced greater development pressure, and had sandier soils. Although suburban understorey diversity was similar to that of rural forests, suburban sites had a higher proportion of exotic species, especially escaped horticultural and invasive species including Caragana arborescens and Rhamnus cathartica. Reference sites were relatively large and exhibited greater connectivity, but there was little difference in species composition and diversity among high intensity rural, low intensity rural, and reference sites. These site types were less disturbed than either urban or suburban forests, and reference sites were characterized by hydrophilic species including Scirpus fluviatilis and Carex aquatilis. Our results suggest that landscape measures of disturbance, and related changes in environment, may be confidently used to assess impacts of land use on vegetation along urban-rural gradients.Department of Botany, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB. R3T 2N2 Department of Botany, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB. R3T 2N2; Environ. G.?DiTomaso, J. M. Kyser, G. B.2007JControl of Ailanthus altissima using stem herbicide application techniques55-63 Arboriculture and Urban Forestry331Ailanthus Basal bark Cut stump Glyphosate Herbicide control Imazapyr Invasive tree Manual cutting Riparian Stem injection Stump injection Tree-of-heaven Triclopyr native speciesThree herbicides were tested using four stem application techniques for control of both single trunks and clumps of tree-of-heaven [Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle]. Imazapyr, triclopyr, and glyphosate were applied using cut stump, stump injection, and stem injection techniques. Imazapyr and triclopyr were also applied as a basal bark treatment. Treatments were compared against manual cutting and untreated controls. Untreated cut stems did not provide control of tree-of-heaven. Cut stump treatment with imazapyr and triclopyr (20% v/v in oil) resulted in more than 90% reduction in both vigor ratings and resprouting of single stems and clumps. In contrast, stump injection applications were ineffective with all herbicides. For stem injection treatments, undiluted imazapyr gave the best results (>95% canopy reduction), but glyphosate also provided excellent control (92% canopy reduction). Removing stems 4, 8, or 12 months after treatment did not impact the level of control with imazapic. Imazapic at half the standard rate also gave good control of multistemmed clumps. Basal bark treatments with imazapyr or triclopyr (20% v/v in oil) gave equally good results, providing nearly complete control. Triclopyr is less selective than imazapyr and thus offers a better option when desirable vegetation surrounds the stems. These results provide several effective options for the control of tree-of-heaven in both urban and riparian sites. © 2007 International Society of Arboriculture.hDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, United States?)Stone, W. D. Nebeker, T. E. Gerard, P. D.20073Host plants of Xylosandrus mutilatus in Mississippi191-195Florida Entomologist901RAmbrosia beetle Exotic insect Polyphagous Xyleborini native species pests diseasesHost range of Xylosandrus mutilatus (Blandford) in North America is reported here for the first time. Descriptive data such as number of attacks per host, size of stems at point of attacks, and height of attacks above ground are presented. Hosts observed in Mississippi were Acer rubrum L., Acer saccharum Marsh., Acer palmatum Thunb., Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch., Cornus florida L., Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., Liquidamber styraciflua L., Carya spp., Liriodendron tulipifera L., Melia azedarach L., Pinus taeda L., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Prunus americana Marsh., Ulmus alata Michaux, and Vitus rotundifolia Michaux. Liquidamber styraciflua had significantly more successful attacks, significantly higher probability of attacks, and significantly higher number of adult beetles per host tree than did Carya spp., A. rubrum, and L. tulipifera. This information is relevant in determining the impact this exotic beetle may have in nurseries, urban areas, and other forestry systems where this beetle becomes established.Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Box 9775, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States Experimental Statistics Unit, Mississippi State University, Box 9731, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States?(Livingston, M. Shaw, W. W. Harris, L. K.2003aA model for assessing wildlife habitats in urban landscapes of eastern Pima County, Arizona (USA)131-144Landscape and Urban Planning643\Arizona Urban land cover Vegetation cover Wildlife habitats nonnative species exotic speciesThe loss of large natural areas due to development has increased interest for and use of vegetated areas in urban and suburban areas for wildlife habitats. The goal of this study was to quantify vegetation characteristics for each type of land cover found in the greater Tucson, Arizona area, thereby providing a predictive tool for wildlife management and other land management issues. This research was based on and is a continuation of a pilot study that developed a method associating land cover categories to aerial photographs in eastern Pima County, including the City of Tucson. Aggregation of land cover categories used by Tucson and Pima County and verifications of any uncertain classifications of land cover with field evaluations produced a consistent land cover classification system and database. Natural open space was the largest land cover category within our study area, comprising 52% of the total land cover. Riparian areas, low-density housing and natural open space areas had the highest percentage of native vegetation and escape cover. Golf and neighborhood parks ranked much lower than these land covers relative to native vegetation and escape cover (vegetation with foliage/stems at ground level). The most structurally diverse plant communities were associated with medium density residential areas and zoos that contain a relatively high number of exotic species. Results from the wildlife habitats index indicated riparian areas as the most valuable habitats in eastern Pima County (the county where Tucson is located), followed by low-density housing (?1 residence/acre), natural open space, and federal/state parks and forests. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.School of Landscape Architecture, University of Arizona, Architecture 104, Tucson, AZ 85721-0075, United States Sch. of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States ?"Turner, K. Lefler, L. Freedman, B.2005MPlant communities of selected urbanized areas of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada191-206Landscape and Urban Planning712-4Biodiversity Carbon storage Ecological integrity Horticultural practices Native and alien species Naturalization Urban ecosystems native species nonnative species exotic species carbonVThis study was designed to compare plant biodiversity and community indicators among urban residential areas and more-natural habitats in the vicinity of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Six house lots were examined in each of three age-categories of residential neighborhoods (>80 years, 30-50 years, and <10 years), and these were compared to four forested plots in semi-natural urban parks and four in a natural forest. The residential areas represented broad stages of successional development of "urban forest," while the stands of semi-natural and natural forest are representative of the original habitats that have been converted into residential land-use. In general, the observed plant species richness was much higher in the residential areas, but these habitats were strongly dominated by non-indigenous species whereas the natural and semi-natural habitats supported native taxa. This obvious difference between residential areas and semi-natural/natural habitats was confirmed by cluster analysis and principal components analysis, both of which separated the sample sites into two groups of plant communities. Neighborhood age and proximity of the residential sites had little influence on these multivariate analyses, suggesting that site-specific management practices (such as horticultural choices of landowners) had a strong influence on plant-community structure. Woody vegetation (trees and shrubs) in the semi-natural and natural forest had a higher basal area and stored more biomass and carbon than in residential habitats. However, there was a successional progression in the urban forest, in that older habitats stored much more woody carbon than younger ones. Although well-vegetated residential neighborhoods provide important environmental services, their striking dominance by exotic species, as well as their lower carbon storage in vegetation, contribute to an impoverishment of ecological integrity. This circumstance could be partially mitigated by changing horticultural management to encourage naturalization, particularly through the planting of indigenous species. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.HDepartment of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada?:Clatterbuck, W. K. Smalley, G. W. Turner, J. A. Travis, A.2006ONatural history and land use history of Cumberland Plateau forests in Tennessee1-50NCASI Special Report06-01IBiodiversity Ecology FIA Fire Market campaigns urban soils native speciesNThis report reviews the natural history of the Cumberland Plateau and the effects of human activities on Plateau forests in Tennessee. Information is synthesized by considering the physiography of the Plateau and the history of human influence on Plateau forests both pre- and post-European settlement. We also provide an intensive analysis of six cycles (1950-1999) of USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data for the 16-counry Cumberland Plateau survey unit. The Plateau occupies more than two million acres in Tennessee. It can be divided into two parts: the Plateau surface and the escarpment. The surface and south-facing escarpment support forest types that tolerate dry conditions including pines, oaks, and mixtures of pines and hardwoods. Soil productivity is moderate to poor and tree growth is generally slow. These sites have a propensity to burn with frequencies and intensities that maintain disturbance-dependent species such as pines. The north-facing escarpment, upland depressions, and coves provide more mesic conditions for hardwood growth. Here fires are less frequent and less intense. Harsh environmental conditions and inaccessibility limited human population growth and development on the Plateau. Native Americans used the Plateau mainly for hunting and other endeavors during the warmer months and generally did not build villages on the Plateau. Europeans also found that making a subsistence living on the Plateau was difficult and few people permanently inhabited the area initially. The Cumberland Plateau, because of its location and topography, inhibited migrations from east to west. Western migration was predominantly via the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, not across the Plateau. Agricultural development was limited because most soils on the Plateau surface are of moderate to low fertility, with limited soil depth and moisture-holding capacity. The lack of surface water was also a limiting factor. The Plateau remains relatively sparsely populated, the largest community on the Plateau surface being Crossville with a population of 1,000 people in the 1900 Census and less than 10,000 people in the 2000 Census. For more than 12,000 years, humans have affected the forests of the Plateau primarily through their use of fire, land clearing, and later through harvesting. Native Americans used fire to control ground vegetation, maintain openings, and improve grazing. With the introduction of European diseases, populations of Native Americans declined precipitously and forests grew for a time with minimal cultural influence. When Europeans arrived in the mid 1700s, many forests seemed undisturbed. Settlers subsequently cut, cleared, and burned frequently the forests again. The forests regrew again after much of the land was abandoned in the 1800s. With the first railroad crossing the Plateau in 1900, markets for the region's coal and timber reserves developed rapidly. There was a local demand for timber for railroad crossties, mine props, and buildings as well as a regional market for building materials in more urban areas of Nashville, Chattanooga, and Atlanta. The best and most easily accessible material was harvested first. The greatest demand was for pine because of its straightness and lighter weight compared to hardwoods. This was a time of resource extraction, first to support economic expansion during the early 1900s, and subsequently as a source of funds during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Plateau forest resources were depleted severely by heavy logging and by the chestnut blight during the first half of the 20 th century. Most stands were relatively sparse and understocked. In 1950, average sawtimber stocking on forested lands was 1200 board feet per acre and average basal area was 54 square feet per acre. Fire protection programs and investments in tree planting helped the forests recover and regrow. By 1999, average sawtimber stocking had increased to 5600 board feet per acre and average basal area had risen to 101 square feet per acre. However, the effects of past misuse are st ll evident in many degraded stands in need of management. When fire was common, pines were a major component of the Plateau forests. In recent decades, fire protection programs, southern pine beetle attacks, and natural forest succession from pines to hardwoods have reduced the extent of pine forests on the Plateau from more than 900,000 acres in 1950 to less than 300,000 acres today. There has been a corresponding increase in hardwood acreage. The total amount of forest land in the Plateau counties was approximately 3 million acres throughout the period from 1950 to 1999. More recent information indicates a gradual reduction in forest land due to urbanization, development, and parcelization. Most Plateau forests are privately owned. In 1999, 59% of the forest land in the Plateau counties was owned by private citizens; 13% was owned by corporations outside the forest products industry; and 17% was owned by forest industry (companies with wood processing facilities). Forest ownership by public agencies increased from 198,000 acres (6%) in 1971 to 332,000 acres (11%) in 1999. Reliance on natural resources has long been an important aspect of the Cumberland Plateau's identity and economy. From coal mining and agriculture to forestry and resource-based tourism, residents and visitors alike recognize the value of natural resources to the Plateau. Recent debates have been centered on the status of these resources and the sustainability of current management activities. Available information suggests that the Cumberland Plateau will continue to be an important region for forestry and resource-based industries and tourism. The overall condition of Plateau forests in Tennessee is better today than it was fifty years ago. Current conditions and trends suggest that these forests are capable of providing a wide range of values into the foreseeable future.jUniversity of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USDA Forest Service, Sewanee, TN USDA Forest Service, Knoxville, TNm?Marzluff, J. M.2005Island biogeography for an urbanizing world: How extinction and colonization may determine biological diversity in human-dominated landscapes157-177Urban Ecosystems8 2 SPEC. ISS.LBiological diversity Birds Colonization Disturbance Extinction Urban forestsUrbanization is increasing worldwide with potentially important implications to biological diversity. I show that bird diversity is responsive to the reduction of forest cover associated with urbanization in the Seattle, WA, USA metropolitan area. Bird diversity peaks at intermediate levels of human settlement primarily because of the colonization of intermediately disturbed forests by early successional, native species. Extinction of native forest birds and colonization of settlements by synanthropic birds have lesser effects on the overall pattern of avian diversity with respect to the level of urbanization. However, extinction increases linearly with loss of forest and colonization by synanthropic species decreases curvilinearly with reduction of urbanization. These findings have biological, theoretical, and practical implications. Biologically, intermediate disturbance appears to drive diversity by increasing the heterogeneity of the local land cover. Theoretically, I present a graphical model and use it to derive testable hypotheses about how extinction and colonization are affected by urbanization to determine local diversity. Practically, maintaining high local diversity without reducing regional or global diversity will require planning so that the same landscapes are not promulgated everywhere. This will require cooperation among a diverse group of planners, ecologists, policy makers, home owners, educators, and activists. © 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.UCollege of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 898195L?Mandryk, A. M. Wein, R. W.2006WExotic vascular plant invasiveness and forest invasibility in urban boreal forest types 1651-1662Biological Invasions88Boreal forest Community structure Disturbance Diversity-invasibility debate Exotic plant species Intermediate disturbance hypothesis Invasibility Invasiveness Species richness Urban forestry native species nonnative species exotic species)The riverine forests of the northern city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada display strong resilience to disturbance and are similar in species composition to southern boreal mixedwood forest types. This study addressed questions such as, how easily do exotic species become established in urban boreal forests (species invasiveness) and do urban boreal forest structural characteristics such as, native species richness, abundance, and vertical vegetation layers, confer resistance to exotic species establishment and spread (community invasibility)? Eighty-four forest stands were sampled and species composition and mean percent cover analyzed using ordination methods. Results showed that exotic tree/shrub types were of the most concern for invasion to urban boreal forests and that exotic species type, native habitat and propagule supply may be good indicators of invasive potential. Native forest structure appeared to confer a level of resistance to exotic species and medium to high disturbance intensity was associated with exotic species growth and spread without a corresponding loss in native species richness. Results provided large-scale evidence that diverse communities are less vulnerable to exotic species invasion, and that intermediate disturbance intensity supports species coexistence. From a management perspective, the retention of native species and native forest structure in urban forests is favored to minimize the impact of exotic species introductions, protect natural succession patterns, and minimize the spread of exotic species. © 2006 Springer.xDepartment of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Alta. T6G 2H1, Canada?=Auble, G. T. Scott, M. L. Friedman, J. M. Back, J. Lee, V. J.1997OConstraints on establishment of plains cottonwood in an urban riparian preserve138-148Wetlands171~Channel change Channel stabilization Cottonwood Dam Disturbance Flood Flow regulation Riparian Urban floodplain native speciesPlot sampling and hydraulic modeling were combined to investigate establishment and survival of plains cottonwood along Boulder Creek, an urban stream on the Colorado Plains. We tested the hypothesis that establishment is limited to bare, moist surfaces produced by spring flooding in the current year. No cottonwood germination was observed in 1989 when peak flow was low. A moderate peak of 11.9 m3/s in 1990 resulted in cottonwood establishment on surfaces inundated by discharges less than 15 m3/s. Surviving sapling cottonwoods established before 1989 occurred on surfaces inundated by discharges of 15-31 m3/s and dated to years with peak flows over 15 m3/s. Since 1969, establishment of cottonwood has been limited to a floodplain 21 m wide. Flow regulation and channel stabilization upstream and downstream of the study area have reduced the channel movement and overbank flooding that otherwise would have created bare, moist sites suitable for cottonwood establishment across a wider area. GIS analysis of aerial photographs shows that between 1937 and 1992 the channel has not moved and forest has encroached upon formerly open areas near the channel. A terrace, 317 m wide, is now dominated by trees that can reproduce in the absence of disturbance, especially the exotic crack willow.~United States Geological Survey, Midcontinent Ecol. Science Center, 4512 McMurry Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80525, United States ?Ehrenfeld, J. G.2005NVegetation of forested wetlands in urban and suburban landscapes in New Jersey262-279'Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society1322Community composition Exotics Forested wetland Hydrogeomorphic class Red maple Species richness Suburban Swamp Urban native species nonnative species exotic speciesForested wetlands in the northeastern US are increasingly surrounded by urban and suburban land-use, as development spreads outwards from city centers. I have studied a sample of 21 mature deciduous forested wetlands in a densely populated and long-settled region, northeastern New Jersey, in order to 1) describe characteristics of the plant communities of wetlands in such human-dominated landscapes, and 2) test the utility of hydrogeomorphic classification (HGM) in explaining the variation in composition and structure observed among the sites. The wetlands support a rich flora of over 300 species, with a mean richness of 66-92 species per site for the different HGM classes; common species were similar to those reported in previous studies of undisturbed red maple swamps. Structural characteristics (tree diameter and stem densities) were, like species richness and species composition, similar to those reported in previous reviews of red maple swamps, suggesting that despite the urban setting, community composition and structure of these wetlands are similar to those of undisturbed wetlands. Exotic species represented on average 5-11% of the flora of the sites, a value similar to other forested wetlands, suggesting that the urban setting does not result in a higher degree of exotic invasion than expected for forested wetlands in non-urban landscapes. HGM classification was poorly related to all aspects of vegetation structure, suggesting that at least in urban landscapes, it is not useful for predicting characteristics of the vegetation. The ability of these communities to resist major changes due to the urban setting may reflect the facultative-wetland status of most of the species; their ability to tolerate a wide range of wetland conditions allows them to persist despite alterations of hydrological regimes. Forested wetlands in developed landscapes can evidently maintain community composition and structure similar to those in undeveloped landscapes.yDept. Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States?Dibble, A. C. Rees, C. A.2005sDoes the lack of reference ecosystems limit our science? A case study in nonnnative invasive plants as forest fuels329-338Journal of Forestry1037PControl Fire Fuels Invasive plants Reference conditions Wildland urban interfacevIn forest experiments the problem of inadequate controls often arises. True controls might not be required in case studies, comparison along an environmental gradient, or comparisons of multiple treated and untreated areas. In a recent characterization of fuels in invaded and uninvaded forest conditions for four forest types at 12 locations in Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Vermont, and Virginia, high-quality reference stands usually were not modified planar sampling technique to quantify live and dead fuels. No overarching pattern emerged; fuels in fire-adapted pitch pine differed from the three other forest types in that stands invaded by black locust had fewer 1- and 10-hour fuels, but more forbs cover and higher basal area. Invasive shrubs increased fuel height and density across most forest types. Invasive grasses in forest present an underrecognized hazard fuel if drought ensues. The comparison stand study design enabled uncovering of significant differences between invaded and uninvaded stands, especially in hardwoods and mixed woods, and fuels in softwoods were less affected by invasive plants.US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 686 Government Road, Bradley, ME 04411, United StatesG?Daniel, H. Lecamp, E.2004hDistribution of three indigenous fern species along a rural-urban gradient in the city of Angers, France19-27!Urban Forestry and Urban Greening31ECryptogam dispersal Polypodium Urban woodlands Wall plant communitiesThe preservation of wild plants and animals in urban environments can be a good means to meet the demand for natural areas for recreational purposes. However, the impacts of urbanisation on native species distribution are poorly studied. A city environment has high impact on vegetal community dynamics, especially in terms of climate modification, level of perturbationand pattern of dispersion. We chose to study the three indigenous species of the genus Polypodium that are known to grow in a wide range of habitats, including forest and urban environments, and exhibit a priori a strong ability for dispersal. The aim of the study was to evaluate the factors involved in the Polypodium species distribution and to determine whether this distribution was influenced by the rural-urban gradient. The distribution of the three fern species was investigated in the city of Angers (France) at two levels: for a park (urban woodland) and for the whole city. A contrasted distribution of the three Polypodies has been recorded and shows a rural-urban gradient. This can be explained by the ecology of each species and some biological traits. It means that differences in the spatial structure of the city lead to particular patterns of distribution for these plants. Thus, preserved indigenous vegetation may be influenced in its species composition by the surrounding urban development. © 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Institut National d'Horticulture, De?partement de Sciences Biologiques, SAGAH INRA/INH/University, Angers, 2, rue Le No?tre, F-49045 Angers Cedex 01, France m? Sly, P. G.1991YThe effects of land use and cultural development on the Lake Ontario ecosystem since 17501-75 Hydrobiologia2131fcultural development environmental impacts Lake Ontario nonnative species exotic species water qualityLake Ontario is the lowest in the chain of five Great Lakes which form part of the boundary between Canada and the United States. Although European exploration began as early as 1615, it was not until the mid-18th Century that permanent settlement began in the Great Lakes basin. Construction of the Erie Canal which links Buffalo with New York via the Hudson River, and its branch to Oswego, strengthened ties between settlements around the lower Great Lakes (lakes Erie and Ontario) and rapidly growing populations along the Atlantic seaboard. The coming of railroads greatly expanded these ties, and provided a direct link between Canadian settlements and the port of Montreal. Over the past 200 years, successive waves of immigrants entered the region, particularly from Europe. Cultural development has resulted in a wide range of environmental impacts throughout the Great Lakes basin. Impacts have been particularly severe in Lake Ontario. Major changes in water quality and the structure of biological communities have resulted from forest clearance, agricultural expansion, intensive fishing, industrial and urban development, and lake level control. Introductions of exotic species, inputs of nutrient and toxic contaminants, and the effects of climatic variation and modification of microclimates have all interacted such that it is often impossible to establish singular cause and effect. The effects of cultural impact became most severe during the early 1970s and prompted strong support for the International Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (1972) between Canada and the United States. In response to this agreement and subsequent revisions, contaminant loadings have been greatly reduced. Present water quality is generally good in Lake Ontario although some persistent toxic substances remain a problem. Programs to restock the lake have also provided major benefits. Although much further work remains, Lake Ontario is undoubtedly a good example of successful large scale remedial actions. © 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers.cRawson Academy of Aquatic Science, Suite 404, One Nicholas Street, Ottawa, KIN 7B7, Ontario, Canadav?&Burton, M. L. Samuelson, L. J. Pan, S.2005QRiparian woody plant diversity and forest structure along an urban-rural gradient93-106Urban Ecosystems81ZDiversity Invasive species Land use Riparian forests Urbanization water quality land coverChanges in riparian woody plant assemblages are anticipated in the southeastern United States due to increases in urbanization rates. Because riparian forests serve important roles in maintaining water quality and biodiversity, understanding how they respond to urbanization is crucial. The objective of this study was to examine forest structure and woody vegetation diversity indices of riparian communities in response to an urbanization gradient in West Georgia, USA. Measures of forest structure and diversity were compared to measures of urbanization and land cover. Although Liquidambar styracifluaand Quercus nigrawere dominant species in the forest stand and regeneration layer for all riparian communities, the invasive, non-native shrub Ligustrum sinense was the most dominant species observed in the regeneration layer for urban, developing, and agriculture communities. The proportion of non-native species in the forest stand and regeneration layer decreased and Shannon diversity of the regeneration layer increased with increasing distance from the urban center. Shifts in diversity indicate that anthropogenic disturbance may subdue the ability of diverse communities to resist non-native plant invasions. © 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.jCenter for Forest Sustainability, 108 White Smith Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States ?-Landenberger, R. E. Kota, N. L. McGraw, J. B.2007`Seed dispersal of the non-native invasive tree Ailanthus altissima into contrasting environments55-70 Plant Ecology1921ZEmpirical dispersal models Forest edges Seed rain Topography Wind direction native speciesAilanthus altissima has a long history of invasion in urban areas and is currently spreading into suburban and rural areas in the eastern U.S. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine whether A. altissima seed dispersal distance differed between populations on the edges of open fields and intact deciduous forest, and (2) determine whether dispersal differed for north and south winds. We also assessed the relationship between seed characteristics and distance from source populations in fields and forests, and whether seeds disperse at different rates throughout the dispersal season. Using two fields, two intact forest stands, and one partially harvested stand, we sampled the seed rain at 10 m intervals 100 m into each site from October to April 2002-2003. We compared seed density in field and intact forests using a three-way ANOVA with distance from source, wind direction, and environmental structure as independent variables. To assess the accuracy of common empirical dispersal models, mean seed density data at each site were fitted with alternative regression models. We found that mean seed dispersal distance depended on environmental structure and wind direction, a result driven in large part by dispersal at a single site where seed density did not decline with distance. The two alternative regression models fit each site's dispersal curve equally well. More seeds were dispersed early than in mid- or late-season. Large, heavy seeds traveled as far as small light seeds. Turbulent winds appear to be necessary for seed release, as indicated by a wind tunnel experiment. A. altissima is able to disperse long distances into fields and into mature forests, and can reach canopy gaps and other suitable habitats at least 100 m from the forest edge. It is an effective disperser and can spread rapidly in fragmented landscapes where edges and other high light environments occur. These conditions are increasingly common throughout the eastern U.S. and in other temperate regions worldwide. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.TDepartment of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United Statesb?Borgmann, K. L. Rodewald, A. D.2005]Forest restoration in urbanizing landscapes: Interactions between land uses and exotic shrubs334-340Restoration Ecology132Exotic shrubs Forest restoration Honeysuckle Land use Lonicera Reserve design Urbanization native species design issues urban designPreventing and controlling exotic plants remains a key challenge in any ecological restoration, and most efforts are currently aimed at local scales. We combined local-and landscape-scale approaches to identify factors that were most closely associated with invasion of riparian forests by exotic shrubs (Amur honeysuckle [Lonicera maackii] and Tatarian honeysuckle [L. tatarica]) in Ohio, U.S.A. Twenty sites were selected in mature riparian forests along a rural-urban gradient (<1-47% urban land cover). Within each site, we measured percent cover of Lonicera spp. and native trees and shrubs, percent canopy cover, and facing edge aspect. We then developed 10 a priori models based on local- and landscape-level variables that we hypothesized would influence percent cover of Lonicera spp. within 25 m of the forest edge. To determine which of these models best fit the data, we used an information-theoretic approach and Akaike's information criterion. Percent cover of Lonicera was best explained by the proportion of urban land cover within 1 km of riparian forests. In particular, percent cover of Lonicera was greater in forests within more urban landscapes than in forests within rural landscapes. Results suggest that surrounding land uses influence invasion by exotic shrubs, and explicit consideration of land uses may improve our ability to predict or limit invasion. Moreover, identifying land uses that increase the risk of invasion may inform restoration efforts. © 2005 Society for Ecological Restoration International.School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, United States Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Natural Resources, The University of Arizona, 325 Biological Sciences East, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States $?'Vidra, R. L. Shear, T. H. Stucky, J. M.2007ZEffects of vegetation removal on native understory recovery in an exotic-rich urban forest410-419'Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society1343gExotic species removal Forest restoration Seedbank study Urban forests nonnative species exotic speciesUrban forests represent patches of biodiversity within otherwise degraded landscapes, yet these forests are threatened by invasion by exotic plant species. We investigated the response of a forest understory to removal of four common exotic species: Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Ligustrum sinense, Laur., and Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus in a forest within the city of Raleigh, NC, USA. In the summer of 2001, we initiated a removal experiment with three treatments. In the "repeated removal" treatment, all understory vegetation was initially removed by clipping and new exotic seedlings were repeatedly removed every 2 weeks throughout the study period. The "initial removal" treatment involved a one-time understory vegetation removal with no further weeding. Control plots had no intervention throughout the study period. We conducted vegetation surveys of the plots prior to treatment initiation and in April and August of 2002 and 2003. With a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination, we were able to discern differences in species composition between the repeated removal treatment and the other two treatments. However, using repeated measures ANOVA, we found no significant differences in native species richness, cover, and abundance among treatments during most sampling periods. We also used a seedbank study to determine that while some early successional species were present, no native shrubs and few native trees emerged from the seedbank. These results suggest that (1) repeated removal is required to decrease the importance of exotic species, especially if the site is in close proximity to a source of exotic propagules; and (2) subsequent to exotic removal, native species may not recover sufficiently without supplemental plantings. Therefore, restoration plans for urban forests should incorporate both long-term monitoring and native plant re-introduction to achieve a diverse native community./University Writing Program, Duke University, Box 90025, Durham, NC 27708, United States Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8008, United States Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612, United States A?Choi, Y. D. Bury, C.2003\Process of Floristic Degradation in Urban and Suburban Wetlands in Northwestern Indiana, USA320-331Natural Areas Journal234yExotic species Floristic degradation Floristics Invasive species Wetlands native species nonnative species exotic speciesWe investigated processes of floristic degradation of urban and suburban wetlands in the Turkey Creek and Little Calumet River watersheds in northwestern Indiana, USA. A total of 103 degraded wetland sites were classified into ponds, marshes, woodlands, and forests using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) ordination. Ponds (83.5 ± 3.8% open water surface) with peripheral vegetation along the shorelines were formerly wetlands but had been deepened by artificial excavation; marshes were characterized by extensive herbaceous cover (89.8 ± 3.7%, mostly with Typha angustifolia L.); woodlands retained extensive herbaceous cover (72.1 ± 3.6%) but were subjected to encroachment of woody species (46.5 ± 5.2%, mostly with Salix interior Rowlee and Salix nigra L.); and forests had significant canopy closure by trees (84.0 ± 4.1%, mostly with Populus deltoides Marsh.). The DCA also provided trajectories of floristic degradation as follows: (1) expansions of Typha angustifolia in the impounded wetlands and Phalaris arundinacea L. in the drained wetlands; (2) invasions of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. on litter mounds of Typha stands; (3) invasions of Lythrum salicaria L. in disturbed patches especially adjacent to major highways and local roads; (4) encroachment of woody species, such as Salix spp. and Populus deltoides, in the drained wetlands or the wetlands with significant litter accumulations; and (5) invasions of exotic woody species. The floristic degradations in our study appeared to be symptoms of altered hydrology, and restoration of natural hydrology prior to the removal of invasive plants appeared to be crucial for restoration of native vegetation.iDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323, United States U.S. Environ. Protect. Agy. Region 5, Chicago, IL 60604, United States Purdue University Calumet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Wetlands Protection Program Great Lakes National Program Office, U.S. EPA U.S. Forest Service, Michigan U.S. Forest Service, Montana?.Bertin, R. I. DeGasperis, B. G. Sabloff, J. M.2006JLand use and forest history in an urban sanctuary in central Massachusetts119-141Rhodora108934yForest history Forest succession Land use history Massachusetts Non-native species Urban forests Worcester native speciesWe investigated current forest composition in relation to land use history at Broad Meadow Brook, a 157 ha urban wildlife sanctuary in Worcester, central Massachusetts. We obtained historical information from aerial photographs dating back to 1938, maps dating to 1831, various published sources, and interviews with long-term residents. We sampled tree vegetation in 35 20 m × 20 m plots and understory vegetation in 140 5 m × 5 m subplots. We obtained ages of several dozen trees by coring. Most of the sanctuary supported dry, mixed-oak forest that has been subject to frequent fires. Disturbed oak woods bore a greater variety of plants than older oak forest, including several non-native species. Mesic forest supported Fraxinus americana, Acer rubrum, and A. saccharum, with an abundant A. platanoides understory, a legacy of nearby residential plantings. Acer rubrum heavily dominated wet woodland. A small, previously cultivated plot supported an open canopy of A. rubrum with a dense understory of herbs and shrubs and showed little tree regeneration. A wooded dump dating to the early to mid-1900s supported a greater percentage of mesic, early-successional, and non-native species than surrounding dry woodland. Pinus strobus and Tsuga canadensis were rare throughout the sanctuary, a likely result of extensive fires. The site contrasts strongly with Harvard Forest sites 48 km to the northwest in Petersham, Mass., presumably reflecting climatic differences and the greater influence of fire and other human disturbances.fDepartment of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, 1 College Street, Worcester, MA 01610, United States ?*Kostel-Hughes, F. Young, T. P. Wehr, J. D.2005{Effects of leaf litter depth on the emergence and seedling growth of deciduous forest tree species in relation to seed size50-61'Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society1321`Germination Non-native species Recruitment Regeneration Urban forests urban soils native speciesLeaf litter has a major impact on soil microenvironmental conditions and so can be an important influence on seedling recruitment and hence plant community structure. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to examine the impact of leaf litter from temperate deciduous forests on the emergence and growth of tree seedlings in relation to seed size. Our treatments were bare (no litter), shallow (1-2 cm deep, 140 g·m-2), and deep (ca. 5 cm deep, 420 g·m-2) litter. Seed sizes ranged from 0.7-3636 mg. For Betula lenta (seed mass = 0.7 mg), emergence on bare soil was greater than 50%, approximately 12% in shallow litter, and no emergence in deep litter. Percent emergence for Liquidambar styraciflua (seed mass = 6 mg) was highest in bare soil and shallow litter treatments (64-69%) and was reduced by more than 80% in the deep litter treatment. Ailanthus altissima (seed mass = 30 mg) and Quercus velutina (seed mass = 1900 mg) exhibited no significant differences in emergence among litter depth treatments whereas, for Quercus rubra (seed mass = 3636 mg), percent emergence was over 50% greater under deep litter than under shallow litter. Seedling growth also differed in response to the litter treatments. For the two smallest-seeded species, B. lenta and L. styraciflua, seedling robustness (aboveground biomass divided by seedling height) was greatest in the bare treatment. Seedling robustness of Q. velutina decreased with increased litter depth while Q. rubra had its greatest seedling robustness in the shallow litter treatment. For A. altissima, seedling robustness and root:shoot ratio both decreased with increased litter depth. Our results suggest that the two smallest-seeded species are better adapted to colonizing post-disturbance sites where there is likely to be less litter, whereas the two largest-seeded oak species are better-suited to establishing in forests with a thicker litter layer. This is consistent with the communities in which these species typically are found. The enhanced seedling growth of A.altissima in bare-to-shallow litter conditions may be one of the attributes that accounts for the success of this highly invasive non-native species in urban forests in the New York City metropolitan area which have shallower litter than nearby rural forests.iLouis Calder Center - Biological Field Station, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, P.O. Box 887, Armonk, NY 10504, United States Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of New Rochelle, 29 Castle Place, New Rochelle, NY 10805, United States Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States,?#Galbraith-Kent, S. L. Handel, S. N.2007DLessons from an urban lakeshore restoration project in New York City123-128Ecological Restoration252\Invasive species New York City Phragmites australis Urban restoration Wetland native speciesWetlands, uplands and turtle habitat were targets for a 1995 restoration of 488 m of a lakeshore in Flushing Meadows Corona Park in New York City. Approximately 25,000 plants (native species of grasses, herbs, shrubs, and trees) were introduced and intensively monitored through 1997 and monitored periodically until 2003. Vegetation was not managed during this time. While biodiversity and habitat complexity goals were achieved for wildlife, few elements of the initial plantings persist. Invasive species (common reed [Phragmites australis], purple loosestrife [Lythrum salicaria], common wormwood [Artemisia vulgaris]) are abundant in both uplands and wetlands. The larger upland parcels and larger (and deeper) wetlands supported more planted species and were more resistant to the spread of invasive species. Many of the original plantings were destroyed due to arson, theft, and lack of management. ©2007 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.MRutgers University, State University of New Jersey, Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, 1 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1582, United States Rutgers University, State University of New Jersey, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, 1 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1582, United Statesb? Hobbs, E. R.1988WSpecies richness of urban forest patches and implications for urban landscape diversity141-152Landscape Ecology13landscape (gamma) diversity landscape ecology Minnesota species richness (alpha diversity) theory of island biogeography urban forestsThe vascular plant species richness of upland urban forest patches in St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota, was found to be positively related to their size. There was no significant relationship between species richness and the distance of these patches to other patches. Mowing and trampling reduced species richness of patches, whereas planting increased richness. Landscape richness can be maintained at a relatively high level by leaving even small unmown forested patches within a more disturbed matrix. However, maximizing landscape diversity would require leaving large forest stands unmown. It is suggested that cultivation be deliberately used as a mechanism for increasing native species richness in urban forests. © 1988 SPB Academic Publishing.=Macalester College, St. Paul, 55105, Minnesota, United States?%Loewenstein, N. J. Loewenstein, E. F.2005cNon-native plants in the understory of riparian forests across a land use gradient in the Southeast79-91Urban Ecosystems81>Ligustrum Lonicera Microstegium Non-native plants UrbanizationAs urbanization expands into rural areas, an increase in the number of non-native plant species at the urban-rural interface is expected due in large part to the increased availability of propagules from ornamental plantings. A study investigating the distribution of non-native plants in the understories of riparian forests across an urban-to-rural gradient north of Columbus, GA was initiated in 2003. A significantly greater number of non-native plant species occurred at the urban sites and at one site at the urban-rural interface, where 20 to 33% of the species encountered were non-native. In contrast, at the more rural sites non-native species comprised 4-14% of the total number of species. However, the importance values of non-native species as a whole did not change significantly across the land use gradient due to the high frequency and abundance of three non-native species (Ligustrum sinense, Lonicera japonica, and Microstegium vimineum) in the majority of the watersheds. Reductions in species richness and overstory reproduction associated with these non-natives could impact long-term forest structure and ecosystem function. © 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.ESchool of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849 ?TAllen, E. B. Temple, P. J. Bytnerowicz, A. Arbaugh, M. J. Sirulnik, A. G. Rao, L. E.2007mPatterns of understory diversity in mixed coniferous forests of southern California impacted by air pollution247-263The Scientific World Journal7SUPPL. 1Long-term changes in plant species richness Nitrogen deposition and loss of plant species richness Ozone impacts on herbaceous plants Southern California mixed coniferous forest native species nonnative species exotic species nitrogen issues urban soils? The forests of the San Bernardino Mountains have been subject to ozone and nitrogen (N) deposition for some 60 years. Much work has been done to assess the impacts of these pollutants on trees, but little is known about how the diverse understory flora has fared. Understory vegetation has declined in diversity in response to elevated N in the eastern U.S. and Europe. Six sites along an ozone and N deposition gradient that had been part of a long-term study on response of plants to air pollution beginning in 1973 were resampled in 2003. Historic ozone data and leaf injury scores confirmed the gradient. Present-day ozone levels were almost half of these, and recent atmospheric N pollution concentrations confirmed the continued air pollution gradient. Both total and extractable soil N were higher in sites on the western end of the gradient closer to the urban source of pollution, pH was lower, and soil carbon (C) and litter were higher. The gradient also had decreasing precipitation and increasing elevation from west to east. However, the dominant tree species were the same across the gradient. Tree basal area increased during the 30-year interval in five of the sites. The two westernmost sites had 30-45% cover divided equally between native and exotic understory herbaceous species, while the other sites had only 3-13% cover dominated by native species. The high production is likely related to higher precipitation at the western sites as well as elevated N. The species richness was in the range of 24 to 30 in four of the sites, but one site of intermediate N deposition had 42 species, while the easternmost, least polluted site had 57 species. These were primarily native species, as no site had more than one to three exotic species. In three of six sites, 20-40% of species were lost between 1973 and 2003, including the two westernmost sites. Two sites with intermediate pollution had little change in total species number over 30 years, and the easternmost site had more species in 2003. The easternmost site is also the driest and has the most sunlight filtering to the forest floor, possibly accounting for the higher species richness. The confounding effects of the precipitation gradient and possibly local disturbances do not show a simple correlation of air pollution with patterns of native and invasive species cover and richness. Nevertheless, the decline of native species and dominance by exotic species in the two westernmost polluted sites is cause for concern that air pollution is affecting the understory vegetation adversely. ©2007 with author. Published by TheScientificWorld.3Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA, United States Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States ?+Zerbe, S. Maurer, U. Schmitz, S. Sukopp, H.2003@Biodiversity in Berlin and its potential for nature conservation139-148Landscape and Urban Planning623NNature conservation in cities Non-native species Urban habitats native speciespSelected habitats in Berlin (Germany) were investigated with a focus on the diversity of flora and land use patterns. On the one hand, the correlation between the number of plant species and the diversity of land use patterns is shown for a transection running from the center to the outskirts of Berlin. The greatest variety of land use patterns and the highest number of species per square kilometer can be found in the transition zone between the city center and the outskirts where urban structures are closely associated with open spaces like large parks, urban forests, and larger wastelands. In accordance with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, the mosaic of land use patterns in the transition zone with moderate frequencies or intensities of disturbance positively affects habitat diversity, as well as overall species diversity on the landscape level. Furthermore, in residential areas built in the 1920s and 1930s, the flora was studied from both a historical and a present-day perspective in order to assess the diversity of wild-growing indigenous and non-native plant species, wild-growing ornamental plant species, and planted trees. The highest numbers of species were recorded in less intensively managed habitats. In addition to structural factors (e.g. land use patterns) determining the diversity of flora and vegetation in cities, this study also demonstrates the importance of the historical factor for biodiversity. The differences in land use throughout the last 70 years (pre- and post-World War II era) can be seen as an explanation for the relatively high diversity of the flora in the investigated residential areas. Cities have to be regarded as a new type of environment with species compositions and habitats peculiar to urban-industrial areas. Future research and planning of nature conservation and sustainable development of urban-industrial areas should take the biological diversity in cities fully into account. Recommendations are given for the maintenance and development of biological diversity in cities, focussing on landscape and habitat as well as species diversity. © 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.`Institute of Ecology, Technical University of Berlin, Rothenburgstr. 12, D-12165 Berlin, Germany? Denton, Scott1999*A forest grows in Brooklyn [Prospect Park]4-5New York State Conservationist534GParks/New York (N.Y.) Restoration ecology Urban forestry native speciesAttempts are being made to restore the original character of the 526-acre Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York City. The Prospect Park Alliance, a public-private partnership, has begun work on projects that will rectify some of the management mistakes made in the past that have imperiled the park's future. These projects include measures to remove some of the non-native trees and encourage the growth of indigenous species, the rerouting of pedestrian traffic, and the restoration and improvement of the park's waterway system.General Science Full Text?@Duryea, M. L. Kampf, E. Littell, R. C. Rodri?guez-Pedraza, C. D.2007UHurricanes and the urban forest: II. Effects on tropical and subtropical tree species98-112 Arboriculture and Urban Forestry332Rooting space Urban trees Wind Wind resistance Wood density pests diseases pests diseases tree health nonnative species exotic speciesT In 1998 when Hurricane Georges (177 km/h) crossed over the entire island of Puerto Rico, and in 2004 when Hurricanes Jeanne (193 km/h) and Charley (233 km/h) struck south Florida, U.S., we measured the impacts of these hurricanes on the urban forest composed of tropical and subtropical species. In addition, we also used previous published data for Hurricane Andrew for some analyses. The percent urban forest loss ranged from 13% for Georges to 16% for Jeanne to 18% for Charley. In Hurricanes Jeanne and Charley, palms survived significantly better than all other trees. Some of the best surviving species in Florida's hurricanes were gumbo limbo (Bursera simarouba), sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), strangler fig (Ficus aurea), live oak (Quercus virginiana), laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum). Of the species measured in Puerto Rico, the species with the highest survival and least branch damage were Santa Maria (Calophyllum calaba), Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea), schefflera (Schefflera actinophylla), and West Indian mahogany (Swietenia mahogani). Losing leaves during these hurricanes had no relationship with how well trees survived. In Hurricanes Jeanne, Charley, and Georges, 3%, 4%, and 11%, respectively, of the trees that fell damaged property. Native tree species survived better than exotic species in Hurricanes Jeanne and Charley but not in Hurricane Georges. Trees growing in groups had greater survival and less branch loss in Hurricane Jeanne than those growing individually. Wood density was not related to survival or branch loss for tree species in Hurricanes Jeanne, Charley, Georges, or Andrew. Two other measurements of wood strength, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture, were related to survival and branch loss in Jeanne but not Charley. Tree species with dense crowns had greater survival and less branch loss than moderate- or open-crowned species. Tree species with decurrent growth form survived better than excurrent trees in Hurricane Jeanne with no difference in Charley. Trees with the most rooting space (>7 m2) had the lowest branch loss and the greatest survival in Hurricane Georges. A reanalysis of seven dicot species and their survival in Hurricane Andrew showed that survival for pruned trees was 73% compared with 47% for unpruned trees. A survey of 85 arborists, scientists, and urban foresters ranked species for their wind resistance. Using our results from hurricanes and incorporating results from the survey and the scientific literature, we have developed lists of relative wind resistance for tropical and subtropical tree species. These lists are presented with the caveat that no tree is completely windproof and that other factors such as soil conditions, wind intensity, cultural practices, and tree health and age also contribute to wind firmness. © 2007 International Society of Arboriculture.Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110200, Gainesville, FL 32611-0200, United States School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110831, Gainesville, FL 32611-0831, United States Department of Statistics, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110339, Gainesville, FL 32611-0339, United States USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Jardi?n Bota?nico Sur, 1201 Ceiba Street, San Juan, PR 00926-1119, Puerto Rico+F? Nixon, Will1995The Bronx's old-growth labAmerican Forests101Autumn7Urban forestry New York Botanical Garden native speciessSome 40 acres of old-growth forest at the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx serve as a valuable research tool for investigating the effects of urban civilization on natural forests. The forest contains a mixture of scattered tall oaks and tulip trees, skeletal hemlock groves devastated by woolly adelgid blight, other native trees, and a number of alien trees and invasives. Scientists from the Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, have been particularly interested in the soil of this forest in order to eventually understand why different species of plants and trees prosper or fail in this environment.General Science Full Text? Nixon, Will19958Hot cars & hardwoods: restoring forests in New York City28-29American Forests101uUrban forestry Parks/New York (N.Y.) Restoration ecology New York (N.Y.)/Dept. of Parks and Recreation native speciesA 5-year campaign costing $6.2 million plans to protect and restore New York City's 5,000 acres of hardwoods. These hardwoods grow in nearly 2 dozen parks across the city's 5 boroughs and contain native species such as oaks, hickories, maples, ashes, cherries, sweetgums, and tulip trees. The restoration project, which is managed by the New York City Parks Foundation, was funded by the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Foundation. When the campaign finishes at the end of October 1996, the foundation will have planted 130,000 tree seedlings, removed choking vines from around 600 acres, taken away hundreds of rusty car wrecks from the forests, and employed 30 high school interns. Fires from burning car wrecks pose a unique challenge to the restoration campaign. These fires favor some species of hardwood over others, stunt the growth of new trees, injure the trunks of older trees, and promote the spread of alien weeds. One of the primary aims of the campaign is simply to force vandals to burn cars away from the woods.General Science Full Text-?CAlfani, A. Baldantoni, D. Maisto, G. Bartoli, G. Virzo De Santo, A.2000Temporal and spatial variation in C, N, S and trace element contents in the leaves of Quercus ilex within the urban area of Naples119-129Environmental Pollution1091eAir pollution biomonitoring Leaf elemental analysis NO(x) SO2 Trace elements nitrogen nitrogen issuesGThis paper presents a comparative analysis of the concentrations of C, N and S and several trace elements (Fe, Mn, Na, Zn, Cu, V, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd) in leaves of Quercus ilex, an evergreen oak, collected in the urban area of Naples in 1989 and 1996. The samplings were carried out from 25 urban sites (roads with different traffic flows as well as urban and suburban parks) and from two remote areas as controls. Relative to 1989, the values measured in 1996 denote a strong decrement of S, Fe, Na, Pb, and Cr, with the exception of S in control sites. By contrast, C, N and Cd contents were higher in 1996 than in 1989. Cu and Ni showed a conspicuous increment in control sites as well as in urban sites facing the sea and in the parks, while in all the other urban sites these elements decreased remarkably. No significant difference was found in the leaf contents of Mn, Zn and V measured in 1989 relative to 1996. Both in 1989 and 1996 the contents of N, S, Fe, Na, Cu, Pb, V, Ni, Cr and Cd were significantly higher in leaves from urban sites than in the controls, reflecting the high degree of contamination of the urban area. Concentration factors expressed as the ratio of road/control values for most of the elements were still very high in leaves collected in 1996, though remarkably lower than in 1989. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033627444&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 %Cited By (since 1996): 32 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Alfani, A., Bartoli, G., Virzo De Santo, A., Lombardi, M., Rutigliano, F., Fioretto, A., Gargiulo, E., Leaf elemental composition of Quercus ilex L. in the urban area of Naples. I Trace elements (1992) In: Man and the Environment. the Plant Components in Anthropic Systems, pp. 121-135. , Societa? Botanica Italiana- ENEL, Roma; Alfani, A., Bartoli, G., Virzo De Santo, A., Dinamica di piombo e rame in foglie di Quercus ilex L. di area urbana (1993) Ecologia S.It.E. Atti, 15, pp. 691-694; Alfani, A., Bartoli, G., Caserta, P., Andolfi, G., Amount and elemental composition of dry deposition to the leaf surface of Quercus ilex in the urban area of Naples (1995) Agricoltura Mediterranea, SPECIAL VOLUME, pp. 194-199; Alfani, A., Bartoli, G., Virzo De Santo, A., Caserta, P., Nitrogen and sulphur in Quercus ilex leaves of an urban area (1995) Ecologia S.It.E. Atti, 16, pp. 249-252; Alfani, A., Bartoli, G., Rutigliano, F.A., Maisto, G., Virzo De Santo, A., Trace metal biomonitoring in the soil and the leaves of Quercus ilex in the urban area of Naples (1996) Biological Trace Element Research, 51, pp. 117-131; Alfani, A., Maisto, G., Iovieno, P., Rutigliano, F.A., Bartoli, G., Leaf contamination by atmospheric pollutants as assessed by elemental analysis of leaf tissue, leaf surface deposit and soil (1996) Journal of Plant Physiology, 148, pp. 243-248; Alfani, A., Bartoli, G., Iovieno, P., Maisto, G., Virzo De Santo, A., Inquinamento urbano. 1. Contenuto totale e disponibilita? di nutrienti ed elementi in traccia nel suolo (1996) Ecologia S.It.E. Atti, 17, pp. 725-728; Alfani, A., Baldantoni, D., Maisto, G., Bartoli, G., Virzo De Santo, A., Time and site integrated biomonitoring of Pb, Cr, Fe, Cu, V and Cd in the urban area of Naples (1997) Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 11, pp. 176-178; Alfani, A., Arpaia, C., Cafiero, G., Assessing trace metals in leaves of Quercus ilex L. by energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (1997) Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 11, pp. 188-190; Allegrini, I., Brocco, D., The historical development of atmospheric pollution and its effects in Italy (1995) Responses of Plants to Air Pollution. Agricoltura Mediterranea, SPECIAL VOLUME, pp. 11-22. , In: Lorenzini, G., Soldatini, G.F. (Eds.); Capannesi, G., Cecchi, A., Ciavola, C., Sedda, A.F., Feasibility of oak leaves as monitor for airborne pollution (1993) Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 167, pp. 309-320; Cercasov, V., Pantelica, A., Salagean, M., Schreiber, H., Comparative evaluation of some pollutants in the airborne particulate matter in Eastern and Western Europe: Two-city study, Bucharest-Stuttgart (1998) Environmental Pollution, 101, pp. 331-337; Cipollini, M.L., Drake, B.G., Whigham, D., Effects of elevated CO2 on growth and carbon/nutrient balance in the deciduous woody shrub Lindera benzoin (L.) 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New York: John Wiley; Jung, K., Gebauer, G., Gehre, M., Hofmann, D., Weißflog, L., Schu?rmann, G., Anthropogenic impacts on natural nitrogen isotope variations in Pinus sylvestris stands in an industrially polluted area (1997) Environmental Pollution, 97, pp. 175-181; Huhn, G., Schulz, H., Contents of free amino acids in Scots pine needles from field sites with different levels of nitrogen deposition (1996) New Phytologist, 134, pp. 95-101; Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H., (1984) Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, , Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; Keller, Th., Matyssek, R., Gu?nthardt-Goerg, M.S., Beech foliage as a bioindicator of pollution near a waste incinerator (1994) Environmental Pollution, 85, pp. 185-189; Kemp, K., Palmgren, F., The Danish urban air quality monitoring program: Objectives and results (1996) The Science of the Total Environment, 189-190, pp. 27-34; Ko?rner, C., Miglietta, F., Long term effects of naturally elevated CO2 on mediterranean grassland and forest trees (1994) Oecologia, 99, pp. 343-351; Kurczynska, E.U., Dmuchowski, W., Wloch, W., Bytnerowicz, A., The influence of air pollutants on needles and stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees (1997) Environmental Pollution, 98, pp. 325-334; Lantzy, R.J., MacKenzie, F.P., Atmospheric trace metals: Global cycles and assessment of main impact (1979) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43, pp. 511-525; Lindberg, S.E., Lovett, G.M., Meiwes, K.J., Deposition and forest canopy interactions of airborne nitrate (1987) Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems, pp. 117-130. , T.C. 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Karst) seedlings (1996) Plant, Cell and Environment, 19, pp. 345-355; Nriagu, J.O., Pacyna, J.M., Quantitative assessment of world-wide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals (1988) Nature, 333, pp. 134-139; Nussbaum, S., Von Ballmoos, P., Gfeller, H., Schlunegger, U.P., Fuhrer, J., Rhodes, D., Brunold, C., Incorporation of atmospheric 15NO2-nitrogen into free amino acids by Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) 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NO2 influx and its correlation with nitrate reduction (1991) New Phytologist, 117, pp. 575-585; (1985) Trends in the Quality of the Nation's Air, , US EPA, Washington, DC; Valerio, F., Brescianini, C., Lastraioli, S., Coccia, S., Metals in leaves as indicators of atmospheric pollution in urban areas (1989) Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 37, pp. 245-251; Whelpdale, D.M., Summers, P.W., Sanhueza, E., A global overview of atmospheric acid deposition fluxes (1997) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 48, pp. 217-247; Wong, S.C., Elevated atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 and plant growth. II. Non-structural carbohydrate content in cotton plants and its effect on growth parameters (1990) Photosynthetic Research, 23, pp. 171-180RDipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Univ. Federico II Napoli, Via F., Naples, Italy}?)Alonso, R. Bytnerowicz, A. Boarman, W. I.2005Atmospheric dry deposition in the vicinity of the Salton Sea, California - I: Air pollution and deposition in a desert environment 4671-4679Atmospheric Environment3926nitrogen issuesAug}Air pollutant concentrations and atmospheric dry deposition were monitored seasonally at the Salton Sea, southern California. Measurements of ozone (O-3), nitric acid vapor (HNO3), ammonia (NH3), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were performed using passive samplers. Deposition rates of NO3-, NH4+ , Cl- SO42-, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ to creosote bush branches and nylon filters as surrogate surfaces were determined for oneweek long exposure periods. Maximum O-3 values were recorded in spring with 24-h average values of 108.8 mu g m(-3). Concentrations of NO and NO2 were low and within ranges of the non-urban areas in California (0.4-5.6 and 3.3-16.2 mu g m(-3) ranges, respectively). Concentrations of HNO3 (2.0-6.7 mu g m(-3)) and NH3 (6.4-15.7 mu g m(-3)) were elevated and above the levels typical for remote locations in California. Deposition rates of Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ were related to the influence of sea spray or to suspended soil particles, and no strong enrichments caused by ions originated by human activities were detected. Dry deposition rates of NO3- and NH4+ were similar to values registered in areas where symptoms of nitrogen saturation and changes in species composition have been described. Deposition of nitrogenous compounds might be contributing to eutrophication processes at the Salton Sea. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000231848900007 1352-2310ISI:000231848900007 ?DAschmann, S. G. McIntosh, M. S. Angle, J. S. Hill, R. L. Weil, R. R.1990hNitrogen status of forest floor, soils, and vegetation following municipal wastewater sludge application687-694 Journal of Environmental Quality194nitrogen issuesAgricultural land near urban areas is commonly used as disposal sites for municipal wastewater sludge. As available agricultural land decreases in the Northeast, the feasibility of applying sludge to established hardwood forests is increasingly being considered. A major concern with this practice is the potential for the large quantities of nitrogen in sludge to be detrimental to the forest ecosystem. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in nitrogen storage in several components of a hardwood forest amended with municipal sludge. In June 1986, aerobically digested liquid sludge was surface applied to a Maryland hardwood forest at rates of 0, 3, 6, and 12 dry Mg ha-1, corresponding to nitrogen loadings of 0, 200, 400, and 800 kg N ha-1, respectively. Soils from the 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 cm soil depth were analyzed for extractable NO3-N and NH4-N in the spring and fall of 1986 and 1987. Standing litter, litterfall, and leaves of five overstory and seven understory species were analyzed for total nitrogen annually. The first year following sludge application, total extractable nitrogen in the surface 10 cm of soil ranged from 28 mg kg-1 soil in the control to 125 mg kg-1 under the 800 kg N ha-1 treatment. Within two years, total extractable N in the soil surface was not significantly different among treatments. Nitrogen concentration in litterfall increased with increasing sludge rates but only during the second year after sludge was applied. Nitrogen in the standing litter of the 800 kg N ha-1 increased in response to sludge the first year after application, indicating that decomposition was accelerated in sludge-treated plots. The second year after sludge application, foliar nitrogen concentration was increased with increasing sludge rate in two of five tree species and four of seven understory species. The total nitrogen uptake was small compared with the total available nitrogen. Low rainfall in 1986 and 1987 may have limited nitrogen uptake by the vegetation.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0025198767&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus]Code 2431, Pacific Div., Naval Facilities Eng. Command, Pearl Harbor, HI 96860, United States_}?^Baron, J. S. Rueth, H. M. Wolfe, A. M. Nydick, K. R. Allstott, E. J. Minear, J. T. Moraska, B.2000FEcosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range352-368 Ecosystems34Alpine and subalpine lakes Colorado Diatoms N isotopes Nitrogen Paleolimnology Rocky Mountains Subalpine forests urban soils nitrogen issuesJul-AugWe asked whether 3-5 kg N y(-1) atmospheric N deposition was sufficient to have influenced natural, otherwise undisturbed, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Colorado Front Range by comparing ecosystem processes and properties east and west of the Continental Divide. The eastern side receives elevated N deposition from urban, agricultural, and industrial sources, compared with 1-2 kg N y(-1) on the western side. Foliage of east side old-growth Englemann spruce forests have significantly lower C:N and lignin:N ratios and greater N:Mg and N:P ratios. Soil % N is higher, and C:N ratios lower in the east side stands, and potential net N mineralization rates are greater. Lake NO, concentrations are significantly higher in eastern lakes than western lakes. Two east side lakes studied paleolimnologically revealed rapid changes in diatom community composition and increased biovolumes and cell concentrations. The diatom flora is now representative of increased disturbance or eutrophication. Sediment nitrogen isotopic ratios have become progressively lighter over the past SO years, coincident with the change in algal flora, possibly from an influx of isotopically light N volatilized from agricultural fields and feedlots. Seventy-five percent of the increased east side soil N pool can be accounted for by increased N deposition commensurate with human settlement. Nitrogen emissions from fixed, mobile, and agricultural sources have increased dramatically since approximately 1950 to the east of the Colorado Front Range, as they have in many parts of the world. Our findings indicate even slight increases in atmospheric deposition lead to measurable changes in ecosystem properties.://000088984300004 1432-9840ISI:000088984300004}?KBernhardt-Romermann, M. Kirchner, M. Kudernatsch, T. Jakobi, G. Fischer, A.2006Changed vegetation composition in coniferous forests near to motorways in Southern Germany: The effects of traffic-born pollution572-581Environmental Pollution1433nitrogen issuesOctWTo estimate the effect of traffic emissions on the vegetation composition of coniferous forests near to motorways, three transects of 520 m length were studied by analysing vegetation composition, soil parameters and deposition data in the Munich-area, Southern Germany. The detected patterns suggest that motorways have an impact on the vegetation composition in the neighbourhood of roads. Depending on the wind direction, the influences of the motorways reaches up to 230 m on downwind side and up to 80 m on upwind side. The vegetation is mainly affected by the deposition of nitrogen deriving from fuel combustion and by basic substances added to road salt. By monitoring vegetation changes near to motorways, it is possible to estimate the areas where harmful alterations of the ecosystem can be expected. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000238806200021 0269-7491ISI:000238806200021}?Castro, M. S. Driscoll, C. T.2002_Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to estuaries in the mid-Atlantic and northeastern United States 3242-3249"Environmental Science & Technology3615nitrogen issues runoffAugThe purpose of this work was to determine the contribution made by atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition to the total N input to 10 estuaries on the east coast of the United States. We estimated the amount of N fixed by human activities in the watersheds (N fertilization, biotic N-2 fixation by legumes and pastures, atmospheric N deposition, and net food and feed import of N) of these 10 estuaries and used a land-use specific approach to estimate the N available for transport to the estuary from different watershed N sources (runoff from agriculture, urban areas and upland forests, point sources, and atmospheric deposition). Total atmospheric N inputs (watershed runoff plus direct deposition to the surface of estuary) accounted for 15-42% of the total N inputs to these 10 estuaries. Direct deposition to the surface of the estuary was an important atmospheric N source for four estuaries, accounting for 35-50% of the total atmospheric N inputs. Simulated reductions of atmospheric N deposition by 25% and 50% of current deposition rates reduced the contribution made by atmospheric N deposition to the total N loads by 1-6% and 2-11%, respectively. Largest reductions occurred in estuaries with direct atmospheric N deposition contributions >35% of the total atmospheric N input. Results from our simulated reductions suggest that considerable reductions (>25%) in atmospheric N deposition will be needed to significantly reduce the contribution made by atmospheric N deposition to the total N loads to our study estuaries. In addition, reductions in atmospheric N deposition will first be detected in estuaries with relatively high direct deposition inputs of atmospheric N deposition.://000177242600027 0013-936XISI:000177242600027?;Chameides, W. L. Lindsay, R. W. Richardson, J. Kiang, C. S.1988VThe role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study 1473-1475Science2414872nitrogen issuesThe effects of natural hydrocarbons must be considered in order to develop a reliable plan for reducing ozone in the urban atmosphere. Trees can emit significant quantities of hydrocarbons to metropolitan areas such as Atlanta, and model calculations indicate that these natural emissions can significantly affect urban ozone levels. By neglecting these compounds, previous investigators may have overestimated the effectiveness of an ozone abatement strategy based on reducing anthropogenic hydrocarbons.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0023822532&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 FCited By (since 1996): 297 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusaSchool of Geophysical Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States$?#Cogliastro, A. Domon, G. Daigle, S.2001Effects of wastewater sludge and woodchip combinations on soil properties and growth of planted hardwood trees and willows on a restored site471-485Ecological Engineering164Acer Derelict land Forest restoration Fraxinus Organic matter recycling Salix Sludge Soil nitrogen Urban clearance Woodchips urban soils nitrogen nitrogen issuesSludge from wastewater treatment plants and woodchips produced from urban tree pruning residues were used to improve soil conditions of a degraded site restored by planting trees and shrubs. The release of soil nitrogen resources was set by the proportions of sludge and woodchips applied. Combining 187 kg N/ha of sludge in one application with 200 m3/ha of woodchips instead of 100 m3/ha reduced first year N mineralization by 50%. The same can be said for the application of 125 kg N/ha of sludge in two applications, over 2 years. The degradation of sludge-woodchips and nitrate leaching was reduced even with the smallest sludge application. Survival and growth of Acer saccharinum L., Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. and Salix discolor Muhl. did not vary much with sludge and woodchips quantities However, differential soil nitrogen availability and the degradation process of organic amendments induced by the treatments may result in better sustainable growth for planted woody species. Some undesirable elements were measured in the soil, particularly Fe, Cd, Pb and NO3-N. Because of these, care should be taken when choosing sites to be restored using sludge and woodchips. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035152987&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 WCited By (since 1996): 8 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Anderson, P.R., Christensen, T.H., Distribution coefficients of Cd, Co, Ni, and Zn in soils (1988) J. 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Res., 20, pp. 1172-1182; Colbert, S.R., Jokela, E.J., Neary, D.G., Effects of annual fertilisation and sustained weed control on dry matter partitioning, leaf area, and growth efficiency of juvenile loblolly and slash pine (1990) For. Sc., 36, pp. 995-1014; (1988) Me?thodes D'analyses des Sols, des Fumiers et des Tissus Ve?ge?taux, , Conseil de la production vege?tale du Quebec, AGDX 553; Crohn, D.M., Haith, D.A., A forest site nitrogen dynamics model for land application of sludge (1994) Trans. ASAE, 37, pp. 1135-1144; Day, S.D., Bassuk, N.L., A review of the effects of soil compaction and amelioration treatments on landscape trees (1994) J. Arbo., 20, pp. 9-17; Dollar, K.E., Composition and environment of floodplains forests of northern Missouri (1992) Can. J. For. Res., 22, pp. 1343-1350; Doucet, R., (1992) La Science Agricole: Climat, Sols et Productions Ve?ge?tales du Que?bec, , E?ditions Berger, Eastman, Que?bec; Good, B.J., Faulkner S.P., Jr., Evaluation of Green Ash root responses as a soil wetness indicator (1986) Soil Sc. Soc. Am. J., 50, pp. 1570-1575; Greenly, K.M., Rakow, D.A., The effect of wood mulch type and depth on weed and tree growth and certain soil parameters (1995) J. Arbo., 21, pp. 225-232; Hendrickson, O.Q., Robinson, J.B., Chatarpaul, L., La microbiologie des sols forestiers: Revue bibliographique (1985) Can. For. Serv. Rap., 19, p. 102; Henry, C.L., Cole, D.W., Harrison, R.B., Use of municipal sludge to restore and improve site productivity in forestry: The pack forest sludge research program (1994) For. Ecol. Manage., 66, pp. 137-149; Holmes, W.E., Zak, D.R., Soil microbial biomass dynamics and net nitrogen mineralization in northern hardwood ecosystems (1994) Soil Sc. Soc. Am. J., 58, pp. 238-243; Keeney, D.R., Nelson, D.W., Nitrogen - Inorganic forms (1982), pp. 643-698. , Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeny, D.R. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WIKopinga, J., VandenBurg, J., Using soil and foliar analysis to diagnose the nutritional status of urban trees (1995) J. Arbo., 21, pp. 17-23; Kramer, P.J., Kozlowski, T.T., (1979) Physiology of Woody Plants, , Academic Press, London; Labrecque, M., Teodorescu, T.I., Daigle, S., Sludge fertilization of willow under short-rotation culture: Biomass productivity and environmental impact. Canadian energy plantation workshop (1995) Can. For. Serv. Gananoque, Ontario, 1995, pp. 53-66; Labrecque, M., Teodorescu, T.I., Daigle, S., Early performance and nutrition of two willow species in short-rotation intensive culture fertilized with wastewater sludge and impact on soil characteristics (1998) Can. J. For. 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Gouvernement du Que?bec, Envirodoq EN910413; Moffat, A.J., Matthews, R.W., The effects of sewage sludge on growth and foliar and soil chemistry in pole-stage Corsican pine at Ringwood Forest, Dorset (1991) UK Can. J. For. Res., 21, pp. 902-909; Ouellet, C.E., Sherk, L.C., Woody ornamental plant zonation, 1: Indices of winter hardiness 3: Suitability map for the probable winter survival of ornamental trees and shrub (1967) Can. J. Plant Sc., 47, pp. 339-358; Petruzzelli, G., Recycling wastes in agriculture: Heavy metal bioavailability (1989) Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 27, pp. 493-503; Premi, P.R., Cornfield, A.H., Incubation study of nitrogen mineralisation in soil treated with dried sewage sludge (1971) Environ. Pollut., 2, pp. 1-5; Raison, R.J., Connel, M.J., Khanna, P.K., Methodology for studying fluxes of soil mineral - N in situ (1987) Soil Biol. Biochem., 19, pp. 521-530; Ricklefs, R.E., Matthew, K.K., Chemical characteristics of the foliage of some deciduous trees in southeastern Ontario (1982) Can. J. Bot., 60, pp. 2037-2045; Roberts, R.D., Roberts, J.M., The selection and management of soils in landscape schemes (1986), pp. 99-126. , Bradshaw, A.D., Goode, D.A., Thorp, E. (Eds.), Ecology and design in landscape. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford(1989) SAS/STAT? User's Guide, Version 6, Fourth Edition, Volume 1, 1, p. 943. , SAS Institute Inc., Cary NC; Truax, B., Gagnon, D., Effects of straw and black plastic mulching on the initial growth and nutrition of butternut, white ash and bur oak (1993) For. Ecol. Manage., 57, pp. 17-27; Tsadilas, C.D., Matsi, T., Barbayiannis, N., Dimoyiannis, D., Influence of sewage sludge application on soil properties and on the distribution and availability of heavy metal fractions (1995) Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 26, pp. 2603-2619Institut De Recherche En Biologie Ve?ge?tale, Jardin Botanique De Montre?al, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montre?al, Que. H1X 2B2, Canada E?cole d'Architecture Du Paysage, Universite? De Montre?al, C.P. 6128 Succ.A, Montre?al, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada?Daehler, C. C. Majumdar, S. K.1992Elemental analyses of leaf litter and sediments at three cove sites varying in their water quality inputs in Lake Wallenpaupack, Pennsylvania, USA657-669Environmental Technology137nitrogen issues]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026783142&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusODepartment of Zoology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States?Day, S. D. Harris, J. R.2007Fertilization of red maple (Acer rubrum) and littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata) trees at recommended rates does not aid tree establishment113-121 Arboriculture and Urban Forestry332bFertilization Nitrogen Transplanting Tree establishment Urban forestry Urban soils nitrogen issues"Landscape trees typically grow slowly for several years after transplanting. We investigated whether fertilization could speed tree growth during this establishment period, which fertilization regimes were most effective, and whether fertilization interacted with irrigation. Fifty-four each of landscape-sized, balled-and-burlapped red maple (Acer rubrum) and littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata) were planted into a relatively infertile silt loam soil and were fertilized (1.5 kg N/ 100 m2 [3 1b N/1000 ft2]) each spring (either including or not including at planting), each fall, or not fertilized. Each of these fertilizer regimes was either irrigated or not irrigated during 3 years. An additional treatment of an unirrigated, split (spring/ fall) fertilizer application was included. There was no evidence that fertilization affected irrigated trees differently than unirrigated trees. Overall, fertilization did not speed establishment and did not affect trunk growth, shoot extension, or leaf nitrogen content. There was no evidence that fall fertilization might be more effective than spring fertilization. There was no indication that fertilized trees experienced increased drought stress. Nitrogen rates and factors affecting fertilizer uptake are discussed. © 2007 International Society of Arboriculture.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33947235209&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusDepartment of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University, 228 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University, 301 Saunders Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States}?Diem, J.2003ZPotential impact of ozone on coniferous forests of the interior southwestern United States265-2801Annals of the Association of American Geographers932nitrogen issuesJunDespite the well-documented negative impacts of ozone on the health of coniferous forests in southern California and the significant growth experienced by southwestern cities over the past several decades, the ozone/forest dynamic in the interior portion of the southwestern United States has been largely ignored. Primarily through a review of literature pertaining to most aspects of ozone and its impact on forest health, this article provides insights on the ozone/forest dynamic within coniferous forests of the interior Southwest. It is suggested that ozone absorption in southwestern coniferous forests may equal that in southern California, owing to the long-distance transport of atmospheric pollutants into the interior Southwest and the presence of the North American monsoon. Nevertheless, research gaps identified in this article suggest a need for future research on ozone exposure levels and the ozone sensitivities of conifer species and varieties in southwestern coniferous forests.://000184143400001 0004-5608ISI:000184143400001#?HDonovan, R. G. Stewart, H. E. Owen, S. M. Mackenzie, A. R. Hewitt, C. N.2005Development and application of an urban tree air quality score for photochemical pollution episodes using the Birmingham, United Kingdom, area as a case study 6730-6738$Environmental Science and Technology3917=nitrogen nitrogen issues air quality influence of urban treesAn atmospheric chemistry model (CiTTyCAT) is used to quantify the effects of trees on urban air quality in scenarios of high photochemical pollution. The combined effects of both pollutant deposition to and emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from the urban forest are considered, and the West Midlands, metropolitan area in the UKis used as a case study. While all trees can be beneficial to air quality in terms of the deposition of O 3, NO2, CO, and HNO3, some trees have the potential to contribute to the formation of O3 due to the reaction of BVOC and NOx. A number of model scenarios are used to develop an urban tree air quality score (UTAQS) that ranks trees in order of their potential to improve air quality. Of the 30 species considered, pine, larch, and silver birch have the greatest potential to improve urban air quality, while oaks, willows, and poplars can worsen downwind air quality if planted in very large numbers. The UTAQS classification is designed with practitioners in mind, to help them achieve sustainable urban air quality. The UTAQS classification is applicable to all urban areas of the UK and other mid-latitude, temperate climate zones that have tree species common to those found in UK urban areas. The modeling approach used here is directly applicable to all areas of the world given the appropriate input data. It provides a tool that can help to achieve future sustainable urban air quality. © 2005 American Chemical Society.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-24644478035&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 \Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Leonard, R.E., Parr, S.B., Trees as a sound barrier (1970) J. Forestry, 68, pp. 282-283; Ulrich, R.S., View through a window may influence recovery from surgery (1984) Science, 224 (4647), pp. 420-421; Ulrich, R.S., Simons, R.F., Losito, B.D., Fiority, E., Miles, M.A., Zelson, M., Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments (1991) J. Environ. Psychol., 11, pp. 201-230; Rosenfeld, A.H., Akbari, H., Bretz, S., Fishman, B.L., Kurn, D.M., Sailor, D., Taha, H., Mitigation of urban heat islands-materials, utility programs, updates (1995) Energy Build, 22, pp. 255-265; Huang, Y.J., Akbari, H., Taha, H., Rosenfeld, A.H., The potential of vegetation in reducing summer cooling loads in residential buildings (1987) J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 26 (9), pp. 1103-1116; Huang, Y.J., Akbari, H., Taha, H., The wind-shielding and shading effects of trees on residential heating and cooling requirements (1990) ASHRAE Trans., 96 (1), pp. 1403-1411; Akbari, H., Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants (2002) Environ. Pollut., 116, pp. S119-S126; Maco, S.E., McPherson, E.G., Assessing canopy cover over streets and sidewalks in street tree populations (2002) J. Arboric., 28 (6), pp. 270-276; Nowak, D.J., Atmospheric carbon reduction by trees (1993) J. Environ. Manage., 37, pp. 207-217; Jo, H.K., McPherson, E.G., Carbon storage and flux in urban residential greenspace (1995) J. Environ. Manage., 45, pp. 109-133; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA (2002) Environ. Pollut., 116, pp. 381-389; Fowler, D., Cape, J.N., Unsworth, M.H., Deposition of atmospheric pollution on forests (1989) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (London), 324, pp. 247-265; Freer-Smith, P.H., Holloway, S., Goodman, A., The uptake of particulates by an urban woodland: Site description and paniculate composition (1997) Environ. Pollut., 95 (1), pp. 27-35; Hirano, T., Kiyota, M., Aiga, I., Vegetation in Sakai City, Osaka, as a sink of air pollutants (1996) Bull. Univ. Osaka Prefect., 48, pp. 55-64; Beckett, K.P., Freer-Smith, P.H., Taylor, G., Urban woodlands: Their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution (1998) Environ. Pollut., 99, pp. 347-360; Chameides, W.L., Lindsay, R.W., Richardson, J., Kiang, C.S., The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study (1988) Science, 241 (4872), pp. 1473-1475; Owen, S.M., Bunce, R., Stewart, H.E., Donovan, R.G., MacKenzie, R., Stark, G., Hewitt, C.N., Classifying urban land for stratified sampling and surveys using principal component and cluster analyses, with quantified uncertainties Landscape Urban Planning, , in Press; Donovan, R.G., (2003), Ph.D. Thesis, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UKOwen, S.M., MacKenzie, A.R., Stewart, H., Donovan, R.G., Hewitt, C.N., Biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emission estimates from a metropolitan region: The UK West Midlands urban tree canopy as a case study (2003) Ecol. Appl., 13 (4), pp. 927-938; Evans, M.J., Shallcross, D.E., Law, K.S., Wild, J.O.F., Simmonds, P.G., Spain, T.G., Berrisford, P., Pyle, J.A., Evaluation of a Lagrangian box model using field measurements from EASE (Eastern Atlantic Summer Experiment) 1996 (2000) Atmos. Environ., 34, pp. 3843-3863; Emmerson, K.M., MacKenzie, A.R., Owen, S.M., Evans, M.J., Shallcross, D.E., A Lagrangian model with simple primary and secondary aerosol Scheme 1: Comparison with UK PM10 data (2004) Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, pp. 2161-2170; Wild, O., (1995), Ph.D. Thesis. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKWild, O., Law, K.S., McKenna, D.S., Bandy, B.J., Penkett, S.A., Pyle, J.A., Photochemical trajectory modeling studies of the North Atlantic region during August 1993 (1996) J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.], 101, pp. 29269-29288; DeMore, W.B., Sander, S.P., Golden, D.M., Hampson, R.F., Kurylo, M.J., Howard, C.J., Ravishankara, A.R., Molina, M.J., (1997) Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, , JPL Publication 97-4. Jet Propulsion Laboratory: CA; Jenkin, M.E., Saunders, S.M., Pilling, M.J., The tropospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds: A protocol for mechanism development (1997) Atmos. Environ., 31, pp. 81-104; Fowler, D., (2002), Personal communication, JuneRudd, H.J., (1995) Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Stationary Sources in the United Kingdom: Speciation, , AEA Technology Report No. AEA/CS/16419033/REMA-029; (1994) CORINAIR 1994 Inventory, , Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; Law, K.S., Pyle, J.A., Modeling trace gas budgets in the troposphere. 1. Ozone and odd nitrogen (1993) J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.], 98, pp. 18377-18400; Law, K.S., Nisbett, E.G., Sensitivity of the CH4 emissions from natural gas and coal (1996) J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.], 101, pp. 14387-14397; Guenther, A., Hewitt, C.N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Zimmerman, P., A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions (1995) J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.], 100, pp. 8873-8892; Gacka-Grzesikiewicz, E., Assimilation surface of urban green areas (1980) Ekol. Polska, 28, pp. 493-523; Stewart, H.E., Street, R.A., Scholefield, P.A., Hewitt, C.N., (1997) Isoprene and Monoterpene-emitting Species Survey, , http://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/cnhgroup/iso-emissions.pdf; Benjamin, M.T., Sudol, M., Bloch, L., Winer, A.M., Low-emitting urban forests: A taxonomic methodology for assigning isoprene and monoterpene emission rates (1996) Atmos. Environ., 30 (9), pp. 1437-1452; Owen, S.M., Hewitt, C.N., Extrapolating branch enclosure measurements to estimates of regional scale biogenic VOC fluxes in the northwestern Mediterranean basin (2000) J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.], 105 (D9), pp. 11573-11583; Street, R.A., Wolfenden, J., Duckham, C., Hewitt, C.N., Field and laboratory measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons from a range of plant species (1992) Proceedings of the EUROTRAC Symposium 1992, Photo-Oxidants: Precursors and Products, pp. 304-308. , Borrell, P. M., Borrell, P., Cvitas, T., Eds.; SPB Academic: The Hague, Netherlands; Street, R.A., (1995), Ph.D. Thesis. Lancaster University, Lancaster, UKOwen, S.M., (1998), Ph.D. Thesis. Lancaster University, Lancaster, UKGuenther, A.B., Zimmerman, P.R., Harley, P.C., Monson, R.K., Fall, R., Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Model evaluation and sensitivity analysis (1993) J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.], 98, pp. 12609-12617; Noziere, B., Barnes, I., Evidence of formation of a PAN analogue of pinonic structure and investigation of its thermal stability (1998) J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.], 103 (D19), pp. 25587-25597Department of Environmental Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Environment Agency, Bristol, United Kingdom",?@Drewitt, G. B. Curren, K. Steyn, D. G. Gillespie, T. J. Niki, H.1998jMeasurement of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia 3457-3466Atmospheric Environment3220KBiogenic trace gas flux Isoprene Monoterpenes NMHC nitrogen nitrogen issuesBiogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) participate in many chemical reactions in the atmosphere and in some cases, adversely affect air quality through increased production of photochemical ozone near urban sources of nitrogen oxides. In order to implement an effective control strategy, the relative role of these biogenic hydrocarbon emissions in producing ground-level ozone must be known. During the summers of 1995 and 1996, a field study was undertaken to determine fluxes of biogenic VOCs from both natural and agricultural surfaces in the Lower Fraser Valley located in southwestern British Columbia. Emissions from agricultural surfaces were measured using a flux gradient approach while emissions from the dominant tree species in the region were measured with a branch enclosure system. Results show very little biogenic VOC production from many agricultural crops such as pasture, Potatoes or Blueberries. Cranberries showed very high emissions during the summer of 1994 but failed to show similar results during the summer of 1995. Emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes from native tree species such as Western Red Cedar, Douglas Fir and Coastal Hemlock were quite low. Cottonwood trees on the other hand had fairly low emissions of monoterpenes but extremely high emissions of isoprene. Measurements provided here will be useful for improving our database of hydrocarbon emissions rates from vegetation for future emission inventories and model testing.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0345647108&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 8 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Banthorpe, D.V., Classification of terpenoids and general proceedures (1991) Methods in Plant Biochemistry, pp. 3-98. , Academic Press, London; Benjamin, M.T., Sudol, M., Bloch, L., Winer, A.M., Low emitting urban forests: A taxonomic methodology for assigning isoprene and monoterpene emission rates (1996) Atmospheric Environment, 30, pp. 1437-1452; Brenner, A.J., Jarvis, P.J., A heated replica technique for determination of leaf boundary layer conductance in the field (1995) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 72, pp. 261-275; Carter, W.P., Development of ozone reactivity scales for volatile organic compounds (1994) Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 44, pp. 881-899; Chameides, W.L., Lindsay, R.W., Richardson, J., Kiang, C.S., The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog, Atlanta as a case study (1988) Science, 241, pp. 1471-1475; Drewitt, G., (1996) Measurement of Biogenic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Vegetation in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, , M.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia, 121 pp; Evans, R., Tingey, D., Gumperts, M., Burns, W., Estimates of isoprene and monoterpene emission rates in plants (1982) Botanical Gazette, 143, pp. 304-310; Fall, R., Isoprene emissions from plants: Summary and discussion (1991) Trace Gas Emissions by Plants, pp. 209-215. , Academic Press, San Diego; Finlayson-Pitts, B.J., Pitts, J.N., Atmospheric chemistry of tropospheric ozone formation: Scientific and regulatory implications (1993) J. of the Air and Waste Management Association, 43, pp. 1091-1100; Fuentes, J.D., Gillespie, T.J., A gas exchange system to study the effects of leaf surface wetness on the deposition of ozone (1992) Atmospheric Environment, 26 A, pp. 1165-1173; Gash, J.H.C., Observations of Turbulence downwind of a forest-heath interface (1986) Boundary Layer Meterorology, 36, pp. 227-237; Goldstein, A.H., Fan, S.M., Goulden, M.L., Munger, J.W., Wofsy, S.C., Emissions of ethene, propene and 1-butene by a midlatitude forest (1996) Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, pp. 9149-9157; Guenther, A., Monson, R., Fall, R., Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Observations with Eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development (1991) Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, pp. 10799-10808; Guenther, A., Zimmerman, P., Harley, P., Monson, R., Fall, R., Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Model evaluation and sensitivity analysis (1993) Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, pp. 12609-12617; Guenther, A., Zimmerman, P., Wildermuth, M., Natural volatile organic compound emission rate estimates for U.S. woodland landscapes (1994) Atmospheric Environment, 28, pp. 1197-1210; Hicks, B.B., Wind profile relationships from the Wangara experiment (1976) Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 102, pp. 535-551; Hov, O., Schjoldager, J., Wathne, B., Measurement and modeling of the concentrations of terpenes in coniferous forest air (1983) Journal of Geophysical Research, 88, pp. 10679-10688; Juuti, S., Arey, J., Atkinson, R., Monoterpene emission rate measurements from a Monterey pine (1990) Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, pp. 7515-7519; Kuzma, J., Fall, R., Leaf isoprene emission rate is dependent on leaf development and the level of isoprene synthase (1993) Plant Physiology, 101, pp. 435-440; Lamb, B., Guenther, A., Gay, D., Westberg, H., A national inventory of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions (1987) Atmospheric Environment, 21, pp. 1695-1705; Lamb, B., Gay, D., Westberg, H., Pierce, T., A biogenic hydrocarbon emission inventory for the U.S.A. using a simple forest canopy model (1993) Atmospheric Environment, 27, pp. 1673-1690; Lerdau, M., Plant function and biogenic terpene emission (1991) Trace Gas Emissions by Plants, pp. 121-133. , Academic Press, San Diego; Lerdau, M., Matson, P., Fall, R., Monson, R., Ecological controls over monoterpene emission from Douglas-Fir (pseudotsuga Menziesii) (1995) Ecology, 16, pp. 2640-2647; Mlot, C., A clearer view of why plants make haze (1995) Science, 268, pp. 641-642; Monson, R.K., Lerdau, B.T., Sharkey, T.D., Schimel, D.S., Fall, R., Biological aspects of constructing volatile organic compound emission inventories (1995) Atmospheric Environment, 29, pp. 2989-3002; Paulson, C.A., The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer (1970) Journal of Applied Meteorology, 9, pp. 857-861; Pryor, S.C., Steyn, D.G., Hebdomadal and diurnal cycles in ozone time series from the lower fraser valley, B.C. (1995) Atmospheric Environment, 29, pp. 1007-1019; Roselle, S.J., Pierce, T., Schere, K., The sensitivity of regional ozone modelling to biogenic hydrocarbons (1991) Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, pp. 7371-7394; Sanadze, G., Isoprene effect - Light dependent emission of isoprene by green parts of plants (1991) Trace Gas Emissions by Plants, pp. 135-150. , Academic Press, San Diego; Schindler, T., Kotzias, D., Comparison of monoterpene volitalization and leaf oil composition of conifers (1989) Naturwissenschaften, 76, pp. 475-476; Sharkey, T., Singsaas, E., Why plants emit isoprene (1995) Nature, 374, p. 769; Silver, G.M., Fall, R., Enzymatic synthesis of isoprene from dimethylallyl diphosphate in aspen leaf extracts (1991) Plant Physiology, 97, pp. 1588-1591; Steyn, D.G., Bottenheim, J.W., Thompson, B., Overview of tropospheric ozone in the lower fraser valley and the Pacific '93 field study (1997) Atmospheric Environment, , in press; Tanner, R.L., Minor, T., Hatzell, J., Jackson, J., Rose, M., Zielinska, B., (1992) Emissions Data Collection and Inventory Development, , Desert Research Institute, Energy and Environmental Engineering Center and Biological Sciences Center; Tingey, D., Manning, M., Grothaus, L., Burns, W., Influence of light and temperature on monoterpene emission rates from slash pine (1980) Plant Physiology, 65, pp. 797-801; Tingey, D., Turner, D., Weber, J., Factors controlling the emission of monoterpenes and other volatile organic compounds (1991) Trace Gas Emissions by Plants, pp. 93-115. , Academic Press, San Diego; Tuomi, J., Niemela, P., Chapin, F., Bryant, J., Siren, S., (1988) Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects, pp. 57-72. , Springer, New York; Zimmerman, P.R., Testing of hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation and methodology for compiling biogenic emission inventories (1981) Atmospheric Biogenic Hydrocarbons, , EPA Research Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Ann Arbour Science Publishers, Ann Arbous, MichiganAtmospheric Science Program, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada Department of Land Resource Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont. N1G 2W1, Canada,?Drohan, P. J. DeWalle, D. R.2002{Defoliation and atmospheric deposition influences on spring baseflow chemistry in 56 Pennsylvania mixed land-use watersheds31-48Water, Air, and Soil Pollution1331-4Atmospheric deposition Defoliation Nitrogen Stream chemistry Sulfate nitrogen nitrogen issues health mortality tree health tree mortality tree deathUsing samples of spring baseflow chemistry on 56 Pennsylvania watersheds with predominantly forested to mixed land-uses and widely varying geology/physiography, we attempted to determine spatial patterns in stream chemistry due to insect defoliation and atmospheric deposition. Land use and land form relations to stream chemistry were examined as well. Defoliation effects on stream chemistry due to repeated, and sometimes intense, insect defoliation over the past several years were seen as reduced stream nitrate concentrations in a watershed data set (n = 11) that included 100% forested lands only. Basins in regions with higher atmospheric sulfate deposition loads had higher stream concentrations of sulfate in 100% forested basins. Significant positive correlations of stream nitrogen and potassium with agricultural land use indicated possible contamination of stream waters by excess fertilizers and/or animal wastes. Weak positive correlations were also found with many of the stream chemistry parameters and percentage urban/barren land use. Ridge-top versus valley bottom watersheds also showed differences in baseflow chemistry due to changing surficial geology and/or land use. Overall, the study showed that agricultural, urban, geologic, and physiographic influences on spring baseflow chemistry mask the effects of insect defoliation and atmospheric deposition on mixed land-use basins (<100% forest). Regional differences in atmospheric deposition on 100% forested basins were directly reflected in spring baseflow SO4 concentrations. When restricted to 100% forested basins with relatively uniform geology, insect defoliation appeared to reduce stream nitrogen concentrations in the long term. This is believed to be due in part to nitrogen bound in vegetative growth and a dilution of nitrogen from increased flows as a result of defoliation and tree mortality bringing about reduced evapotranspiration.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036163550&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 g"Cited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Roach, J.T., 'A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data' (1976), 27. , U.S. Geological Survey professional paper No. 964, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.CBailey, R.G., Avers, P.E., King, T., McNab, W.H., Ecoregions and Subregions of the United States (map) (1994), (eds.): U.S. Geol. Survey, Washington, D.C., Scale 1:75 000; colorBethlahmy, N., 'More Streamflow After a Bark Beetle Epidemic' (1974) J. Hydrol., 23, pp. 185-189; Boxman, A.W., Cobben, P.L.W., Roelofs, J.G.M., 'Does (K + Mg + Ca + P) Fertilization Lead to Recovery of Tree Health in a Nitrogen Stressed Quercus rubra (L.) Stand?' (1994) Environ. Pollut., 85, pp. 297-303; Boul, S.W., Hole, F.D., McCracken, R.J., (1989) Soil Genesis and Classification, p. 445. , 3rd ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa; Corbett, E.S., Lynch, J.A., 'The Gypsy Moth - Does It Affect Soil and Water Resources?' (1987), pp. 39-46. , S. Fosbroke and R. Hicks Jr. (eds.), Coping with the Gypsy Moth in the New Frontier, West Virginia Univ. Books, Morgantown, WV, 4-6 August, 1987Courchesne, F., Hendershot, W.H., 'The Role of Basic Aluminum Sulfate Minerals in Controlling Sulfate Retention in the Mineral Horizons of Two Spodosols' (1990) Soil Sci., 150 (3), pp. 571-577; Cuff, D., Young, W., Muller, E., Zelinsky, W., Abler, R., (1989), p. 297. , The Atlas of Pennsylvania, Temple University Press, PhiladelphiaDeWalle, D.R., Galeone, D.G., 'One-time Dormant Season Application of Gas Well Brine on Forest Land' (1990) J. Environ. Qual., 19, pp. 288-295; DeWalle, D.R., Sharpe, W.E., Edwards, P.J., 'Biogeochemistry of Two Appalachian Forest Sites in Relation to Episodic Stream Acidification' (1988) Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 40, pp. 143-156; Dow, C.L., DeWalle, D.R., 'Sulfur and Nitrogen Budgets for Five Forested Appalachian Plateau Basins' (1997) Hydrolog. Proc., 11, pp. 801-816; 'Land Use Land Cover Digital Data from 1:250 000 and 1:100 000-Scale Maps' (1986), DOI, USGS: Data User Guide 4', U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VirginiaEshleman, K.N., Morgan R.P. II, Webb, J.R., Deviney, F.A., Galloway, J.N., 'Temporal Patterns of Nitrogen Leakage from Mid-Appalachian Forested Watersheds: Role of Insect Defoliation' (1998) Water Resources Res., 34 (8), pp. 2005-2016; Fennemen, N.M., Physiography of the Eastern United States (1938), McGraw-Hill, New YorkGrace, J.R., 'The Influence of Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar (L.)) Defoliation on Litter Fall and Nutrient Restitution in a Pennsylvania Oak Forest' (1978), p. 144. , Ph.D. Thesis, School of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State UniversityGrace, J.R., 'The Influence of Gypsy Moth on the Composition and Nutrient Content of Litter Fall in a Pennsylvania Oak Forest' (1986) J. For., 32 (4), pp. 855-870; Hallberg, G., 'From Hoes to Herbicides. Agriculture and Groundwater Quality' (1986) J. Soil and Water Cons., 41 (6), pp. 357-364; Herlihy, A.T., Kaufmann, P.R., Mitch, D.R., 'Stream Chemistry in the Eastern United States. 2. Current Sources of Acidity in Acidic and Low Acid-neutralizing Capacity Streams' (1991) Water Resources Res., 27 (4), pp. 629-642; Herlihy, A.T., Stoddard, J.L., Johnson, C.B., 'The Relationship Between Stream Chemistry and Watershed Land Cover Data in the Mid-Atlantic Region, U.S.' (1998) Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 105, pp. 377-386; Hingston, F.J., Posner, A.M., Quirk, J.P., 'Anion Adsorption by Goethite and Gibbsite. The Role of the Proton in Determining Adsorption Envelopes' (1972) J. Soil Sci., 23 (2), pp. 177-192; Johnson, D.W., 'Nitrogen Retention in Forest Soils' (1992) J. Environ. Qual., 21 (1), pp. 1-12; Khanna, P.K., Prenzel, J., Meiwes, K.J., Ulrich, B., Matzner, E., 'Dynamics of Sulfate Retention by Acid Forest Soils in an Acidic Deposition Environment' (1987) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51, pp. 446-452; Kleckner-Polk, D., 'Soil Sulfate Retention Properties at Three Appalachian Forest Sites' (1991), pp. 35-38. , Masters Paper, Environmental Pollution Control, The Pennsylvania State UniversityLiebhold, A.M., Elmes, G.A., Halverson, J.A., Quimby, J., 'Landscape Characterization of Forest Susceptibility to Gypsy Moth Defoliation' (1994) For. Sci., 40 (1), pp. 18-29; Love, L.D., 'The Effect on Stream Flow of the Killing of Spruce and Pine by the Engelmann Spruce Beetle' (1955) Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 36 (1), pp. 113-118; Lovett, G.M., Tobiessen, P., Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation in Red Oaks (Quercus rubra L.) Subject to Defoliation and Nitrogen Stress (1992) Tree Physiology, 12, pp. 259-269; Lynch, J.A., Horner, K.S., Grimm, J.W., Corbett, E.S., 'Atmospheric Deposition: Spatial and Temporal Variations in Pennsylvania - 1994' (1995), p. 103. , ER9504, Environmental Resources Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State UniversityLyon, J., Sharpe, W.E., 'An Assessment of the Ca:A1 Ratios of Selected Pennsylvania Forest Soils' (1999) Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 109, pp. 53-65; Makuch, J., Ward, J., 'Groundwater and Agriculture in Pennsylvania' (1986), p. 21. , College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Circular 341, The Pennsylvania State UniversityMarkewitz, D., Richter, D.D., Allen, R.H.L., Urrego, B., 'Three Decades of Observed Soil Acidification in the Calhoun Experimental Forest: Has Acid Rain Made a Difference?' (1998) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, pp. 1428-1439; Mattson, W.J., Addy, N.D., 'Phytophagus Insects as Regulators of Forest Primary Productivity' (1975) Science, 190 (14), pp. 515-522; McNab, W.H., Avers, P.E., 'Ecological Subregions of the United States: Section Descriptions' (1994), p. 267. , Administrative Publication WO-WSA-5, Washington, DC: USDA, Forest Service(1995) Minitab Reference Manual, p. 452. , Minitab Inc.: Minitab Inc., State College, Pennsylvania; Morrison, M., 'Data User's Guide to the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Long-term Monitoring Project: Quality Assurance Plan and Data Dictionary' (1991), pp. 1.1-1.2. , Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.E.P.A., Corvallis, OregonParfitt, R.L., Smart, R.S., 'The Mechanism of Sulfate Adsorption on Iron Oxides' (1978) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 42, pp. 48-50; Potts, D.F., 'Hydrologic Impacts of a Large-scale Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) Epidemic' (1984) Water Resources Bull., 20 (3), pp. 373-377; Rochelle, B.P., Church, M.R., David, M.B., 'Sulfur Retention at Intensively Studied Sites in the U.S. and Canada' (1987) Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 33, pp. 73-83; Rochelle, B.P., Church, M.R., 'Regional Patterns of Sulfur Retention in Watersheds of the Eastern US' (1987) Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 36, pp. 61-73; Rowland, C.J., 'The Microbiological Impact of Gypsy Moth Defoliation on Stream Water Quality' (1993), p. 264. , M.S. Thesis, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State UniversitySeinfeld, J.H., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution (1986), p. 738. , John Wiley & Sons, New YorkSharpe, W.E., DeWalle, D.R., Swistock, B.R., 'On Defining Acidification Status of Unglaciated Headwater Appalachian Catchments' (1989) Headwaters Hydrol., pp. 517-525. , June; Skarby, L., Selldon, G., 'The Effects of Ozone on Crops and Forests' (1984) Ambio, 13 (2), pp. 68-72; Swank, W.T., Waide, J.B., Crossley D.A., Jr., Todd, R.L., 'Insect Defoliation Enhances Nitrate Export from Forest Ecosystems' (1981) Oecologia, 51, pp. 297-299; Thompson, L.M., Soils and Soil Fertility (1957), pp. 270-275. , McGraw Hill, New YorkTiedemann, A.R., Furniss, M.M., 'Soil and Litter Nutrient Responses to Looper Defoliation of Curlleaf Mountain Mahogany' (1985) For. Sci., 31 (2), pp. 382-388; Twery, M.J., 'Effects of Defoliation by Gypsy Moth' (1990) Gypsy Moth Res. Rev., pp. 27-39; Van Ek, R., Graaijers, G.P.J., 'Estimates of Atmospheric Deposition and Canopy Exchange for Three Common Tree Species in The Netherlands' (1994) Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 73, pp. 61-82; Weaver, G.T., Khanna, P.K., Beese, F., 'Retention and Transport of Sulfate in a Slightly Acid Forest Soil' (1985) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49, pp. 746-750; Webb, J.R., Cosby, B.J., Deviney F.A., Jr., Eshleman, K.N., Galloway, J.N., 'Change in the Acid-base Status of an Appalachian Mountain Catchment Following Forest Defoliation by the Gypsy Moth' (1995) Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 85, pp. 535-540; Wilson, C., (1994), Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Harrisburg, PA. Personal communicationWulkowicz, G.M., Saleem, Z.A., 'Chloride Balance of an Urban Basin in the Chicago Area' (1974) Water Resources Bull., 10 (5), pp. 974-982; Yeakley, J.A., Meyer, J.L., Swank, W.T., 'Hillslope Nutrient Flux during Near-stream Vegetation Removal. I. A Multi-scaled Modeling Design' (1994) Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 77, pp. 229-246Shepherd College, Institute for Environmental Studies, P.O. Box 3210, Shepherdstown, WV 25443, United States School of Forest Resources and Environmental Resources, Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States?+Ducceschi, L. Legittimo, P. C. Bonzi, L. M.1999Heavy metals in moss and bark from urban area of Florence: A new cleaness procedure for removing superficial particulate matter119-141Chemistry and Ecology162fBark Biomonitoring Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) Heavy metals Moss nitrogen issuesHypnum cupressiforme epiphytic moss and tree bark (elm and holm oak) samples have been collected in three sites of the city of Florence in the period 1995-1998. Lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) in about 200 samples collected at different heights above ground. A new clean-up procedure by nitrogen jet has been followed and its efficiency has been also verified by electron microscopy (SEM and ESEM techniques). Lead median contents in moss and bark samples fall within the ranges of 0.052-0.86 and 0.20-1.30 ?moles g-1 (dry weight), resulting values for moss and bark are proportional to the vehicular traffic density. The increasing use of lead-free gasoline has not been followed by a decrease of lead moss concentration.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033406204&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusDept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Gino Capponi 9, 50121 Florence, Italy Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Cytology, University of Florence, via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy3E?6Eatough Jones, M. Paine, T. D. Fenn, M. E. Poth, M. A.2004[Influence of ozone and nitrogen deposition on bark beetle activity under drought conditions67-76Forest Ecology and Management2001-3Jeffrey pine Mixed conifer forest Mountain pine beetle Nitrogen deposition Ozone Ponderosa pine San Bernardino Mountains Western pine beetle nitrogen nitrogen issues Four years of severe drought from 1999 through 2003 led to unprecedented bark beetle activity in ponderosa and Jeffrey pine in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains of southern California. Pines in the San Bernardino Mountains also were heavily impacted by ozone and nitrogenous pollutants originating from urban and agricultural areas in the Los Angeles basin. We studied bark beetle activity and bark beetle associated tree mortality in pines at two drought-impacted sites in the San Bernardino Mountains, one receiving high levels of atmospheric pollutants, and one with more moderate atmospheric input. We also investigated the effects of nitrogen addition treatments of 0, 50 and 150 kg N ha-1 year-1 at each site. Tree mortality and beetle activity were significantly higher at the high pollution site. Differences in beetle activity between sites were significantly associated with ozone injury to pines, while differences in tree mortality between sites were significantly associated with both ozone injury and fertilization level. Tree mortality was 9% higher and beetle activity 50% higher for unfertilized trees at the high pollution site compared to the low pollution site. Tree mortality increased 8% and beetle activity increased 20% under the highest rates of nitrogen additions at the low pollution site. The strong response in beetle activity to nitrogen additions at the low pollution site suggests that atmospheric nitrogen deposition increased tree susceptibility to beetle attack at the high deposition site. While drought conditions throughout the region were a major factor in decreased tree resistance, it appears that both ozone exposure and atmospheric nitrogen deposition further increased pine susceptibility to beetle attack. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4544246564&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 )Cited By (since 1996): 10 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Andersen, C.P., Hogsett, W.E., Wessling, R., Plocher, M., Ozone decreases spring root growth and root carbohydrate content in ponderosa pine the year following exposure (1991) Can. J. For. 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United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC; Kozlowski, T.T., (1971) Growth and Development of Trees, 1. , Academic Press, New York; Kula, E., Notes to the dispersion of bark beetle mass in the stands of the Forest Enterprise Horni Blatna (1992) Lesnictvi, 38, pp. 221-238; Kyto, M., Niemela, P., Larsson, S., Insects on trees: Population and individual response to fertilization (1996) Oikos, 75, pp. 148-159; Lorio Jr., P.L., Hodges, J.D., Oleoresin exudation pressure and relative water content of inner bark as indicators of moisture stress in loblolly pines (1968) For. Sci., 14, pp. 392-398; Lorio Jr., P.L., Hodges, J.D., (1977) Tree Water Status Affects Induced Southern Pine Beetle Attack and Brood Production, , USDA Forest Service Research Paper No. SO-135. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA; Miller, P.R., Oxidant-induced community change in a mixed conifer forest (1973) Proceedings of the Air Pollution Damage to Vegetation Symposium, pp. 101-117. , Advances in Chemistry Series, No. 122. Los Angeles, CA, March 31-April 1, 1971. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC; Miller, P.R., Mixed conifer forests of the San Bernardino Mountains, California (1992) The Response of Western Forests to Air Pollution. Ecological Studies, 97, pp. 461-497. , Olson, R.K., Binkley, D., Bohm, M. (Eds.), Springer, New York; Miller, P.R., Rechel, J., Temporal changes in crown condition indices, needle litterfall, and collateral needle injuries of ponderosa and Jeffrey pines (1999) Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California: A Case Study of the San Bernardino Mountains. Ecological Studies, 134, pp. 164-178. , Miller, P.R., McBride, J.R. (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York; Miller, P.R., Taylor, O.C., Poe, M.P., Spatial variation of summer ozone concentrations in the San Bernardino Mountains (1986) Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 3, pp. 2-14. , Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA; Miller, P.R., Stolte, K.W., Duriscoe, D.M., Pronos, J., (1996) Evaluating Ozone Air Pollution Effects on Pines in the Western United States, , General Technical Report No. PSW-GTR-155. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA; Minnich, R.A., Barbour, M.G., Burk, J.H., Fernau, R.F., Sixty years of change in California conifer forests of the San Bernardino Mountains (1995) Conserv. Biol., 9, pp. 902-914; Nowak, J.T., Berisford, C.W., Effects of intensive forest management practices on insect infestation levels and loblolly pine growth (2000) J. Econ. Entomol., 93, pp. 336-341; Page, J.M., Drought-accelerates parasitism of conifers in the mountain ranges of northern California (1981) Environ. Conserv., 8, pp. 217-226; Paine, T.D., Baker, F.A., Abiotic and biotic predisposition (1993) Beetle-Pathogen Interactions in Conifer Forests, pp. 61-79. , Schowalter, T.D., Filip, G.M. (Eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, CA; Powers, R.F., Reynolds, P.E., Ten-year responses of ponderosa pine plantations to repeated vegetation and nutrient control along an environmental gradient (1999) Can. J. For. Res., 29, pp. 1027-1038; Pronos, J., Merrill, L., Dahlsten, D., Insects and pathogens in a pollution-stressed forest (1999) Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California: A Case Study of the San Bernardino Mountains. Ecological Studies, 134, pp. 317-337. , Miller, P.R., McBride, J.R. (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York; (2001) SAS, Version 8.02, , SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC; Savage, M., Anthropogenic and natural disturbance and patterns of mortality in a mixed conifer forest in California (1994) Can. J. For. Res., 24, pp. 1149-1159; Scheffer, T.C., Hedgcock, G.G., Injury to northwestern forest trees by sulfur dioxide from smelters (1955) USDA Forest Service Technical Bulletin No. 1117, , Washington, DC; Skeffington, R.A., Wilson, E.J., Excess nitrogen deposition: Issues for consideration (1988) Environ. Pollut., 54, pp. 159-184; Skuhravy, V., Srot, M., Potential relationship between the emissions and the occurrence of some insect pests (1991) Lesnictvi, 37, pp. 571-576; Sokal, R.P., Rohlf, F.J., (1981) Biometry, 2nd Ed., , Freeman, New York; Soltes, R., Insect outbreak in relation to heavy metal deposition in the moss species (1996) Oecol. Montana, 5, pp. 93-96; Stark, R.W., Cobb, F.W., Smog injury, root diseases and bark beetle damage in ponderosa pine (1969) Calif. Agric., 23, pp. 13-15; Stark, R.W., Miller, P.R., Cobb Jr., F.W., Wood, D.L., Parmeter Jr., J.R., Incidence of bark beetle infestation in injured trees (1968) Hilgardia, 39, pp. 121-126; Sun, J.H., Kulhavy, D.L., Roques, A., Effects of fertilizer and herbicide application on Nantucket pine tip moth infestation (Lep., Tortricidae) (2000) J. Appl. Entomol., 124, pp. 191-195; Takemoto, B.K., Bytnerowicz, A., Fenn, M.E., Current and future effects of ozone and atmospheric nitrogen deposition on California's mixed conifer forests (2001) For. Ecol. Manage., 144, pp. 159-173; Taylor Jr., G.E., Johnson, D.W., Andersen, C.P., Air pollution and forest ecosystems: A regional to global perspective (1994) Ecol. Appl., 4, pp. 662-689; Viiri, H., Annila, E., Kitunen, V., Niemela, P., Induced responses in stilbenes and terpenes in fertilized Norway spruce after inoculation with blue-stain fungus, Ceratocystis polonica (2001) Trees, 15, pp. 112-122; Vite?, J.P., The influence of water supply on oleoresin exudation pressure and resistance to bark beetle attack in Pinus ponderosa (1961) Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 21, pp. 37-66; Waring, G.L., Cobb, N.S., The impact of plant stress on herbivore population dynamics (1992) Insect-Plant Interactions, 4, pp. 167-227. , Bernays, E.A. (Ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; Waring, R.H., Estimating forest growth and efficiency in relation to tree canopy age (1983) Adv. Ecol. Res., 13, pp. 327-354Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Fire Lab., 4955 Canyon C., Riverside, CA, United Statesv}?BFenn, M. E. Geiser, L. Bachman, R. Blubaugh, T. J. Bytnerowicz, A.2007tAtmospheric deposition inputs and effects on lichen chemistry and indicator species in the Columbia River Gorge, USA77-91Environmental Pollution1461nitrogen issuesMarTopographic and meteorological conditions make the Columbia River Gorge (CRG) an 'exhaust pipe' for air pollutants generated by the Portland-Vancouver metropolis and Columbia Basin. We sampled fog, bulk precipitation, throughfall, airborne particulates, lichen thalli, and nitrophytic lichen distribution. Throughfall N and S deposition were high, 11.5-25.4 and 3.4-6.7 kg ha(-1) over 4.5 months at all 9 and 4/9 sites, respectively. Deposition and lichen thallus N were highest at eastern- and western-most sites, implicating both agricultural and urban sources. Fog and precipitation pH were frequently as low as 3.7-5.0. Peak NOx, NH3, and SO2 concentrations in the eastern CRG were low, suggesting enhanced N and S inputs were largely from particulate deposition. Lichens indicating nitrogen-enriched environments were abundant and lichen N and S concentrations were 2 x higher in the CRG than surrounding national forests. The atmospheric deposition levels detected likely threaten Gorge ecosystems and cultural resources. Published by Elsevier Ltd.://000244595200010 0269-7491ISI:000244595200010$}?Ferrari, A. E. Wall, L. G.2007{Nodulation and growth of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on a desurfaced soil inoculated with a local Rhizobium isolate471-477Biology and Fertility of Soils434nitrogen issuesMarNodulation and nitrogen fixation of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), a legume tree broadly used in Argentina for urban and agricultural afforestation, was studied in hydroponic culture. The development of seedlings inoculated with a local strain of Rhizobium, highly specific for R. pseudoacacia, was also compared with respect to non-inoculated but N-fertilised seedlings. This strain produced fast nodulation and high crop yield and leaf N content. Already nodulated plants with the local Rhizobium strain were assayed for growth in a greenhouse pot experiment with soil from a field where topsoil has been removed for industrial purposes, whilst pots with non-desurfaced soil from the same field were used as control. Non-inoculated plants were also grown in either control or desurfaced soil. Inoculated plants developed better than non-inoculated plants in desurfaced soil, and in control soil as well, suggesting that the symbiosis was able to overcome the nutrient limitation of the desurfaced soil. Non-inoculated plants were nodulated by native soil born Rhizobium, either in control or desurfaced soil, but they showed low final nitrogen leaf content and low nitrogen fixation activity, suggesting that native rhizobia were ineffective.://000244186000009 0178-2762ISI:000244186000009? Fritze, H.1988Influence of urban air pollution on needle litter decomposition and nutrient release. A comparison of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst291-297SCAND. J. FOR. RES.33nitrogen issuesA comparison was made between green needle litter from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) for the mass loss rate and chemical composition after a one-year soil incubation period in natural forest influenced by urban air pollution. The pollution, which consists mainly of SO2, NO(x) and heavy metals, did not significantly lower the decomposition rate of pine needle litter in pine stands or spruce needle litter in spruce stands. In the pine needle litter a nearly significant (p < 0.1) increase in the release of Mn and a significant enrichment of Fe and Pb were detected. In the spruce needle litter there was a significantly higher release of Mn and a significant enrichment of Fe, Cu and Pb. The urban air pollution had no effects on the content of Ca, Mg, K and Zn in the decomposing pine and spruce needles when the polluted sites were compred to the less polluted controls. The results are also compared with one Scots pine and Norway spruce site which was not exposed to urban pollution. In this comparison the higher release of Mn from the decomposing coniferous needle litter and the enrichment of Fe and Pb into the needle litter of the polluted area becomes even more pronounced.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0024262848&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusQDepartment of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, SF-00710 Helsinki 71, Finland}?Fuhrer, J. Erismann, K. H.1980cTolerance of Aesculus hippocastanum L. to foliar accumulation of chloride affected by air pollution249-254Environmental Pollution214nitrogen issuesThe influence of air pollution, caused by emissions from motor vehicles, on the tolerance of Aesculus hippocastanum L. to foliar accumulation of chloride was investigated. Foliar accumulations of chloride reflect accumulation in soil as a result of successive winter applications of deicing salt (sodium chloride). Leaves of horse chestnut were sampled at different sites within the city of Berne, Switzerland, and analysed for chloride content and leaf necrosis. Areas of leaf necrosis were directly proportional to accumulations of chloride in the range 10 to 16 mg/g dry weight. As a measure of tolerance to accumulated chloride the concentration leading to a 25% necrosis of the total leaf area was determined. An 'Air Quality Index', calculated from the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), was used to describe air pollution levels. Foliar accumulations of chloride were less damaging in more severely polluted atmospheres.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0018869684&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus=Inst. Plant Physiol., Univ. Berne, CH-3013 Berne, SwitzerlandF}?7Garban, B. Motelay-Massei, A. Blanchoud, H. Ollivon, D.2004A single law to describe atmospheric nitrogen bulk deposition versus rainfall amount: Inputs at the Seine river watershed scale339-354Water Air and Soil Pollution1551-4nitrogen issuesJunAtmospheric nitrogen species (NH4-N and (NO3+ NO2)-N) were determined in weekly samples of atmospheric bulk deposition ( dry plus wet), collected in France at seven sites over the course of a year. Rural, semi-rural and industrialised- urban sites were chosen in the Seine river watershed from the Seine estuary to upstream from Paris. Mean NH4-N concentrations varied from 0.7 to 1.7 mg L-1. Mean (NO3+ NO2)-N concentrations were approximately 0.5 mg L-1 for all sites except Paris (0.7 mg L-1), which has a local impact on the fallout contamination from urban emissions. The relation between concentration and rainfall amount obeys a power law, in the form of y = ax(b). When the nitrogen sources are very local, this relationship turns into a dilution law. Annual atmospheric nitrogen deposition (NH4- N+(NO3+ NO2)-N) was calculated and varied from 7.8 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in the neighbourhood of a rural town to 17.3 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in a very industrialised harbour. 58% of the atmospheric nitrogen deposition occurred during 'spring + summer' period. The total nitrogen atmospheric input to the Seine estuary, via direct deposition + indirect input via the watershed, was estimated to about 5% of the total nitrogen load within the Seine river basin.://000221209100022 0049-6979ISI:000221209100022X}?Geiser, L. H. Neitlich, P. N.2007dPollution and climate gradients in western Oregon and Washington indicated by epiphytic macrolichens203-218Environmental Pollution1451nitrogen issuesJan3Human activity is changing air quality and climate in the US Pacific Northwest. In a first application of non-metric multidimensional scaling to a large-scale, framework dataset, we modeled lichen community response to air quality and climate gradients at 1416 forested 0.4 ha plots. Model development balanced polluted plots across elevation, forest type and precipitation ranges to isolate pollution response. Air and climate scores were fitted for remaining plots, classed by lichen bioeffects, and mapped. Projected 2040 temperatures would create climate zones with no current analogue. Worst air scores occurred in urban-industrial and agricultural valleys and represented 24% of the landscape. They were correlated with: absence of sensitive lichens, enhancement of nitrophilous lichens, mean wet deposition of ammonium > 0.06 mg l(-1), lichen nitrogen and sulfur concentrations > 0.6% and 0.07%, and SO2 levels harmful to sensitive lichens. The model can detect changes in air quality and climate by scoring re-measurements. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000242348600025 0269-7491ISI:0002423486000253?'Gregg, J. W. Jones, C. G. Dawson, T. E.2003DUrbanization effects on tree growth in the vicinity of New York City183-187Nature4246945pnitrogen nitrogen issues urban soils ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION RURAL GRADIENT URBAN OZONE POPULUS FORESTS AREAS CO2Plants in urban ecosystems are exposed to many pollutants and higher temperatures, CO2 and nitrogen deposition than plants in rural areas. Although each factor has a detrimental or beneficial influence on plant growth, the net effect of all factors and the key driving variables are unknown. We grew the same cottonwood clone in urban and rural sites and found that urban plant biomass was double that of rural sites. Using soil transplants, nutrient budgets, chamber experiments and multiple regression analyses, we show that soils, temperature, CO2, nutrient deposition, urban air pollutants and microclimatic variables could not account for increased growth in the city. Rather, higher rural ozone (O3) exposures reduced growth at rural sites. Urban precursors fuel the reactions of O3 formation, but NOx scavenging reactions resulted in lower cumulative urban O3 exposures compared to agricultural and forested sites throughout the northeastern USA. Our study shows the over-riding effect of O3 despite a diversity of altered environmental factors, reveals 'footprints' of lower cumulative urban O3 exposures amidst a background of higher regional exposures, and shows a greater adverse effect of urban pollutant emissions beyond the urban core.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038495734&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 34 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Lovett, G.M., Atmospheric deposition to oak forests along an urban-rural gradient (2000) Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, pp. 4294-4300; Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Soil characteristics of oak stands along an urban-rural land-use gradient (1995) J. Environ. Qual., 24, pp. 516-526; Peterson, J.T., (1969) The Climate of Cities: A Survey of the Recent Literature, , NAPCA Pub. No. AP-59 (US Department of Health, Education and Welfare); Idso, C.D., Idso, S.B., Balling R.C., Jr., An intensive two-week study of an urban CO2 dome in Phoenix, Arizona, USA (2001) Atmos. Environ., 35, pp. 995-1000; Gatz, D.F., Urban precipitation chemistry: A review and synthesis (1991) Atmos. Environ. B Urban Atmos., 25, pp. 1-16; Freedman, B., (1995) Environmental Ecology: The Ecological Effects of Pollution, Disturbance, and Other Stresses, , Academic, San Diego; (1992) Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution, , Committee on Tropospheric Ozone Formation and Measurement (National Academy Press, Washington DC); Pickett, S.T.A., Urban ecological systems: Linking terrestrial ecology, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas (2001) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 32, pp. 127-157; Mooney, H.A., Winner, W.E., Pell, E.J., Chu, E., (1991) Response of Plants to Multiple Stresses, , Academic, San Diego; Weinstein, L.H., Laurence, J.A., Mandl, R.H., Walti, K., (1990) Use of Native and Cultivated Plants as Bioindicators of Pollution Damage: Plants for Toxic Assessment, pp. 117-126. , (eds Wang, W., Gorsuch, J.W. & Lower, W. R.) (Am. Soc. Testing and Materials, Philadelphia); (1980) Cottonwood: Populus Deltoides: Hybrid Poplar, , Govt document no. 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DAR-95-1 (NYS-DEC, Albany, New York); Gregg, J.W., (1999) The Effect of Urban Compared to Rural Environments on Plant Growth in the Vicinity of New York City: The Net Response and Relative Importance of the Different Pollutants, , Thesis, Cornell Univ; Jones, H.G., (1996) Plants and Microclimate: A Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology, , Cambridge Univ, Press; Jacovides, C.P., Timbios, E., Asimakopouolos, D.N., Steven, M.D., Urban aerosol and clear sky spectra for global and diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (1997) Agric. Forest Meteorol., 87, pp. 91-104; Hesstvedt, E., Isaksen, I.S.A., Hov, O., Ozone generation over rural areas (1978) Environ. Sci. Technol., 12, pp. 1279-1284; Lefohn, A.S., Knudsen, H.P., Logan, J.A., Simpson, J., Bhumralkar, C., An evaluation of the kriging method to predict 7-h seasonal mean ozone concentrations for estimating crop loss (1987) J. Air Pollut. 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Forest Res., 23, pp. 1603-1616; Yun, S.C., Laurence, J.A., The response of clones of Populus tremuloides differing in sensitivity to ozone in the field (1999) New Phytol., 141, pp. 411-421; Potvin, C., Tardif, S., Sources of variability and experimental designs in growth chambers (1988) Funct. Ecol., 2, pp. 123-130; (2002) Environmental Monitoring Program, , Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY;Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, United States US EPA Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States?YGroffman, P. M. Boulware, N. J. Zipperer, W. C. Pouyat, R. V. Band, L. E. Colosimo, M. F.20025Soil nitrogen cycle processes in urban riparian zones 4547-4552$Environmental Science and Technology3621$nitrogen nitrogen issues urban soilsRiparian zones have been found to function as "sinks" for nitrate (NO3-), the most common groundwater pollutant in the U. S., in many areas. The vast majority of riparian research, however, has focused on agricultural watersheds. There has been little analysis of riparian zones in urban watersheds, despite the fact that urban areas are important sources of NO3- to nitrogen (N)-sensitive coastal waters in many locations. In this study, we measured stream incision, water table depths, and pools, production (mineralization, nitrification), and consumption (denitrification) of NO3- in urban soils. Samples were taken from soil profiles (0-100 cm) of three forested urban and suburban zones and one forested reference riparian zone in the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area. Our objectives were to determine (1) if stream incision associated with urbanization results in lower riparian water tables, and (2) if pools, production, and consumption of NO3- vary systematically with stream incision and riparian water table levels. Two of the three urban and suburban streams were more incised and all three had lower water tables in their riparian zones than the forested reference stream. Urban and suburban riparian zones had higher NO3- pools and nitrification rates than the forested reference riparian zone, which was likely due to more aerobic soil profiles, lower levels of available soil carbon, and greater N enrichment in the urban and suburban sites. At all sites, denitrification potential decreased markedly with depth in the soil profile. Lower water tables in the urban and suburban riparian zones thus inhibit interaction of groundwater-borne NO3- with near surface soils that have the highest denitrification potential. These results suggest that urban hydrologic factors can increase the production and reduce the consumption of NO3- in riparian zones, reducing their ability to function as sinks for NO3- in the landscape.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036841972&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 30 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Gilliam, J.W., (1994) J. Environ. Qual., 25, pp. 896-900; Correll, D.L., (1997) Buffer Zones and Water Quality Protection: General Principles, pp. 7-20. , Haycock, N. E., Burt, T. P., Goulding, K. W. T., Pinay, G., Eds.; Quest Environmental: Harpenden, UK; Hill, A.R., (1996) J. Environ. 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Qual., 24, pp. 691-699; Groffman, P.M., Howard, G., Gold, A.J., Nelson, W.M., (1996) J. Environ. Qual., 25, pp. 1309-1316; McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., (1990) Ecology, 71, pp. 1231-1237; DeKimpe, C.R., Morel, J.-L., (2000) Soil Sci., 165, pp. 31-40; Hanson, G.C., Groffman, P.M., Gold, A.J., (1994) Ecol. Applic., 4, pp. 750-756; Paul, E.A., Clark, F.E., (1996) Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry, , Academic Press, New York; Valiela, I., Collins, G., Kremer, J., Lajtha, K., Geist, M., Seely, B., Brawley, J., Sham, C.H., (1997) Ecol. Applic., 7, pp. 358-380; Doheny, E., (1999) Index of Hydrologic Characteristics and Data Resources for the Gwynns Falls Watershed, Baltimore County and Baltimore City, Maryland, pp. 99-213. , USGS Open-File Report; United States Geological Survey: Baltimore MD; Brush, G.S., Lenk, C., Smith, J., (1980) Ecol. 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Hydrology, 52, pp. 239-251; Arnold, C., Boison, P., Putton, P., (1982) J. Geol., 90, pp. 155-166; Wolman, M.G., Schick, A.P., (1967) Water Resour. Res., 3, pp. 451-464; Roberts, W.P., Pierce, J.P., (1974) Sediment. Geol., 12, pp. 179-197; Simmons, R.C., Gold, A.J., Groffman, P.M., (1992) J. Environ. Qual., 21, pp. 656-665; Hill, A.R., DeVito, K.J., Campagnolo, S., Sanmugadas, K., (2000) Biogeochemistry, 51, pp. 193-223; Hiscock, K.M., Lloyd, J.W., Lerner, D.N., (1991) Water Res., 9, pp. 1099-1111; Korom, S.F., (1992) Water Resour. Res., 28, pp. 1657-1668; Groffman, P.M., Gold, A.J., Simmons, R.C., (1992) J. Environ. Qual., 21, pp. 666-671; Bradley, P.M., Fernandez M., Jr., Chapelle, F.H., (1992) Environ. Sci. Technol., 12, pp. 2377-2381; Starr, R.C., Gillham, R.W., (1993) Ground Water, 31, pp. 934-947; Pizzuto, J.E., Hession, W.C., McBride, M., (2000) Geology, 28, pp. 79-82; Gren, I.M., (1995) Ecol. Engin., 4, pp. 153-162; Gren, I.M., Soderqvist, T., Wulff, F., (1997) J. Environ. Manag., 51, pp. 123-143; Mitsch, W.J., Day, J.W., Gilliam, J.W., Groffman, P.M., Hey, D.L., Randall, G.W., Wang, N., (2001) BioScience, 51, pp. 373-388; Belt, K.T., Groffman, P.M., Band, L.E., Law, N.L., Fisher, G.T., Ecology, , submitted for publicationBInstitute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, United States"?Groffman, P. M. Crawford, M. K.20031Denitrification potential in urban riparian zones 1144-1149 Journal of Environmental Quality323Xnitrogen nitrogen issues urban soils water water quality stormwater groundwater runoff Denitrification, the anaerobic microbial conversion of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen (N) gases, is an important process contributing to the ability of riparian zones to function as "sinks" for NO3- in watersheds. There has been little analysis of riparian zones in urban watersheds despite concerns about high NO3- concentrations in many urban streams. Vegetation and soils in urban ecosystems are often highly disturbed, and few studies have examined microbial processes like denitrification in these ecosystems. In this study, we measured denitrification potential and a suite of related microbial parameters (microbial biomass carbon [C] and N content, potential net N mineralization and nitrification, soil inorganic N pools) in four rural and four urban riparian zones in the Baltimore, MD metropolitan area. Two of the riparian zones were forested and two had herbaceous vegetation in each land use context. There were few differences between urban and rural and herbaceous and forest riparian zones, but variability was much higher in urban than rural sites. There were strong positive relationships between soil moisture and organic matter content and denitrification potential. Given the importance of surface runoff in urban watersheds, the high denitrification potential of the surface soils that we observed suggests that if surface runoff can be channeled through areas with high denitrification potential (e.g., stormwater detention basins with wetland vegetation), these areas could function as important NO3- sinks in urban watersheds.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037951712&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ZCited By (since 1996): 16 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Aber, J.D., Nadelhoffer, K.J., Steudler, P., Melillo, J.M., Nitrogen saturation in northern forest ecosystems (1989) Bioscience, 39, pp. 378-386; Addy, K.L., Gold, A.J., Groffman, P.M., Jacinthe, P.A., Ground water nitrate removal in subsoil of forested and mowed riparian buffer zones (1999) J. Environ. Qual., 28, pp. 962-970; Boesch, D.F., Brinsfield, R.B., Magnien, R.E., Chesapeake Bay eutrophication: Scientific understanding, ecosystem restoration, and challenges for agriculture (2001) J. Environ. Qual., 30, pp. 303-320; Casey, R.E., Taylor, M.D., Klaine, S.J., Mechanisms of nutrient attenuation in a subsurface flow riparian wetland (2001) J. Environ. Qual., 30, pp. 1732-1737; Clement, J.C., Pinay, G., Marmonier, P., Seasonal dynamics of denitrification along hydrotoposequences in three different riparian wetlands (2002) J. Environ. Qual., 31, pp. 1025-1037; DeKimpe, C.R., Morel, J.L., Urban soil management: A growing concern (2000) Soil Sci., 165, pp. 31-40; Diaz, R.J., Overview of hypoxia around the world (2001) J. Environ. Qual., 30, pp. 275-281; Dunne, T., Leopold, L.B., (1978) Water in Environmental Planning, , W.H. Freeman, New York; Ettema, C.H., Lowrance, R., Coleman, D.C., Riparian soil response to surface nitrogen input: Temporal changes in denitrification, labile and microbial C and N pools, and bacterial and fungal respiration (1999) Soil Biol. Biochem., 31, pp. 1609-1624; Froelich, A.J., Hack, J.T., Otton, E.G., (1980) Geologic and Hydrologic Map Reports for Land-Use Planning in the Baltimore-Washington Urban Area, , Circ. 806. U.S. Geol. Survey, Reston, VA; Gilliam, J.W., Riparian wetlands and water quality (1994) J. Environ. Qual., 25, pp. 896-900; Gold, A.J., Groffman, P.M., Addy, K., Kellogg, D.Q., Stolt, M., Rosenblatt, A.E., Landscape attributes as controls on groundwater nitrate removal capacity of riparian zones (2001) J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 37, pp. 1457-1464; Gren, I.M., Soderqvist, T., Wulff, F., Nutrient reductions to the Baltic Sea: Ecology, costs and benefits (1997) J. Environ. Manage., 51, pp. 123-143; Groffman, P.M., Denitrification in freshwater wetlands (1994) Curr. Top. Wetland Biogeochem., 1, pp. 15-35; Groffman, P.M., Boulware, N.J., Zipperer, W.C., Pouyat, R.V., Band, L.E., Colosimo, M.F., Soil nitrogen cycle processes in urban riparian zones (2002) Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, pp. 4547-4552; Groffman, P.M., Holland, E., Myrold, D.D., Robertson, G.P., Zou, X., Denitrification (1999) Standard Soil Methods for Long Term Ecological Research, pp. 272-288. , G.P. Robertson, C.S. Bledsoe, D.C. Coleman, and P. Sollins (ed.). Oxford Univ. Press, New York; Groffman, P.M., Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Zipperer, W.C., Carbon pools and trace gas fluxes in urban forest soils (1995) Advances in Soil Science: Soil Management and Greenhouse Effect, pp. 147-158. , R. Lal, J. Kimble, E. Levine, and B.A. Stewart (ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; Hanson, G.C., Groffman, P.M., Gold, A.J., Symptoms of nitrogen saturation in a riparian wetland (1994) Ecol. Appl., 4, pp. 750-756; Haycock, N.E., Pinay, G., Groundwater nitrate dynamics in grass and poplar vegetated riparian buffer strips during the winter (1993) J. Environ. Qual., 22, pp. 273-278; Hill, A.R., Nitrate removal in stream riparian zones (1996) J. Environ. Qual., 25, pp. 743-755; Hunter, R.G., Faulkner, S.P., Denitrification potentials in restored and natural bottomland hardwood wetlands (2001) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65, pp. 1865-1872; Jenkinson, D.S., Powlson, D.S., The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil V. A method for measuring soil biomass (1976) Soil Biol. Biochem., 8, pp. 209-213; Lowrance, R., Altier, L.S., Newbold, J.D., Schnabel, R.R., Groffman, P.M., Denver, J.M., Correll, D.L., Todd, A.H., Water quality functions of riparian forest buffers in Chesapeake Bay watersheds (1997) Environ. Manage., 21, pp. 687-712; Lowrance, R., Hubbard, R.K., Denitrification from a swine lagoon overland treatment system at a pasture-riparian zone interface (2001) J. 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Chemical Methods, pp. 961-1010. , D.L. Sparks (ed.). SSSA, Madison, WI; Otto, S., Groffman, P.M., Findlay, S.E.G., Arreola, A., Invasive plant species and microbial processes in a tidal freshwater marsh (1999) J. Environ. Qual., 28, pp. 1252-1257; Pouyat, R., Groffman, P., Yesilonis, I., Hernandez, L., Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystems (2002) Environ. Pollut., 116, pp. 107-188; Rose, S., Peters, N.E., Effects of urbanization on streamflow in the Atlanta area (Georgia, USA): A comparative hydrological approach (2001) Hydrol. Proc., 15, pp. 1441-1457; Rosenblatt, A.E., Gold, A.J., Stolt, M.H., Groffman, P.M., Identifying riparian sinks for watershed nitrate using soil surveys (2001) J. Environ. Qual., 30, pp. 1596-1604; (1988) SAS/STAT User's Guide. Release 6.03, , SAS Inst., Cary, NC; Schnabel, R.R., Cornish, L.F., Stout, W.L., Shaffer, J.A., Denitrification in a grassed and a wooded, valley and ridge, riparian ecotone (1996) J. Environ. Qual., 25, pp. 1230-1235; Smith, M.S., Tiedje, J.M., Phases of denitrification following oxygen depletion in soil (1979) Soil Biol. Biochem., 11, pp. 262-267; Templer, P., Findlay, S., Wigand, C., Sediment chemistry associated with native and non-native emergent macrophytes of a Hudson River marsh ecosystem (1998) Wetlands, 18, pp. 70-78; (1990) National Pesticide Survey: Nitrate, , Office of Water, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC; Windham, L., Comparison of biomass production and decomposition between Phragmites australis (common reed) and Spartina patens (salt hay grass) in brackish tidal marshes of New Jersey, USA (2001) Wetlands, 21, pp. 179-188JInstitute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, United States A?YHanson, P. J. Rott, K. Taylor Jr, G. E. Gunderson, C. A. Lindberg, S. E. Ross-Todd, B. M.1989?NO2 deposition to elements representative of a forest landscape 1783-1794Atmospheric Environment238nitrogen issues@ Measurements of NO2 deposition to elements representative of a forest landscape (e.g. foliage, bole, soil) were conducted in an open gas exchange system. Deposition rates (nmol m-2 s-1) were calculated as the product of flow rate and the inlet/outlet concentration differential normalized for surface area and corrected for losses to chamber walls. Under daylight conditions and a mean NO2 concentration of 33 nl l-1, NO2 deposition to foliage of forest tree species varied by more than an order of magnitude ranging from 0.35 (Pinus taeda L.) to 5.75 nmol m-2 s-1 (Platanus occidentalis L.), and deposition of NO2 to most broadleaf species was greater than that to conifers. Sequential light-dark measurements of NO2 deposition indicated that the principal foliar site of deposition was the leaf interior in support of other observations of stomatal control over NO2 deposition. Vegetation surfaces typically showed greater conductance to NO2 than did distilled water alone, and forest floor samples had a disproportionately high conductance to NO2 when compared to bark or foliage surfaces. Laboratory data for several forest species were extrapolated to stand-level rates of NO2 deposition using leaf area index as a scaling factor. Based on appropriate NO2 concentrations, NO2 deposition was calculated to provide annual N inputs between 0.08 and 1.9 kg ha-1 a-1 of NO2 derived N(NO2-N) for natural forests and up to 12 kg NO2-N ha-1 a-1 for forest canopies in urban environments. Measurements of NO2 deposition to elements representative of a forest landscape (e.g. foliage, bole, soil) were conducted in an open gas exchange system. Deposition rates (nmol m-2 s-1) were calculated as the product of flow rate and the inlet/outlet concentration differential normalized for surface area and corrected for losses to chamber walls. Under daylight conditions and a mean NO2 concentration of 33 nl ?-1, NO2 deposition to foliage of forest tree species varied by more than an order of magnitude, ranging from 0.35 (Pinus taeda L.) to 5.75 nmol m-2s-1 (Platanus occidentalis L.), and deposition of NO2 to most broadleaf species was greater than that to conifers. Sequential light-dark measurements of NO2 deposition indicated that the principal foliar site of deposition was the leaf interior in support of other observations of stomatal control over NO2 deposition. Vegetation surfaces typically showed greater conductance to NO2 than did distilled water alone, and forest floor samples had a disproportionately high conductance to NO2 when compared to bark or foilage surfaces. Additional aspects of the study are discussed.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0024475416&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 30 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusbEnvironmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United Statesh?Harkov, R. Brennan, E.1980]The influence of soil fertility and water stress on the ozone response of hybrid poplar trees991-994PHYTOPATHOLOGY7010nitrogen issuesExperiments were conducted to determine the role of soil fertility and water stress on the ozone response of hybrid poplar trees. Rooted cuttings of hybrid poplar clone #388 (Populus maximowiczii x P. trichocarpa) were grown in a filtered-air greenhouse in 4.73-L plastic pots containing a greenhouse potting mix. A slow release 18-6-12 NPK fertilizer was added to obtain 4 soil fertility levels. Although the nitrogen content of the foliage increased significantly, after 2 mo of growth, neither linear growth nor percent dry weight was affected by these amendments. Trees with a foliar content of approx. 2.69% N were found to be more susceptible to ozone fumigation of 196 ?g/m3 for 6 hr than were trees with 1.53, 3.12, or 3.47% N. In the water stress experiment, withholding water from the test plants for 6-9 days reduced the relative water content in the foliage to 7-21%, resp., below that of control plants, and protected the trees from a 6-hr fumigation at 196 ?g/m1. Visible water stress symptoms were not evident in plants from which water had been withheld for 6 days. These results are discussed as they pertain to susceptibility of urban trees to ozone damage.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0019296450&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusbDept. Plant Pathol., Cook Coll., Rutgers-The State Univ., New Brunswick, N.J. 08903, United States~}?Heckman, J. R. Kluchinski, D.1995LSoybean Nodulation and Nitrogen-Fixation on Soil Amended with Plant Residues284-288Biology and Fertility of Soils204nitrogen issuesSepkResidues from some tree species may contain allelopathic chemicals that have the potential to inhibit plant growth and symbiotic N-2-fixing microorganisms. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] was grown in pots to compare nodulation and N-2-fixation responses of the following soil amendments: control soil, leaf compost, red oak (Quercus rubra L.) leaves, sugar maple (Acer saccharztm Marsh) leaves, sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) leaves, black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) leaves, rye (Secale cereale L.) straw, and corn (Zea mays L.) stover. Freshly fallen leaves were collected from urban shade trees. Soil was amended with 20 g kg(-1) air-dried, ground plant materials. Nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of ''Clark'' soybean were grown to the R2 stage to determine N-2-fixation by the difference method. Although nodulation was not adversely affected, soybean grown on leaf-amended soil exhibited temporary N deficiency until nodulation. Nodule number was increased by more than 40% for soybean grown on amended soil, but nodule dry matter per plant generally was not changed compared with control soil. Nonnodulating plants were severely N deficient and stunted as a consequence of N immobilization. Nodulating soybean plants grown on leaf or crop residue amended soil were more dependent on symbiotically fixed N and had lower dry matter yields than the controls. When leaves were composted, the problem of N immobilization was avoided and dry matter yield was not reduced. No indication of an allelopathic inhibition on nodulation or N-2-fixation from heavy applications of oak, maple, sycamore, or walnut leaves to soil was observed.://A1995RT81400012 0178-2762ISI:A1995RT81400012?Heckman, J. R. Kluchinski, D.1995LSoybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation on soil amended with plant residues284-288Biology and Fertility of Soils204PAllelopathy Glycine max N2-fixation Nodulation Waste utilization nitrogen issueszResidues from some tree species may contain allelopathic chemicals that have the potential to inhibit plant growth and symbiotic N2-fixing microorganisms. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] was grown in pots to compare nodulation and N2-fixation responses of the following soil amendments: control soil, leaf compost, red oak (Quercus rubra L.) leaves, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) leaves, sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) leaves, black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) leaves, rye (Secale cereale L.) straw, and corn (Zea mays L.) stover. Freshly fallen leaves were collected from urban shade trees. Soil was amended with 20 g kg-1 air-dried, ground plant materials. Nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of "Clark" soybean were grown to the R2 stage to determine N2-fixation by the difference method. Although nodulation was not adversely affected, soybean grown on leaf-amended soil exhibited temporary N deficiency until nodulation. Nodule number was increased by more than 40% for soybean grown on amended soil, but nodule dry matter per plant generally was not changed compared with control soil. Nonnodulating plants were severely N deficient and stunted as a consequence of N immobilization. Nodulating soybean plants grown on leaf or crop residue amended soil were more dependent on symbiotically fixed N and had lower dry matter yields than the controls. When leaves were composted, the problem of N immobilization was avoided and dry matter yield was not reduced. No indication of an allelopathic inhibition on nodulation or N2-fixation from heavy application of oak, maple, sycamore, or walnut leaves to soil was observed. © 1995 Springer-Verlag.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029529997&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 8 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusPlant Science Department, Rutgers University, Lipman Hall, New Brunswick, 08903, NJ, United States Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Mercer County, 930 Spruce Street, Trenton, 08648, NJ, United States?Heckman, J. R. Kluchinski, D.1996cWaste management: Chemical composition of municipal leaf waste and hand-collected urban leaf litter355-362 Journal of Environmental Quality252!nitrogen issues soils urban soilsUMunicipal leaf waste delivered to New Jersey farms was sampled to evaluate its chemical composition and suitability for land application. Freshly fallen leaf litter samples were also collected and analyzed from seven different urban landscape tree species. Municipal leaf waste data from 100 samples in this study was summarized using frequency distributions to characterize its variability in composition. The chemical composition of municipal leaf waste was found to be quite variable. The minimum-maximum and median values were as follows: (g kg-1) C, 363 to 516, 480; N, 6.6 to 16.2, 9.4; P, 0.2 to 2.9, 1.0; K, 0.9 to 8.8, 3.6; Ca 1.3 to 30.4, 17.3; Mg, 0.2 to 4.6, 2.4; S, 0.1 to 2.1, 1.1; (mg kg-1) B, 7 to 72, 38; Fe, 46 to 9800, 733; Al, 58 to 10554, 602; Mn, 19 to 1845, 406; Zn, 22 to 392, 67; Na, 36 to 325, 90; Cl, 68 to 3995, 1083; Cu, 2.8 to 31.5, 8.1; Co, 0.9 to 10.9, 2.7; Cd, 0.1 to 6.8, 1.3; Pb, 3 to 400, 18; Ni, 1 to 58, 5; Cr, 0.9 to 35.1, 6.6; Ba, 4.2 to 142.0, 49.4. Although municipal leaf waste contains significant amounts of valuable plant nutrients, the high C/N ratio (range: 26.8-71.8; median: 48.5) suggests that heavy applications are likely to cause immobilization of available soil N. Concentrations of Fe, Al, Pb, and Cd were generally higher and more variable in municipal leaf waste than in hand-collected leaf litter. This suggests that contamination with urban soil during collection contributes to elevated Pb and Cd concentrations in municipal leaf waste. Given careful attention to N-fertilizer practice, municipal leaf waste is a suitable material for application to farm land.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030110836&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 11 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusPlant Science Dep., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States Rutgers Coop. Ext. of Mercer County, 930 Spruce St, Trenton, NJ 08648-4584, United States?Hodge, S. J. Boswell, R.1993IA study of the relationship between site conditions and urban tree growth358-367Journal of Arboriculture196$nitrogen nitrogen issues urban soilsCA study of urban London plane Platanus acerifolia was undertaken in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. One third of the 25 year old trees were in compacted gravel, one third in a paved area and one third in turf. Significant differences in tree condition were found between the three sites, as well as significant differences in soil dry bulk density, aeration, soil moisture tension and foliar essential element concentrations. Spring soil aeration, summer soil moisture stress, and foliar nitrogen and potassium concentrations had most influence on tree performance. -from Authors]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027707517&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus =}?:Holland, E. A. Braswell, B. H. Sulzman, J. Lamarque, J. F.2005cNitrogen deposition onto the United States and western Europe: Synthesis of observations and models38-57Ecological Applications151nitrogen issuesFeb The documented acceleration of NH3 and NOx (NO + NO2) emissions over the last 150 years has accelerated N deposition, compromising air and water quality and altering the functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems worldwide. To construct continental-scale N budgets, we produced maps of N deposition fluxes from site-network observations for the United States and Western Europe. Increases in the rates of N cycling for these two regions of the world are large, and they have undergone profound modification of biospheric-atmospheric N exchanges, and ecosystem function. The maps are necessarily restricted to the network measured quantities and consist of statistically interpolated fields of aqueous NO3- and NH4+, gaseous HNO3 and NO2 (in Europe), and particulate NO3- and NH4+. There remain a number of gaps in the budgets, including organic N and NH3 deposition. The interpolated spatially continuous fields allow estimation of regionally integrated budget terms. Dry-deposition fluxes were the most problematic because of low station density and uncertainties associated with exchange mechanisms. We estimated dry N deposition fluxes by multiplying interpolated surface-air concentrations for each chemical species by model-calculated, spatially explicit deposition velocities. Deposition of the oxidized N species, by-products of fossil-fuel combustion, dominate. the U.S. N deposition budget with 2.5 Tg of NOy-N out of a total of 3.7-4.5 Tg of N deposited annually onto the conterminous United States. Deposition of the reduced species, which are by-products of farming and animal husbandry, dominate the Western European N-deposition budget with a total of 4.3-6.3 Tg N deposited each year out of a total of 8.4-10.8 Tg N. Western Europe receives five times more N in precipitation than does the conterminous United States. Estimated N emissions exceed measured deposition in the United States by 5.3-7.81 Tg N, suggesting significant N export or under-sampling of urban influence. In Europe, estimated emissions better balance measured deposition, with an imbalance of between -0.63 and 2.88 Tg N, suggesting that much of the N emitted in Europe is deposited there, with possible N import from the United States. The sampling network in Europe includes urban influences because of the greater population density of Western Europe. Our analysis of N deposition for both regions was limited by sampling density. The framework we present for quantification of patterns of N deposition provides a constraint on our understanding of continental biospheric-atmospheric N cycles. These spatially explicit wet and dry N fluxes also provide a tool for verifying regional and global models of atmospheric chemistry and transport, and they represent critical inputs into terrestrial models of biogeochemistry.://000227120700004 1051-0761ISI:000227120700004}?=Holland, E. A. Dentener, F. J. Braswell, B. H. Sulzman, J. M.1999@Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets7-43Biogeochemistry461-3nitrogen issues urban soilsJulIncreases and expansion of anthropogenic emissions of both oxidized nitrogen compounds, NO(x, a)nd a reduced nitrogen compound, NH3, have driven an increase in nitrogen deposition. We estimate global NOx and NH3 emissions and use a model of the global troposphere, MOGUNTIA, to examine the pre-industrial and contemporary quantities and spatial patterns of wet and dry NOy and NHx deposition. Pre-industrial wet plus dry NOx and NHx deposition was greatest for tropical ecosystems, related to soil emissions, biomass burning and lightning emissions. Contemporary NOy + NHx wet and dry deposition onto Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperate ecosystems averages more than four times that of pre-industrial N deposition and far exceeds contemporary tropical N deposition. All temperate and tropical biomes receive more N via deposition today than pre-industrially. Comparison of contemporary wet deposition model estimates to measurements of wet deposition reveal that modeled and measured wet deposition for both NO3- and NH4+ were quite similar over the U.S. Over Western Europe, the model tended to underestimate wet deposition of NO3+ and NH4+ but bulk deposition measurements were comparable to modeled total deposition. For the U.S. and Western Europe, we also estimated N emission and deposition budgets. In the U.S., estimated emissions exceed interpolated total deposition by 3-6 Tg N, suggesting that substantial N is transported offshore and/or the remote and rural location of the sites may fail to capture the deposition of urban emissions. In Europe, by contrast, interpolated total N deposition balances estimated emissions within the uncertainty of each.://000080776300003 0168-2563ISI:000080776300003?Huinink, J. T. M.19987Soil quality requirements for use in urban environments157-162Soil and Tillage Research471-2SGreens Heather Mould Penetration resistance Roses Trees Urban soils nitrogen issuesDue to many conflicts between buyers and sellers of soil with regard to the composition agreed upon versus delivered or made, a need arose for generally accepted criteria for moulds used for purposes in urban area's. A working group consisting of soil scientists, urban government employees concerned with public green, building contractors, and landscape gardeners, all of them with practical experience in soil related problems in urban environments, brought uniformity in the terminology to be used, construction techniques to be applied, and criteria for the final soil composition, soil fertility and quality. Depending on the type of use, soil composition needs to fall within given limits. In addition, requirements for soil fertility are given with respect of soil pH, potassium-, phosphorus- and nitrogen content, and soil salinity. Furthermore limits are presented for shrinkage on drying, soil pollution, final soil compaction and in case the soil is constructed by mixing two soils or soil component, the maximum size of the composing elements in the final soil. In the paper the research results, practical experiences and hinseights that form the basis of the criteria, are discussed.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032474564&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusTMinistry of Agriculture, Nat. Mgmt. Fish., Natl. Ref. Ctr. A., 6710 EDE, Netherlands? &Hultengren, S. Grale?n, H. Pleijel, H.2004]Recovery of the epiphytic lichen flora following air quality improvement in South-West Sweden203-211Water, Air, and Soil Pollution1541-4Air pollution Lichens Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen impact Photographic method Pollution sensitivity Recovery Sulphur dioxide Sweden nitrogen nitrogen issues The development of the epiphytic lichen vegetation on tree trunks inside and nearby twelve towns and industrial areas in south-west Sweden was investigated 1986/88 and 1997 using a photographic technique. The lichen vegetation studied in terms of area cover as well as the air pollution sensitivity and preference for nitrogen of the individual lichens. During both surveys the lichen flora was strongly impoverished in urban areas compared to suburban areas and especially to the countryside (reference) areas nearby. The air pollution situation has improved in the area both before and during the study period. This holds especially for SO2, to a lesser extent also for NO2. Following the improvement of the air quality, an increased lichen area cover on the tree trunks was observed. Also the cumulative pollution sensitivity of the lichens present was higher in 1997 compared to 1986/88 in suburban and countryside areas. For the nitrogen impact, the increase from 1986/88 to 1997 was smaller than for pollution sensitivity, but still statistically significant. The trends are interpreted as signs of a normalisation of the lichen flora. It is concluded that the observed pattern of lichen recovery reflects the fact that the reduction of the air pollution level in the central parts of the towns is still not large enough to permit a large-scale recovery of the lichen flora, while in the suburban areas and the countryside next to the towns, the air quality has now improved to an extent, which permits the reinvasion of a number of lichens.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3543052877&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 W Cited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Amann, M., Emission inventories, emission control options and control strategies: An overview of recent developments (2001) Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 130, p. 43; Barkman, J.J., (1958) Phytosociology and Ecology of Cryptogamic Epiphytes, 628p. , Assen, Van Gorcum; Brawn, K., Ogden, J.G., Lichen diversity and abundance as affected by traffic volume in an urban environment (1976) Urban Ecology, 2, pp. 235-244; Geebelen, W., Hoffman, M., Evaluation of bio-indication methods using epiphytes by correlating with SO2-pollution parameters (2001) Lichenologist, 33, pp. 249-260; Gilbert, O.L., Lichen reinvasion with declining air pollution (1992) Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Environment, , J. W. Bates and A. M. Farmer, (eds), Clarendon Press, Oxford; Grindon, L.H., (1859) The Manchester Flora, 575p. , W. White, London; Hawksworth, D.L., Rose, F., (1976) Lichens As Air Pollution Monitors, 60p. , Arnold, London; Hultengren, S., Martinsson, P.-O., Stenstro?m, J., Lichens and air pollution (1991) Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Report, 3967, 58p. , In Swedish with a summary in English; LeBlanc, F., Rao, D.N., Comeau, G., Indices of atmospheric purity and fluoride pattern in Arvida, Quebec (1972) Can. J. Bot., 50, pp. 991-998; Marti, J., Sensitivity of lichen phycobionts to dissolved air pollutants (1983) Can. J. Bot., 61, pp. 1647-1653; McCune, B., Lichen communities along O3 and SO2 gradients in Indianapolis (1988) The Bryologist, 9, pp. 223-228; Nylander, W., Les lichens du Jardin du Luxembourg (1866) Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., 13, pp. 364-372; Santesson, R., (1993) The Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi of Sweden and Norway, 240p. , SBT-fo?rlaget, Lund; Skye, E., Lichens and air pollution. A study of cryptogamic epiphytes and environment in the Stockholm region (1968) Acta Phytogeographica Suecica, 52, p. 123; Showman, R.E., Lichen recolonization in the upper Ohio River valley (1990) The Bryologist, 93, pp. 427-428; Showman, R.E., Continuing lichen recolonization in the upper Ohio river valley (1997) The Bryologist, 100, pp. 478-481; Svanberg, P.-A., Lindskog, A., Air Quality in Sweden Summer 1999 and Winter 1999/00 (2000) IVL Report B1388, 88p. , in Swedish with a summary in English; Tyler, G., Uptake, retention and toxicity of heavy metals in lichens (1989) Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 47, pp. 321-333; Van Dobben, H.F., Decline and recovery of epiphytic lichens in an agricultural area in the Netherlands (1900-1988) (1996) Nova Hedwigia, 62, pp. 477-485; Van Dobben, H.F., Ter Braak, C.J.F., Ranking of epiphytic lichen sensitivity to air pollution using survey data: A comparison of indicator scales (1999) Lichenologist, 31, pp. 27-39; Van Herk, C.M., Bark pH and susceptibility to toxic air pollutants as independent causes of changes in epiphytic lichen composition in space and time (2001) Lichenologist, 33, p. 419; Wirth, V., (1995) Die Flechten Baden-Wu?rttembergs, 1006p. , Ulmer, Stuttgart; Wirth, V., Trendwende bei der Ausbreitung der anthropogen gefo?rdeten Flechte Lecanora conizaeoides (1993) Phytocoenologia, 23, pp. 625-636Naturcentrum Consultants, SE-444 31 Stenungsund, Sweden Go?teborg University, Applied Environmental Science, SE-405 30 Go?teborg, Sweden ?  Jim, C. Y.1998NUrban soil characteristics and limitations for landscape planting in Hong Kong235-249Landscape and Urban Planning404yHong Kong Soil compaction Soil limitation Soil management Urban ecology Urban soil Urban tree nitrogen issues urban soilsSoils in urban areas have not received adequate attention in relation to landscape planting. Recent urban tree surveys in Hong Kong identified many arboricultural problems related to stressful habitat conditions including edaphic ones. Soil constraints in the crowded city are acute and yet relevant data are lacking. This project evaluated in the field and laboratory 100 soil samples obtained from sites of varied natural and disturbance history at difficult roadside tree-pit sites in urban Hong Kong. An extensive range of physical and chemical properties were assessed to establish baseline information on soil limitations to amenity-vegetation growth. Most soils have lost natural soil horizons with morphological features of fill materials such as poor structure and artificial layering. They are excessively stony and coarse-textured, with abundance of building rubble and other foreign substances. The extensive soil compaction, associated with structural degradation and loss of porosity, is inimical to aeration, drainage, storage of plant-available moisture, and root growth. Release of carbonate from the calcareous construction waste has induced alkaline pH, with consequences on micronutrient and phosphorus deficiency. Organic matter contents, and the related supply of essential nitrogen and phosphorus, are all meager. The capacity to hold nutrient bases and the amount held in available forms are both inadequate for vigorous plant performance. There are signs of pollution by heavy metals, especially lead, which are derived from air-borne sources related to vehicular traffic. The results help to ascertain the need for soil tests in landscaping endeavors, to reinforce a weak link in landscaping programs, to establish a package of recommendations to improve urban soil management, to enhance the cost-effectiveness of greening programs, and to augment urban-tree performance so as to reduce recurrent management liability and burden.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032077525&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 22 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusFDepartment of Geography, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong1}? Jones, M. E. Paine, T. D.2006LDetecting changes in insect herbivore communities along a pollution gradient377-387Environmental Pollution1433nitrogen issuesOct(The forests surrounding the urban areas of the Los Angeles basin are impacted by ozone and nitrogen pollutants arising from urban areas. We examined changes in the herbivore communities of three prominent plant species (ponderosa pine, California black oak and bracken fern) at six sites along an air pollution gradient. Insects were extracted from foliage samples collected in spring, as foliage reached full expansion. Community differences were evaluated using total herbivore abundance, richness, Shannon-Weiner diversity, and discriminant function analysis. Even without conspicuous changes in total numbers, diversity or richness of herbivores, herbivore groups showed patterns of change that followed the air pollution gradient that were apparent through discriminant function analysis. For bracken fern and oak, chewing insects were more dominant at high pollution sites. Oak herbivore communities showed the strongest effect. These changes in herbivore communities may affect nutrient cycling in forest systems. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000238806200001 0269-7491ISI:000238806200001 }? Jovan, S. McCune, B.2005mAir-quality bioindication in the greater central valley of California, with epiphytic macrolichen communities 1712-1726Ecological Applications155nitrogen issuesOctAir-quality monitoring in the United States is typically focused on urban areas even though the detrimental effects of pollution often extend into surrounding ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to construct a model, based upon epiphytic mac rolichen community data, to indicate air-quality and climate in forested areas throughout the greater Central Valley of California (USA). The structure of epiphytic lichen communities is widely recognized as. an effective biological indicator of air-quality as sensitivities to common anthropogenic pollutants vary by species. We used nonmetric multidimensional-scaling ordination to analyze lichen community data from 98 plots. To calibrate the model, a subset of plots was co-locdted with air-quality monitors that measured ambient levels of ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Two estimates of ammonia deposition, which is not regularly monitored by any state or federal agency in California, were approximated for all plots using land-use maps and emissions estimates derived from the California Gridded Ammonia Inventory Modeling System. Two prominent gradients in community composition were found. One ordination axis corresponded with an air-quality gradient relating to ammonia deposition. Ammonia deposition estimates (r = -0.63 and -0.51), percentage nitrophilous lichen richness (r = -0.76), and percentage nitrophile abundance (r = -0.78) were correlated with the air-quality axis. Plots from large cities and small, highly agricultural towns had relatively poor air-quality scores, indicating similar levels of ammonia deposition between urban and agrarian land uses. The second axis was correlated with humidity (r = -0.58), distance from the coast ( r = 0.62), kriged estimates of cumulative ozone exposure (r = 0.57), maximum one-hour measurements of ozone (r = 0.58), and annual means of nitrogen dioxide (r = 0.63). Compared to ammonia, ozone and nitrogen dioxide impacts on lichen communities are poorly known, making it difficult to determine whether the second axis represents a response to climate, pollution, or both. Additionally, nitric acid may be influencing lichen communities although the lack of deposition data and research describing indicator species prevented us from evaluating potential impacts.://000232322600019 1051-0761ISI:000232322600019}? Jovan, S. McCune, B.2006uUsing epiphytic macrolichen communities for biomonitoring ammonia in forests of the greater Sierra Nevada, California69-93Water Air and Soil Pollution1701-4nitrogen issuesFebChronic, excessive nitrogen deposition is potentially an important ecological threat to forests of the greater Sierra Nevada in California. We developed a model for ammonia bioindication, a major nitrogen pollutant in the region, using epiphytic macrolichens. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling to extract gradients in lichen community composition from surveys at 115 forested sites. A strong ammonia deposition gradient was detected, as evidenced by a high linear correlation with an index of ammonia indicator species conventionally known as "nitrophytes" (r = 0.93). This gradient, however, was confounded by elevation (r = -0.54). We evaluated three statistical techniques for controlling the influence of elevation on nitrophytes: simple linear regression, nonlinear regression, and nonparametric regression. We used the unstandardized residuals from nonlinear regression to estimate relative ammonia deposition at each plot, primarily because this model had the best fit (r(2) = 0.33), desirable asymptotic properties, and it is easy to apply to new data. Other possible sources of noise in the nitrophyte-ammonia relationship, such as substrate pH and acidic deposition, are discussed. Lichen communities indicated relatively high deposition to forests of the southern Sierra Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, as well as in stands near urban areas. Evidence of elevated ammonia was also detected for popular recreation areas such as Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks. Lichen communities from forests in the Tahoe basin, northern Sierra Nevada, southern Cascades, and eastern Klamath Range appeared considerably less impacted. This model will be used for continual assessment of eutrophication risks to forest health in the region.://000236514800006 0049-6979ISI:000236514800006 ?5King, R. S. Deluca, W. V. Whigham, D. F. Marra, P. P.2007Threshold effects of coastal urbanization on Phragmites australis (common reed) abundance and foliar nitrogen in Chesapeake Bay469-481Estuaries and Coasts303nitrogen issuesFThe invasion of North American tidal marshes by Phragmites australis, or common reed, is a large-scale ecological problem that has been primarily studied at small spatial scales. Previous local-scale studies have provided evidence that the expansion of Phragmites is facilitated by disturbance and increased nitrogen (N) associated with agricultural and urban-suburban (developed) land uses along wetland-upland borders. We tested the generality of previous findings across a larger spatial scale and wider range of environmental conditions in Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuarine ecosystem in the USA. We sampled 90 tidal wetlands nested within 30 distinct subestuarine watersheds and examined the relationship between land use and Phragmites abundance and foliar N, an indicator of nitrogen availability. We estimated land use adjacent to wetland borders and within subestuary watersheds and explored the importance of spatial proximity by weighting land use by its distance from the wetland border or subestuary shoreline, respectively. Regression tree and changepoint analyses revealed that Phragmites abundance sharply increased in almost every wetland where development adjacent to borders exceeded 15%. Where development was <15% but natural land cover at the near the subestuary shoreline was low (14-22% shoreline development, the same level of development that corresponded to high levels of invasion. Our results suggest that development near wetlands is at least partially responsible for patterns of invasion across Chesapeake Bay. Larger-scale phenomena, such as nitrogen pollution at the watershed-subestuary scale, also may be facilitating invasion. Urbanization near coastlines appears to play an important role in the invasion success of Phragmites in coastal wetlands of Chesapeake Bay and probably much of eastern North America. © 2007 Estuarine Research Federation.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548044932&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusCenter for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798-7388, United States Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, United States Holdsworth Natural Resources Center, Department of Natural Resources Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008, United States 1?Kjelgren, R. K. Clark, J. R.1993SGrowth and water relations of Liquidambar styraciflua L. in an urban park and plaza195-201Trees74WNutrient deficiency Stomatal conductance Urban Water potential nitrogen nitrogen issues*Growth and water relations of 10-year-old sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) street trees were studied in sites with low and high potential evapotranspiration to determine how these differences are integrated by growth and water relations over time. The trees were located in the parking strip between the curb and sidewalk at a partially vegetated urban park and an urban plaza in Seattle, Washington. Crown size, and seasonal and diurnal stomatal conductance and water potential, as well as diurnal air temperature and humidity, were measured over 2 growing seasons. Yearly trunk growth since transplanting was measured from increment cores. Vapor pressure deficits and air temperatures averaged 18% greater at the plaza, but whole-tree water loss appeared to be much lower than the park trees due to more restricted stomatal conductance and crown size. In addition, yearly diameter increment declined progressively once the plaza trees were established in the existing soil several years after transplanting. Lower water potential in the plaza trees indicated greater internal moisture deficits than the park trees, and tissue analysis revealed lower nutritional status, particularly nitrogen. A manipulative study of water and fertilizer to several additional plaza trees showed an interaction between water and nutrient deficiencies in the coarse and shallow soil that apparently limited growth. Furthermore, soil limitations probably interacted with paved surface conditions over time by reducing nutrient recycling from leaf litter, and generating higher vapor pressure deficits that would contribute to prolonged stomatal closure. Restricted growth and water relations status of the plaza trees represented an equilibrium between chronic high-resource demand above ground and limited below ground. © 1993 Springer-Verlag.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0006313106&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 8 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus^The Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, United States ?Kochli, D. A. Brang, P.2005bSimulating effects of forest management on selected public forest goods and services: A case study57-68Forest Ecology and Management2091-2wAir quality Forest management models Indicators Recreation Silvicultural strategies Water quality nitrogen issues waterU Silvicultural interventions alter forest characteristics such as stand structure, tree species composition and developmental stage. These forest characteristics in turn influence the quality and quantity of public goods and services a forest provides, such as space for recreation, clean water, and air purification. In this paper, we use a forest growth simulator and a geographical information system (GIS) to assess the effects of three silvicultural strategies on recreational suitability, water purification potential and air purification potential in a peri-urban catchment in Switzerland. For each of the three services, an index was developed to capture the suitability of a stand for providing the service. The growth simulator SILVA 2.2 was used to project forest development over 50 years under the three silvicultural strategies BU 'business as usual' (small patch cuts, Swiss selection system), NI 'no intervention', and MA 'mass production' (clearcuts and plantations of Picea abies). In all three strategies, road maintenance continued. The outputs of SILVA 2.2 were transferred into the GIS. Indices for the three services were calculated and aggregated over the study area. The development of the indices for all three services mainly reflected the changes in developmental stages and in the spatial patch distribution as a result of silvicultural interventions. No single strategy resulted in maximum values for all three indices. Recreational suitability was highest with the BU strategy and lowest with the MA strategy. The latter was due to the conversion of broad-leaved forests into plantations. Water purification potential was captured as nitrogen (N) storage in tree biomass and N removal by timber harvesting. In these nearly N-saturated forest ecosystems, the water purification potential was generally highest with the BU strategy, and lowest with the NI strategy. The air purification potential was higher with the NI than with the BU strategy. With the MA strategy, it rapidly decreased at the beginning, but increased after 30 years and surpassed the other strategies as soon as most of the plantations had reached the pole stage. The NI and MA strategies presented are clearly extreme strategies, which could not realistically be applied to the whole catchment as so many different owners are involved. However, the results of our study can be used to show to what extent management activities affect goods and services. We propose using such tools more often in forest planning processes to support the development of land-use visions and policies on a regional scale. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-15944420923&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopussWSL Swiss Fed. Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zu?rcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerlandc?QKume, A. Tsuboi, N. Nakatani, N. Nakane, K. Sakurai, N. Nakagawa, N. Sakugawa, H.2001yMeasurement of ethylene emission from Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) under field conditions in NO(x)-polluted areas389-394Environmental Pollution1113AAging Air pollution Ethylene NO2 Pinus densiflora nitrogen issuesEmission of ethylene from the needles of Japanese red pine, Pinus densiflora, was measured in air-polluted areas in Hiroshima, Japan. We applied a suitable protocol to determine the rate of ethylene emission from the excised needles. The influence of excision of needles on ethylene emission was not detected during the first 4 h of incubation at 20°C. Ethylene emissions were low in the unpolluted (clean) areas regardless of the altitude or season. The emission of stress ethylene increased with the atmospheric NO2 concentration, suggesting that atmospheric NO(x) or related substances induced the higher ethylene emission in the polluted areas (near urban and industrial areas). In all cases, 1-year-old needles emitted significantly larger amounts of ethylene than the current needles. Ethylene emission did not increase evenly in the polluted areas, but the frequency of trees emitting high ethylene increased. Therefore, threshold rates for the baseline ethylene emission were proposed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034747619&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusaGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 394 Tsubakuro, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-2415, Japan?cLarsen, R. S. Bell, J. N. B. James, P. W. Chimonides, P. J. Rumsey, F. J. Tremper, A. Purvis, O. W.2007`Lichen and bryophyte distribution on oak in London in relation to air pollution and bark acidity332-340Environmental Pollution1462BBark pH Biodiversity Environment NOx Traffic Urban nitrogen issuesEpiphytic lichen and bryophyte distribution and frequency were investigated on the trunks of 145 young oak trees throughout London and surrounding counties, and compared with pollution levels and bark pH. Sixty-four lichen and four bryophyte species were recorded. Three major zones were identified: (i) two central regions with a few lichens, bryophytes absent; (ii) a surrounding region with a more diverse flora including a high cover of nitrophyte lichens; and (iii) an outer region, characterised by species absent from central London, including acidophytes. Nineteen species were correlated with nitrogen oxides and 16 with bark pH, suggesting that transport-related pollution and bark acidity influence lichen and bryophyte distribution in London today. Lichens and bryophytes are responding to factors that influence human and environmental health in London. Biomonitoring therefore has a practical role to assess the effects of measures to improve London's air quality. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33847100962&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusNatural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Kings College, London, United Kingdom }?@Lawrence, G. B. Goolsby, D. A. Battaglin, W. A. Stensland, G. J.2000YAtmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin - emissions, deposition and transport87-99 Science of the Total Environment2482-3nitrogen issuesApr Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has been cited as a major factor in the nitrogen saturation of forests in the north-eastern United States and as a contributor to the eutrophication of coastal waters, including the Gulf of Mexico near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Sources of nitrogen emissions and the resulting spatial patterns of nitrogen deposition within the Mississippi River Basin, however, have not been fully documented. An assessment of atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin was therefore conducted in 1998-1999 to: (1) evaluate the forms in which nitrogen is deposited from the atmosphere; (2) quantify the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition throughout the basin; and (3) relate locations of emission sources to spatial deposition patterns to evaluate atmospheric transport. Deposition data collected through the NADP/NTN (National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network) and CASTNet (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) were used for this analysis. NOx Tier 1 emission data by county was obtained for 1992 from the US Environmental Protection Agency (Emissions Trends Viewer CD, 1985-1995, version 1.0, September 1996) and NH3 emissions data was derived from the 1992 Census of Agriculture (US Department of Commerce. Census of Agriculture, US Summary and County Level Data, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Geographic Area series, 1995:1b) or the National Agricultural Statistics Service (US Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service Historical Data. Accessed 7/98 at URL, 1998. http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/hisdata.htm). The highest rates of wet deposition of NO3- were in the north-eastern part of the basin, downwind of electric utility plants and urban areas, whereas the highest rates of wet deposition of NH4+ were in Iowa, near the center of intensive agricultural activities in the Midwest. The lowest rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition were on the western (windward) side of the basin, which suggests that most of the nitrogen deposited within the basin is derived from internal sources. Atmospheric transport eastward across the basin boundary is greater for NO3- than NH4+, but a significant amount of NH4+ is likely to be transported out of the basin through the formation of (NH4)(2)SO4 and NH4NO3 particles - a process that greatly increases the atmospheric residence time of NH4+. This process is also a likely factor in the atmospheric transport of nitrogen from the Midwest to upland forest regions in the North-East, such as the western Adirondack region of New York, where NH4+ constitutes 38% of the total wet deposition of N. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.://000086555700004 0048-9697ISI:000086555700004?/Leuenberger, C. Czuczwa, J. Tremp, J. Giger, W.1988INitrated phenols in rain: Atmospheric occurrence of phytotoxic pollutants511-515 Chemosphere173nitrogen issuesFNitrated organic pollutants in the atmosphere (e.g. peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN)) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been extensively studied due to their possible hazardous effects on human and plant life. We report here the determination of six nitro- and three dinitrophenols in rain samples collected at an urban site in Switzerland. Identifications were performed by high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 2,4-Dinitro-6-methylphenol (DNOC) was present at concentrations between 1 and 10 nM. Although dinitrophenols are used as herbicides and insecticides, recently reported smog chamber experiments indicate that nitrated phenols could be secondary pollutants formed by tropospheric transformation of monoaromatic chemicals such as toluene and methylphenols. Rain and air measurements of these primary aromatic contaminants and of reactive species (NO(x), ozone) suggest that these compounds might be the precursors of nitrated phenols. Nitrated phenols are known to act as uncoupling agents in oxidative phosphorylation and to affect cell metabolism at levels lower than 10 ?M. Such toxic compounds in rainwater could act as previously unidentified stress factors for trees and should be evaluated as possible causes for the forest decline observed in central Europe with dramatically increasing severity since 1980.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0023872749&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 43 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusgSwiss Federal Institute for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland]?JLindroos, A. J. Paavolainen, L. Smolander, A. Derome, J. Helmisaari, H. S.1998YChanges in nitrogen transformations in forest soil as a result of sprinkling infiltration421-426Environmental Pollution102SUPPL. 1Acidity Forest soil Nitrogen Percolation water Sprinkling infiltration water groundwater runoff urban soils nitrogen nitrogen issuesSprinkling infiltration through forest soil is a relatively new technique for generating artificial groundwater reserves to supplement urban water supplies in Finland. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of infiltration and surface runoff, resulting from sprinkling infiltration, on the acidity status and nitrogen transformations in forest soil and in percolation water. The amount of infiltrated water applied annually during the study period was more than 2000 times greater than natural annual recharge in the area. The study area is located on an esker in southern Finland (Ahvenisto, Hameenlinna). The tree cover on the relatively fertile site consisted of Scots pine and Norway spruce. The results obtained during the first two years of the project indicated that the pH(H2O) of the organic layer of the soil had increased strongly due to sprinkling infiltration. The original pH of the organic layer was 4.7-5.1, and infiltration increased the pH to 6.5. The pH of percolation water collected below the organic layer increased strongly as a result of infiltration (>6.7 during infiltration). The pH of the infiltration water is about 7.0, which is higher than that of precipitation in the area (4.5). Sprinkling infiltration initiated net nitrification due to the elevated pH and increased ammonium availability. Infiltration increased emissions of N2O from the soil. During breaks in the infiltration treatment the leaching of NO3 from the topsoil was considerable compared to that on the control plots.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032430193&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Cajander, A.K., Forest types and their significance (1949) Acta Forestalia Fennica, 56, pp. 1-69; Hatva, T., Artificial groundwater recharge in Finland (1996) Artificial Recharge of Groundwater. Proceedings of an International Symposium, pp. 3-12. , Kivima?ki, A.-L., Suokko, T. (Eds.). Helsinki, Finland, June 3-5, 1996. NHP Report 38; Helmisaari, H.-S., Ma?lko?nen, E., Acidity and nutrient content of throughfall and soil leachate in three Pinus sylvestris stands (1989) Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 4, pp. 13-28; Ja?rvinen, O., Va?nni, T., Bulk deposition chemistry in Finland (1990) Acidification in Finland, pp. 151-166. , Kauppi, P., Anttila, P. and Kentta?mies, K. (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin; Lindroos, A.-J., Derome, J., Niska, K., The relationship between dissolved organic matter and percolation water chemistry in Northern Finland (1995) Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 79, pp. 191-200; Lindroos, A.-J., Derome, J., Niska, K., The effect of emissions from Cu-Ni smelters at Nikel, NW Russia, on the quality of bulk deposition, stand throughfall and percolation water in four scots pine stands in Northern Norway and Finland (1998) Chemosphere, 36 (4-5), pp. 1101-1106; Lumme, I., Arkhipov, V., Kettunen, I., Deposition gradients and foliar and soil leachate concentrations of air pollutants in Scots pine stands of S.E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, N.-W. Russia (1995) Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 85, pp. 1263-1268; Mannio, J., Vuorenmaa, J., Regional monitoring of lake acidification in Finland (1995) Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 85, pp. 571-576; Martikainen, P.J., Microbial processes in boreal forest soils as affected by forest management practises and atmospheric stress (1996) Soil Biochemistry, 9, pp. 195-232; Martikainen, P.J., Lehtonen, M., La?ng, K., De Boer, W., Ferm, A., Nitrification and nitrous oxide production potentials in aerobic soil samples from the soil profile of a Finnish coniferous site receiving high ammonium deposition (1993) FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 13, pp. 113-122; Martikainen, P.J., Nyka?nen, H., Silvola, J., Alm, J., La?ng, K., Smolander, A., Ferm, A., Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from some natural environments in Finland (1994) Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Nitrous Oxide Emissions, pp. 553-560. , Hupa, M. and Matinlinna, J. (Eds.). Turku, Finland, June 7-9, 1994 A?AU CCRG Report 94-10; Paavolainen, L., Smolander, A., Nitrification and denitrification in soil from a clear-cut Norway spruce (Picea abies) stand (1998) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30, pp. 775-781; Regina, K., Nyka?nen, H., Maljanen, M., Silvola, J., Martikainen, P.J., Emissions of N2O and NO and net nitrogen mineralization in a boreal forested peatland treated with different nitrogen compounds (1998) Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28, pp. 132-140; Smolander, A., Kitunen, V., Priha, O., Ma?lko?nen, E., Nitrogen transformations in limed and nitrogen fertilised soil in Norway spruce stands (1995) Plant and Soil, 172, pp. 107-115; Smolander, A., Priha, O., Paavolainen, L., Steer, J., Ma?lko?nen, E., Nitrogen and carbon transformations before and after clear-cutting in repeatedly N-fertilised and limed forest soil (1998) Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30, pp. 477-490; Soveri, J., Ahlberg, T., Effects of air pollutants on chemical characteristics of soil water and groundwater (1990) Acidification in Finland, pp. 865-881. , Kauppi, P., Anttila, P. and Kentta?mies, K. (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin; Starr, M., Tamminen, P., Forest soil acidification in Finland (1992) Environmental Maps and Environmental Surveying Projects in Finland. Geological Survey of Finland. Report of Investigation, 115, pp. 7-14. , Kukkonen, I. and Tanskanen, H. (Eds.); Starr, M., Ukonmaanaho, L., Soil water (1995) Integrated Monitoring Programme in Finland. First National Report, pp. 74-75. , Bergstro?m, I., Ma?kela?, K. and Starr, M. (Eds.). Ministry of Environment. Report 1, HelsinkiFinnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Centre, Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland Finnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi Research Station, Box 16, FIN-96301 Rovaniemi, Finland X}?Lovett, G. M. Rueth, H.1999\Soil nitrogen transformations in beech and maple stands along a nitrogen deposition gradient 1330-1344Ecological Applications94nitrogen issues urban soilsNov5A gradient of atmospheric nitrogen deposition exists across the northeastern United States due to the concentration of urban and industrial sources of nitrogen oxides in the southern and western parts of the region. We examined possible effects of N deposition on N cycling in forests by measuring potential net mineralization and nitrification of soils under single-species plots of sugar maple and American beech along this gradient. The total atmospheric deposition of nitrogen was estimated to range from 11.1 kg N.ha(-1).yr(-1) at a site in southern New York to 4.2 kg N.ha(-1).yr(-1) at a site in western Maine. Although potential net mineralization and nitrification rates were extremely variable, highly significant positive correlations were observed between N deposition and mineralization and nitrification rates in organic horizons in maple plots, but not in beech plots. The correlation between deposition and N cycling variables was weaker in mineral horizons than in organic horizons for maple plots, and no significant correlations between these variables were found for beech mineral horizons. Many beech soils showed no net nitrification even under the higher deposition conditions. Percentage nitrogen (%N) of the organic horizons increased with increasing deposition in sugar maple, but not in beech plots. In organic horizons of both species, mineralization and nitrification increased with increasing %N, although the slopes of the increases were steeper for maple than for beech. Nitrogen deposition, mean annual temperature, and mean annual precipitation were intercorrelated across the sites of this study, but the data indicate that the observed patterns of N mineralization in maple plots resulted from the N deposition gradient rather than the climate gradient. These results suggest that the two species respond differently to N accumulation from atmospheric deposition. Species differences in the responses of forests to N deposition should be considered in both the prediction of forest response and the management of forest composition which could affect that response.://000083684700021 1051-0761ISI:000083684700021?-MacDonald, R. C. Kimmerer, T. W. Razzaghi, M.1989nAerobic ethanol production by leaves: Evidence for air pollution stress in trees of the Ohio River Valley, USA337-351Environmental Pollution624nitrogen issuesWe measured the frequency with which leaves of trees in the Ohio River Valley produced ethanol aerobically, to determine if aerobic ethanol production might provide a viable field assay for air pollution stress. Leaves were collected from trees during the summers of 1985 and 1986 and ethanol production was determined using headspace GC. Frequency of ethanol production was compared with environmental factors, including air pollution concentrations. We found frequent foliar ethanol production and elevated alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the leaves of several species of trees in the Ohio River Valley, USA. The ethanol concentrations measured were often equivalent to those produced by anaerobic leaves. Ethanol production was associated with hot, hazy weather and elevated NO2 concentrations. Ethanol production was more frequent in urban and industrialized areas. Ethanol production was not associated with natural stresses such as flooding and herbivory. We propose that aerobic ethanol production is the result of cell acidification due to the accumulation of acidic gases in the cytoplasm. The use of ethanol production as a diagnostic tool for detecting stress imposed by acidic gases is discussed.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0024856474&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusWDepartment of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0073, United Statesl?BMarkkola, A. M. Tarvainen, O. Ahonen-Jonnarth, U. Stro?mmer, R. R.2002rUrban polluted forest soils induce elevated root peroxidase activity in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings273-278Environmental Pollution1162hEctomycorrhizal fungi Pinus sylvestris Root peroxidase activity Urban pollution nitrogen nitrogen issuesvPlant biomass, mycorrhizal status and root peroxidase activity were measured in ectomycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown in urban polluted and native, non-polluted forest soils with added ammonium or potassium sulphates simulating N and S deposition of urban areas. Peroxidase activity in the fine roots of seedlings planted in polluted forest soils was higher than in those planted in non-polluted soils and correlated positively with the activities measured in an earlier study in the roots of mature Scots pines growing at the sites from where the soils were collected. Growth of seedlings and mycorrhizal status were not affected by the origin of soil. Exposing the seedlings to winter acclimation conditions for 6 weeks elevated peroxidase activity in the roots. The addition of ammonium or potassium sulphate to non-polluted soils did not induce elevated root peroxidase activity, although at the levels of 0.5 and 1.0 g of ammonium sulphate a slight increasing trend was observed. We suggest, that indirect biotic factors, i.e. changes in the community structure of soil fungi, early stages of recognition, and defence reactions of pine roots against saprophytic and pathogenic fungi may be participating in the elicitation of peroxidase (POD) activity, although the possible role of heavy metals cannot be excluded. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036131551&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 8 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Agerer, R., (1987) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, , Einhorn-Verlag, Schwa?bisch Gmund; Asiegbu, F.O., Johansson, M., Stenlid, J., Reactions of Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) root tissues to the presence of mutualistic, saprotrophic and necrotrophic micro-organisms (1999) J. Phytopathol., 147, pp. 257-264; Bender, J., Manderscheid, R., Ja?ger, H.J., Analyses of enzyme activities and other metabolic criteria after five years of fumigation (1990) Environ. Pollution, 68, pp. 331-343; Decleire, M., De Cat, W., De Temmerman, L., Baeten, H., Modifications de l'activite? des peroxydase, catalase et superoxyde dismutase dans des feuilles d'e?pinard traite? a? l'ozone (1984) J. Plant Physiol., 116, pp. 147-152; Gaspar, T., Penel, C., Thorpe, T., Greppin, H., (1982) Peroxidases 1970-1980. A survey of their biochemical and physiological roles in higher plants, , Universite? de Gene?ve. Centre de Botanique, Gene?ve; Innes, J., (1993) Forest Health. Its Assessment and Status, , CAB International, University Press, Cambridge; Ka?ren, O., (1997) Effects of air pollution and forest regeneration methods on the community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi, , PhD thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae. Silvestria 33, 1-53 + appendices); Katainen, H.-S., Karjalainen, R., Ma?kinen, E., Jokinen, J., Kelloma?ki, S., Effects of SO2 on photosynthesis and peroxidase activity in Scots pine needles (1984) Eur. J. For. Path., 14, pp. 33-42; Kukkola, E., Rautio, P., Huttunen, S., Stress indications in copper and nickel exposed Scots pine seedlings (2000) Environ. Exp. Bot., 43, pp. 197-210; Markkola, A.M., Ohtonen, R., Tarvainen, O., Peroxidase activity as an indicator of pollution stress in the fine roots of Pinus sylvestris (1990) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 52, pp. 149-156; Markkola, A.M., Ohtonen, R., Tarvainen, O., Ahonen-Jonnarth, U., Estimates of fungal biomass in Scots pine stands on an urban pollution gradient (1995) New Phytol., 131, pp. 139-147; Meharg, A.A., The role of the plasmalemma in metal tolerance in angiosperms (1993) Physiol. Plantarum, 88, pp. 191-197; Mejnartowicz, L.E., Enzymatic investigations on tolerance in forest trees (1984) Gaseous Pollutants and Plant Metabolism, pp. 381-398. , Koziol, M.J., Whatley, F.R. (Eds.). Butterworths, London; Mocquot, B., Vangronsveld, J., Clijsters, H., Mench, M., Copper toxicity in young maize (Zea mays L.) plants: Effects on growth, mineral and chlorophyll contents and enzyme activities (1996) Plant and Soil, 182, pp. 287-300; Ohtonen, R., Markkola, A.M., Heinonen-Tanski, H., Fritze, H., Soil biological parameters as indicators of changes in Scots pine forests (Pinus sylvestris L.) caused by air pollution (1990) Acidification in Finland, pp. 373-393. , Kauppi, P., Anttila, P., Kentta?mies, K. (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin; Pandolfini, T., Gabrielli, R., Comparini, C., Nickel toxicity and peroxidase activity in seedlings of Triticum aestivum L (1992) Plant, Cell and Environment, 15, pp. 719-725; Roitto, M., Ahonen-Jonnarth, U., Ranta, H., Saikkonen, K., Peroxidase activity in defoliated Scots pines exposed to heavy metals and acid rain (1998) Responses of Plant Metabolism to Air Pollution and Global Change, p. 443. , De Kok, L.J., Stulen, L.(Eds.). Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands; Roitto, M., Ahonen-Jonnarth, U., Lamppu, J., Huttunen, S., Apoplastic and total peroxidase activity in Scots pine needles at subarctic polluted sites (1999) Eur. J. Forest Pathol., 29, pp. 399-410; Salzer, P., Hager, A., Effect of auxins and ectomycorrhizal elicitors on wall-bound proteins and enzymes of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) cells (1993) Trees, 8, pp. 49-55; Spanu, P., Bonfante-Fasolo, P., Cell-wall-bound peroxidase activity in roots of mycorrhizal Allium porrum (1988) New Phytol., 109, pp. 119-124; Swain, T., Hillis, W.E., The phenolic constituents of Prunus domestica I. The quantitative analysis of phenolic constituents (1959) J. Sci. Food Agric., 10, pp. 63-68; Tari, I., Nitrite in the root increases the peroxidase activity of wheat roots at pH 4.0 (1997) Cereal Res. Comm., 25, pp. 197-202; Tarvainen, O., Ahonen-Jonnarth, U., Markkola, A.M., Va?re, H., The influence of Al, Cu and Ni on peroxidase activity in seedlings of Pinus sylvestris and mycelia of Suillus variegates (1991) Biochemical, Molecular and Physiological Aspects of Plant Peroxidases. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium, , Lobarzewski, J., Greppin, H., Penel, C., Gaspar, Th. (Eds.). Lublin, Poland. University of Lublin and University of Geneva; Tarvainen, O., (2000) Species diversity of macrofungi along a pollution gradient in boreal pine forests, , LicPhil thesis, Department of Biology, University of Oulu?University of Oulu, Department of Biology, PO Box 3000, FIN-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Box 7026, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden University of Helsinki, Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland_}?McMahon, G. Woodside, M. D.1997aNutrient mass balance for the Albemarle-Pamlico drainage basin, North Carolina and Virginia, 1990573-5893Journal of the American Water Resources Association333nitrogen issues water qualityJunA 1990 nitrogen and phosphorus mass balance calculated for eight National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) basins in the Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Basin indicated the importance of agricultural nonpoint sources of nitrogen and phosphorus and watershed nitrogen retention and processing capabilities. Basin total nitrogen and phosphorus input estimates were calculated for atmospheric deposition (which averaged 27 percent of total nitrogen inputs and 22 percent of total phosphorus inputs); crop fertilizer (27 and 25 percent); animal-waste (22 and 50 percent, respectively); point sources (3 percent each of total nitrogen and total phosphorus inputs); and biological nitrogen fixation (21 percent of total nitrogen inputs). Highest in-stream nitrogen and phosphorus loads were measured in predominantly agricultural drainage areas. Intermediate loads were observed in mixed agricultural/urban drainage areas; the lowest loads were measured in mixed agricultural/forested drainage areas. The difference between the sum of the nutrient input categories and the sum of the in-stream nutrient loads and crop-harvest nutrient removal was assigned to a residual category for the basin. The residual category averaged 51 percent of total nitrogen inputs and 54 percent of total phosphorus inputs.://A1997XD79900006 0043-1370ISI:A1997XD79900006}?GMichopoulos, P. Baloutous, G. Economou, A. Voulala, M. Bourletsikas, A.2007NBulk and throughfall deposition chemistry in three different forest ecosystems91-98 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin161nitrogen issuesThe chemistry of bulk and throughfall deposition was examined for a period of 2 years (2002 and 2003) in three areas of Greece: in an urban pine forest in the city of Athens, in a fir forest located 40 km away from Athens, and in a remote mountainous fir forest in the central part of the country. It was found that the Ca2+ concentrations in bulk deposition correlated significantly with alkalinity in the three areas. The concentrations of SO42- anions correlated significantly with those of NO3- anions in bulk deposition in all forest types, probably as a result of the formation of cloud condensation nuclei. The concentrations of SO42--s and inorganic N in bulk deposition were found significantly higher in the area of Athens due to increased dry deposition. Enrichment of SO42--S in throughfall was found in all forest types indicating the existence of dry deposition, even in the remote forest. High amounts of N in throughfall deposition were found in the area of Athens caused by high N concentration in throughfall and the exceptionally high amount of rain during 2002. The leaching of K+ from tree canopies was particularly high in the remote fir forest.://000244841800017 1018-4619ISI:000244841800017}?6Michopoulos, P. Baloutsos, G. Economou, A. Nikolis, N.2004\Effects of nitrogen deposition on nitrogen cycling in an Aleppo pine stand in Athens, Greece211-218 Science of the Total Environment3231-3nitrogen issuesMayHigh levels of nitrogen deposition measured in throughfall fluxes in 2002, reaching 38 kg ha(-1) year(-1), affected the biogeochemical cycle of N in an Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) stand situated in Athens, the capital of Greece. The N fluxes in bulk deposition were far lower than those in throughfall indicating high levels of dry deposition in the city of Athens. The amounts of N in litterfall and those stored in the forest floor and mineral soil were not high, while the mean residence time of N in the forest floor, derived from fluxes equations, decreased considerably due to the high levels of N fluxes in throughfall deposition. Nitrogen concentration in needle tissues was high and this resulted in a high ratio of N/Zn. Zinc availability was low due to the alkaline nature of soil in the study area. Fast N cycling may affect the living status of Aleppo pine, which is an oligotrophic plant species capable of occupying poor soil sites. Nitrogen eutrophication may adversely affect forests grown on calcareous soils by developing nutrition imbalances between N and micronutrients, the solubility of which depends on soil pH values. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000221207700016 0048-9697ISI:000221207700016 ? Nelson, P.2001?Short-term air quality prediction using a case-based classifier263-272$Environmental Modelling and Software163Air monitoring operational data modelling Air Quality Management Operational Centre Athens Case-based reasoning (CBR) Short-term NO2 concentration prediction Urban air quality nitrogen nitrogen issuesIn the frame of air quality monitoring of urban areas the task of short-term prediction of key-pollutants concentrations is a daily activity of major importance. Automation of this process is desirable but development of reliable predictive models with good performance to support this task in operational basis presents many difficulties. In this paper we present and discuss the NEMO prototype that has been built in order to support short-term prediction of NO2 maximum concentration levels in Athens, Greece. NEMO is based on a case-based reasoning approach combining heuristic and statistical techniques. The process of development of the system, its architecture and its performance, are described in this paper. NEMO performance is compared with that of a back propagating neural network and a decision tree. The overall performance of NEMO makes it a good candidate to support air pollution experts in operational conditions. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. In the frame of air quality monitoring of urban areas the task of short-term prediction of key-pollutants concentrations is a daily activity of major importance. Automation of this process is desirable but development of reliable predictive models with good performance to support this task in operational basis presents many difficulties. In this paper we present and discuss the NEMO prototype that has been built in order to support short-term prediction of NO2 maximum concentration levels in Athens, Greece. NEMO is based on a case-based reasoning approach combining heuristic and statistical techniques. The process of development of the system, its architecture and its performance, are described in this paper. NEMO performance is compared with that of a back propagating neural network and a decision tree. The overall performance of NEMO makes it a good candidate to support air pollution experts in operational conditions. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035096378&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 bCited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Aamodt, A., Plaza, E., Case-based reasoning: Foundational issues, methodological variations, and system approaches (1994) AI Communications, 7 (1); Abdel-Aal, R.E., Elhadidy, M.A., Modelling and forecasting the daily maximum temperature using abductive machine learning (1996) Oceanographic Literature Review, 43 (1); Avouris, N.M., Co-operating knowledge-based systems for environmental decision support (1995) Knowledge-Based Systems, 8 (1), pp. 39-54; Bartzis, J.G., Environmental monitoring and simulation, environmental informatics - Methodology and applications of environmental information processing (1995) Environmental Informatics, pp. 237-255. , Avouris, N.M., Page, B. 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Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo; Watson, I., Marir, F., Case-based reasoning: A review (1994) Knowledge Engineering Review, 9 (4), pp. 327-354; Yi, J., Prybutok, V.R., A neural network model for the prediction of daily maximum ozone concentration in an industrialised urban area (1996) Environmental Pollution, 92 (3), pp. 349-357QAustralian Maritime Safety Authority, P.O. Box 2181, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia%?TNowak, D. J. Civerolo, K. L. Trivikrama Rao, S. Sistla, G. Luley, C. J. Crane, D. E.20006A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone 1601-1613Atmospheric Environment3410Air quality modeling Biogenic hydrocarbons Dry deposition Photochemistry Urban forestry Urban meteorology nitrogen nitrogen issuesRModeling the effects of increased urban tree cover on ozone concentrations (July 13-15, 1995) from Washington, DC, to central Massachusetts reveals that urban trees generally reduce ozone concentrations in cities, but tend to increase average ozone concentrations in the overall modeling domain. During the daytime, average ozone reductions in urban areas (1 ppb) were greater than the average ozone increase (0.26 ppb) for the model domain. Interactions of the effects of trees on meteorology, dry deposition, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, and anthropogenic emissions demonstrate that trees can cause changes in dry deposition and meteorology, particularly air temperatures, wind fields, and boundary layer heights, which, in turn, affect ozone concentrations. Changes in urban tree species composition had no detectable effect on ozone concentrations. Increasing urban tree cover from 20 to 40% led to an average decrease in hourly ozone concentrations in urban areas during daylight hours of 1 ppb (2.4%) with a peak decrease of 2.4 ppb (4.1%). However, nighttime (20:00-1:00 EST) ozone concentrations increased due to reduced wind speeds and loss of NO(x) scavenging of ozone from increased deposition of NO(x). Overall, 8-hour average ozone concentration in urban areas dropped by 0.5 ppb (1%) throughout the day. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033626807&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 21 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Baldocchi, D., A multi-layer model for estimating sulfur dioxide deposition to a deciduous oak forest canopy (1988) Atmospheric Environment, 22, pp. 869-884; Baldocchi, D.D., Hicks, B.B., Camara, P., A canopy stomatal resistance model for gaseous deposition to vegetated surfaces (1987) Atmospheric Environment, 21, pp. 91-101; Berman, S., Ku, J.Y., Rao, S.T., Uncertainties in estimating the mixing depth: Comparing three mixing-depth models with profiler measurements (1997) Atmospheric Environment, 31, pp. 3023-3039; Brasseur, G.P., Chatfield, R.B., The fate of biogenic trace gases in the atmosphere (1991) Trace Gas Emissions by Plants, pp. 1-27. , T.D. Sharkey, E.A. Holland, & H.A. Mooney. 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PA: Radnor; McPherson, E.G., Scott, K.I., Simpson, J.R., Estimating cost effectiveness of residential yard trees for improving air quality in Sacramento, California, using existing models (1998) Atmospheric Environment, 32, pp. 75-84; Nowak, D.J., Cardelino, C.A., Rao, S.T., Taha, H., Discussion: Estimating cost effectiveness of residential yard trees for improving air quality in Sacramento, California, using existing models (1998) Atmospheric Environment, 32, pp. 2709-2711; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., The Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) Model: Quantifying urban forest structure and functions (2000) In Proceedings of One Second International Symposium: Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century, , USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, St. Paul, MN, in press; Nowak, D.J., McHale, P.J., Ibarra, M., Crane, D., Stevens, J., Luley, C., Modeling the effects of urban vegetation on air pollution (1998) Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XII, pp. 399-407. , S. 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C., Bureau of Air Research, Albany, NY 12233, United States Davey Resource Group, Naples, NY 14512, United States}?4Ohtonen, R. Ohtonen, A. Luotonen, H. Markkola, A. M.1992Enchytraeid and Nematode Numbers in Urban, Polluted Scots Pine (Pinus-Sylvestris) Stands in Relation to Other Soil Biological Parameters50-54Biology and Fertility of Soils131nitrogen issues urban soilsMarWe examined the number of enchytraeids and nematodes in the mor humus layer of polluted Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands, located on a sulphur gradient from 1.2 to 2.8 mg g-1 in mor humus and up to a distance of 40 km from the centre of Oulu, an industrialized city in northern Finland, in autumn 1989 and spring 1990. The number of enchytraeids, dominated by one species, Cognettia sphagnetorum, showed a clear positive correlation with the soil respiration rate and the diversity and production of mycorrhizal fungi, and all these were negatively related with S and N concentrations in the soil, as measured in 1987 and 1988. This negative correlation may have been caused by an alteration in food supply of enchytraeids, owing to changes in litter quality and the amount and species composition of fungi and mycorhizae. Nematode numbers showed a positive correlation with the activity of dehydrogenase enzymes, mineral N, and soil pH. The feeding characteristics of nematodes as a group need further study. The numbers of both enchytraeids and nematodes were higher in the autumn than in the spring, and in the case of nematodes this variation was related to soil moisture.://A1992HL17000010 0178-2762ISI:A1992HL17000010*?FOleksyn, J. Kloeppel, B. D. ukasiewicz, S. Karolewski, P. Reich, P. B.2007`Ecophysiology of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in degraded and restored urban sites245-260Polish Journal of Ecology552iCO2 exchange Horse chestnut Restoration Stable carbon isotopes Urban environment nitrogen nitrogen issuesWe explored changes in growth, phenology, net CO2 assimilation rate, water use efficiency, secondary defense compounds, substrate and foliage nutrient concentration of a degraded urban horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) site restored for three years using mulching (tree branches including foliage) and fertilization (primarily nitrogen addition). Prior to restoration, this site was characterized by high pH (ca. 8), low foliage and substrate N, and high Na and Cl concentration. Our data indicated that in untreated plots NaCl used for road deicing is the decisive factors that may be responsible for the decrease of foliar N concentration (via a reduction in NO3- uptake), for the decrease in photosynthesis (through high concentrations of Na and Cl in the leaves) and for increased senescence of the leaves. After three years of treatment, total nitrogen concentration in substrate increased by 3- to 4-fold and calcium concentration decreased by more than 50% in relation to pretreatment levels. Treatment significandy increased seed production (from less than 12 to more than 100 seeds per tree), individual leaf mass (from 1.8 to 3.3 g/leaf), CO2 assimilation rate (by 21 to 30 %), improved leaf C:N ratio, and increased foliage life span by as much as six weeks. The beginning of leaf fall in untreated control trees started in mid-July and those of mulched and fertilized trees in late October. Applied treatment also eliminated visible symptoms of leaf damage due to high sodium and chlorine levels, indicating the possible role of other factors in the development of necroses. After three years of treatment, pH of most degraded plots declined from 8.2 to 7.8. That decline was accompanied by an increase in foliar Zn, Cu, and Pb concentration in the mulched and fertilized plants. In addition, treatment lowered foliage phenolics making these plants potentially more vulnerable to insect herbivory. Our study indicates that stable carbon isotope discrimination is of little value as an indicator of cumulative salinity and urban environment stress in A. hippocastanum due to pronounced differences in leaf phenology and ontogeny. 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Viti, 16, pp. 144-158; Skuhravy V. 1999 - An overview of knowledge about the horse chestnut miner Cameraria ohridella Desch. & Dim. (Lep., Gracillariidae) - Anz. Scha?dlingsk. 72: 95-99Stroganova, M., Myagkova, M., Prokof'eva, T., Skvortsova, I., (1998) Soils of Moscow and Urban Environment, , Eds: Burghardt W, Gerasimova M, PAIMS, Moskva; Suchara, I., (1982) Extractable Cl-, Na+, K +, and Ca+ contents in the leaves of street trees exposed to salt application in winter - Zahradnictvi, 9, pp. 289-300. , in Czech with English summary; Tagaki, M., Sasaki, S., Gyokusen, K., Saito, A., Stemflow chemistry of urban street trees (1997) Environ. Pollut, 96, pp. 107-109; Thalmann, C., Freise, J., Heitland, W., Bacher, S., Effects of defoliation by horse chestnut leafminer (Cameraria ohridella) on reproduction in Aesculus hippocastanum (2003) Trees, 17, pp. 383-388; Theodorou, C., Bowen, G.D., The influence of pH and nitrate on mycorrhizal associations of Pinus radiata D. Don (1969) Aust. J. Bot, 17, pp. 59-67; Unger, J., Sumeghy, Z., Zoboki, J., Temperature cross-section features in an urban area (2001) Atmos. Res, 58, pp. 117-127; Zhang, G.L., Burghardt, W., Lu, Y., Gong, Z.T., Phosphorus-enriched soils of urban and suburban Nanjing and their effect on groundwater phosphorus - Plant Nutr (2001) Soil Sci, 164, pp. 295-301Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N., St. Paul, MN 55108-1027, United States Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, Ko?rnik, PL-62-035, Poland Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 3160 Coweeta Lab Road, Otto, NC 28763-9218, United States Adam Mickiewicz University, Botanical Garden, Da?browskiego 165, PL-60-594 Poznan?, Poland}? kOrtiz-Zayas, J. R. Cuevas, E. Mayol-Bracero, O. L. Donoso, L. Trebs, I. Figueroa-Nieves, D. McDowell, W. H.20065Urban influences on the nitrogen cycle in Puerto Rico109-133Biogeochemistry791-2nitrogen issuesMayAnthropogenic actions are altering fluxes of nitrogen (N) in the biosphere at unprecedented rates. Efforts to study these impacts have concentrated in the Northern hemisphere, where experimental data are available. In tropical developing countries, however, experimental studies are lacking. This paper summarizes available data and assesses the impacts of human activities on N fluxes in Puerto Rico, a densely populated Caribbean island that has experienced drastic landscape transformations over the last century associated with rapid socioeconomic changes. N yield calculations conducted in several watersheds of different anthropogenic influences revealed that disturbed watersheds export more N per unit area than undisturbed forested watersheds. Export of N from urban watersheds ranged from 4.8 kg ha(-1) year(-1) in the Rio Bayamo in watershed to 32.9 kg ha(-1) year(-1) in the highly urbanized Rio Piedras watershed and 33.3 kg ha(-1) year(-1) in the rural-agricultural Rio Grande de Anasco watershed. Along with land use, mean annual runoff explained most of the variance in fluvial N yield. Wastewater generated in the San Juan Metropolitan Area receives primary treatment before it is discharged into the Atlantic Ocean. These discharges are N-rich and export large amounts of N to the ocean at a rate of about 140 kg ha(-1) year(-1). Data on wet deposition of inorganic N (NH4+ NO3-) suggest that rates of atmospheric N deposition are increasing in the pristine forests of Puerto Rico. Stationary and mobile sources of NOx (NO+ NO2) and N2O generated in the large urban centers may be responsible for this trend. Comprehensive measurements are required in Puerto Rico to quantitatively characterize the local N cycle. More research is required to assess rates of atmospheric N deposition, N fixation in natural and human-dominated landscapes, N-balance associated with food and feed trade, and denitrification.://000240033100007 0168-2563ISI:000240033100007}?!.Pellerin, B. A. Kaushal, S. S. McDowell, W. H.2006Does anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment increase organic nitrogen concentrations in runoff from forested and human-dominated watersheds?852-864 Ecosystems95nitrogen issues runoffAughAlthough the effects of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs on the dynamics of inorganic N in watersheds have been studied extensively, "the influence of N enrichment on organic N loss" is not as well understood. We compiled and synthesized data on surface water N concentrations from 348 forested and human-dominated watersheds with a range of N loads (from less than 100 to 7,100 kg N km(-2) y(-1)) to evaluate the effects of N loading via atmospheric deposition, fertilization, and wastewater on dissolved organic N (DON) concentrations. Our results indicate that, on average, DON accounts for half of the total dissolved N (TDN) concentrations from forested watersheds, but it accounts for a smaller fraction of TDN in runoff from urban and agricultural watersheds with higher N loading. A significant but weak correlation (r(2) = 0.06) suggests that N loading has little influence on DON concentrations in forested watersheds. This result contrasts with observations from some plot-scale N fertilization studies and suggests that variability in watershed characteristics and climate among forested watersheds may be a more important control on DON losses than N loading from atmospheric sources. Mean DON concentrations were positively correlated, however, with N load across the entire land-use gradient (r(2) = 0.37, P < 0.01), with the highest concentrations found in agricultural and urban watersheds. We hypothesize that both direct contributions of DON from wastewater and agricultural amendments and indirect transformations of inorganic N to organic N represent important sources of DON to surface waters in human-dominated watersheds. We conclude that DON is an important component of N loss in surface waters draining forested and human-dominated watersheds and suggest several research priorities that may be useful in elucidating the role of N enrichment in watershed DON dynamics.://000240832800014 1432-9840ISI:000240832800014^?"Percival, G. C. Barnes, S.2005tThe influence of calcium and nitrogen fertilization on the freezing and salinity tolerance of two urban tree species10-15Journal of Arboriculture311Chlorophyll content Chlorophyll fluorescence Electrolyte leakage Evergreen oak Fertilizer Holly SPAD values nitrogen nitrogen issuesTwo field trials were undertaken to determine the influence of fall fertilization using two commercially available, calcium-based fertilizers (calcium nitrate, calcium nitrate borate) and a high-nitrogen fertilizer (N:P:K = 24:7:7), at a range of concentrations, on the freezing and salinity tolerance of two urban tree species, evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) and holly (Ilex aquifolium). In both the 2001 and 2002 field trials, fertilization with calcium nitrate and calcium nitrate borate at a concentration of 40 g/m2 (0.12 0z /ft2) increased the freezing and salinity tolerance of both species as measured by leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, and chlorophyll content. In addition, calcium fertilization at this concentration significantly increased total plant dry weight recorded at the cessation of the experiment. Application of both calcium fertilizers at concentrations of less than 40 g/m2 provided no significant protectant properties. Applications of more than 40 g/m 2 proved phytotoxic to the two test species. Irrespective of concentration, applications of N:P:K (24:7:7) fertilizer did not enhance or increase susceptibility to freezing and salinity damage compared to nonfertilized controls. However, N:P:K (24:7:7) fertilization significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content and total plant dry weight. Results indicate that fall applications of calcium nitrate and calcium nitrate borate at 40 g/m2 can increase the freezing and salinity tolerance of evergreen oak and holly. © 2005 International Society of Arboriculture.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-12144250159&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Akhavankharazian, M., Campbell, W.F., Jurinak, J.J., Dudley, L.M., Calcium amelioration of NaCl effects on plant growth, chlorophyll, and ion concentration in Phaseolus vulgaris (1991) Arid Soil Res. Rehabil., 5, pp. 9-19; Anderson, J.L., Campbell, W.F., Calcium transport and ATPase activity in microsomal vesicle fraction from 'Montmorency' sour cherry fruit (1995) Acta Hortic., 398, pp. 47-57; Berbezy, P., Legendre, L., Maujean, A., Purification and characterisation of alpha-amylase from vine shoot inter-nodes (1996) Plant Physiol. Biochem., 34 (3), pp. 353-361; Biggs, M.P., Low temperature acclimation and associated physiological changes in species of Rhododendron (1996), Ph.D. thesis. University of Strathclyde, in association with SAC AuchincruiveCameron, R.W.F., Dixon, G.R., Air temperature, humidity and rooting volume affecting freezing injury to Rhododendron and other perennials (1997) J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol., 72 (4), pp. 553-562; Cannel, M.G.R., Smith, R.I., Climatic warming, spring budburst and frost damage on trees (1986) J. Appl. Ecol., 23, pp. 177-191; Dehaynes, D.H., Ingle, M.A., White, C.E., Nitrogen fertilization enhances cold tolerance of red spruce seedlings (1998) Can J. For. Res., 19, pp. 1037-1043; Dobson, M.C., De-icing salt damage to trees and shrubs (1991) For. Commiss. Bull., 101; Edgerton, I.J., Effects of nitrogen fertilization on cold hardiness of apple trees (1957) Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 70, pp. 40-45; Evans, J.T., Nitrogen and photosynthesis in the flag leaf of wheat (1983) Plant Physiol., 72, pp. 297-302; Greaves, J.A., Wilson, J.M., Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis - An aid to plant breeders (1987) Biologist, 34 (4), pp. 209-214; Hoel, B.O., Use of a handheld chlorophyll meter in winter wheat: Evaluation of different measuring positions on the leaf (1998) Acta Agric. Scand., 48, pp. 222-228; Legge, R.L., Thompson, E., Baker, J.E., Lieberman, M., The effect of calcium on the fluidity and phase properties of microsomal membranes isolated from postclimacteric Golden Delicious apples (1982) Plant Cell Physiol., 23, pp. 161-169; Lichtenthaler, H.K., Wellburn, A.R., Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents (1983) Biochem. Soc. Transcr., 11, pp. 591-593; McKay, H., Electrolyte leakage from fine roots of conifer seedlings: A rapid index of plant vitality following cold storage (1992) Can. J. For. Res., 22, pp. 1371-1377; Meinander, O., Somersalo, S., Holopainen, T., Strasser, R.J., Scots pine after exposure to elevated ozone and carbon dioxide probed by reflectance spectra and chlorophyll a fluorescence transients (1996) J. Plant Physiol., 148, pp. 229-236; Monroy, A.F., Sarhan, F., Dhindsa, R.S., Cold-induced changes in freezing tolerance, protein phosphorylation, and gene expression (1993) Plant Physiol., 102, pp. 1227-1235; Palta, J.P., Role of calcium in plant responses to stresses: Linking basic research to the solution of practical problems (1996) HortScience, 31 (1), pp. 51-57; Pellet, N.E., White, D.B., Effects of soil nitrogen and soil moisture levels on cold acclimation of container-grown Juniperus chinensis 'Hetsi' (1969) J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 94, pp. 457-459; Percival, G.C., Fraser, G.A., Measurement of the salinity and freezing tolerance of Crataegus genotypes using chlorophyll fluorescence (2001) J. Arboric., 27 (5), pp. 233-245; Percival, G.C., Galloway, A., The potential of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to detect salt and waterlogging stress in urban trees (1999) Acta Hortic., 496, pp. 253-259; Percival, G.C., Henderson, A., An assessment of the freezing tolerance of urban trees using chlorophyll fluorescence (2003) J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol., 78 (2), pp. 254-260; Percival, G.C., Boyle, C., Baird, L., The influence of calcium supplementation on the freezing tolerance of woody plants (1999) J. Arboric., 25 (6), pp. 285-291; Proebstring, E.L., Cold hardiness of Elberta peach fruit buds as influenced by nitrogen level and cover crop (1961) Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic Sci., 77, pp. 97-106; Raese, J.T., Winter hardiness increased with calcium treatments (1996) Good Fruit Grower, 47 (4), pp. 41-48; Rease, J.T., Cold tolerance, yield and fruit quality of d'Anjou pears influenced by nitrogen fertilizer rates and time of application (1997) J. Plant Nutr., 20, pp. 1007-1025; Sakai, A., Larcher, W., (1987) Frost Survival of Plants - Responses and Adaptations to Freezing Stress, , Springer-Verlag, London, UK; Seemann, J.R., Sharkey, T.D., Wang, J., Osmond, C.B., Environmental effects on photosynthesis, nitrogen use efficiency and metabolite pools in leaves of sun and shade plants (1987) Plant Physiol., 84, pp. 796-802; Smiley, E.T., Shirazi, A.M., Fall fertilization and winter hardiness (2000) Proceedings from an International Conference on Tree and Shrub Fertilization, pp. 93-103. , May 17-18, 2000, Fairlawn, Ohio. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL; Way, R.D., The effects of some cultural practices and of size of crop on the subsequent winter hardiness of some apple trees (1953) Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic Sci., 63, pp. 163-166; Willits, D.H., Peet, M.M., Using chlorophyll fluorescence to model leaf photosynthesis in greenhouse pepper and tomato (2001) Acta Hortic., 507, pp. 311-315; Yamada, M., Hidaka, T., Fukamachi, H., Heat tolerance in leaves of tropical fruit crops as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence (1996) Sci. Hortic., 67, pp. 39-48R.A. Bartlett Tree Res. Laboratory, The University of Reading, 2 Early Gate, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AU, United Kingdom School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom?#"Pesch, R. Schroder, W. Schmidt, G.2007?Nitrogen accumulation in forests. Exposure monitoring by mosses151-158The Scientific World Journal7SUPPL. 1YBiomonitoring Data compilation Geostatistics Mosses Nitrogen accumulation nitrogen issuesAt present, there is still little information on nitrogen (N) accumulation in forests contrasting with the crucial importance of N in forest ecosystems. This work analyzes the N bioaccumulation in mosses from forested areas from Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia (two of 16 federal states of Germany), the Weser Ems Region (part of Lower Saxony), and the Euro Region Nissa (covering the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland). The studies involved samples collected from 190 sites between 1998 and 2005. Different spatial scales and regional differences in land use were chosen to assess the factors affecting N bioaccumulation in forested areas. A continuous reduction of N bioaccumulation was found from Lower Saxony (a region where agriculture is most predominant) to North Rhine-Westphalia (mostly urban). The Weser Ems Region (an agricultural region) showed a higher N concentration in mosses than the Euroregion Nissa (a former industrial region). Statistical analyses performed at the different spatial scales revealed that the areas showing greater agricultural and livestock spatial densities favor N bioaccumulation in mosses. N concentration in mosses was moderately correlated with the N concentration in the leaves and needles of the surrounding trees. No significant relationships were found regarding the crown density of forest trees or N deposition estimations from a combination of atmospheric models and deposition measurements. ©2007 with author. Published by TheScientificWorld.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34247238168&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusWDepartment of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, PO 1553, D-49356 Vechta, Germany}?$>Poor, N. Pollman, C. Tate, P. Begum, M. Evans, M. Campbell, S.2006Nature and magnitude of atmospheric fluxes of total inorganic nitrogen and other inorganic species to the Tampa Bay watershed, FL, USA267-283Water Air and Soil Pollution1701-4nitrogen issuesFebWe estimated the total inorganic fluxes of nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), chloride (Cl-), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+) and hydronium (H+). The resistance deposition algorithm that is programmed as part of the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system was used to generate spatially-distributed deposition velocities, which were then combined with measurements of urban and rural concentrations of gas and particle species to obtain dry deposition rates. Wet deposition rates for each species were determined from rainfall concentrations and amounts available from the National Acid Deposition Program (NADP) monitoring network databases. The estimated total inorganic nitrogen deposition to the Tampa Bay watershed (excluding Tampa Bay) was 17 kg-N h(-1) yr(-1)supercript stop or 9,700 metric tons yr(-1)supercript stop, and the ratio of dry to wet deposition rates was similar to 2.3 for inorganic nitrogen. The largest contributors to the total N flux were ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at 4.6 kg-N ha(-1) yr(-1) and 5.1 kg-N ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. Averaged wet deposition rates were 2.3 and 2.7 kg-N ha(-1) yr(-1)supercript stop for NH4+ and NO3-, respectively.://000236514800017 0049-6979ISI:000236514800017 ?% Potter, D. A.1992yAbundance and mortality of a specialist leafminer in response to experimental shading and fertilization of American holly14-22 Oecologia911[Demographic variation Herbivory-Plant stress Ilex opaca Phytomyza ilicicola nitrogen issues Phytomyza ilicicola (Diptera: Agromyzidae), a univoltine specialist leafminer, typically reaches higher population densities on cultivated host planted in sunny, urban sites than it does on native trees in the forest understory. I tested the hypothesis that environmental factors, more specifically differences in light intensity and soil fertility, are responsible for this observed pattern, either by affecting leaf morphology or nutritional quality, or indirectly through early leaf abscission. Clonal trees were planted at a common site and experimentally shaded and fertilized for 14 months before being exposed to oviposition by adult flies. Differences in leaf thickness, nitrogen and water status, and in the abundance, developmental rate, survival, pupal weights and abscission-related mortality of leafminers were compared among trees. Leaves from experimentally shaded trees were larger and thinner, with only two palisade cell layers as compared to three to four layers in leaves from unshaded trees. Crystals, probably of calcium oxalate, are abundant in the abaxial cell layer, and it was hypothesized that these might set mechanical constraints on larvae feeding within shaded leaves. However, there was little or no difference in leafminer abundance, developmental rate, survival to pupation, area of finished mines, or pupal weight between shaded and unshaded trees. Leafminers compensated for feeding within thinner, shaded leaves by consuming portions of the abaxial and adaxial palisade layers and leaving a thinner roof on the mine. Furthermore, there was no difference in thickness between leaves with successful or aborted mines in either shade or sun. Leaves from fertilized trees contained 37% higher total nitrogen than those from unfertilized control trees. Fertilization did not significantly affect leafminer abundance, developmental rate, mine area or pupal weight, but survival to pupation was slightly lower on fertilized trees. Abscission-related mortality of P. ilicicola was much higher in full sun than for shaded trees, opposite of what would be predicted if early abscission per se were a primary determinant of relative abundance between habitats. These results indicate that structural constraints on leafminer larvae within shaded leaves, differences in leaf nitrogen related to soil fertility, and/or differential mortality resulting from early leaf abscission are probably not the proximate causes of density variation of this leafminer between woods and urban habitats. © 1992 Springer-Verlag.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027063202&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 16 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusZDepartment of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546-0091, KY, United States+3?&Pouyat, R. V. Carreiro, M. M.2003eControls on mass loss and nitrogen dynamics of oak leaf litter along an urban-rural land-use gradient288-298 Oecologia1352_Decomposition Earthworms Forests Litter quality Litterbags nitrogen nitrogen issues urban soils Using reciprocal leaf litter transplants, we investigated the effects of contrasting environments (urban vs. rural) and intraspecific variations in oak leaf litter quality on mass loss rates and nitrogen (N) dynamics along an urban-rural gradient in the New York City metropolitan area. Differences in earthworm abundances and temperature had previously been documented in the stands along this gradient. Red oak leaf litter was collected and returned to its original source stand as native litter to measure decay rates along the gradient. To separate site effects from litter quality effects on decay, reciprocal transplants of litter were also made between stands at the extremes of the environmental gradient (urban and rural stands). Land-use had no effect on mass loss and N dynamics of native litter by the end of the 22-month incubation period. The lack of differences in native litter suggests the factors affecting decay were similar across the stands in this study. However, in the transplant study both environment and litter type strongly affected decay of oak leaf litter. On average urban and rural litter decomposed faster over the incubation period in urban than in rural stands (P=0.016 and P=0.001, respectively, repeated measures ANOVA). Differences in mass loss between urban and rural stands resulted in rural environments having less mass remaining than urban environments at the end of the incubation period (25.6 and 46.2% for urban and rural sites, respectively). Likewise, less N remained in leaf residue in urban sites (71.3%) compared to that in rural sites (115.1%). Litter type also affected mass loss rates during the 22-month incubation period. On average rural litter mass loss rates were faster than urban litter rates in both urban and rural stands (P=0.030 and P=0.026, respectively, repeated measures ANOVA). By the end of the incubation period, rural litter exhibited 43 and 20% greater mass loss and retained 44 and 5% less N than urban litter decomposing in the same urban and rural sites, respectively. These results suggest that different factors were controlling mass loss and N release rates along this urban-rural gradient. In urban stands, exotic earthworms and warmer temperatures may be compensating for what would otherwise be slowly decaying leaf litter because of its lower quality. Likewise, the lower quality litter produced in the urban stands may be decreasing the net release of N from litter despite higher temperatures and earthworm activity. Even though native litter decay rates were similar, the differential importance of the factors affecting decay along this gradient could alter the response of these forests to disturbance and variations in climate.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038372569&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 9 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Airola, T.M., Buchholz, K., Species structure and soil characteristics of five urban sites along the New Jersey Palisades (1984) Urban Ecol, 8, pp. 149-164; Berg, B., McClaugherty, C., Nitrogen release from litter in relation to disappearance of lignin (1987) Biogeochemistry, 4, pp. 219-224; Berg, B., Staaf, H., Leaching, accumulation, and release of nitrogen in decomposing forest litter (1981) Ecol Bull, 32, pp. 163-178. , Persson T (ed.) Structure and function of northern coniferous forests: an ecosystem study; Berg, B., Ekbohm, G., Soderstromm, B., Staaf, H., Reduction of decomposition rates of Scots pine needle litter due to heavy-metal pollution (1991) Water Air Soil Pollut, 59, pp. 165-177; Birk, E.M., Vitousek, P.M., Nitrogen availability and nitrogen use efficiency in loblolly pine stands (1986) Ecology, 67, pp. 69-79; Blair, J.M., Litter decomposition, nitrogen dynamics and litter microarthropods in a southern Appalachian hardwood forest 8 years following clearcutting (1988) J Appl Ecol, 25, pp. 683-698; Carreiro, M.M., Howe, K., Parkhurst, D.F., Pouyat, R.V., Variations in quality and decomposability of red oak leaf litter along an urban-rural gradient (1999) Biol Fert Soils, 30, pp. 258-268; Carsile, A., Brown, A.H.F., White, E.J., Litter fall, leaf production and the effects of defoliation by Tortrix viridana in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea) woodland (1966) J Ecol, 54, pp. 65-85; Fenn, M.E., Increased site fertility and litter decomposition rate in high pollution sites in the San Bernardino Mountains (1991) For Sci, 37, pp. 1163-1181; Fenn, M.E., Dunn, P.H., Litter decomposition across an air-pollution gradient in the San Bernardino Mountains (1989) Soil Sci Soc Am J, 53, pp. 1560-1567; Findlay, S., Carreiro, M., Krischik, V., Jones, C.G., Effects of damage to living plants on leaf litter quality (1996) Ecol Appl, 6, pp. 269-275; Fogal, R., Cromack K., Jr., Effect of habitat and substrate quality on Douglas Fir litter decomposition in Western Oregon (1977) Can J Bot, 55, pp. 1632-1640; Fox, J.F., Van Cleve, K., Relationship between cellulose decomposition, forest floor nitrogen, and soil temperature in Alaskan U.S.A. Taiga forests (1983) Can J For Res, 13, pp. 789-794; Geng, X., Pastor, J., Dewey, B., Decay and nitrogen dynamics of litter from disjunct congeneric tree species in old-growth stands in northeastern China and Wisconsin (1993) Can J Bot, 71, pp. 693-699; Gonick, W.N., Shearin, A.E., Hill, D.E., (1970) Soil Survey of Litchfield County, , USDA Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC; Grodzinski, W., Weiner, J., Maycock, P.F., (1984) Forest Ecosystems in Industrial Regions, , Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York; Haines, B.L., Carlson, C.L., Effects of acid precipitation on trees (1989) Acid Precipitation, Vol 2: Biological and Ecological Effects, 2, pp. 1-27. , Adriano PC, Johnson AH (eds). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York; Hill, D.E., Sauter, E.H., Gonick, W.N., Soils of Connecticut (1980) Conn Agric Exp St Bull, 787; Horner, J.D., Gosz, J.R., Cates, R.G., The role of carbon-based plant secondary metabolites in decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems (1988) Am Nat, 132, pp. 869-883; Inman, J.C., Parker, G.R., Decomposition and heavy metal dynamics of forest litter in northwestern Indania (1978) Env Pollut, 17, pp. 34-51; Johansson, M.B., Decomposition rates of Scots pine needle litter related to site properties, litter quality, and climate (1994) Can J For Res, 24, pp. 1771-1781; Jordan, D.N., Green, T.H., Chappelka, A.H., Lockaby, B.G., Meldahl, R.S., Gjerstad, D.H., Response of total tannins and phenolics in loblolly pine foliage exposed to ozone and acid rain (1991) J Chem Ecol, 17, pp. 505-513; Kuperman, R.G., Litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics in oak-hickory forests along a historic gradient of nitrogen and sulfur deposition (1999) Soil Biol Biochem, 31, pp. 237-244; Lee, K.E., (1985) Earthworms: Their Ecology and Relationships with Soils and Land Use, , Academic Press, Sydney, Australia; Luxton, M., Substrate utilization by the soil fauna (1982) Oikos, 39, pp. 340-341; Meentemeyer, V., Berg, B., Regional variation in rate of mass loss of Pinus-Sylvestris needle litter in Swedish pine forests as influenced by climate and litter quality (1986) J For Res, 1, pp. 167-180; Medley, K.E., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Forest-landscape structure along an urban-to-rural gradient (1995) Prof Geogr, 47, pp. 159-168; Melillo, J.M., Aber, J.D., Muratore, J.F., Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics (1982) Ecology, 63, pp. 621-626; Merrill, W., Cowling, E.B., Role of nitrogen in wood deterioration: Amounts and distribution of nitrogen in tree stems (1966) Can J Bot, 44, pp. 1555-1580; Nihlgard, B., The ammonium hypothesis - An additional explanation to the forest dieback in Europe (1985) Ambio, 14, pp. 2-8; Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Heavy metal accumulation in forest soils along an urban-rural gradient in Southern New York, U.S.A. (1991) Water Air Soil Pollut, 57-58, pp. 797-807; Pouyat, R.V., (1992) Soil Characteristics and Litter Dynamics in Mixed Deciduous Forests Along an Urban-rural Gradient, , PhD Dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J; Pouyat, R.V., Parmelee, R.W., Carreiro, M.M., Environmental effects of forest soil-invertebrate and fungal densities in oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient (1994) Pedobiologia, 38, pp. 385-399; Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Soil characteristics of oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient (1995) J Environ Qual, 24, pp. 516-526; Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in oak stands along an urban-rural land-use gradient (1997) Urban Ecosys, 1, pp. 117-131; (1987) SAS Statistics User's Guide, , SAS Institute, Cary, N.C; Schaefer, D.A., Reiners, W.A., Throughfall chemistry and canopy processing mechanisms (1990) Acid Precipitation, Vol. 3: Sources, Deposition and Canopy Interactions, 3, pp. 241-284. , Lindberg SE, Page AL, Norton SA (eds). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York; Scheu, S., Litter microflora-soil macrofauna interactions in lignin decomposition: A laboratory experiment with 14C-labelled lignin (1993) Soil Biol Biochem, 25, pp. 1703-1711; Smith, W.H., (1990) Air Pollution and Forests: Interaction Between Air Contaminants and Forest Ecosystems, 2nd Edn., , Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York; Staaf, H., Foliage litter turnover and earthworm populations in three beech forests of contrasting soil and vegetation types (1987) Oecologia, 72, pp. 58-56; Steinberg, D.A., Pouyat, R.V., Parmelee, R.W., Groffman, P.M., Earthworm abundance and nitrogen mineralization rates along an urban-rural land use gradient (1997) Soil Biol Biochem, 29, pp. 427-430; Swift, M.J., Heal, O.W., Anderson, J.M., (1979) Studies in Ecology, Vol 5: Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems, 5. , Blackwell, Oxford; Sykes, J.M., Bunce, R.G.H., Fluctuations in litter-fall in a mixed deciduous woodland over a three-year period (1970) Oikos, 21, pp. 326-329; Taylor, B.R., Parkinson, D., Annual differences in quality of leaf litter of aspen (Populus tremuloides) affecting rates of decomposition (1988) Can J Bot, 66, pp. 1940-1947; Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, R.B., Lewis, B.A., Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition (1991) J Dairy Sci, 74, pp. 3583-3597; Zhu, W., Carreiro, M.M., Chemoautotrophic nitrification in acidic forest soils along an urban-to-rural transect (1999) Soil Biol Biochem, 31, pp. 1091-1100Northeastern Research Station, c/o Baltimore Ecosystem Study, University of Maryland, 5200 Westland Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21227, United States Department of Biology, 139 Life Sciences Building, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States ?'<Querejeta, J. I. Barbera, G. G. Granados, A. Castillo, V. M.2008oAfforestation method affects the isotopic composition of planted Pinus halepensis in a semiarid region of Spain56-64Forest Ecology and Management2541Afforestation Drought Pinus halepensis Semiarid Stable isotopes preservation forestation afforestation tree mortality tree death nitrogen issuessWe used an isotopic approach to evaluate the effects of three afforestation methods on the ecophysiology of an Aleppo pine plantation in semiarid Spain. The site preparation methods tested were excavation of planting holes (H), subsoiling (S), and subsoiling with addition of urban solid refuse to soil (S + USR). Five years after plantation establishment, trees in the S + USR treatment were over three times larger than those in the S treatment, and nearly five-fold larger than those planted in holes. Differences in tree biomass per hectare were even greater due to disparities in initial planting density and pine tree mortality among treatments. Pine trees in the S + USR treatment showed higher foliar P concentration, ?13C and ?15N than those in the S or H treatments. Foliar ?15N data proved that trees in the S + USR treatment utilized USR as a source of nitrogen. Foliar ?13C and ?18O data suggest that improved nutrient status differentially stimulated photosynthesis over stomatal conductance in the pine trees of the S + USR treatment, thus enhancing water use efficiency and growth. In the spring of 2002, trees in the S + USR treatment exhibited the most negative predawn water potentials of all the treatments, indicating that the rapid early growth induced by USR accelerated the onset of intense intra-specific competition for water. The results of this study have implications for the establishment and management of Aleppo pine plantations on semiarid soils. Planting seedlings at low density and/or early thinning of pine stands are strongly recommended if fast tree growth is to be maintained beyond the first few years after USR addition to soil. Foliar C, O and N isotope measurements can provide much insight into how resource acquisition by trees is affected by afforestation techniques in pine plantations under dry climatic conditions. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-36749009007&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopuslDepartamento de Conservacio?n de Suelos y Aguas, Centro de Edafologi?a y Biologi?a Aplicada, Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cienti?ficas (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 4195, Campus Universitario Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain Estacion Experimental del Zaidin-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain}?(Riek, W.1998`Interrelations between site factors and growth in the Berlin forests which are close to the city149-156 Allgemeine Forst Und Jagdzeitung1698%nitrogen issues tree health Tree careAugAnthropogeneous changes of soil properties in forest eco-systems which are close to the conurbation are shown at the example of Berlin Pine stands. The soils in the Berlin forests are characterized by increased biological activity, forced decomposition, and an overall improved supply with nitrogen. In general, the growth of Berlin Pine stands increased in the last decades. The increased supply with nitrogen is regarded as a major cause of this fact. Under athropogeneously changed sire conditions, the water budget is increasingly important to the growth and the vitality of the trees. The interdependence of growth, the thinning of treecrowns, and site characteristics can be described by means of statistical models in which the plant available soil water is a central control variable. It can be demonstrated that treecrown thinnings which can be observed have to be interpreted as indicator for the mean site specific waterstress.://000075616200003 0002-5852ISI:000075616200003B}?)Rueth, H. M. Baron, J. S.2002oDifferences in Englemann spruce forest biogeochemistry east and west of the Continental Divide in Colorado, USA45-57 Ecosystems51nitrogen issues urban soilsJanWe compared Englemann spruce biogeochemical processes in forest stands east and west of the Continental Divide in the Colorado Front Range. The divide forms a natural barrier for air pollutants such that nitrogen (N) emissions from the agricultural and urban areas of the South Platte River Basin are transported via upslope winds to high elevations on the east side but rarely cross over to the west side. Because there are tar fewer emissions sources to the west, atmospheric N deposition is 1-2 kg N ha(-1) y(-1) on the west side, as compared with 3-5 kg N ha(-1) y(-1) on the east side. Species composition, elevation, aspect, parent material, site history, and climate were matched as closely as possible across six east and six west side old-growth forest stands. Higher N deposition sites had significantly lower organic horizon C:N and lignin:N ratios, lower foliar C:N ratios, as well as greater %N, higher N:Ca, N:Mg, and N:P ratios, and higher potential net mineralization rates. When C:N ratios dropped below 29, as they did in east-side organic horizon soils, mineralization rates increased linearly. our results are comparable to those from studies of the northeastern United States and Europe that have found changes in forest biogeochemistry in response to N deposition inputs between 3 and 60 kg ha(-1) y(-1) Though they are low by comparison with more densely populated and agricultural regions, current levels of N deposition, have caused measurable changes in Englemann spruce forest biogeochemistry east of the Continental Divide in Colorado.://000175429300004 1432-9840ISI:000175429300004+?*Sæbø, A. Ferrini, F.2006LThe use of compost in urban green areas - A review for practical application159-169!Urban Forestry and Urban Greening43-4`Compost quality Green area quality Mulching Soil amendments nitrogen nitrogen issues urban soilsThe use of compost for soil amendment and mulching can increase quality during the establishment and management phases of plants in urban green areas. Costs can be reduced, especially in the management phase, but a number of conditions have to be met before benefits from the use of composts can be fully realised. Descriptions of the quality of the composts must be comprehensive enough for the green industry to be able to predict the effect their products will have on the growth and development of plants at the point of use. Users in urban green areas must be able to make specific demands on the quality of compost based on how it is to be used and in relation to the effects planned. General quality factors that have to be fulfilled concern high stability, the absence of unpleasant smell, a low or medium salt content, and absence of polluting substances or particles inhibiting germination and growth. The specific quality demands on compost have to be related to nutrient content and particle size. There is no such thing as the "perfect" compost, but several types, each designed for a site-specific purpose.?As a soil amendment to shrubs and trees, composts should be limited to an amount that supplies the plants with no more than 100-120 kg of plant available nitrogen per hectare.?For mulching, the total compost thickness has to be no more than 10 cm. The lower layer (2-5 cm) should consist of small particles of nutrient-rich compost and the top layer (5-8 cm) of nutrient-poor particles larger than 20 mm. In this way, nutrients are supplied to the trees and shrubs and weeds are given a seed bed poorly conducive to growth. © 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846357843&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 "Cited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Alexander, R., Compost utilization in landscapes (2001) Compost Utilization in Horticultural Cropping Systems, pp. 151-175. , Stoffella P.J., and Kahn B.A. (Eds), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL; Amlinger, F., Go?tz, B., Dreher, P., Geszti, J., Weissteiner, C., Nitrogen in biowaste and yard waste compost: dynamics of mobilisation and availability - a review (2003) European Journal of Soil Biology, 39, pp. 107-116; Balder, H., (1998) Die Wurzeln der Stadtbau?me. Ein Handbuch zum vorbeugenden und nachsorgenden Wurzelshutz, , Parey Buchverlag, Berlin, Germany; Bar-Tal, A., Yermiyahu, U., Beraud, J., Keinan, M., Rosenberg, R., Zohar, D., Rosen, V., Fine, P., Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake by wheat and their distribution in soil following successive, annual compost applications (2004) Journal of Environmental Quality, 33, pp. 1855-1865; Bollen, G.J., Volker, D., Wijnen, A.P., Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues (1989) The Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 95 (1), pp. 19-30; Borken, W., Xu, X.J., Beese, F., Ammonium, nitrate and dissolved organic nitrogen in seepage water as affected by compost amendments to European beech, Norway spruce and Scots pine forests (2004) Plant and Soil, 258, pp. 121-134; Brewer, L.J., Sullivan, D.M., Maturity and stability evaluation of composted yard trimmings (2003) Compost Science & Utilization, 11 (2), pp. 96-112; Brown, S.L., Henry, C.L., Chaney, R., Compton, H., DeVolder, P.S., Using municipal biosolids in combination with other residuals to restore metal-contaminated mining areas (2003) Plant and Soil, 249, pp. 203-215; Cooperband, L.R., Stone, A.G., Fryda, M.R., Ravet, J.L., Relating compost measures of stability and maturity to plant growth (2003) Compost Science & Utilization, 11 (2), pp. 113-124; Craul, P.J., (1992) Urban Soil in Landscape Design, , Wiley, New York, NY; Davidson, H., Mecklenburg, R., Peterson, C., (2000) Nursery Management, Administration and Culture. fourth ed, , Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ; Domeizel, M., Khalil, A., Prudent, P., UV-spectroscopy: a tool for monitoring humification and for proposing an index of the maturity of compost (2004) Bioresource Technology, 94, pp. 177-184; Dumontet, S., Dinel, H., Baloda, S.B., Pathogen reduction in sewage sludge by composting and other biological treatments: a review (1999) Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 16 (4), pp. 409-430; Emino, E.R., Warman, P.R., Biological assay for compost quality (2004) Compost Science & Utilization, 12 (4), pp. 342-348; Erhart, E., Hartl, W., Mulching with compost improves growth of blue spruce in Christmas tree plantations (2003) European Journal of Soil Biology, 39, pp. 149-156; Ferrini, F., Giuntoli, A., Nicese, F.P., Pellegrini, S., Vignozzi, N., Influence of fertilization and soil amendments on plant growth, lea gas exchange and on soil characteristics (2005) Journal of Arboriculture, 31 (4), pp. 182-190; Fichtner, E.J., Benson, D.M., Diab, H.G., Shew, H.D., Abiotic and biological suppression of Phytophtora parasitica in a horticultural medium containing composted swine waste (2004) Phytopathology, 94, pp. 780-788; Gariglio, N.F., Buyatti, M.A., Pilatti, R.A., Gonzalez Rossia, D.E., Acosta, M.R., Use of a germination bioassay to test compost maturity of willow (Salix sp.) sawdust (2002) New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 30, pp. 135-139; Gigliotti, G., Brusinelli, D., Giusquiani, P.L., Composition changes of soil humus after massive application of urban waste compost: a comparison between FT-IR spectroscopy and humification parameters (1999) Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 55, pp. 23-28; Gilman, E.F., Effects of amendments, soil additives and irrigation on tree survival and growth (2004) Journal of Arboriculture, 30 (5), pp. 301-304; Gilman, E.F., Grabosky, J., Mulch and planting depth affect live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) establishment (2004) Journal of Arboriculture, 30 (5), pp. 311-317; Gouin, F.R., Commercial compost production systems (1998) HortScience, 33 (6), pp. 932-933; Goyal, S., Dhull, S.K., Kapoor, K.K., Chemical and biological changes during composting of different organic wastes and assessment of compost maturity (2005) Bioresource and Technology, 96, pp. 1584-1591; Gue?rin, V., Lemaire, F., Marfa?, O., Caceres, R., Giuffrida, F., Growth of Viburnum tinus in peat-based and peat-substitute growing media (2001) Scientia Horticulturae, 89, pp. 129-142; Hanslin, H.M., Sæbø, A., Bergersen, O., Estimation of oxygen concentrations in the soil gas phase beneath compost mulch by means of a simple method (2005) Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 4 (1), pp. 37-40; He, Z.L., Alva, A.K., Yan, P., Li, C., Calvert, D.V., Stoffella, P.J., Banks, D.J., Nitrogen mineralization and transformation from composts and biosolids during field incubation in a sandy soil (2000) Soil Science, 165 (2), pp. 161-169; Herna?ndez-Apaolaza, L., Gasco?, A.M., Gasco?, J.M., Guerrero, F., Reuse of materials as growing media for ornamental plants (2005) Bioresource Technology, 96, pp. 125-131; Kristoffersen, P., Designing urban pavement sub-bases to support trees (1998) Journal of Arboriculture, 24 (3), pp. 121-126; Krogstad, T., Sogn, T.A., Asdal, A., Sæbø, A., Influence of chemically and biologically stabilized sewage sludge on plant available phosphorous in soil (2005) Ecological Engineering, 25 (1), pp. 51-56; Labrie, C., Leclerc, P., Co?te?, N., Roy, S., Brzezinski, R., Hogue, R., Beaulieu, C., Effect of chitin waste-based compost produced by two-phase compost on two oomycete plant pathogens (2001) Plant and Soil, 235 (1), pp. 27-34; Lima, J.S., Queiroz, J.E.G., Freitas, H.B., Effect of selected and non-selected urban waste compost on the initial growth of corn (2004) Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 42, pp. 309-315; Medina, A., Vassilev, N., Alguacil, M.M., Rolda?n, A., Azco?n, R., Increased plant growth, nutrient uptake, and soil enzymatic activities in a desertified Mediterranean soil amended with treated residues and inoculated with native mycorrhizal fungi and a plant growth-promoting yeast (2004) Soil Science, 169 (4), pp. 260-270; Moran, R.E., Schupp, J.R., Preplant monoammonium phosphate fertilizer and compost affects the growth of newly planted 'Macoun' apple trees (2003) HortScience, 38 (1), pp. 32-35; Ozores-Hampton, M., Compost as an alternative weed control method (1998) HortScience, 33 (6), pp. 938-940; Ozores-Hampton, M., Obreza, T.A., Stoffella, P.J., Fitzpatrick, G., Immature compost suppresses weed growth under greenhouse conditions (2002) Compost Science & Utilization, 10 (2), pp. 105-113; Pascual, J.A., Garcia, C., Hernandez, T., Lerma, S., Lynch, J.M., Effectiveness of municipal waste Compost and its humic fraction in suppressing Pythium ultimum (2002) Microbial Ecology, 44, pp. 59-68; Pickering, J.S., Shepherd, A., Evaluation of organic landscape mulches: composition and nutrient release characteristics (2000) Arboricultural Journal, 24 (2-3), pp. 175-187; Reuveni, R., Raviv, M., Krasnovsky, A., Freiman, L., Medina, S., Bar, A., Orion, D., Compost induces protection against Fusarium oxysporum in sweet basil (2002) Crop Protection, 21, pp. 583-587; Rivero, C., Chirenje, T., Ma, L.Q., Martinez, G., Influence of compost on soil organic matter quality under tropical conditions (2004) Geoderma, 123, pp. 355-361; Roe, N.E., Compost utilization for vegetable and fruit crops (1998) HortScience, 33 (6), pp. 934-937; Scheurell, S., Mahaffee, W., Compost tea: principles and prospects for plant disease control (2002) Compost Science & Utilization, 10 (4), pp. 313-338; Stuckey, H.T., Hudak, P.F., Effects of compost on Loblolly Pine tree growth in Northeast Texas (2001) Compost Science & Utilization, 9 (1), pp. 65-72; Suzuki, T., Ikumi, Y., Okamoto, S., Watanabe, I., Fujitake, N., Otsuka, H., Aerobic composting of chips from clear-cut trees with various co-materials (2004) Bioresource Technology, 95, pp. 121-128; Tyler, R.W., (1996) Winning the Organics Game. The Compost Marketer's Handbook, , ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA; Vallad, G.E., Cooperband, L., Goodman, R.M., Plant foliar disease suppression mediated by composted forms of paper mill residuals exhibits molecular features of induced resistance (2003) Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 63, pp. 65-77; Wang, P., Changa, C.M., Watson, M.E., Dick, W.A., Chen, Y., Hoitink, H.A.J., Maturity indices for composted dairy and pig manures (2004) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 36, pp. 767-776; Watson, G.W., Soil replacement: long-term results (2002) Journal of Arboriculture, 28 (5), pp. 229-230; Wilson, S.B., Stoffella, P.J., Graetz, D.A., Use of compost as a media amendment for containerised production of two subtropical perennials (2001) Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 19 (1), pp. 37-42The Norwegian Crop Research Institute, Særheim, Postvn. 213, 4353 Klepp, Norway Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale - Facolta? di Agraria, Milan, Italy;?+-Sakugawa, H. Tsai, W. Kaplan, I. R. Cohen, Y.1990UHistoric trend of the levels of atmospheric H2O2 during 1960's- 1980's in Los Angeles937-940Geophysical Research Letters177nitrogen issuesFor the period 1969-1987, predicted summer peak concentrations of H2O2 and O3 in the ground level atmosphere were in a range of 6-10 ppb and 200-350 ppb, respectively. Also H2O2 and O3 concentrations decreased by about 35% and 42% respectively from the levels of 1975 to 1987. Model simulations indicated that the reduction of NMHC and CO emissions from industrial and automotive sources have resulted in the decrease in H2O2 levels during the late 1970's-1980's, whereas the reduction of NMHC, CO and NOx emissions have resulted in lower O3 levels. The role of H2 O2 as an oxidant for SO2 and as a possible toxin on trees in Los Angeles and surrounding mountains during the past decades are discussed. -from Authors]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0025586020&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusV?,Saure, H. Steubing, L.1988UResults of immission-ecological studies in the ash aufwuchs in Giessen urban woodland443-450YErgebnisse immissionsokologischer Untersuchungen am Eschenaufwuchs im Giessener Stadtwald18nitrogen issues\Since April 1986, 3-5yr old Fraxinus excelsior trees were fumigated in open top chambers with SO2, SO2+NO2 and SO2+NO2+O3 under field conditions. The fumigations caused increased sulphur contents of the ash leaves while nitrogen concentrations, except for SO2+NO2 fumigation, decreased. The treatments, especially ozone fumigation, led to lower buffering capacities, to lower chlorophyll contents and to increased proline concentrations. Generally SO2 as a single pollutant showed the lowest effect while combined fumigations with SO2+NO2 and SO2+NO2+O3 caused the largest injuries. -from English summary]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0024179323&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusfJustus-Liebig-Univ-Giessen, Inst fur Pflanzenokologie, Heinrich-Buff- Ring 38, D-6300 Giessen, GermanyF?- Scharenbroch, B. C. Lloyd, J. E.2006MParticulate organic matter and soil nitrogen availability in urban landscapes180-191 Arboriculture and Urban Forestry324Microbial biomass and activity Nitrogen mineralization Particulate organic matter Soil nitrogen availability nitrogen nitrogen issues urban soilsToward developing nitrogen management in amenity tree care, we studied soil organic matter, microbial biomass, and carbon and nitrogen mineralization in an attempt to characterize the plant available nitrogen under a variety of landscape management conditions. Fine particulate organic matter (POM) fractions were significantly correlated with microbial biomass, carbon mineralization, and nitrogen mineralization (R2 values ranging from 0.42 to 0.89). These urban landscapes were assigned a site quality index based on landscape age and management practices. Fine POM, microbial biomass N, and N mineralization were significantly and positively correlated with the site quality index (R2 values of 0.86, 0.90, and 0.84, respectively). We propose that with refinement and further testing, a fine POM measurement can be used to accurately predict soil nitrogen availability in urban landscapes. This research shows that urban landscapes are quite variable in terms of nitrogen availability. As a result of this variability, we recommend that urban landscapes be assessed on a per-site basis for proper nitrogen management. © 2006 International Society of Arboriculture.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745558616&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 D?Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Alvarez, C.R., Alvarez, R., Grigera, M.S., Lavado, R.S., Associations between organic matter fractions and the active soil microbial biomass (1998) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 30, pp. 767-773; Anderson, J.P.E., Domsch, K.H., A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils (1978) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 10, pp. 215-221; Anderson, P., Berggren, D., Nilsson, I., Indices for nitrogen status and nitrate leaching from Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) stands in Sweden (2002) Forest Ecology and Management, 157, pp. 39-53; Bayer, C., Martin-Neto, L., Mielniczuk, J., Pillon, C.N., Sangoi, L., Changes in soil organic matter fractions under subtropical no-till cropping systems (2001) Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65, pp. 1473-1478; Beverly, R.B., Florkowski, W., Ruter, J.M., Fertilizer management by landscape maintenance and lawn care firms in Atlanta (1997) HortTechnology, 7, pp. 442-445; Beyer, L., Cordsen, E., Blume, H.-P., Schleuss, U., Vogt, B., Wu, Q., Soil organic matter composition in urbic anthrosols in the city of Kiel, NW-Germany, as revealed by wet chemistry and CPMAS 13C-NMR spectroscopy of whole soil samples (1996) Soil Technology, 9, pp. 121-132; Beyer, L., Blume, H.-P., Elsner, D.-C., Willnow, A., Soil organic matter composition and microbial activity in, urban soils (1995) The Science of the Total Environment, 168, pp. 267-278; Biederbeck, V.O., Janzen, H.H., Campbell, C.A., Zenter, R.P., Labile organic matter as influenced by cropping practices in an arid environment (1994) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 12, pp. 1647-1656; Brady, N.C., Weil, R.R., (2002) The Nature and Properties of Soils, , 13th Ed. 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International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL; Sparling, G.P., Feltman, C.W., Reynolds, J., West, A.W., Singleton, P., Estimation of soil microbial C by a fumigation-extraction method: Use on soils of high organic matter content, and a reassessment of the kEC factor (1990) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 22, pp. 301-307; Stanford, G., Smith, S.J., Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils (1972) Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 36, pp. 465-472; Stinner, B.R., McCartney, D., Zaborski, E.R., Role of labile soil organic matter and soil microbial biomass in nitrogen cycling processes across a range of soil conditions and management history in northeastern Ohio (2002) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Composting and Compost Utilization, , Columbus, OH; Tisdale, J.M., Oades, J.M., Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils (1982) Journal of Soil Science, 33, pp. 141-163; (2001) American National Standard for Tree Care Operations - Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance - Standard Practices (Fertilization) (A300, Part 2), , Tree Care Industry Association (TCIA). 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United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Soil Surveys of Latah CountyVerchot, L.V., Holmes, Z., Mulon, L., Groffman, P.M., Lovett, G.M., Gross vs net rates of N mineralization and nitrification as indicators of functional differences between forest types (2001) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 33, pp. 1889-1901; White, C.S., McDonnell, M.J., Nitrogen cycling processes and soil characteristics in an urban versus rural forest (1988) Biogeochemistry, 5, pp. 243-262; Zhu, W.-X., Carreiro, M.M., Chemoautotrophic nitrification in acidic forest soils along an urban-to-rural transect (1999) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 31, pp. 1091-1100NDepartment of Soil Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1299, United States Department of Plant Soil and Entomological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442339, Moscow, ID 83844-2339, United Statesa}?.+Schindler, D. W. Dillon, P. J. Schreier, H.2006^A review of anthropogenic sources of nitrogen and their effects on Canadian aquatic ecosystems25-44Biogeochemistry791-2'nitrogen issues urban soils groundwaterMay%Nitrogen releases to air and water are low in most of Canada, but in southern areas with rapid development there are telltale signs of the problems from releases to air and water that are described elsewhere in this volume. These include higher nitrogen in water and releases to the atmosphere from urban areas, industry and agriculture. As a result, in parts of Ontario and Quebec underlain by Precambrian geology, nitrogen deposition is near the critical loads found for geologically similar areas of Europe. In particular, combined inputs of sulphuric and nitric acids are causing base cation depletion in forest soils and keeping some lakes at pH values too low to allow the recovery of biological communities. In southern Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia, rapidly expanding human populations, industry and agriculture are causing high concentrations of nitrate in surface and groundwaters. At present, there is little sign of estuarine eutrophication in Canada, but it appears to be imminent on the Pacific coast, as the result of expanding human populations and intensifying agriculture in the lower Fraser Valley and Puget Sound. Steps should be taken now to prevent the widespread problems caused by nitrogen pollution that have occurred in Europe, the USA, and other populous and industrialized regions.://000240033100003 0168-2563ISI:0002400331000036?/ Smiley, E. T.2001?Terravent TM: Soil fracture patterns and impact on bulk density326-330Journal of Arboriculture276cAir excavation Bulk density Root growth Soil compaction Soil fracturing nitrogen issues urban soils Soil compaction is reported to be a limiting factor in many urban tree plantings. The TerraventTM was developed to decompact and aerate soil through the soil injection of high-pressure nitrogen gas. The purpose of this project was to determine the soil fracture patterns created by the Terravent and to determine if soil bulk density is reduced. Replicates of six fractures were made at three sites. Bulk density and the degree of fracturing were measured. No significant differences in soil bulk density were found between treated and nontreated areas. Fracture patterns were generally horizontal to convex shaped with a mean width up to 22.2 in. (56 cm), typically 9 in. (23 cm) below the soil surface. Other means of alleviating soil compaction are thought to be more effective.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035725491&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusArboriculture Research, Bartlett Tree Res. Laboratories, Clemson University, 13768 Hamilton Road, Charlotte, NC 28278, United Statesl?0Smiley, E. T. Shirazi, A. M.20038Fall fertilization and cold hardiness in landscape trees342-346Journal of Arboriculture296Fertilization Nitrogen fertilization Winter injury nitrogen nitrogen issues Fertilization Nitrogen fertilization tree health tree mortality tree death#Fall fertilization is sometimes considered a predisposing factor for winter injury in urban landscape plants. This study was developed to determine if fall fertilization of selected landscape trees would affect winter hardiness. Over a 3-year period, 200 trees in Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S., were fertilized with 1.3 kg N/100 m2 or 2.7 kg N/100 m2 (3 or 6 lb N/1,000 ft2) from Bartlett Boost? (28-9-9), 1.3 kg N/100 m2 (3 lb N/1,000 ft2) from urea (46-0-0), or left untreated as controls. Fertilizer was soil injected in September or October, and samples were collected at three times during the winter to determine cold hardiness. There were no reductions in hardiness for sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima), trident maple (Acer buergeranum), or leyland cypress (X Cupressocyparis leylandii). Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), which is marginally hardy at the test location, and red maple (Acer rubrum) experienced statistically significant, but not biologically significant, loss of hardiness in January and February due to some fertilizer treatments.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0345393176&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: (1998) A300 Standard for Tree Care Operations - Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance-Standard Practices (Fertilization, Part 2), , American National Standards Institute (ANSI). American National Standards Institute, New York, NY; DeHayes, D.H., Ingle, M.A., White, C.E., Nitrogen fertilization enhances cold tolerance of red spruce seedlings (1989) Can. J. For. Res., 19, pp. 1037-1043; Edgerton, L.J., Effects of nitrogen fertilization on cold hardiness of apple trees (1957) Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 70, pp. 40-45; Harris, R.W., Clark, J.R., Matheny N.P, (1999) Arboriculture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, , (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 687 pp; Koelling, M., Kielbaso, J.J., Fertilizing Shade and Ornamental Trees, , No date. Michigan State University Extension Publication E786; Myers, S.C., Ensure hardiness and spring crop now (1996) Fruit Grower, p. 16. , Aug; (1999) Local Climatological Data for Charlotte NC (CLT), , National Climate Data Center (NCDC). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Asheville, NC; Nighswonger, J.J., (1992) Fertilizing Trees and Shrubs, , Kansas State and Extension Forestry Extension Publication L707R; Pellett, N.E., Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertility on cold acclimation of roots and stems of two container-grown woody plant species (1973) J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 98, pp. 82-86; Pellett, N.E., White, D.B., Effects of soil nitrogen and soil moisture levels on cold acclimation of container grown Juniperus chinensis "Hetzi (1969) J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 94, pp. 457-459; Powell, M.A., Fertilizing deciduous shade trees in the landscape (1990) N.C. Horticulture Information Leaflet 618; Proebstring, E.L., Cold hardiness of Elberta peach fruit buds as influenced by nitrogen level and cover crop (1961) Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 77, pp. 97-106; Raese, T.J., Cold tolerance, yield and fruit quality of d'Anjou pears influenced by nitrogen fertilizer rates and time of application (1997) J. Plant Nutr., 20, pp. 1007-1025; Rawlings, C.O., Potter, G.F., Unusual and severe winter injury to the trunks of McIntosh apple trees in New Hampshire (1937) Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 34, pp. 44-48; Relf, D., (1996) Avoiding Winter Injury, pp. 426-500. , Virginia Extension Publication; Shirazi, A.M., Fuchigami, L.H., Recovery of plants from "near-lethal" stress (1993) Oecologia, 93, pp. 429-433; Shirazi, A.M., Fuchigami, L.H., Effect of near-lethal heat stress on bud dormancy and stem cold hardiness in red-osier dogwood (1995) Tree Physiol., 15, pp. 275-279; Tingley, M.A., Smith, W.W., Phillips, T.G., Potter, G.F., Experimental production of winter injury to the trunks of apple trees by applying nitrogenous fertilizers in the autumn (1939) Proc. Am. Sec. Hortic. Sci., 36, pp. 177-180; Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L., (1975) Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, , (3rd ed.). Macmillan, New York, NY. 694 pp; Way, R.D., The effects of some cultural practices and of size of crop on the subsequent winter hardiness of apple trees (1954) Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 63, pp. 163-166; Wood, G., (1997) Tree and Shrub Fertilization, , www.ag.usask.ca/cofa/departments/hort/hortinfo/trees/tree2.html, Gardenline Extension Publication, University of SaskatchewanBartlett Tree Research Laboratory, Clemson University, 13678 Hamilton Road, Charlotte, NC 28278, United States The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL 60532, United Statesi?1Streiling, S. Matzarakis, A.2003YInfluence of single and small clusters of trees on the bioclimate of a city: A case study309-316Journal of Arboriculture296[Air quality Bioclimate Thermal component Urban climate Urban trees nitrogen nitrogen issuesThis study examines the effects of single trees and small clusters of trees on the bioclimate of a city. Investigations of the thermal environment and air quality of the urban climate were carried out on September 19 and September 29, 2000, at Fahnenbergplatz, in the northern city center of Freiburg in southwest Germany. The study area, approximately 1,700 m2, contains 12 horsechestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum) of different ages and sizes. The positive effect of trees on the thermal environment and air quality component was confirmed by the study. In particular, the mean radiation temperature Tmrt, and the human biometeorological thermal index known as the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) showed distinct differences between areas with trees and areas without trees, despite the small size of the investigation area. A high reduction potential for nitrogen oxides and ozone was found inside the tree crowns, but outside the crowns there was no measurable reduction. The most important result regarding volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was the absence of terpene emissions from the horsechestnuts. Similarly, no isoprene emissions from horsechestnuts were found. Therefore, horsechestnut trees have a very small ozone-forming potential.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0942302200&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: (1999) Klima-Messungen Im Plangebiet Stuttgart 21-Eine Analyse Thermisch Induzierter Ausgleichsstro?mungen an Innersta?dtischen Gru?nanlagen, , www.stadtklima.de/stuttgart/websk21/Heft12/kap1.HTM, Amt fu?r Umweltschutz. Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Amt fu?r Umweltschutz, Abt. Stadtklimatologie, Stadtklima Stuttgart, Chapter 1-7; Bauer, B., (1999) Mikrometeorologische Analyse und Bewertung Kleinra?umiger Stadtstrukturen, , UFZ-Bericht Nr. 3; Baumu?ller, J., Kerschgens, M.J., Helbig, A., (1999) Stadtklima und Luftreinhaltung, , 2. 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For., pp. 60-66; Ho?ppe, P.R., Heat balance modelling (1993) Experientia, 49, pp. 741-746; Isidorov, V., Jaroszynska, J., Sacharewicz, T., Piroznikow, E., Natural VOC emissions from forests in Poland (1999) Atmos. Environ., 33, pp. 4739-4744; Karlik, J.F., Winer, A.M., Measured isoprene emission rates of plants in California landscapes: Comparison to estimates from taxonomic relationships (2001) Atmos. Environ., 35, pp. 1123-1131; Kiese, O., Die bioklimatische Funktion innersta?dtischer, insbesondere baumbestandener Gru?nfla?chen (1995) Verhandlungen Der Gesellschaft fu?r O?kologie, 24, pp. 395-401; Kramer, P.J., Kozlowski, T.T., (1970) Physiology of Trees, , McGraw-Hill, New York, NY; Kuchelmeister, G., (1998) Tree City-Urban Forestry in the Asia-Pacific Region: Status and Prospects, , APFSOS (Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study). FAO, Forestry Policy and Planing Division, Working Paper No. 44. Rome, Italy; Matzarakis, A., (2001) Die Thermische Komponente des Stadtklimas, , Ber. Meteorol. Inst. Univ. Freiburg. Nr. 6; Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H., Atmospheric conditions and human thermal comfort in urban areas (2000) Proc. 11th Sem. Environmental Protection, "Environment and Health", pp. 155-165. , Thessaloniki; Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., Mayer, H., Estimation and calculation of the mean radiant temperature within urban structures (2000) Biometeorology and Urban Climatology at the Turn of the Millenium: Selected Papers from the Conference ICB-ICUC'99, pp. 273-278. , de Dear, R.J.,J.D. Kalma, T.R. Oke, and A. Auliciems (Eds.). Sydney, WCASP-50, WMO/TD No. 1026; Mayer, H., Ho?ppe, P., Thermal comfort of man in different urban environments (1987) Theor. Appl. Climatol., 38, pp. 43-49; McPherson, E.G., Nowak, D.J., Rowantree, R.A., (1994) Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project, , (Eds.). Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-186, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA; Meyer, F.H., Bauermel, G., (1982) Ba?ume in Der Stadt, , Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany; Nowak, D.J., Civerolo, K.L., Rao, S.T., Sistla, G., Luley, C.J., Crane, D.E., A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone (2000) Atmos. Environ., 34, pp. 1601-1613; Oke, T.R., The micrometeorology of the urban forest (1989) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 324, pp. 335-349; Rasmussen, R.A., (1978) Isoprene Plant Species List, , Special Report of theAir Pollution Research Section, Washington State University, Pullman, WA; (2001) Wirtschaft und Standortdaten Der Stadt Freiburg Im Breisgau, , www.freiburg.de/3/3/300/zahlen.php?rubrik, Stadt Freiburg; Toll, I., Baldasano, J.M., Modeling of photochemical air pollution in the Barcelona area with highly disaggregated anthropogenic and biogenic emissions (2000) Atmos. Environ., 34, pp. 3069-3084; (1998) VDI 3787, Part I: Environmental Meteorology, Methods for the Human Biometeorological Evaluation of Climate and Air Quality for the Urban And Regional Planning at Regional Level. Part I: Climate, , VDI. Beuth, Berlin, Germany. 29 ppZMeteorological Institute, University of Freiburg, Werderring 10, Freiburg D-79085, GermanyS?2,Takagi, M. Sasaki, S. Gyokusen, K. Saito, A.1997(Stemflow chemistry of urban street trees107-109Environmental Pollution961WChemistry Ilex rotunda Neutralization Stemflow Street trees nitrogen issues urban soils{pH and ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NO3-) in the stemflow of the evergreen broad-leaved tree, Ilex rotunda, planted in the median strip of a highway and nitrogen oxides concentration in the air in an urban site were compared with a suburban site in Fukuoka city, Japan. The annual average of the nitrogen oxides concentration in the air was higher and NO3- concentration in the stemflow at the urban site was higher or similar compared with the suburban site. However, the annual average of pH in the stemflow at the urban site was higher than at the suburban. The annual average cation concentrations in the stemflow at the urban site were higher than at the suburban except Na+. In particular, K+ and Ca2+ were higher throughout the measurement period. Therefore, higher pH in the urban stemflow was probably due to neutralization by higher concentrations of K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030973426&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Bassuk, N., Whitlow, T., Environmental stress in street trees (1987) Acta Horticulturae, 195, pp. 49-57; Borm, W.A.V., Adams, F.C., Maenhaut, W., Characterization of individual particles in the Antwerp aerosol (1989) Atmospheric Environment, 23, pp. 1139-1151; Bykov, A.V., Lysikov, A.B., Influence of mole activity on soil pollution in roadside forest strips (1992) Soviet Soil Science, 24, pp. 71-80; (1995) Statistical Yearbook of City of Fukuoka, , Fukuoka, 13 pp. (in Japanese); Cronan, C.S., Reiners, W.A., Canopy processing of acidic precipitation by coniferous and hardwood forest in New England (1983) Oecologia, 59, pp. 216-223; Falkengren-Grerup, U., Effect of stemflow on beech forest soils and vegetation in southern Sweden (1989) Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, pp. 341-352; Farmer, A.M., Bates, J.W., Bell, J.N.B., Seasonal variations in acidic pollutant inputs and their effects on the chemistry of stemflow, bark and epiphyte tissues in three oak woodlands in N.W. Britain (1991) New Phytologist, 118, pp. 441-451; (1994) Environmental White Paper of Fukuoka Prefecture, pp. 395-409. , Fukuoka (in Japanese); Gersper, P.L., Holowaychuk, N., Effects of stemflow water on a Miami soil under a beech tree: II. Chemical properties (1970) Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, 34, pp. 786-794; Hopke, P.K., Lamb, R.E., Natusch, D.F.S., Multielemental characterization of urban roadway dust (1980) Environmental Science and Technology, 14, pp. 164-172; Majdi, H., Persson, H., Effects of road-traffic pollutants (lead and cadmium) on tree fine-roots along a motor road (1989) Plant and Soil, 119, pp. 1-5; Matsuura, Y., Hotta, I., Araki, M., Surface soil pH depression of Cryptomeria japonica forests in Kanto district (1991) Japanese Journal of Forest Environment, 32, pp. 65-69. , (in Japanese with English summary); Ozawa, T., Kawakami, T., Kitazawa, K., Hagiwara, N., Kondo, M., Ichimura, M., Fundamental studies on the mode of life of street trees - Effect of the state of soil on the growth of street trees (1975) Journal of Japanese Landscape Architecture, 39, pp. 23-34. , in Japanese with English summary; Parker, G.G., Throughfall and stemfiow in the forest nutrient cycle Advances in Ecological Research, 13, pp. 58-121; Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Soil characteristics of oak stands along an urban-rural land-use gradient (1995) Journal of Environmental Quality, 24, pp. 516-526; Sassa, T., Gotoo, K., Hasegawa, K., Ikeda, S., Acidity and nutrient elements of the rain fall, throughfall and stem flow in the typical forests around Morioka City, Iwate Pref., Japan (1991) Japanese Journal of Forest Environment, 32, pp. 43-58. , in Japanese with English summaryDepartment of Silviculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan Fukuoka Pref. Forest Res./Exten. C., Kurume 839-11, Japan?3\Takahashi, M. Higaki, A. Nohno, M. Kamada, M. Okamura, Y. Matsui, K. Kitani, S. Morikawa, H.2005fDifferential assimilation of nitrogen dioxide by 70 taxa of roadside trees at an urban pollution level633-639 Chemosphere615Air pollution Deciduous Evergreen Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Roadside tree Urban air nitrogen nitrogen issues influence of pollution on trees urban treesIn order to screen for the best species for mitigating nitrogen dioxide (NO2) by plants at urban levels, we investigated assimilation of nitrogen dioxide by 70 taxa of woody plants that are mostly utilized as roadside trees. They were fumigated with 15N-labeled NO2 at 0.1 ?l l-1 for 8 h, and the amount of reduced nitrogen derived from NO2 (in mg N g-1 dry weight) in the leaves (designated NO2 assimilation capability hereafter) were determined. Data were analyzed in the comparison with the previously reported ones obtained at 4 ?l l-1 NO2. Among the 70 taxa, the value of NO2 assimilation capability differed by a factor of 122 between the highest (Prunus yedoensis; 0.061) and the lowest (Cryptomeria japonica; 0.0005). Based on the analysis of NO2 assimilation capability values at 0.1 and 4 ? l-1 NO2, the 70 taxa of woody plants appeared to be classified into four types; those of high NO2 assimilation and high NO2 resistance, those of high NO2 assimilation but low NO2 resistance, those of low NO2 assimilation and low NO2 resistance, and those of low NO2 assimilation but high NO2 resistance. The first, second, third and fourth types include 13, 11, 35 and 11 taxa, respectively. The broad-leaf deciduous trees may have advantages of high biomass and fast growth as compared with woody plants of other habits. Thus, four broad-leaf deciduous species, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Sophora japonica, Populus nigra and Prunus lannesiana, were concluded here to be the best phytoremediators for the urban air. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-26444551108&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ;Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Antu?nez, I., Retamosa, E.C., Villar, R., Relative growth rate in phylogenetically related deciduous and evergreen woody species (2001) Oecologia, 128, pp. 172-180; Brunekreef, B., Holgate, S.T., Air pollution and health (2002) Lancet, 360, pp. 1233-1242; Erkin, O.C., Takahashi, M., Sakamoto, A., Morikawa, H., Development of regeneration and transformation systems for Rhaphiolepis umbellate (Thunb.) Makino plants using particle bombardment (2003) Plant Biotechnol., 20, pp. 145-152; Hari, P., Raivonen, M., Vesala, T., Munger, J.W., Pilegaard, K., Kulmala, M., Ultraviolet light and leaf emission of NOx (2003) Nature, 422, p. 134; Hill, A.C., Vegetation: A sink for atmospheric pollutants (1971) J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 21, pp. 341-346; Kondo, K., Takahashi, M., Morikawa, H., Regeneration and transformation of a roadside tree Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Aiton (2002) Plant Biotechnol., 19, pp. 135-139; Lerdau, M.T., Munger, J.W., Jacob, D.J., The NO2 flux conundrum (2000) Science, 289, pp. 2291-2293; Logan, J.A., Nitrogen oxides in the troposphere: Global and regional budgets (1983) J. Geophys. Res., 88, pp. 10785-10807; Mariotti, A., Atmospheric nitrogen is a reliable standard for natural 15N abundance measurements (1983) Nature, 303, pp. 685-687; Mooney, H.A., Gulmon, S.L., Constraints on leaf structure and function in reference to herbivory (1982) Bioscience, 32, pp. 198-206; Morikawa, H., Higaki, A., Nohno, M., Takahashi, M., Kamada, M., Nakata, M., Toyohara, G., Goshima, N., More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 planta taxa (1998) Plant Cell Environ., 21, pp. 180-190; Morikawa, H., Takahashi, M., Kawamura, Y., Metabolism and genetics of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide control using pollutant-philic plants (2003) Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Contaminants, pp. 765-786. , S.C. McCutcheon J.L. Schnoor Wiley-Interscience Hoboken, USA; Morikawa, H., Takahashi, M., Sakamoto, A., Matsubara, T., Arimura, G.-I., Kawamura, Y., Fukunaga, K., Suzuki, H., Formation of unidentified nitrogen in plants: An implication for a novel nitrogen metabolism (2004) Planta, 219, pp. 14-22; (2002) Environmental Data Base for NO2 and NO in Tokyo, , http://www.nies.go.jp/igreen/index.html; Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Stevens, J.C., Ibarra, M., Brooklyn's urban forest (2002) USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. 290, 107p; (2002) OECD Environmental Data Compendium, pp. 14-22; Okano, K., MacHida, T., Totsuka, T., Differences in ability of NO2 absorption in various broad-leaved tree species (1989) Environ. Pollut., 58, pp. 1-17; Reich, P.B., Walters, M.B., Ellsworth, D.S., From tropics to tundra: Global convergence in plant functioning (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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Naturforsch., pp. 60c; (2001) US EPA AirData, , http://www.epa.gov/air/data/index.html; Yoneyama, T., Sasakawa, H., Transformation of atmospheric NO2 absorbed in spinach leaves (1979) Plant Cell Physiol., 20, pp. 263-266; Wellburn, A.R., Nitrogen oxides (1994) Air Pollution and Climate Change: The Biological Impact, pp. 57-82. , A.R. Wellburn second ed. Longman Scientific & Technical England; (2000) Air Quality Guidelines, Second Ed., , Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen; Zwingle, E., Megacities (2002) Natl. Geogr., 202, pp. 70-99ZDepartment of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan Toyota Motor Co., Toyota-cho 1, Toyota, Aichi 471-8571, JapanA?47Tarnay, L. Gertler, A. W. Blank, R. R. Taylor Jr, G. E.2001Preliminary measurements of summer nitric acid and ammonia concentrations in the Lake Tahoe Basin air-shed: Implications for dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen145-153Environmental Pollution1132Ammonia Ammonia compensation point Dry deposition Eutrophication Forest canopies Lake Tahoe Basin Nitric acid Nitrogen cycling nitrogen issuesOver the past 50 years, Lake Tahoe, an alpine lake located in the Sierra Nevada mountains on the border between California and Nevada, has seen a decline in water clarity. With significant urbanization within its borders and major urban areas 130 km upwind of the prevailing synoptic airflow, it is believed the Lake Tahoe Basin is receiving substantial nitrogen (N) input via atmospheric deposition during summer and fall. We present preliminary inferential flux estimates to both lake surface and forest canopy based on empirical measurements of ambient nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia (NH3), and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) concentrations, in an effort to identify the major contributors to and ranges of atmospheric dry N deposition to the Lake Tahoe Basin. Total flux from dry deposition ranges from 1.2 to 8.6 kg N ha-1 for the summer and fall dry season and is significantly higher than wet deposition, which ranges from 1.7 to 2.9 kg N ha-1 year-1. These preliminary results suggest that dry deposition of HNO3 is the major source of atmospheric N deposition for the Lake Tahoe Basin, and that overall N deposition is similar in magnitude to deposition reported for sites exposed to moderate N pollution in the southern California mountains. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034744216&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 16 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusDesert Research Institute/DAS, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512-1095, United States USDA-ARS, 920 Valley Road, Reno, NV 89557, United States George Mason University, 440 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States-?5*Tarnay, L. W. Gertler, A. Taylor Jr, G. E.2002iThe use of inferential models for estimating nitric acid vapor deposition to semi-arid coniferous forests 3277-3287Atmospheric Environment3620pConifer gas exchange Dry deposition Lake Tahoe Basin Numerical model Surface resistance nitrogen nitrogen issuesUrban areas emit significant amounts of pollutants that impact forest ecosystems. One of the most important of these is nitric acid vapor (HNO3), a nitrogen-containing gas that deposits efficiently to forest canopies. Since measuring HNO3 fluxes directly is often impractical and costly in remote forest locales, inferential techniques are most often used to estimate HNO3 flux. Given the highly efficient deposition of HNO3, many of these inferential models assume that leaf surfaces are a 'perfect sink' for HNO3 (i.e., that resistance to HNO3 deposition is negligibly small or zero). This study tests the 'perfect sink' assumption in an open gas exchange system by exposing Abies magnifica, Abies concolor, and Pinus jeffreyi seedlings to concentrations of 1-13ppb at 4-20% relative humidity. We find that, at these humidities and concentrations, cuticles are not perfect sinks for HNO3, with cuticular resistance values ranging from 20 to 184sm-1. In addition, our results indicate that accumulating HNO3 on leaf cuticles at these concentrations leads to higher cuticular resistance over 8-12h exposure periods. Based on this laboratory data, we then parameterized cuticular resistance using a single-layer inferential model for semi-arid forests in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Modeled fluxes using this modification were 33% lower during well-mixed daytime conditions than the fluxes from an identical model run using the perfect sink assumption. Since HNO3 can often account for more than half of atmospheric deposition, we conclude that inferential models that assume foliage to be perfect HNO3 sinks are inaccurate, especially in semi-arid forests where significant amounts of HNO3 can accumulate on leaf surfaces during dry periods. Copyright © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036307767&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 %$Cited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Allegrini, F., De Santis, V., Di Palo, V., Febo, A., Perrino, C., Possanzini, M., Liberti, A., Annular denuder method for sampling reactive gases and aerosols in the atmosphere (1987) The Science of the Total Environment, 67, pp. 1-16; ARS (Air Resource Specialists, Inc.), 2000. Unpublished data from IMPROVE network meteorological site at D.L. Bliss State Park, Lake Tahoe, June-September. Tel. (970) 484-794, Ft. Collins, COBaldocchi, D.D., Hicks, B.B., Camara, P., A canopy stomatal resistance model for gaseous deposition to vegetated surfaces (1987) Atmospheric Environment, 21, pp. 91-101; Barclay, 1998. Conversion of total leaf area to projected leaf area in lodgepole pin and douglas fir. Tree Physiology 18, 185-193Barrodale, I., Roberts, F.D.K., Algorithm 478. Solution of an overdetermined system of equations in the L1 norm (1974) Communications of the ACM, 17, pp. 319-1320; Brook, J.R., Zhang, L., Di-Giovanni, F., Padro, J., Description and evaluation of a model of deposition velocities for routine estimates of air pollutant dry deposition over North America. Part I; model development (1999) Atmospheric Environment, 33, pp. 5037-5051; Bytnerowicz, A., Dawson, P.J., Morrison, C.L., Poe, M.P., Deposition of atmospheric ions to pine branches and surrogate surfaces in the vicinity of the Emerald Lake watershed, Sequoia National Park (1991) Atmospheric Environment, 25 a (10), pp. 2203-2210; Burkhardt, J.K., Reiner, E., Thin water films on coniferous needles (1994) Atmospheric Environment, 28, pp. 2001-2017; Bytnerowicz, A., Fenn, M.E., Nitrogen deposition in California forests; a review (1996) Environmental Pollution, 92 (2), pp. 127-146; Cadle, S.H., Marshall, J.D., Mulawa, P.A., A laboratory investigation of routes of HNO3 dry deposition to coniferous seedlings (1991) Environmental Pollution, 72, pp. 287-305; Denmead, O.T., Bradley, E.F., On scalar transport in plant canopies (1987) Irrigation Science:, 8, pp. 131-149; Fenn, M.E., Bytnerowicz, A., Summer throughfall and winter deposition in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California (1997) Atmospheric Environment, 31 (5), pp. 673-683; Fenn, M.E., Poth, M.A., Aber, J.D., Baron, J.S., Bormann, B.T., Johnson, D.W., Lemly, A.D., Stottlemeyer, R., Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems; predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and management strategies (1998) Ecological Applications, 8 (3), pp. 706-733; Finlayson-Pitts, B.J., Pitts, Jr., J.N., 2000. Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 265-287Fowler, D., Cape, J.N., Coyle, M., Flechard, C., Kuylenstierna, J., Hicks, K., Derwent, R.G., Stevenson, D., The global exposure of forests to air pollutants (1999) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 116, pp. 5-32; Galloway, J.N., Schlesinger, W.H., Levy H., II., Micheals, A., Schnoor, J.L., Nitrogen fixation; anthropogenic enhancement-environmental response (1995) Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9 (2), pp. 235-252; Hanson, P.J., Garten, C.T., Deposition H15NO3 of vapor to white oak, red maple and loblolly pine foliage-experimental-observations and a generalized-model (1992) New Phytologist, 23 (8), p. 1603; Hanson, P.J., Lindberg, S.E., Dry deposition of reactive nitrogen compounds; a review of leaf, canopy, and non-foliar measurements (1991) Atmospheric Environment, 25 a (8), pp. 1615-1634; Hanson, P.J., Rott, K., Taylor G.E., Jr., Gundersen, C.A., Lindberg, S.E., Ross-Todd, B.M., NO2 deposition to elements representative of a forest landscape (1989) Atmospheric Environment, 23 (8), pp. 1783-1794; Hanson, P.J., Taylor, G.E., Vose, J., Experimental laboratory measurements of reactive N gas deposition to forest landscape surfaces; biological and environmental controls (1992), pp. 166-177. , Johnson D.W., Lindberg S.E. (Eds.), Atmospheric Deposition and Forest Nutrient Cycling, a Synthesis of the Integrated Forest Study, New York: SpringerHicks, B.B., Baldocchi, D., Meyers, T.P., Hosker, R.P.J., Matt, D.R., A preliminary multiple resistance routine for deriving dry deposition velocities from measured quantities (1987) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 36, pp. 311-330; Jarvis, P.G., The interpretation of variation in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field (1976) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 273, pp. 593-610; Jarvis, P.G., Scaling processes and problems (1995) Plant, Cell and Environment, 18, pp. 1079-1089; Jarvis, P.G., Catsky, J., 1971. General principles of gasometric methods and the main aspects of installation design. In: Sestak, Z., Catzky, J., Jarvis, P.J. (Eds.), Plant Photosynthetic Production: Manual of Methods, The Hague, Dr. W. Junk, pp. 49-112Jones, H.G., 1992. Plants and Microclimate: A Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 46-71Ko?rner, C., Scheel, J.A., Bauer, H., Maximum leaf diffusive conductance in vascular plants (1979) Photosynthetica, 13 (1), pp. 45-82; Lendzian, K.L., Kerstiens, G., 1991. Sorption and transport of gases and vapors in plant cuticles. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 121. Springer, New York, pp. 65-128Lindberg, S.E., Bredemeier, M., Schafer, D.A., Qi, L., Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of nitrogen and major ions in conifer forests in the united states and Federal Republic of Germany (1990) Atmospheric Environment, 24 A (8), pp. 2207-2220; Massman, W.J., A model study of kBH-1 for vegetated surfaces using localized near-field Lagrangian theory (1999) Journal of Hydrology, 223, pp. 27-43; Padro, W.J., Massman, W.J., Shaw, R.H., Delany, A., Oncley, S.P., A comparison of some aerodynamic resistance methods using measurements over cotton and grass from the 1991 California Ozone Deposition Experiment (1994) Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 71, pp. 327-334; Raupach, M.R., A practical Lagrangian method for relating scalar concentrations to source distributions in vegetation canopies (1989) Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 115, pp. 609-632; Sievering, H., Rusch, D., Marquez, L., Nitric acid, particulate nitrate and ammonium concentrations in the free troposphere; nitrogen deposition to alpine tundra ecosystem (1996) Atmospheric Environment, 30 (14), pp. 2527-2537; Singh, H.B., Reactive nitrogen in the troposphere (1987) Environmental Science and Technology, 21 (4), pp. 320-326; Smith, R.I., Fowler, D., Sutton, M.A., Flechard, C., Coyle, M., Regional estimation of pollutant gas dry deposition in the UK; model description, sensitivity analyses and outputs (2000) Atmospheric Environment, 34, pp. 3757-3777; Taylor, J.K., 1990. Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 42-63Taylor G.E., Jr., Constable, J.V.H., Modelling pollutant deposition to vegetation; scaling down from the canopy to the biochemical level (1994), pp. 15-37. , Percy K.E., Cape J.N., Jagels R., Simpson C.J. (Eds.), Air pollutants and the leaf cuticle, Berlin, Heidelberg: SpringerTaylor Jr., G.E., Beck, K., Tarnay, L., Gustin, M., 1997. Dry deposition of gases to forests in the Sierra Nevada mountains-results from process level modeling. Presented at the 5th National Watershed Conference: Living in Your Watershed, Reno, NV, National Watershed CoalitionTaylor G.E., Jr., McLaughlin, S.B., Shriner, D.S., The flux of sulfur-containing gases to vegetation (1983) Atmospheric Environment, 23, pp. 789-796; Tingey, D.T., Taylor, G.E., Variation in plant response to ozone; a conceptual model of physiological events (1982), pp. 113-138. , Unsworth M.H., Ormrod D.P. (Eds.), Effects of Gaseous Air Pollutants on Agriculture and Horticulture, London, England: Butterworth ScientificUSEPA, 1989. Determination of reactive acidic and basic gases and particulate matter in indoor/outdoor air. Chapel Hill, NC, Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, USEPA, Report #EPA-600/4-90-010van den Hurk, B.J.J.M., McNaughton, K.G., Implementation of near-field dispersion in a simple two-layer surface resistance model (1995) Journal of Hydrology, 166, pp. 293-311; Verhoef, A., de Bruin, H.A.R., van den Hurk, B.J.J.M., Some practical notes on the parameter kB-1H for sparse vegetation (1997) Journal of Applied Meteorology, 36, pp. 560-572; Vitousek, P.M., Aber, J.D., Howarth, R.W., Likens, G.E., Matson, P.A., Schindler, D.W., Schlesinger, W.H., Tilman, D.G., Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle; sources and consequences (1997) Ecological Applications, 7 (3), pp. 737-750; Vose, J.M., Swank, W.T., Preliminary estimates of foliar absorption of 15N-labeled nitric acid vapor, HNO3 by mature eastern white pine, Pinus strobus (1990) Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20, pp. 857-860; Wesely, M.L., Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models (1989) Atmospheric Environment, 23, pp. 1293-1304; Wilks, D.S., 1995. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 419-427Williams, M.W., Tonnessen, K.S., Critical loads for inorganic nitrogen deposition in the Colorado front range, USA (2000) Ecological Applications, 10 (6), pp. 1648-1665Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno NV 89512, United States Environmental Sciences and Public Policy, George Mason University, 440 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States~?6 Trewavas, A.2001Urban myths of organic farming409-410Nature4106827nitrogen issues]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035932432&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 41 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus_Inst. of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom?7OVassilakos, Ch Saraga, D. Maggos, Th Michopoulos, J. Pateraki, S. Helmis, C. G.2005TTemporal variations of PM2.5 in the ambient air of a suburban site in Athens, Greece223-231 Science of the Total Environment3491-3Air quality Mass concentration Meteorological parameters PM2.5 particulate matter nitrogen issues air quality influence of urban treesTwenty-three hour measurements of PM2.5 particulate matter have been carried out during the period between the 1st April and the 13th November 2003 in a suburban area of Athens. The monitoring site was located in the National Research Center "DEMOKRITOS", on the foot of Hemittos Mountain and about 12 km away from the center of Athens. The site covers an area of 600 acres in a forest of pine trees close enough to the newly constructed Hemittos Mountain peripheral highway. PM2.5 samples were collected on 47 mm filters, with the use of low volume gravimetric samplers while a meteorological station recorded meteorological data 6 m above the ground, nearby the sampling instrumentation. The daily average PM2.5 concentration reached 21.1 ?g m-3 and all measurements were below U.S. Environmental Pollution Agency daily limit (65 ?g m-3). A regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship among PM 2.5 concentrations and meteorological parameters. Additionally, PM2.5 mass concentrations were correlated with other inorganic gaseous pollutants (O3, NO, NO2, SO2) while weekly and seasonal PM2.5 variations were also investigated. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-26444464293&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusEnvironmental Research Laboratory/INT-RP, National Center for Scientific Research DEMOKRITOS, 153 10 A. P. Attikis, P.O.B. 60228, Athens, Greece Department of Applied Physics, University of Athens, University Campus, 157 84, Athens, Greecet}?85Walker, J. T. Whitall, D. R. Robarge, W. Paerl, H. W.2004YAmbient ammonia and ammonium aerosol across a region of variable ammonia emission density 1235-1246Atmospheric Environment389nitrogen issuesMarAWe present 1 year of ambient ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), hydrochloric acid (HCl), chloride (Cl-), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3-), nitrous acid (HONO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfate (SO42-) concentrations at three sites in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. The three sites, Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, are located in counties with total NH3 emission densities of 4800, 2280, and 320 kg NH3-N km(-2) yr(-1), respectively. Average NH3 concentrations were 5.32, 2.46, and 0.58 mug m(-3) at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. Average NH4+ concentrations were 1.84, 1.25, and 0.91 mug m(-3), and total concentrations of inorganic (NH4+NO3- + SO42-+ Cl-) particulate matter with aerosol diameters < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were 8.66, 6.35, and 5.31 μg m(-3) at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. NH3 concentrations were highest during the summer at all sites, with summer-to-winter concentration ratios of 2.40, 5.70, and 1.70 at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. NH3 concentrations were higher at night at the Clinton site, during the day at the Kinston site, and day vs. night concentrations were similar at the Morehead City site. NH4+ concentrations were highest during the winter at all sites, though this may not be representative of all years. Average daytime concentrations of NH4+ were similar to night values at all sites. NH4+ aerosol was primarily associated with SO42- at all sites, though the degree of SO42- neutralization was highest at Clinton and lowest at Morehead City. NH4+ aerosol formation appeared to be acid-gas-limited at the Clinton site during all seasons and during the spring and summer at the Kinston site. This study shows that agricultural NH3 emissions influence local ambient concentrations of NH3 and PM2.5. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000189102000001 1352-2310ISI:000189102000001=}?9Waller, D. A. Curtis, A. D.2003Effects of sugar-treated foods on preference and nitrogen fixation in Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae)81-85.Annals of the Entomological Society of America961nitrogen issuesJanInformation on feeding by subterranean termites is important because of their status as major pests in urban areas and their roles in forest nutrient cycles, in which they degrade wood litter and fix nitrogen. We examined the response of the subterranean termites Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to sugar solutions of glucose, xylose, and sucrose in laboratory experiments. Termites consumed more filter paper treated with 1 or 3% (wt:vol) sugar solutions than water-treated paper in choice tests. No-choice diets of sugar-treated filter paper had little effect on termite survivorship, live or dry biomass, or rates of nitrogen fixation.://000180854400009 0013-8746ISI:000180854400009}?:#Zechmeister, H. G. Hohenwallner, D.2006sA comparison of biomonitoring methods for the estimation of atmospheric pollutants in an industrial town in Austria245-259'Environmental Monitoring and Assessment1171-3nitrogen issuesJunIn the period between 1999 and 2000 epiphytic bryophytes were taken as bioindicators for air pollution by use of the IAP method (Index of Atmospheric Purity) and the VDI method within the Association of Engineers standards list (adapted from guideline 3799, 1995) in the heavy industrialized town of Linz, Austria. 52 study sites (265 trees) were analysed regarding species richness, coverage, and vitality. Q-values (sensitivity factors), calculated for each species showed significant differences for the various host tree species. The results gained by the IAP and the VDI methods were diverse, regarding the various sites where only 25% were classified identical. These differences can mainly be attributed to the differing host tree species and the size of the recording area on the various trees. Clusters of similar pollution levels were calculated and drawn as maps for both methods tested. Comparing the results of the IAP and the VDI methods with data derived from technical measurements (SO2, NO, NO2, and dust) a correlation between IAP-indices and SO2 concentrations could be observed. No correlation was detected between the results derived from VDI recording and for NO, NO2, and dust.://000239890200017 0167-6369ISI:000239890200017+?;Zhu, W. X. Carreiro, M. M.2004xTemporal and spatial variations in nitrogen transformations in deciduous forest ecosystems along an urban-rural gradient267-278Soil Biology and Biochemistry362Deciduous forest Extractable soil N Nitrification Nitrogen mineralization Temporal and spatial variations Urban-rural gradient nitrogen nitrogen issues urban soils^Ecosystem processes such as N transformations have seldom been studied in urban and suburban areas. Here we report the temporal and spatial variations in soil N measured continuously over 16 months in remnant forests dominated by northern red oak (Quercus rubraL.) along a 130 km urban-rural transect in the New York City metropolitan area. Urban, suburban and rural forests all exhibited clear seasonal patterns in soil N concentrations and transformation rates. Concentrations of extractable inorganic N were highest in early spring, while net N mineralization and nitrification rates were highest in summer. Peak N mineralization and nitrification in urban stands tended to occur a month earlier than in rural stands. Daily net N mineralization rates averaged 4.45mgNkg-1 soil organic matter (SOM) in urban stands, 3.51 in suburban stands, and 2.49 in rural stands. In urban and suburban forests, between 23.2-73.8% of the annual net N mineralized was nitrified, but in rural forests, net nitrification was mostly below the detection limit. Annual net N mineralization rates, expressed on an areal basis (to a depth of 7.5 cm), averaged 11.6 g m-2 in urban forests, 11.3 g m-2 in suburban sites, and 7.3 g m-2 in rural forests. N returns in oak litter fall were 2.15, 1.32, and 1.81 g m-2 in urban, suburban, and rural stands, respectively. The elevated N transformation rates and nitrate production, in combination with possible pollution constraints on tree growth in urban environments, raises concern that these urban and suburban forests may be approaching an N saturated status. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1042302222&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ;"Cited By (since 1996): 13 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Aber, J.D., Magill, A., Boone, R., Melillo, J.M., Steudler, P., Bowden, R., Plant and soil responses to chronic nitrogen additions at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts (1993) Ecological Applications, 3, pp. 156-166; Aber, J., McDowell, W., Nadelhoffer, K., Magill, A., Berntson, G., Kamakea, M., McNulty, S., Fernandez, I., Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems: Hypotheses revisited (1998) BioScience, 48, pp. 921-934; Ba?a?th, E., Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial processes and populations (1989) Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 47, pp. 335-379. , (a review); Binkley, D., Hart, S.C., The components of nitrogen availability assessments in forest soils (1989) Advances in Soil Science, 10, pp. 57-112; Blair, J.M., Parmelee, R.W., Lavelle, P., Influence of earthworms on biogeochemistry (1995) Earthworm Ecology and Biogeography in North America, pp. 127-158. , P.F. Hendrix. Boca Raton: CPC Press; Carreiro, M.M., Howe, K., Parkhurst, D.F., Pouyat, R.V., Variation in quality and decomposability of red oak leaf litter along an urban-rural gradient (1999) Biology and Fertility of Soils, 30, pp. 258-268; Carreiro, M.M., Sinsabaugh, R.L., Repert, D.A., Parkhurst, D.F., Microbial enzyme shifts explain litter decay responses to simulated nitrogen deposition (2000) Ecology, 81, pp. 2359-2365; (1995) Climatological Data: New York, 107. , National Climatic Data Center, Asheville; Connell, M.J., Raison, R.J., Khanna, P.K., Nitrogen mineralization in relation to site history and soil properties for a range of Australian forest soils (1995) Biology and Fertility of Soils, 20, pp. 213-220; Davidson, E.A., Matson, P.A., Vitousek, P.M., Riley, R., Dunkin, K., Garcia-Mendez, G., Maass, J.M., Processes regulating soil emissions of NO and N2O in a seasonally dry tropical forest (1993) Ecology, 74, pp. 130-139; Ehrenfeld, J.G., Han, X., Parsons, W.F.J., Zhu, W., On the nature of environmental gradients: Temporal and spatial variability of soils and vegetation in the New Jersey Pinelands (1997) Journal of Ecology, 85, pp. 785-798; Ehrenfeld, J.G., Kourtev, P., Huang, W., Changes in soil functions following invasions of exotic understory plants in deciduous forests (2001) Ecological Applications, 11, pp. 1287-1300; Finzi, A.C., Van Breemen, N., Canham, C.D., Canopy tree-soil interactions within temperate forests: Species effects on soil carbon and nitrogen (1998) Ecological Applications, 8, pp. 440-446; Gleason, H., Cronquist, A., (1963) Manual of Vascular Plants of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Ed., , New York: New York Botanical Garden Press; Gonza?lez-Prieto, S.J., Cabaneiro, A., Villar, M.C., Carballas, M., Carballas, T., Effect of soil characteristics on N mineralization capacity in 112 native and agricultural soils from the northwest of Spain (1996) Biology and Fertility of Soils, 22, pp. 252-260; Groffman, P.M., Zak, D.R., Christensen, S., Mosier, A., Tiedje, J.M., Early spring nitrogen dynamics in a temperate forest landscape (1993) Ecology, 74, pp. 1579-1583; Hart, S.C., Binkley, D., Perry, D.A., Influence of red alder on soil nitrogen transformations in two conifer forests of contrasting productivity (1997) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 29, pp. 1111-1123; Hill, A.R., Shackleton, M., Soil N mineralization and nitrification in relation to nitrogen solution chemistry in a small forested watershed (1989) Biogeochemistry, 8, pp. 167-184; Hill, D.E., Sauter, E.H., Gonick, W.N., Soils of Connecticut (1980) Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, (787); Hobbie, S.E., Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling (1992) TREE, 10, pp. 336-339; Lovett, G.M., Traynor, M.M., Pouyat, R.V., Carreiro, M.M., Zhu, W.-X., Baxter, J.W., Atmospheric deposition to oak forests along an urban-rural gradient (2000) Environmental Science and Technology, 34, pp. 4294-4300; Magill, A.H., Aber, J.D., Dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen relationships in forest litter as affected by nitrogen deposition (2000) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 32, pp. 603-613; Medley, K., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Forest-landscape structure along an urban-rural gradient (1995) Professional Geographer, 47, pp. 159-168; McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Ecosystem structure and function along urban-rural gradients: An unexploited opportunity for ecology (1990) Ecology, 71, pp. 1232-1237; McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Groffman, P., Bohlen, P., Pouyat, R.V., Zipperer, W., Parmelee, R., Medley, K., Ecosystem processes along an urban-to-rural gradient (1997) Urban Ecosystems, 1, pp. 21-36; Nadelhoffer, K.J., Aber, J.D., Melillo, J.M., Leaf-litter production and soil organic matter dynamics along a nitrogen-availability gradient in Southern Wisconsin (USA) (1983) Canadian Journal of Forest Researches, 13, pp. 12-21; Olsen, S.R., Sommers, L.E., Phosphorus in: Pace (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2 - Chemical and Microbiological Properties Second Ed., pp. 403-430. , A.L.P. Pace, R.H. Miller, & D.R. Keeney; Pastor, J., Aber, J.D., McClaugherty, C.A., Melillo, J.M., Aboveground production and N and P cycling along a nitrogen mineralization gradient on Blackhawk Island, Wisconsin (1984) Ecology, 65, pp. 256-268; Persson, T., Rudebeck, A., Jussy, J.H., Colin-Belgrand, M., Prieme?, A., Dambrine, E., Karlsson, P.S., Sjo?berg, R.M., Carbon and nitrogen cycling in European forest ecosystems (2000) Ecological Studies, 142, pp. 295-331. , Schulze E.-D. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; Pouyat, R.V., McDonnell, M.J., Heavy metal accumulations in forest soils along an urban-rural gradient in Southeastern New York, USA (1991) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 5758, pp. 797-807; Pouyat, R.V., Carreiro, M.M., McDonnell, M.J., Pickett, S.T.A., Groffman, P.M., Parmelee, R.W., Medley, K.E., Zipperer, W.C., Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in oak stands along an urban-rural gradient (1995) Carbon Forms and Function in Forest Soils, pp. 569-587. , W.W. McFee, & J.M. Kelly. Madison: Soil Science Society of America; Rebele, F., Urban ecology and special features of urban ecosystems (1994) Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 4, pp. 173-187; Reich, P.B., Grigal, D.F., Aber, J.D., Gower, S.T., Nitrogen mineralization and productivity in 50 hardwood and conifer stands on diverse soils (1997) Ecology, 78, pp. 335-347; Robertson, G.P., Nitrification in forested ecosystems (1982) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 296, pp. 445-457; Shaver, G.B., Johnson, L.C., Cades, D.H., Murray, G., Launder, J.A., Rastetter, E.B., Nadelhoffer, K.J., Giblin, A.E., Biomass and CO2 flux in wet sedge turdras: Responses to nutrients, temperature, and light (1998) Ecological Monographs, 68, pp. 75-97; Sinsabaugh, R.L., Moorhead, D.L., Resource allocation to extracellular enzyme production: A model for nitrogen and phosphorus control of litter decomposition (1994) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 26, pp. 1305-1311; Steinberg, D.A., Pouyat, R.V., Parmelee, R.W., Groffman, P.M., Earthworm abundance and nitrogen mineralization rates along an urban-rural land use gradient (1997) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 29, pp. 427-430; Tietema, A., Verstraten, J.M., Nitrogen cycling in an acid forest ecosystem in the Netherlands under increased atmospheric nitrogen input. The nitrogen budget and the effect of nitrogen transformations on the proton budget (1991) Biogeochemistry, 15, pp. 21-46; Vitousek, P.M., Gosz, J.R., Grier, C.C., Melillo, J.M., Reiners, W.A., A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems (1982) Ecological Monographs, 52, pp. 155-177; Vitousek, P.M., Howarth, R.W., Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur? (1991) Biogeochemistry, 13, pp. 87-115; Vitousek, P.M., Aber, J.D., Howarth, R.W., Likens, G.E., Matson, P.A., Schindler, D.W., Schlesinger, W.H., Tilman, D.G., Human alternation of the global nitrogen cycle: Sources and consequences (1997) Ecological Applications, 7, pp. 737-750; Wright, R.F., Rasmussen, L., Introduction to NITREX and EXMAN projects (1998) Forest Ecology and Management, 101, pp. 1-7; Zak, D.R., Groffman, P.M., Pregitzer, K.S., Christensen, S., Tiedje, J.M., The vernal dam: Plant-microbe competition for nitrogen in northern hardwood forests (1990) Ecology, 71, pp. 651-656; Zak, D.R., Grigal, D.F., Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and denitrification in upland and wetland ecosystems (1991) Oecologia, 88, pp. 189-196; Zar, J.H., (1999) Biostatistical Analysis Fourth Ed., , New Jersey: Prentice Hall; Zhu, W.-X., Carreiro, M.M., Chemoautotrophic nitrification in acidic forest soils along an urban-to-rural transect (1999) Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 31, pp. 1091-1100:Department of Biological Sciences, Box 6000, State Univ. of New York-Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States Louis Calder Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Armonk, NY 10504, United States Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States ?<Zhu, W. X. Carreiro, M. M.2004uVariations of soluble organic nitrogen and microbial nitrogen in deciduous forest soils along an urban-rural gradient279-288Soil Biology and Biochemistry362Deciduous forests ESON production Extractable soil organic nitrogen (ESON) Soil microbial biomass N (MBN) Urban-rural gradient nitrogen issues urban soilsSoluble organic N and microbial N pools in terrestrial ecosystems have been less studied than those of inorganic N. Therefore, cross-system variation in their pool sizes and seasonal dynamics, both absolute and relative to inorganic N pools, needs to be quantified so that their ecological importance in different ecosystems can be evaluated. We measured extractable soil organic N (ESON), microbial biomass N (MBN), and the net production rates of ESON in red oak-dominated remnant forests, along an urban-rural gradient in the New York City metropolitan area. We were interested in (1) determining the seasonal dynamics of ESON and MBN, and (2) examining whether the contrasts in land use (urban, suburban, rural) surrounding these forest remnants were associated with different amounts of ESON and MBN. This field-based study was conducted continuously for 16 months. Yearly average ESON concentrations ranged from 60 to 140 mg kg-1 soil organic matter (SOM), 3-4 times those of inorganic N, and average MBN ranged from 600 to 1100 mg kg-1 SOM. There was a considerable MBN increase in spring in all plots across the gradient. The average increase expressed on an areal basis (to a depth of 7.5 cm) ranged from 1.75 to 4.19 g Nm-2. The N incorporated into the microbial biomass in spring was gradually released later in the growing season (the mean MBN decrease ranged from 1.11 to 3.82 g Nm-2). The spring MBN increase could be an important retention mechanism for conserving soil inorganic N when plant N uptake may be low. The amplitude in the seasonal dynamics of ESON was far less than that of inorganic N, as was that of net ESON production rates when compared to net N mineralization. These suggest a closer coupling of plant N uptake with inorganic N, much more than with ESON. Both ESON and MBN were significantly higher in rural soils than in urban soils, and both concentrations were positively correlated with SOM content. The variation in ESON, MBN, or SOM associated with this urbanization gradient suggests that the form of N exported, the plant N budget and soil N retention mechanisms may be differentially affected by urban, suburban and rural land uses. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1042290559&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus1Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States Louis Calder Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Armonk, NY 10504, United States Biology Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States?="Steve "Wildman" Brill Dean, Evelyn1994[Identifying and Harvesting Edible and medicinal Plants in the Wild (and Not so Wild) PlacesNTFP nontimber forest products ?>Chamberlain, James Luther, III2000ZThe management of national forests of eastern United States for non-timber forest productsUnited States -- Virginia3Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University/Forestry Ecology NTFP nontimber forest productsPh.D.Many products are harvested from the forests of the United States in addition to timber. These non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are plants, parts of plants, or fungi that are harvested from within and on the edges of natural, disturbed or managed forests. Often, NTFPs are harvested from public forests for the socio-economic benefit they provide to rural collectors. Social science and market research methods were used to examine the extent that NTFPs are addressed in national forest management plans, identify and explore issues that affect their management, and determine the attitudes and perceptions of forest managers at various levels within the U.S. Forest Service. Non-timber forest products have not been considered in national forest management plans to the extent that have other forest resources. Fewer that 25 percent of the current management plans for the national forests of eastern United States address NTFPs. However, the Forest Service Directive System provides sufficient policy and procedural direction at the national and regional level for the management for NTFPs and legislation enacted in 2000 directs the Forest Service to develop a pilot program to beginning managing for these products. Managers with expertise and education in botany, wildlife, recreation, and wilderness had significantly more positive attitude toward managing for NTFPs than did managers with a more traditional (timber-based) educational background. A regression model of intention to include NTFPs in the forest management plans was developed using data from forest managers and based on the Theory of Reasoned Action. Both attitude and perception were found to be significant determinants of behavior intention. A common perception among forest managers is that NTFP management is not an issue of public concern. Also, managers do not perceive that the lack of management is a problem. Without a visible and vocal constituency, the impetus for change must necessarily come from within the organization. Efforts by the U.S. Forest Service to manage for NTFPs will be hampered by a lack of information and expertise. But, the activities of more progressive national forests suggest that sufficient knowledge does exist for the agency to take a more proactive approach to management.3040274f??Gabriel, Nathan or Nathanial 2002-2003$Master's Thesis at Temple UniversityNTFPsNTFP nontimber forest products?@ Jahnike, Paul20021Case Study: The Hidden Bounty of the Urban Forest96-107.Nontimber Forest Products in the United StatesJones, McLain, Weigand Lawrence, KSU of Kansas PressNTFP nontimber forest products?A+Jim, Chamberlain Robert, Bush A. L. Hammett1998Non-timber forest products10Forest Products Journal4810ZForest products Food products Flowers & plants Applications NTFP nontimber forest productsThere are a great variety of products harvested from forests in the US that are not timber-based. Non-timber forest products are receiving increased attention in the popular press, professional conferences, and state and federal policy dialogues. Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are plants and parts of plants that are harvested from within and on the edges of natural and disturbed forests. Like timber, NTFPs may be processed into consumer-oriented products, but often little secondary processing is required. Perhaps the biggest problem in describing these products is the lack of information concerning the distribution systems used to get the products to final consumers. NTFPs can be classified into 4 general product lines: edibles, specialty wood products, floral greens, and medicinal and dietary supplements. For the industry to flourish, three critical issues must be addressed: resource management, regulation, and consumer characteristics.m?B"Keith, A. Blatner Susan, Alexander1998KRecent price trends for non-timber forest products in the Pacific Northwest28Forest Products Journal4810UForest products Flowers & plants Prices Trends Studies NTFP nontimber forest productsdMany of the industries that comprise the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) market in the Pacific Northwest have existed since the early 1900s. NTFPs have recently been receiving more attention from land managers and researchers. There is very little information about year-to-year prices for products within the different industries, so although large general trends can be discussed, specific prices and industry trends are not well understood. The NTFP industry segments are defined, some of the history and markets in the various industries are discussed, and a price series dating back to 1989 is presented.?C%Page, Nancy M. Weaver Jr., Richard E.1975Wild plants in the CityNYT Book CompanyNTFP nontimber forest products=?DTheresa, Seraphim20062Couple works to promote non-timber forest products6Saskatchewan Sage1012}Forests Forest products industry Entrepreneurs Timber industry Harvest Sustainable development NTFP nontimber forest products="We've been looking at the trees and now it's time to see the forest," said ecotourism entrepreneur Ric Richardson who, along with his wife, Rose, has been working for years to promote the opportunities that exist around harvesting of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). With the recent uncertainty swirling around Saskatchewan's forestry sector after closure of Weyerhaeuser's pulp and paper mill in Prince Albert this past spring, Richardson believes the time has never been better to look at economically viable ways of using other parts of the province's forests. With assistance from a grant from the ministry of First Nations and Metis Relations, the Richardson's have contracted with Royal Roads University's Centre for Non Timber Resources, a B.C.-based centre that works to encourage sustainable use of non-timber forest resources, and are in the process of putting together a strategic plan for the harvesting of Saskatchewan's non-timber forest products. Richardson said an investment of $15 million dollars over 10 years would be sufficient to make the NTFP project viable.?E2005$PW forum answers to vexing questions53 Public Works1364pests diseasesThe questions framed by the readers panel to the Public Works (PW) Forum and the suitable answers provided by the forum regarding private and public planting are discussed. The PW forum believes that a property owner's first line of recovery is the home owner's insurance and casualty loss claims on federal taxes. The city does not expect the owner of the private trees to pay damages when insect or disease infestations spread from private trees to public trees. It is found that the forestry department is working closely with neighborhood groups to plan and promote the private tree plantings. Numerous federal and state grants are being used to purchase the trees in order to take better care of the people as well as the streets.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-18344392284&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}?FAlangaden, G. J. Lerner, S. A.1997PThe clinical use of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of mycobacterial diseases 1213-1221Clinical Infectious Diseases255pests diseasesNovMycobacterial diseases often require prolonged therapy with multidrug regimens. Fluoroquinolones have excellent bactericidal activity against many mycobacteria; achieve effective serum, tissue, and intracellular levels following oral administration; and produce few adverse effects. These properties have led to the increasing use of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of mycobacterial infections. We reviewed clinical studies and reports involving the use of fluoroquinolones for mycobacterial diseases. Ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and pefloxacin exhibit clinical efficacy against mycobacterial diseases, especially tuberculosis and leprosy. Fluoroquinolones have generally been administered in regimens that include other agents. However, when a fluoroquinolone has been found to be the sole active agent in a multidrug regimen, the ready emergence of resistance to fluoroquinolones has been recognized, just as when they have been used as monotherapy. Therefore, to forestall the emergence of resistance to fluoroquinolones during the treatment of mycobacterial diseases, these drugs should always be used in combination with at least one other active agent, and they should be used only when effective alternative drugs are not available.://A1997YG89000047 1058-4838ISI:A1997YG89000047}?G!Alma, A. Ferracini, C. Burgio, G.2005Development of a sequential plan to evaluate Neodryinus typhlocybae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera : Dryinidae) population associated with Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Homoptera : Flatidae) infestation in northwestern Italy819-824Environmental Entomology344pests diseasesAugWMetcalfa pruinosa (Say) is an exotic pest introduced into Italy in the early 1980s. It is a polyphagous pest and can infest several plant species used in agriculture, forest, and urban systems. To control this pest, Ncodryinus typhlocybae (Ashmead), a specialist parasitoid attacking young M. pruinosa instars, was introduced in Italy starting in 1987. From 1999 to 2001, the establishment of N. typhlocybae was evaluated and a sampling plan developed to estimate its cocoon population density. The spatial aggregation of the cocoons was analyzed by Taylor's power law. The aggregation index ranged from 1.064 to 1.136 and a common value (b = 1.1) was estimated. Sequential sampling was shown to be the more practical and least time consuming sampling method. The peak of the parasitoid cocoon population at the end of July (26th to 30th week of the year) is a suitable period in northern Italy to monitor the activity of the parasitoid and to estimate the field parasitization. The potential of the sampling method is discussed, with the aim to evaluate the impact of the parasitoid on M. pruinosa populations.://000231161400011 0046-225XISI:000231161400011c}?H}Auclair, A. N. D. Fowler, G. Hennessey, M. K. Hogue, A. T. Keena, M. Lance, D. R. McDowell, R. M. Oryang, D. O. Sawyer, A. J.2005 Assessment of the risk of introduction of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) in municipal solid waste from the quarantine area of New York City to landfills outside of the quarantine area: A pathway analysis of the risk of spread and establishment47-60Journal of Economic Entomology981pests diseasesFeb6The risk associated with spread of Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), from infested areas in New York City to the wide array of landfills across the eastern United States contracted by the city since 1997 was unknown, but of great concern. Landfills, some as far as South Carolina, Virginia, and Ohio, occupied forest types and climates at high risk of Asian longhorned beetle establishment. The city proposed a separate waste wood collection known as the "311 System;" this was estimated to cost federal and state agencies $6.1 to $9.1 million per year, including the cost of processing and disposal of the wood. Pathway analysis was used to quantify the probability that Asian longhorned beetle present in wood waste collected at curbside would survive transport, compaction, and burial to form a mated pair. The study found that in seven alternate management scenarios, risks with most pathways are very low, especially given existing mitigations. Mitigations included chemical control, removal of infested trees, and burial of wood waste in managed landfills that involved multiple-layering, compaction, and capping of dumped waste with a 15-cm soil cover at the end of each day. Although the risk of business-as-usual collection and disposal practices was virtually nil, any changes of policy or practice such as illegal dumping or disposal at a single landfill increased the risk many thousandfold. By rigorously maintaining and monitoring existing mitigations, it was estimated that taxpayers would save $75 to $122 million dollars over the next decade.://000226816100006 0022-0493ISI:000226816100006)}?I$Baraniak, E. Walczak, U. Zduniak, P.2005Appearance and migration of the horse-chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella in relation to city size and leaf-raking, using the example of two cities in Western Poland145-149Journal of Pest Science783pests diseasesJunPossible differences in the size and dynamics of the appearance of particular generations of Cameraria ohridella were studied at two city sites of different size and character. The differences in the degree of infestation of Aesculus hippocastanum by the horse chestnut leafminer in the two towns are interpreted as a result of the differences in the size of food resources. The greater degree of infestation of trees in Mosina relative to trees in Poznan is most probably a result of the difficulty of aerial dispersion and thereby much stronger competition for food. This conclusion confirms a positive correlation of the distance between localities with the degree of tree infestation in a small town and the lack of such a correlation in a big city. The presence of refuges in the city outskirts at which no raking and removal of leaves is performed does not seem to have a significant effect on the degree of horse chestnut infestation in the centre.://000229970600006 1612-4758ISI:000229970600006}?J"Cane, J. H. Cox, H. E. Moar, W. J.1995Susceptibility of Ips calligraphus (Germar) and Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to coleopteran-active Bacillus thuringiensis, a Bacillus metabolite, and Avermectin B-1831-837Canadian Entomologist1276pests diseasesNov-Dec7A simple, reliable feeding bioassay was developed for screening certain biorational insecticides with potential use against pine bark beetles. Adult Ips calligraphus and Dendroctonus frontalis were fed freeze-dried phloem fortified with Avermectin B-1, Bacillus thuringiensis with known coleopteran activity, or a bacterial metabolite (R003). Avermectin B-1 was toxic to adult I. calligraphus by 4 days at an LC(50) of 0.36 mu g AI/g of diet. R003 was active against both beetle species, yielding 85-100% mortality after 10 days exposure to a concentration of 360 mu g/g of diet. No B. thuringiensis product was toxic at a discriminating concentration of 200 mu g of spore/crystal preparation per gram of diet. Beetle mortality on untreated diet remained < 10% over the 4-10 days duration of feeding trials. Unadulterated, lyophilized phloem diet did not spoil during bioassays, provided that tanned beetles were taken for bioassays before they emerged from their natal host bolts. Microbial products with scolytid activity, such as Avermectin BI and R003, could have future value for limiting bark beetle infestations of individual trees or small stands in urban or ecologically sensitive forests. Innovative strategies for delivery would have to be developed, however, to circumvent the cryptic habits of these phloeophagous beetles.://A1995TN30800004 0008-347XISI:A1995TN30800004J}?K,Carter, J. L. Ravlin, F. W. Fleischer, S. J.1994wSequential Egg Mass Sampling Plans for Gypsy-Moth (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) Management in Urban and Suburban Habitats999-1003Journal of Economic Entomology874pests diseasesAugSequential sampling plans for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), management programs in urban and suburban habitats were developed from 0.01-ha fixed-radius plot samples collected in Loudoun, Fairfax, and Arlington counties in Virginia. Urban and suburban habitats are defined as areas with a housing density ranging from 0.247 houses per hectare to 12.35 houses per hectare. The sampling plans were developed from Wald's sequential probability ratio test and are based on a negative binomial distribution. Operating characteristic and average sample number curves were calculated for a range of k (index of aggregation) values and used to determine the acceptability of the sampling plans. Three sampling plans were developed for the action thresholds of 618, 1,236, and 2,471 egg masses per hectare based on a k value of 0.527. Validation of the sampling plans resulted in the same treatment decisions as using a much higher set number of samples in 90-100% of the areas and a savings in samples of 31-49% of the areas.://A1994NZ99100027 0022-0493ISI:A1994NZ99100027}?L9Cavey, J. F. Hoebeke, E. R. Passoa, S. Lingafelter, S. W.1998A new exotic threat to North American hardwood forests: An Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (motschulsky) (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae). I. Larval description and diagnosis373-3816Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington1002pests diseasesAprAnoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), an Asian longhorned beetle native to eastern China, Korea, and Japan, was discovered in the New York City area attacking various hardwood trees in August 1996. This represents the first known infestation of any member of the lamiine genus Anoplophora in North America. To better enable identification of the immature stages of this important exotic forest pest, the mature larva is thoroughly described and illustrated with the use of photomicrographs. In addition, the larva of A. glabripennis is compared with North American larvae of the hardwood-feeding genera Xylotrechus, Neoclytus, Saperda, and Glycobius and of the conifer-feeding, morphologically similar genus Monochamus.://000073056400020 0013-8797ISI:000073056400020}?MCoffelt, M. A. Schultz, P. B.1993Relationship among Orangestriped Oakworm (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) Frass Length, Frass Production, Host-Plant, and Defoliation291-298 Journal of Entomological Science283pests diseasesJulDefoliation of urban oak trees by the orangestriped oakworm, Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), and associated frass has become a significant problem in southeastern Virginia. Measurements of frass length and production provided a decision-making guideline for A. senatoria management. Frass length was used to differentiate A. senatoria instars reared on Q. palustris (Muenchhausen), pin oak. Host plants significantly affected A. senatoria frass length and production per larva and host plants should be considered when determining instars. Frass length was longer and frass production higher when larvae were reared on Q. nigra (water oak), Q. phellos (willow oak), Q. coccinea (scarlet oak), and Q. palustris compared with six other species. Frass length was shorter in second, fourth, and fifth instars when larvae were reared on Q. alba (white oak) compared with six, eight, and five other species, respectively. Landscape fabrics were used to collect frass and recovered 90% of all frass deposited. Frass production on small pin oaks (mean ht = 2.1 m, mean diameter at breast ht = 6.3 cm) was significantly correlated with defoliation. An aesthetic injury level of 25% defoliation resulted in frass collections of 2.2 g per tree.://A1993LU31700009 0749-8004ISI:A1993LU31700009L}?N)Dahlsten, D. L. Rowney, D. L. Tait, S. M.1994Development of Integrated Pest-Management Programs in Urban Forests - the Elm Leaf Beetle (Xanthogaleruca-Luteola (Muller)) in California, USA31-44Forest Ecology and Management651pests diseasesMayThe elm leaf beetle (ELB) causes severe damage to California's elms. The goal was to develop a management system based on long-term population monitoring for decision making, and environmentally sound control methods. English and Siberian elms with ELB populations in 25 locations from the northeast to the central coast of California were sampled from 1985 to 1990. Population monitoring has indicated that each ELB generation (two to three per season) varies unpredictably in its potential for causing foliage damage. Each generation needs to be sampled and decisions made for control measures most suitable for that generation. From the data base, we have developed a sampling system in which heat accumulation above 11-degrees-C at ELB sites, measured in degree-days, indicates when to sample and, if necessary, when to treat. Sampling elm branch terminals for the presence of ELB eggs during the limited time when egg laying is near its peak provides a cost-effective means of predicting foliage damage, and thus of deciding whether control actions are necessary. Two control options compatible with ELB natural enemies have been tested: trunk banding with Carbaryl and Bacillus thuringiensis foliar sprays. A number of strains of the egg parasitoid Tetrastichus gallerucae have been released and at least one strain has survived over winter. When the number of these parasitoids has increased sufficiently, either through same season releases or from overwintering survival, they have exerted substantial control.://A1994NR72000005 0378-1127ISI:A1994NR72000005}?ODeckert, R. J. Peterson, R. L.2000WDistribution of foliar fungal endophytes of Pinus strobus between and within host trees 1436-1442LCanadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere309pests diseasesSepThe distribution of foliar fungal endophytes within and between needles and trees of Pinus strobus L. (white pine) is largely unknown. In this study, needles were collected in Muskoka, Ontario, plated, and scored for hyphal outgrowth of endophytes to observe distributional patterns. Individual trees displayed different levels of infection but branches within those trees had similar levels. There was a large difference in the infection levels between the two extant needle age-classes, with the youngest needles being virtually endophyte-free. Needles divided into four sections exhibited the most hyphal outgrowth from the distal portion and the least from the medial-proximal portion. Cultural morphotypes were primarily of the Lophodermium and Hormonema morphologies. Lophodermium occurred at all positions along the needle but Hormonema was restricted to the proximal and distal portions. Infrequently occurring fungi of diverse morphotypes were found at all four needle positions. A separate experiment compared levels of endophyte infection between Muskoka trees and trees growing in an urban area (Guelph, Ontario). Needle pieces from Guelph hosts had low rates of infection (0.02%) compared with needle pieces from Muskoka hosts (66.5%). Thus, for white pine, foliar endophyte distribution is patchy within and between needles, trees, and locations, possibly reflecting differences in microhabitat or infection success.://000089524000010 0045-5067ISI:000089524000010S}?P0Desender, K. Small, E. Gaublomme, E. Verdyck, P.2005URural-urban gradients and the population genetic structure of woodland ground beetles51-62Conservation Genetics61pests diseasesJan1Genetic diversity and differentiation of two carabid beetle species were examined in woodlands along rural-urban gradients in two cities (Brussels, Belgium, and Birmingham, UK), based on allozymes, studied in more than 1000 beetles. Compared to Abax ater, Pterostichus madidus showed higher levels of genetic diversity but lower genetic differentiation, probably because of its ability to survive in non-forest habitats. Higher genetic diversity in both species was observed in Brussels as compared to Birmingham. However, genetic differentiation among sites was higher in Birmingham corresponding to the more extreme degree of fragmentation and isolation between the Birmingham woodlands. The isolation-by-distance model did not explain genetic differentiation among sites within the two regions. Gene diversity in P. madidus Birmingham populations was higher in smaller urban forests with a small perimeter. A similar absence of genetic erosion in smaller and more highly modified (urban) populations was also obtained for A. ater populations from Brussels, with a higher genetic diversity in sites closer to woodland edges. This unexpected result is hypothesised to be the result of an adaptive increase of genetic diversity in more heterogeneous landscapes, closer to woodland edges and in smaller and more perturbed forests.://000227937300005 1566-0621ISI:000227937300005 }?QDormann, C. F. Schweiger, O. Augenstein, I. Bailey, D. Billeter, R. de Blust, G. DeFilippi, R. Frenzel, M. Hendrickx, F. Herzog, F. Klotz, S. Liira, J. Maelfait, J. P. Schmidt, T. Speelmans, M. van Wingerden, Wkre Zobel, M.2007cEffects of landscape structure and land-use intensity on similarity of plant and animal communities774-787Global Ecology and Biogeography166pests diseasesNovAim Species richness in itself is not always sufficient to evaluate land management strategies for nature conservation. The exchange of species between local communities may be affected by landscape structure and land-use intensity. Thus, species turnover, and its inverse, community similarity, may be useful measures of landscape integrity from a diversity perspective. Location A European transect from France to Estonia. Methods We measured the similarity of plant, bird, wild bee, true bug, carabid beetle, hoverfly and spider communities sampled along gradients in landscape composition (e.g. total availability of semi-natural habitat), landscape configuration (e.g. fragmentation) and land-use intensity (e.g. pesticide loads). Results Total availability of semi-natural habitats had little effect on community similarity, except for bird communities, which were more homogeneous in more natural landscapes. Bee communities, in contrast, were less similar in landscapes with higher percentages of semi-natural habitats. Increased landscape fragmentation decreased similarity of true bug communities, while plant communities showed a nonlinear, U-shaped response. More intense land use, specifically increased pesticide burden, led to a homogenization of bee, bug and spider communities within sites. In these cases, habitat fragmentation interacted with pesticide load. Hoverfly and carabid beetle community similarity was differentially affected by higher pesticide levels: for carabid beetles similarity decreased, while for hoverflies we observed a U-shaped relationship. Main conclusions Our study demonstrates the effects of landscape composition, configuration and land-use intensity on the similarity of communities. It indicates reduced exchange of species between communities in landscapes dominated by agricultural activities. Taxonomic groups differed in their responses to environmental drivers and using but one group as an indicator for 'biodiversity' as such would thus not be advisable.://000250262900010 1466-822XISI:000250262900010 }?R#Dujesiefken, D. Peylo, A. Liese, W.1991[Influence of Time of Wounding on the Compartmentalization in Different Hardwoods and Spruce371-380$Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt1106pests diseasesDecPrunings, increment borings, and other tree work are usually done during the dormant season. Seasonal influences on wound effects were investigated on 30 trees (Acer pseudoplatanus L., Betula pendula Roth, Fagus sylvatica L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Quercus robur L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst). They were wounded by a borer five times from August 1988 until April 1989. After one growing season, the reactions of the xylem, callus formation, and cambial necrosis around the wound were analysed macroscopically and microscopically. The six species behaved differently regarding their xylem reactions. Whereas Acer and Betula developed axial discolorations of only few decimeters, such extended in Betula for more than 1 m. In the ring-porous wood of Fraxinus and Quercus, discoloration was pronounced in the wide early-wood vessels of the last rings. Also spruce developed discolored tissue, which shifted with distance from the wound to the inner part of the stem. The reactions were quite different according to the time of wounding: Wounding of hardwoods during the winter led to larger reactions than in autumn and spring. On the other hand, injuries during spring time showed the least cambial necrosis and the best callus growth. Only Fagus exhibited hardly any difference due to its general efficient compartmentalization, which was activated during the relative mild winter 1988/89. On the contrary, injuries to spruce during the dormant period lead to a smaller extension of the discoloration. This difference can be explained by the distinct wound reactions of hard- and softwoods, since these react with the mechanical closure of the bordered pits, and no temperature-dependent parenchyma activities are involved. In addition, the higher moisture content in spruce wood during winter may facilitate a better compartmentalization. In contrast to general practice, it is therefore recommended that treatments of broadleaf trees in cities and in the forest should preferably not be done during the dormant season.://A1991GZ03500003 0015-8003ISI:A1991GZ03500003 9}?S Ehler, L. E.1995eBiological-Control of Obscure Scale (Homoptera, Diaspididae) in California - an Experimental Approach779-795Environmental Entomology244pests diseasesAug% Obscure scale, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), is native to the eastern half of the United States where it is associated with hosts in the genera Quercus, Carya, and Castanea. In its native home, the scale is exploited by a complex of natural enemies, including predators, parasites, and pathogens. Although obscure scale is generally maintained at low levels in natural habitats (presumably by natural enemies), it is a major pest of pin oak in urban areas and a minor pest of pecan. In 1962, an infestation of obscure scale was detected on oaks in Capitol Park in Sacramento, CA; efforts to eradicate the infestation were not successful, and this population became a target for classical biological control in 1981: Because the infestation was restricted and spread slowly, there was sufficient time for preintroductory investigations. Exploration for candidate natural enemies for importation into California was directed at parasites associated with obscure scale on pecan in southern Texas. Eleven species in 8 genera were recovered; the major species were Ablerus clisiocampae (Ashmead), Coccophagoides fuscipennis (Girault), Encarsia aurantii (Howard), and Physcus varicornis (Howard). Instead of releasing all of the major primary parasites (empirical approach), a more experimental approach was employed-that is, single species release of E. aurantii. This species was chosen because of its thelyotokous reproduction, high egg load at emergence (highest among major primary parasites), and abundance in the native home of obscure scale. Over 11,000 females were released in 1988 and establishment was confirmed in 1990. From 1992-1994, the parasite population increased steadily while the abundance of scale crawlers declined by 3-fold; the crawler-to-parasite ratio declined from approximate to 25 to approximate to 7. Through selective pruning, parasitization by E. aurantii, and timing of insecticide treatments, obscure scale is now under integrated pest management (IPM) in Capitol Park, and it may eventually come under complete biological control. This project illustrates how preintroductory investigations both in the native home of the target pest and under quarantine conditions can be used to derive an introduction strategy in classical biological control. Some additional aspects of introduction strategy are discussed.://A1995RP24400002 0046-225XISI:A1995RP24400002`}?TElek, Z. Lovei, G. L.2007hPatterns in ground beetle (Coleoptera : Carabidae) assemblages along an urbanisation gradient in Denmark104-1110Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology321pests diseasesJul-Aug$The responses of ground beetles to an urbanisation gradient (forest-suburban area-urban park) were studied in and near Soro, South Zealand, Denmark, during April-October 2004. The average number of species per trap did not differ significantly among the three urbanisation stages. The average number of forest species was significantly higher in the forest area (6.2 species/trap) than in either the suburban (4.12 spp/trap) or the urban (3.7 spp/trap) areas. Both the number of open-habitat species (1.8 spp/trap), and the generalist species (2.3 spp/trap) were highest in the urban area. The number of predaceous species was highest in the forest area (8.1 spp/trap), while the number of omnivorous species was highest in the urban area (0.9 spp/trap). Multivariate statistical procedures (NMDS, Sorensen similarity index) also confirmed that species composition changed remarkably along the forest-suburban-urban gradient. The highest number of species (S = 37) was found at the urban area, deviating from trends at other northern hemisphere sites (Canada, Finland) where the overall species richness was highest at the forest habitats. Urban green areas, including forest patches contribute to the quality of urban life and thus should be conserved. Apart from their recreational value, which is widely appreciated and enjoyed by human inhabitants, such green urban spaces provide seemingly adequate habitat for numerous species of ground beetles found in less developed forest areas some distance from the city core. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.://000247911000011 1146-609XISI:000247911000011 ?UFleming, M. R. Hoover, K. Janowiak, J. J. Fang, Y. Wang, X. Liu, W. Wang, Y. Hang, X. Agrawal, D. Mastro, V. C. Lance, D. R. Shield, J. E. Roy, R.2003UMicrowave irradiation of wood packing material to destroy the Asian longhorned beetle46-52Forest Products Journal531pests diseasesThe infestations of the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) in New York and Chicago, discovered in 1996 and 1998, respectively, are believed to have originated with infested solid wood packing materials shipped to the United States from China. This insect poses a serious threat to urban trees and there is potential for vast devastation to commercial hardwood forests. Since 1998, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has required that all wood packing materials originating in China be fumigated, heat treated, or treated with preservatives. To determine the feasibility of microwave irradiation as an alternative treatment, we performed laboratory experiments on 4- by 4- by 4-inch and 4- by 4- by 1-inch blocks of wood artificially infested with live ALB larvae and pupae with subsequent 2.45 GHz microwave energy irradiation. Temperature gradients generated both by conventional and microwave treatments were recorded. Experimental results for aspen, eastern white pine, red pine, and loblolly pine showed that temperature gradients were not consistent for short (< 3 min.) irradiation periods. However, all measurement points in the 4- by 4- by 4-inch green blocks reached 60°C within 0.5 to 5 minutes of irradiation, compared to 70 to 123 minutes with the conventional heat treatment; for the 4- by 4- by 1-inch green blocks, the times were 15 to 60 seconds with the microwave treatment versus 21 to 160 minutes with the conventional treatment. In China, both green and dry poplar blocks of the same dimensions were seeded with beetle larvae and pupae. Preliminary results showed that 30 seconds and 3 minutes of irradiation at 900 watts was lethal to larvae and pupae in green 4-by 4-by 1-inch and 4- by 4- by 4-inch poplar blocks, respectively. Only 5 seconds of irradiation was necessary to kill the larvae in dry wood. These preliminary results suggest that microwave treatment can eradicate Asian longhorned beetles in solid wood packing materials. Further trials with ALB-infested wood samples are planned to determine lethal microwave treatment protocols.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037269690&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusMaterials Sci. and Engineering, Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States Dept. of Entomology, Pennsylvania State Univ. (PSU), University Park, PA, United States Inner Mongolia Entry-Exit I./Q.B. PR, Hohhut, China }?VFoss, L. K. Rieske, L. K.2003hSpecies-specific differences in oak foliage affect preference and performance of gypsy moth caterpillars87-93'Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata1082pests diseases economic issuesAugThe gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) ( Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), is an introduced defoliator that preferentially feeds on oaks, Quercus spp. ( Fagaceae) in the north-eastern USA. As the gypsy moth expands its geographic range, the extensive oak component in forests and urban environments of the USA assure its successful establishment. Given their economic and ecological importance, and the gypsy moth's potential to cause mortality, we evaluated caterpillar preference and performance on various oaks prevalent in the central hardwoods region. Most of the physical and chemical characteristics we measured, from budbreak phenology to foliar chemistry, varied significantly among the oak species tested. Similarly, insect preference and performance varied significantly, though not always in predictable ways. Caterpillar preference was compared for black, Q. velutina Lamarck, burr, Q. macrocarpa Michaux, cherrybark, Q. pagoda Rafinesque, northern red, Q. rubra L., pin, Q. palustris Muenchhausen, swamp white, Q. bicolor Willdenow, white, Q. alba L., and willow, Q. phellos L., oaks. Gypsy moth preference was greatest for black and burr, and least for northern red, pin, and willow oaks. We assessed foliar characteristics and caterpillar performance on foliage from burr, cherrybark, northern red, pin, and willow oaks. Caterpillar preference did not always correlate with performance. Gypsy moth consumption and growth were highest, and development most rapid, on pin oak, which had high nitrogen and tannin levels, and was among the least preferred. Northern red and willow oaks were also among the least preferred and were the least suitable tested, producing caterpillars with moderate to low consumption and growth rates, as well as the longest development. Northern red oak contained the lowest foliar tannins; willow oak foliage was lowest in carbohydrates and nitrogen. Our results suggest that a combination of foliar characteristics may be responsible for gypsy moth preference and performance, and that an optimal combination of foliar components serves to maximize host suitability. These data will provide information useful for planning and managing urban forests in the presence of expanding gypsy moth populations.://000187159400002 0013-8703ISI:000187159400002;}?WGibbs, J. P. Stanton, E. J.2001`Habitat fragmentation and arthropod community change: Carrion beetles, phoretic mites, and flies79-85Ecological Applications111pests diseasesFeb Little is known about the effects of habitat fragmentation on forest insect communities. We studied relationships among carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae), an insect guild important to decomposition processes in forests, the beetles' phoretic mites, and the beetles' primary competitors, muscoid flies, along an urban-rural gradient of forest fragmentation in central New York State, USA. Species richness of carrion beetle communities was reduced by one-third and beetle abundance by two-thirds in fragmented forests whereas flies were 1.5x more abundant in forest fragments than in contiguous forests. The commensal relationship between carrion beetles and their phoretic mites was more variable in heavily fragmented sites, with beetles typically having unusually low or high mite loads. The beetles thriving in fragmented forests were generally small-bodied habitat generalists. This study indicates that forest fragmentation has a profound impact on carrion beetle communities, although the mechanisms underlying these patterns remain unresolved.://000166749100007 1051-0761ISI:000166749100007}?XEHartley, D. J. Koivula, M. J. Spence, J. R. Pelletier, R. Ball, G. E.2007tEffects of urbanization on ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of grassland habitats in western Canada673-684 Ecography305pests diseasesOctWe pitfall-trapped carabid beetles across an urban-rural gradient in central Alberta, Canada to assess the relative contributions of landscape structure and habitat quality in explaining variation in composition of assemblages. The gradient ranged from the "urban" zone in the city of Edmonton, through a "suburban" zone just outside the city, into a "rural" zone 25-60 km east of the city. We trapped beetles at three replicated sites for each of two habitats (unmanaged grasslands and highly managed graveyards) in each of the three zones. Most of the 24 species (3162 individuals) captured were commonly associated with open habitats. Pterostichus melanarius, an introduced species, made up 80% of the total catch. Carabid assemblages of grasslands and graveyards were distinct, with lower species richness and lower catch rates of native, introduced and brachypterous carabids in graveyards. Graveyard assemblages also had proportionally fewer brachypterous carabid individuals (32 vs 52%) and species (20 vs 36%), suggesting that populations recruit locally from elsewhere after disturbances. Native carabids were least abundant in the urban areas. Brachypterous carabids were similarly abundant across the gradient, but more occurred in the urban zone than elsewhere (32 vs 5-10%). Samples from graveyards were characterized by lower beta diversity (variation among samples) than those from grasslands, but beta diversity was more-or-less equally variable across the gradient within habitats. The amount of unmanaged grassland habitat and the degree of urbanization significantly influence carabid assemblages, and therefore are relevant to management and conservation of urban grassland areas.://000250728200006 0906-7590ISI:000250728200006(}?Y)Holopainen, J. K. Braun, S. Fluckiger, W.1994~The Response of Spruce Shoot Aphid Cinara-Pilicornis Hartig to Ambient and Filtered Air at 2 Elevations and Pollution Climates233-238Environmental Pollution862pests diseasesThe effects of ambient air compared to filtered air on the reproduction of females and mean relative growth rate (MRGR) of nymphs of C. pilicornis on Norway spruce was determined in open-top chambers at Wengernalp in the Swiss Alps (1900 m a.s.l.) and at Schonenbuch near the city of Basle (400 m a.s.l.). The ambient concentration of O-3, the main pollutant at both sites, varied between 45 and 120 mug m-3 (24-h mean) at both sites. A 5-8 day exposure of spruce saplings to ambient compared to filtered air enhanced the MRGR of nymphs of C. pilicornis of local and northern origins at Schonenbuch. The cumulative numbers of offspring of C. pilicornis were higher in ambient air chambers than in filtered air chambers at Schonenbuch, but not at Wengernalp. Filtration of ambient air did not affect significantly the levels of total free amino acids or reducing sugars in phloem sap or concentration of total phenolics in needles at the end of the growing season. The results suggest that ambient air with elevated O-3 and with high daily fluctuations, as it can be observed in Schonenbuch, affects aphid performance on conifers more than ambient air with also elevated, but rather constant levels of O-3, as it can be observed in mountain forest areas.://A1994NZ29300014 0269-7491ISI:A1994NZ29300014Z}?Z2Hornung, E. Tothmeresz, B. Magura, T. Vilisics, F.2007OChanges of isopod assemblages along an urban-suburban-rural gradient in Hungary158-165 European Journal of Soil Biology433pests diseasesMay-Jun*Responses of isopod assemblages to urbanisation were studied along an urban-suburban-rural gradient representing a decrease in the intensity of human disturbance. Pitfall trapping collected six species (Armadillidium vulgare, Porcellio scaber, Porcellium collicola, Trachelipus ratzeburgii, Cylisticus convexus, and Trachelipus rathkii). A. vulgare occurred abundantly in all sites reflecting the broad tolerance and invasive nature of this species. Indicator species analysis demonstrated that P. scaber and T. rathkii were significant quantitative character species for the urban site, while T. ratzeburgii was characteristic for the natural habitats (suburban and rural sites). CANOCO revealed that ground and air temperature show positive correlation with the distribution of P. scaber and T. rathkii, and negative correlation with T. ratzeburgii. Nested ANOVA on trap level showed that there were no significant differences between the number of isopod species and individuals, and the diversity of isopod assemblages in the three studied areas. Significant differences were observed at site level. The results did not support the hypothesis that diversity should decrease in response to habitat disturbance. They also contradicted the intermediate disturbance hypothesis; species richness was not the highest in the moderately disturbed suburban area. Multivariate methods detected that the isopod assemblages of the rural and suburban areas were relatively similar, while that of the urban area was relatively separated. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.://000247268100003 1164-5563ISI:000247268100003}?[Hu, X. P. Oi, F.2004kDistribution and establishment of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) in Alabama35-47 Sociobiology441pests diseasesTwelve counties in Alabama have been known to be infested by the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, since its debut in Mobile in 1985. Records show that the infestations have occurred in and around structures or trees in residential areas, and most are associated with the introduction of used railroad crossties as landscaping timber. A couple cases are associated with construction timber obtained from Louisiana. A review of records also shows a clear pattern of the range expansion along main interstate highways, possibly indicating that the spread is aided by human transportation of infested materials. The two gulf coastal counties, Mobile and Baldwin, have the highest number of Formosan termite infestations and where its distribution should considered widespread posing a greater threat to consumers. In all inland counties, Formosan subterranean termite infestations occur sporadically, but the number of reported infestations increases each year. The northernmost record was an alate sample from the windowsill of a house in Jackson County (34degrees67'N, 86degrees03'W) in 1996, 325 miles inland. In 2003, a verified, established infestation was recorded in Cullman city (34degrees14'N, 86degrees51'W), 290 miles inland, where, in January 2003, the mean temperature was 2.11degreesC, with a low of -15.00degreesC. This infestation represents convincing evidence that C. formosanus can become well established in areas previously thought uninhabitable in Alabama. Despite the rapid range expansion, there has been no governmental effort to mitigate the spread of C. formosanus in Alabama. Coordination of a statewide Formosan subterranean termite control effort is needed.://000222005300003 0361-6525ISI:000222005300003}?\Hu, X. P. Song, D. Anderson, C.2007pEffect of imidacloprid granules on subterranean termite foraging activity in ground-touching non-structural wood861-866 Sociobiology503pests diseasesAfield trial was conducted to examine the impact of a new granular formulation of imidacloprid on subterranean termite foraging activity and infestation in ground-touching non-structural wood and the longevity of the effect. The trial was carried out in an urban forest with high termite populations and a floor relatively free from brush or deciduous ground cover. The percentages of monitor wood blocks infested and having active termites were reduced to < 8% and < 6%, respectively, while they were > 50% and > 33%, respectively in population control. The estimated damage rates of monitor wood blocks were also significantly lower in treated than those in control plots. The control effect can last for at least 7 months.://000250180200008 0361-6525ISI:000250180200008}?] Hubbes, T.1999&The American elm and Dutch elm disease265-273Forestry Chronicle752pests diseasesMar-AprShortly after World War I, a new disease previously unknown among elms emerged in Holland. It spread rapidly from Europe to Great Britain (1927), United States (1930), and Canada (1945), killing millions of elms. The disease known, as Dutch elm disease (DED) is a wilt disease, caused by the fungus Ophiostoma ulmi. It is transmitted from tree to tree by elm bark beetles (scolytid) vectors. Numerous attempts to control the disease have concentrated on the reduction of insect vector populations, exploitation of natural host resistance, extensive application of fungicides and integrated pest management. In spite of these efforts in Canada, the disease continues to migrate westwards threatening the elm populations in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Today there are approximately 700 000 elm shade trees in cities and towns across Canada and their value exceeds $2.5 billion dollars. With the advance of molecular biology new, powerful tools are now available to study, in greater detail, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of the DED pathogen, with particular reference to the mechanisms that induce host defenses. A glycoprotein has been isolated and identified such that when injected either in liquid or pellet form into the elm tree, significantly reduced the wilting symptoms of both five-year old elm seedlings and 10 cm diameter trees. The elicitor induces a chain of defensive reactions that prevent the rapid spread of the fungus within the vascular system of the host.://000080108900053 0015-7546ISI:000080108900053q?^%Jetter, K. Klonsky, K. Pickett, C. H.1997TA cost/benefit analysis of the ash whitefly biological control program in California65-71Journal of Arboriculture232pests diseasesThe ash whitefly (Siphoninus phillyreae) was first identified in California during 1988 and caused widespread defoliation to its primary hosts, ash (Fraxinus species) and ornamental pear (Pyrus species) trees. The ash whitefly caused higher levels of damage to trees in regions with hotter summers and lower damage to trees in regions with cooler summers. In 1990 a parasitic wasp, Encarsia inaron (=partenopea), was released into urban communities in California to control the ash whitefly infestation. By 1992 the wasp had reduced ash whitefly populations to undetectable levels and preserved the aesthetic benefits of the affected trees. The loss in aesthetic benefits due to ash whitefly damage was estimated using a standard tree appraisal technique, the Trunk Formula Method. The benefits were estimated as the change in the average appraised value of a susceptible tree due to ash whitefly damage times the number of each affected tree species for each region. The total benefits of the biological control program range from $324 million at wholesale values to $412 million at retail. The direct costs of the program were just over $1.2 million. The net benefits are between $323 million and $411 million. The respective benefit to cost ratios are $270:1 and $344:1.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031416119&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus}?_ Kard, B. M.2003>Integrated pest management of subterranean termites (Isoptera)200-224 Journal of Entomological Science382pests diseasesAprIPM strategies and tactics to reduce insecticide use while protecting structures from attack and infestation by subterranean termites are reviewed. Standard termiticide and product testing methods are presented. Results of USDA Forest Service field tests generally demonstrate that currently registered termiticides provide five or more years of termite control. Stainless steel mesh has been a 100% effective termite barrier for more than 6 yrs in continuing field tests.://000182877300006 0749-8004ISI:000182877300006 3}?` Keena, M. A.2006zEffects of temperature on Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) adult survival, reproduction, and egg hatch912-921Environmental Entomology354pests diseasesAug Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a recently introduced non-native invasive species in North America that has the potential to destroy several tree species in urban and forest habitats. Adult survival, reproduction, and egg hatch of A. glabripennis from two populations (Ravenswood, Chicago, IL, and Bayside, Queens, NY) were evaluated at seven constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C), and adult survival was evaluated at -1 degrees C. Nonlinear regressions were used to estimate the temperature optimum and thresholds for each life history parameter. The estimated optimum temperature for median longevity was 18 degrees C, and upper and lower thresholds were 39 and -3 degrees C for females and 38 and -2 degrees C for males. The estimated upper and lower thresholds for fecundity were 35 and 11 degrees C for the New York population and 34 and 14 degrees C for the Illinois population. The estimated optimum temperature for maximum fecundity was 23 and 24 degrees C for the New York and Illinois populations, respectively. Both longevity and fecundity declined as temperature increased or decreased from the optimum. Oviposition was arrested at temperatures <= 10 and >= 35 degrees C, and either eggs did not mature or were reabsorbed by females that did not oviposit at the higher temperatures. Days to first oviposition approached infinity near 10 degrees C and declined exponentially to a minimum of 16 d at 30 degrees C. The lower threshold for egg hatch was estimated as 10 degrees C and the upper threshold at 32 degrees C, and eggs would be predicted to hatch the fastest at 29 degrees C. Maximum percentage hatch was estimated to occur at 23 degrees C, and the estimated upper and lower thresholds were 34 and 12 degrees C, respectively. These results indicate that summer temperatures throughout most of the lower 48 United States should support beetle survival and reproduction, although oviposition may be suspended and adult survivorship would decline when day or more at or above 30 degrees C, and there are no cooler addition, although beetles may survive into the fall, and those eggs may not hatch until spring. These res used for predicting the potential geographical range models to predict the timing of egg hatch and adult programs.://000239524600013 0046-225XISI:000239524600013d}?a(Liebhold, A. M. Raffa, K. F. Diss, A. L.20051Forest type affects predation on gypsy moth pupae179-185"Agricultural and Forest Entomology73pests diseasesAug_1 Predation by small mammals has previously been shown to be the largest source of mortality in low-density gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), populations in established populations in north-eastern North America. Fluctuations in predation levels are critical in determining changes in population densities. 2 We compared small mammal communities and levels of predation on gypsy moth pupae among five different oak-dominated forest types along this insect's western expanding population front in Wisconsin. Comparisons of predator impact can provide critical information for predicting variation in susceptibility among forest types. 3 The results indicated that small mammals caused more mortality than did invertebrates. 4 Both abundance of Peromyscus sp. predators and predation levels were lower in urban and xeric forest types than in mesic sites. 5 These results suggest that, because predation pressures will probably be greater in the mesic sites, gypsy moths may be less likely to develop outbreaks in these habitats, and that defoliation will probably be more frequent in urban and xeric oak-dominated sites.://000231005200001 1461-9555ISI:000231005200001?b Liu, G. Yang, X. Ge, Y. Miao, Y.2006aAn artificial neural network-based expert system for fruit tree disease and insect pest diagnosis 1076-1079bProceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, ICNSC'06pests diseasesThis paper reports the development of an expert system for fruit tree disease and insect pest diagnosis based on artificial neural network (ANN) and geographic information system (GIS). A multiple knowledge acquisition approach was adopted, consisting of interview expert, questionnaire, web-based search and literature review. The production rule was adopted as the formation of knowledge representation in the system. The reasoning process adopted a control method of depth precedence. In the prediction subsystem, the MATLAB neural network toolbox was used to predict the development tendency of fruit tree disease and insect pest. The subsystem was trained with 11 years' meteorological information and occurrence status of fruit tree disease and insect pests in orchards of Yantai city. The ring spot, a fruit tree disease, was chosen as the research object to compare the predicted value with the actual value in this study. A GIS platform (ArcInfo) can provide the functions of spatial and temporal analysis, and was used to analyze and display the development tendency of fruit tree disease and insect pests. Preliminary results in developing a web-based expert system for fruit tree disease and insect pest diagnosis are also summarized. © 2006 IEEE.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34250192599&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 =Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus Art. No.: 1673301 Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States f}?cJLiu, H. P. Bauer, L. S. Gao, R. T. Zhao, T. H. Petrice, T. R. Haack, R. A.2003~Exploratory survey for the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera : Buprestidae), and its natural enemies in China191-204Great Lakes Entomologist363-4pests diseasesFal-WinAn exploratory survey for the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, and its natural enemies was conducted in China during October and November 2003. We examined 29 field plots in six provinces. We visually inspected living Fraxinus chinensis, F. mandshurica, F. pennsylvanica, F. rhynchophylla, and F. velutina then peeled off the bark in search of A. planipennis and associated natural enemies. We found active A. planipennis infestations in nine of the 29 field plots, including plots in the provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and the provincial level city of Tianjin. Signs of past A. planipennis infestations were found in five of the 20 plots where no active infestations were present. The distribution of A. planipennis was patchy within the forest, and larval densities varied greatly among trees and at different heights within the same tree. Agrilus planipennis densities ranged from 0 to 284 larvae/m(2) of bark surface for 1-m log sections. The Nearctic ash species, F pennsylvanica and F velutina, planted in China were apparently more susceptible to A. planipennis attack than were the native Chinese ash species. Similarly, ash trees growing along streets or in plantations or city parks were more susceptible to A. planipennis infestation compared with trees in natural forests. We identified two species of natural enemies attacking A. planipennis during this survey. In Changchun City, Jilin Province and Guangang District, Tianjin City, we found a previously reported but undescribed species of Spathius sp. (Braconidae) parasitizing an average of 6.3% A. planipennis larvae in individual trees, ranging from 0 to 50%. In Changchun City, Jilin Province and in Benxi County, Liaoning Province, we discovered a previously unknown gregarious endoparasitoid of A. planipennis larvae, Tetrastichus nov. sp. (Eulophidae), with a total parasitism rate of 6.6% in individual trees, ranging from 0 to 50%. We discussed the potential role of natural enemies in the management of A. planipennis in North America.://000226861400011 0090-0222ISI:000226861400011}?d Loeb, R. E.1992BLong-Term Human Disturbance of an Urban Park Forest, New-York-City293-309Forest Ecology and Management493-4pests diseasesJun Development of an urban park forest, the Turtle Pond Watershed, Alley Park, Queens, New York, was analyzed from historical, vegetation, and pollen records. After 1800, the forest began to develop as a hickory (Carya spp. Nutt.) dominated stand following release of the land from agricultural use. Pollen and sediment analysis of a section from the bog in Turtle Pond showed that before 1900, residential development introduced pine (Pinus spp. L.) to the area, reduced the hickory population, and caused the Pond to change from bog to fen conditions. From 1908 to 1912, the hickory bark beetle reduced hickory and chestnut blight killed off American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.). Although the area containing the Watershed forest was incorporated into Alley Park in 1927, private structures were not removed until 1937. Forest canopy inventory data from 1936 showed canopy gaps left open by the losses of American chestnut and hickory trees permitted flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) to become the forest dominant. Comparison of the 1936 data with an inventory of the forested Watershed in 1987 indicated the flowering dogwood was decimated in the intervening years and the open growing space was occupied by maple (Acer spp. L.), birch (Betula spp. L.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and oak (Quercus spp. L.). The pollen record indicates that stresses of recreational use and abuse in the Watershed forest since 1973 have negatively affected reproduction in maple, birch, and sweet gum. The history of human disturbance provides information to guide recreation of past forest types and to increase diversity through the selection of hardy species to plant.://A1992JB68000009 0378-1127ISI:A1992JB68000009}?e Loeb, R. E.1998Evidence of prehistoric corn (Zea mays) and hickory (Carya spp.) planting in New York City: Vegetation history of Hunter Island, Bronx County, New York74-86'Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society1251pests diseasesJan-MarThe fossil pollen record of Mishow Marsh, Hunter Island, Bronx County, New York City provides evidence of corn (Zea mays) planting between 1075 and 1285 A. D. Arboreal pollen changes, about the time of corn planting cessation, indicate Siwanoy native Americans planted the field with hickory (Carya spp.). Dutch and English colonial settlers protected forests in the locale to maintain a source of wood and for feeding livestock, however, the Island's forest was cut for the British Navy during the American Revolution. Soon after 1812, John Hunter created a gentleman's farm on the Island including forested tracts along the shores and on field edges. Following the purchase of Hunter Island in 1888, the New York City Parks Department supported social agencies clearing trees in field edges to build campgrounds as well as along the south shore to form a beach. In 1908, the chestnut blight eliminated American chestnut (Castanea dentata) from the forest and soon afterward, a hickory bark beetle infestation decimated the hickory population. An arboreal survey in 1934 showed that the Mishow Marsh watershed contained a field and a forest dominated by oak (Quercus spp.) and yellow poplar (Liriodendron Tulipifera). The Island was converted to a day use picnic area in 1943, which removed all the woody plants with stems less than ten centimeters in diameter. Reduced funding after 1964 led to picnic facilities removal which increased forest redevelopment on the Island. A resurvey of the Mishow Marsh watershed in 1988 revealed oak and yellow poplar remained dominant in the old forest and a hickory and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) stand grew in the field.://000072698800007 0040-9618ISI:000072698800007Q}?f$Magura, T. Tothmeresz, B. Molnar, T.2004eChanges in carabid beetle assemblages along an urbanisation gradient in the city of Debrecen, Hungary747-759Landscape Ecology197pests diseases2Responses of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to urbanisation were studied along an urban-suburban-rural gradient representing decreasing intensities of human disturbance. Carabids were collected by pitfall trapping during their activity period in lowland oak forest patches in the city of Debrecen, Eastern Hungary. The average number of carabid species was significantly higher in the rural and urban areas compared to the suburban one. The high overall species richness in the urban area was due to the presence of species preferring open habitats. The species richness of forest specialist carabids significantly increased along the urban-rural gradient. The overall carabid abundance was significantly higher in the rural than the other two areas. The results did not support the hypothesis that overall diversity should decrease in response to habitat disturbance. They also contradicted the intermediate disturbance hypothesis: species richness was not the highest in the moderately disturbed suburban area. In the urban area, opportunistic species dominated. The average carabid body size was significantly larger in the rural and suburban areas than in the more disturbed urban area. Multivariate methods detected changes in species composition and abundance structure along the urban-rural gradient. Significant proportion of the variation in abundance and species richness was explained by the heterogeneity of environmental variables (ground temperature, surface temperature, humidity, cover of decaying wood material, herbs, canopy layer, and by the amount of prey).://000226384000004 0921-2973ISI:000226384000004q}?g*Mahani, M. K. Hatami, B. Seyedoleslami, H.2003Host preference of three elms and hackberry for elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca (=pyrrhalta) luteola (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae)207-212Forest Ecology and Management1861-3pests diseasesDecUlmus carpinifolia, U. c. var. umbraculifera, U. glabra var. pendula and Celtis caucasica were compared in laboratory experiments for feeding preference by and suitability for larvae and adults of the elm leaf beetle (ELB), Xathogaleruca luteola in two spring and summer seasons. Suitability and food preference was based on larval and pupal developmental time, larval percent mortality, pre-ovipositional period, adult sex ratio, number of eggs per female, and male and female longevity. Larval and adult no-choice feeding studies revealed that ELB adults and larvae preferred U. carpinifolia as the most suitable host for feeding and reproduction. U. c. var. umbraculifera and U. glabra var. pendula were intermediate in suitability. C. caucasica was found to be a non preferred and less suitable host. In the choice experiment, adults preferred U. glabra var pendula for feeding in both two seasons. The unsuitability host of C. caucasica shows promise for future as a replacement plant in urban forests. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000186868100018 0378-1127ISI:000186868100018i}?h2Maistrello, L. Lopez, M. A. Soria, F. J. Ocete, R.2005uGrowth inhibitory activity of Daphne gnidium L. (Thymelaeaceae) extracts on the elm leaf beetle (Col., Chrysomelidae)418-424Journal of Applied Entomology1298pests diseasesSepAn investigation has been performed on the activity of spurge flax (Daphne gnidium L., Thymelaeaceae), a typical component of the Mediterranean vegetation, on the development of the elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller; Col., Chrysomelidae), one of the most serious defoliators of urban forests. Different concentrations of ethanolic extracts of D. gnidium leaves were added to the natural diet (elm leaf discs) of X. luteola, starting with L2 larvae, and the effects induced on the vitality, growth and phase duration of the different stages have been evaluated. A significant reduction of larval survival and adult emergence, together with an increased length of the larval period, heavy reduction of weight gain and appearance of malformations in emerged imagines were observed in presence of spurge flax extracts. These findings agree to ascribe to D. gnidium leaf extracts a growth inhibitory activity and allowed identifying what should be the optimal concentration to be applied on elm leaves to prevent heavy damages by X. luteola.://000231566300004 0931-2048ISI:000231566300004}?i6Mankin, R. W. Osbrink, W. L. Oi, F. M. Anderson, J. B.20029Acoustic detection of termite infestations in urban trees981-988Journal of Economic Entomology955pests diseases urban soilsOctA portable, low-frequency acoustic system was used to detect termite infestations in urban trees. The likelihood of infestation was rated independently by a computer program and an experienced listener that distinguished insect sounds from background noises. Because soil is a good insulator, termite sounds could be detected easily underneath infested trees, despite the presence of high urban background noise. Termite sounds could be detected also in trunks, but background noise often made it difficult to identify termite signals unambiguously. High likelihoods of termite infestation were predicted at four live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill, Fagacae), two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L., Pinacae), and two baldeypress (Taxodium distichum Rich. Pinacae) trees that wood-baited traps bad identified as infested with Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Infestations also were predicted at two pine trees with confirmed recoveries of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Low likelihoods of infestation were predicted in four oak trees where no termites were found. Additional tests were conducted in anechoic environments to determine the range of acoustic detectability and the feasibility of acoustically estimating termite population levels. There was a significant regression between the activity rate and the number of termites present in a wood trap block, with a minimum detectable number of approximate to50 workers per liter of wood. The success of these field tests suggests that currently available acoustic systems have considerable potential to detect and monitor hidden infestations of termites in urban trees and around building perimeters in addition to their present uses to detect and monitor termite infestations in buildings.://000178550000015 0022-0493ISI:000178550000015 (}?jFMerkle, S. A. Andrade, G. M. Nairn, C. J. Powell, W. A. Maynard, C. A.2007ERestoration of threatened species: a noble cause for transgenic trees111-118Tree Genetics & Genomes32+pests diseases street trees economic issuesAprSome of the first applications of transgenic trees in North America may be for the conservation or restoration of threatened forest trees that have been devastated by fungal pathogens or insect pests. In some cases, where resistance has yet to be found in the natural population of a tree species, incorporating genes from other organisms may offer the only hope for restoration. In others, transgenics may play a role as part of an integrated approach, along with conventional breeding or biocontrol agents. American chestnut (Castanea dentata) was wiped out as a canopy species by a fungal disease accidentally introduced into the United States around 1900. Similarly, American elm (Ulmus americana) virtually disappeared as a favored street tree from Northeastern U.S. cities after the introduction of the Dutch elm disease fungus in the 1940s. In both cases, progress has been made toward restoration via conventional techniques such as selection and propagation of tolerant cultivars (American elm) or breeding with a related resistant species (American chestnut). Recently, progress has also been made with development of systems for engineering antifungal candidate genes into these "heritage trees." An Agrobacterium-leaf disk system has been used to produce transgenic American elm trees engineered with an antimicrobial peptide gene that may enhance resistance to Dutch elm disease. Two gene transfer systems have been developed for American chestnut using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryogenic cultures, setting the stage for the first tests of potential antifungal genes for their ability to confer resistance to the chestnut blight fungus. Despite the promise of transgenic approaches for restoration of these heritage trees, a number of technical, environmental, economic, and ethical questions remain to be addressed before such trees can be deployed, and the debate around these questions may be quite different from that associated with transgenic trees developed for other purposes.://000245837800004 1614-2942ISI:000245837800004{?k,Messenger, M. T. Scheffrahn, R. H. Su, N. Y.2000JFirst report of Incisitermes minor (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in Louisiana92-93Florida Entomologist831pests diseasesA well-established infestation of the western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae), was discovered in Louis Armstrong Park in New Orleans, Louisiana. Colonies are present inside historical Perseverance Hall and in a dead limb of a nearby live Arizona ash tree. This is the first report of this species in Louisiana and the first report of a non-endemic drywood termite species infesting non-structural wood. We are grateful to E. S. Bordes and M. K. Carroll, City of New Orleans Mosquito and Termite Control Board, for reviewing the manuscript. Partial funding for this project was provided by USDA-ARS under the grant agreement No. 58-6435-8-108. This article is Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-06970.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034071683&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 5 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus City New Orleans Mosquito Termite C., 6601 South Shore Harbor Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70126, United States Ft. Lauderdale Res. and Educ. Center, University of Florida, Inst. of Food and Agric. Sciences, 3205 College Avenue, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States/}?l;Mudge, A. D. LaBonte, J. R. Johnson, K. J. R. LaGasa, E. H.2001uExotic woodboring Coleoptera (Micromalthidae, Scolytidae) and Hymenoptera (Xiphydriidae) new to Oregon and Washington 1011-10196Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington1034pests diseasesOctConcerns about the unintentional introduction of exotic woodboring insects prompted surveys of high-risk sites in Washington in 1996 and Oregon in 1997 and 1998. Ports, port areas, mills and businesses known to have received or handled imported wood or wood products were monitored using Lindgren funnel traps and/or Scots pine bait logs. Seven species of beetles, Micromalthus debilis LeConte (Micromalthidae), Gnathotrichus materiarius (Fitch), Hylastes opacus Erichson, Xyleborinus alni (Niisima), Xyleborus californicus Wood, Xyleborus pfeili (Ratzeburg), Xyloterinus politus (Say) (Scolytidae), and one species of wood wasp, Xiphydria prolongata (Geoffroy) (Xiphydriidae), are recorded from Oregon, Washington, the western United States, or North America for the first time. These species are native to Asia, Europe, or the eastern United States. Most probably pose little immediate threat to the overall health of our forests, agricultural systems, and urban or rural environments. Hylastes opacus, a Palearctic species previously established in the eastern U.S., is a known pest of pines. Xiphydria prolongata has been implicated as a passive carder of watermark disease of willows. Six (75%) of these species have hardwood hosts, implicating dunnage and solid wood packing material as probable pathways of introduction. Thirty-eight percent of the sites monitored in Oregon produced one or more new species records. These detections underscore the need for 1) effective regulations and certification, quarantine, and port inspection programs to prevent the introduction of exotic woodboring insects and 2) for systematic surveys of high-risk areas to determine which introduced organisms may already be established.://000171579100022 0013-8797ISI:000171579100022B}?m#Nakamura, K. Akiba, M. Kanetani, S.2001Pine wilt disease as promising causal agent of the mass mortality of Pinus armandii Franch. var. amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima in the field795-801Ecological Research164pests diseasesDecThe causal agent of the mass mortality of field populations of Pinus armandii Franch. var. amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima (PAA) was investigated with special respect to the involvement of pine wilt disease. Wood chips, branches and/or increment cores for detecting the pinewood nematode, feeding marks of the vector insect and environmental stress in the past, respectively, were taken from live and dead PAA trees grown in three locations, Yaku-shima and Tanega-shima Islands and a plantation in Kagoshima City, from 1997 to 1998. Five trees died after the spring of 1996 and, of these, four were inhabited by the pinewood nematode. Feeding marks of the vector insects were Found on the branches of all dead trees and most of the live trees investigated. These results suggest that the infection of pine wilt disease in PAA trees occurs in the field. Annual ring growth of the sample trees showed neither intervention nor growth reduction, which implies strong environmental stress that may cause mortality in PAA trees.://000173447200018 0912-3814ISI:000173447200018}?n%Niehues, F. J. Hockmann, P. Weber, F.1996pGenetics and dynamics of a Carabus auronitens metapopulation in the Westphalian lowlands (Coleoptera, Carabidae)85-96Annales Zoologici Fennici331pests diseases`In the Westphalian Lowlands (NW Germany), the carabid beetle Carabus auronitens inhabits forests and semi-natural (secondary) woods. Southwest of the city of Munster the frequencies of two alleles of an esterase-encoding gene (Est-1) change continuously by about 90% over a distance of 20 km. Within this dine several local populations, that are only a few hundred meters apart, differ significantly, suggesting that the evolution of the dine is a rather recent event. We propose the following hypotheses to explain these observations: (1) C. auronitens survived the period of nearly complete anthropogenic destruction of woodlands (during Middle Ages and early Modern Times) in the region southwest of Munster in a few small isolated populations; (2) in these refugia, the allele frequencies shifted by random drift in opposite direction (neutrality of the esterase genotypes against selection is supposed); (3) after semi-natural woods had regenerated and forests had grown up the refugial populations expanded and fused to a large metapopulation. We suggest that the cine observed in the Est-1 alleles reflects the continuous dynamics of the newly founded metapopulation. It is shown that in C. auronitens both population growth rates and individual dispersal ability seem to be high enough for an expansion over relatively large distances within a relatively short period.://A1996VB06000010 0003-455XISI:A1996VB06000010}?o]Niemela, J. Kotze, D. J. Venn, S. Penev, L. Stoyanov, I. Spence, J. Hartley, D. de Oca, E. M.2002lCarabid beetle assemblages (Coleoptera, Carabidae) across urban-rural gradients: an international comparison387-401Landscape Ecology175pests diseasesOctbWe studied communities of carabid beetles in residual forest patches along urban-suburban-rural gradients in three cities (Helsinki, Finland; Sofia, Bulgaria and Edmonton, Canada) to examine their responses to urbanisation. Only Finnish carabids showed a marked division of community structure along the gradient. In Bulgaria and Canada, carabids did not separate into distinct urban, suburban and rural communities. Our results provide some support for the predictions that species richness will decrease, that opportunistic species will gain dominance, and that small-sized species will become more numerous under disturbance such as that provided by urbanisation. The rather weak and varied response of carabids to this disturbance suggests that local factors and their interaction are of primary importance for community composition. Occurrence of reasonably similar carabid communities across the gradient at each of the three levels of urbanisation suggests that habitat changes commonly associated with urbanisation have not affected the ecological integrity of carabid assemblages in residual urban forest patches.://000179388800002 0921-2973ISI:000179388800002}?pNiemela, J. Spence, J. R.1991^Distribution and Abundance of an Exotic Ground-Beetle (Carabidae) - a Test of Community Impact351-359Oikos623pests diseasesDecThe distribution and wing morph proportions of Pterostichus melanarius (Ill.) and the possible effects of this exotic species on native carabid assemblages in central Alberta, Canada, were studied along pitfall trapping transects north and west out of the city of Edmonton. The species was first reported from Edmonton in 1959, but is today one of the most abundant carabids in the city and is also common up to ca. 70 km from Edmonton. The proportion of macropterous individuals of this dimorphic species increased from ca. 20% in Edmonton to 60-70% in the most distant populations, suggesting that flight is a major mode of range expansion in central Alberta. Contrary to previous studies in anthropogenic habitats, P. melanarius did not show negative pairwise associations with any of the abundant native species and was not associated with reduced numbers of species or individuals or with diminished carabid diversity in aspen-poplar forest. The success of the species in rapidly invading natural forested habitats, often viewed as less prone to invasion than are human-modified habitats, is attributed to good migratory ability of macropterous individuals, flexible habitat use and lack of biological resistance in the native assemblages.://A1991HB14000011 0030-1299ISI:A1991HB14000011!?qOzino, O. I. Zeppa, G.1988Effect of entomopathogenic fungus inoculum on the control of Corythycha ciliata Say adults, wintering on plane-trees of city groves32-39Azione dell'inoculo di miceti entomopatogeni nei riguardi di adulti di Corythucha ciliata Say, svernanti su platani di alberate cittadine.811-12pests diseasesWithin a three years research program, infection tests were carried on adults of Corythucha ciliata wintering on the plane-trees of same city avenues, inoculating entomopathogenic deuteromycetes Beauveria bassiana, Verticillium lecanii, Paecilomyces farinsus, microorganisms which are known to be naturally present in such an environment. Inoculated fungi were able to settle only where the trees were free from any kind of disturbance, while this failed to occur in the areas of intense car traffic. Number of treatments efficiently affected pathogens diffusion in the trees. The persistency of the parasites on the insects, even one year after the treatment, seems to indicate the possibility of their use for the limitation of C. ciliata.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0023671766&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusEIstituto di Microbiologia e Industrie agrarie, Universita? di Torino./?rCPaine, T. D. Millar, J. G. Bellows, T. S. Hanks, L. M. Gould, J. R.1993NIntegrating classical biological control with plant health in the urban forest125-130Journal of Arboriculture193Spests diseases water quality health mortality tree health tree mortality tree deathWIntroduction of a parasitic wasp and a predaceous beetle has reduced populations of the ash whitefly by 1000-fold in landscape trees in California. It is hoped that similar introductions of parasitic wasps to control the eucalyptus longhorned borer will be successful in reducing tree mortality. However, choosing the proper species of Eucalyptus for site conditions, proper water management to maintain optimum tree vigor, and proper tree maintenance will reduce the risk of attack by this borer. Plant health care is critical to enhance tree resistance and limit tree susceptibility. -from Authors]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027798449&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 10 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus *?s%Payette, S. Fortin, M. J. Morneau, C.1996ZThe recent sugar maple decline in southern Quebec: Probable causes deduced from tree rings 1069-1078#Canadian Journal of Forest Research266pests diseases3We used tree-ring chronologies from sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands showing various degrees of dieback (i.e., 16 sugar maple chronologies from healthy trees and 11 from damaged trees), distributed throughout the species range in southern Quebec, to analyze the spatial extent and timing of the recent sugar maple decline. Furthermore, six tree-ring chronologies of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) from six damaged sugar maple stands were used to compare for differential responses associated with factors such as insect defoliation (from the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., for which American beech is a nonpreferred species), drought, and other climatic events. It was found that several small-scale drought-induced disturbances occurred repetitively over the last 100 years in the western part of the species range in southern Quebec. Most sugar maple chronologies from stands located west, north, and south of Quebec City also show extreme narrow tree rings, indicating the incidence of three large and deep growth depressions from the early to mid- 1910s, mid- 1950s, and early 1980s. The factors explaining the large growth depression of dominant sugar maple of the early 1980s, in the region where the 1980s maple decline was the most severe, are likely associated with the synergistic influence of drought and insect defoliators. The recovery of sugar maple stands from the 1980s growth decline emphasizes the positive responsiveness of the robust native trees to frequent natural disturbances. The 1980s maple decline corresponds to the category of natural disturbances affecting stand dynamics by the combination of events such as drought and insect infestations, and possibly (bill to a minor extent) winter thaw- frost, which has yet to be demonstrated, rather than by anthropogenic pollution.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029661420&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 35 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusfDepartement de Biologie, Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, Universite Laval, Sainte-Foy, Que. G1K 7P4, Canada}?tePickett, C. H. Ball, J. C. Casanave, K. C. Klonsky, K. M. Jetter, K. M. Bezark, L. G. Schoenig, S. E.1996Establishment of the ash whitefly parasitoid Encarsia inaron (Walker) and its economic benefit to ornamental street trees in California260-272Biological Control62pests diseases street treesApr%The ash whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), invaded and rapidly spread throughout California beginning sometime before August 18, 1988 when it was first detected. The ash whitefly's previous distribution was limited to Europe, the Middle East, and north Africa, where it feeds primarily on trees and woody shrubs. In 1989, outbreak populations of the ash whitefly occurred in several major urban centers in California, defoliating ornamental trees commonly planted by local governments and homeowners. Outdoor activities by homeowners also were curtailed by the high number of adult whiteflies in the air that posed a respiratory health threat. Within 3 years of the whitefly's invasion of California, Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), was imported, mass reared, and released in 43 of 46 affected counties. The summer infestation density of the ash whitefly before releases of E. inaron averaged 8 to 21 individuals/cm(2) leaf. Within 2 years of E. inaron releases, the infestation density of the ash whitefly averaged 0.32 to 2.18 individuals/cm(2) leaf. The decrease in the ash whitefly density resulted from the rapid spread and establishment of E. inaron. Parasitized ash whitefly, 1 year after E. inaron releases, averaged between 63 and 97% throughout the summer. Based on the economic value of preserving healthy ornamental/evergreen pear and ash trees, the ash whitefly biocontrol effort provided $219,822,823 and $298,803,970 in esthetic benefits to California in wholesale and retail replacement values, respectively. For every dollar spent by the State Biological Control Program and the University of California, approximately $181 in wholesale and $245 in retail esthetic value for the primary hosts of the ash whitefly were preserved. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.://A1996UC68700016 1049-9644ISI:A1996UC68700016}?u@Polyakov, V. I. Polyakova, G. G. Pashenova, N. V. Stasova, V. V.2005jApplication of fungal metabolites for evaluation of pine stand vigor in conditions of industrial pollution419-424Biology Bulletin324pests diseasesJul-Aug_Two methods for evaluation of pine stand vigor were tested on permanent sample plots near Krasnoyarsk City: visual evaluation and exposure to fungal metabolites. In the first case, forest vigor was estimated using the six-point system of the Sanitary Regulations of the Russian Federation as the mean score for 200 trees on the sample plots. In the second case, the vigor was evaluated from the size of the necrotic spot on inner bark of the tree after inoculation of 22-25 randomly chosen pines with the extract of fungus Ceratocystis laricicola Redfern and Minter. The necrotic spot size was significantly larger in pines from polluted forest as compared to background one. This points to the decrease in infection protection of trees affected by pollution, although visual evaluation of the stand vigor could not distinguish the polluted and background stands.://000231347000012 1062-3590ISI:000231347000012)}?v5Ridgway, R. L. Thorpe, K. W. Webb, R. E. Venables, L.1994<Gypsy-Moth Management in Suburban Parks - Program-Evaluation557-569 Journal of Entomological Science294pests diseasesOct A specialized gypsy moth management program for urban parks was implemented in six state and county parks and the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) in Maryland in 1990 and 1991. Decisions to treat with aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (one or two applications) or diflubenzuron or to not treat were based on gypsy moth egg mass density, egg mass size, percentage of susceptible host trees, amount of previous defoliation, and the potential non-target effects of diflubenzuron. A total of 1025 and 1926 ha in the management program was treated with one and two applications of B. thuringiensis, respectively, and 1204 ha were left untreated. One block of 47 ha was treated with diflubenzuron. Larval mortality as a result of the treatments averaged 76 and 83% in areas treated with one and two applications of B. thuringiensis, respectively, and 87% in the area treated with diflubenzuron. Some noticeable defoliation occurred under all treatments. The greatest amount of defoliation (29% of total area) occurred in a management unit with an average initial egg mass density of 49,250/ha that was treated twice with B. thuringiensis. Comparisons with adjacent areas not included in the management program indicated that even when defoliation did occur, it was reduced both in severity and extent by the treatments. This evaluation of the gypsy moth management program that was developed to provide a high level of foliage protection in suburban parks indicated that a number of improvements can be made in the program. However, without more efficacious intervention tactics, the goal of preventing noticeable defoliation in any part of a management unit may not be achievable solely with biological agents where extremely high gypsy moth population densities are present.://A1994PR01800015 0749-8004ISI:A1994PR01800015}?wRogers, L. E. Grant, J. F.1991Seasonal Incidence of Male Dogwood Borer (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) and Other Species of Clearwing Moths in Selected Habitats in Tennessee520-525Environmental Entomology202pests diseasesAprMales of eight species of clearwing moths were collected in pheromone-baited traps placed in commercial nursery, urban, and forest habitats in eastern and middle Tennessee during 1987 and 1988. Seasonal flight activity was recorded for Podosesia syringae (Harris), lilac borer; Paranthrene simulans "palmii" (Grote), an oak borer; Synanthedon scitula, dogwood borer; Synanthedon rhododendri (Beutenmuller), rhododendron borer; Synanthedon exitiosa (Say), peachtree borer; Synanthedon fatifera Hodges, a viburnum borer; Synanthedon acerni (Clemens), maple callus borer; and Synanthedon decipiens (Hy. Edwards), a borer of cynipid galls on oak. The dogwood borer exhibited bimodal emergence with the first peak occurring in mid-May and the second in the beginning of August. In the forest, the rhododendron borer exhibited bimodal emergence. The dogwood borer and peachtree borer were not collected in the forest habitat.://A1991FH31500019 0046-225XISI:A1991FH31500019?xSchroder, T. Richter, E.2003The horse chesnut scale insect Pulvinaria regalis CANARD, 1968 (Homoptera, Coccidae) - A new pest on urban trees in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany803-812Die Wollige Napfschildlaus Pulvinaria regalis CANARD, 1968 (Homoptera, Coccidae) - Ein neuer Scha?dling an Braunschweigs Stadtba?umen -64pests diseasesSince its first observation in England in the 1960s the introduced horse chestnut scale insect Pulvinaria regalis has spread over Europe. Until now, it was observed in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland and at least in Ireland. In Germany P. regalis appeared first in the north Rhine region in 1989. Since that time it spread to the south and north of Germany and was observed in Braunschweig in 2002 on single lime trees (Tilia sp.). During a first survey in July 2003 in the urban center of Braunschweig P. regalis was found on trees of Tilia, Acer, and Aesculus hippocastanum. P. regalis is univoltin with an enormous reproductive capacity. The first larval stage spreads with the wind to new host trees. The host spectrum of this polyphagus species covers trees of 24 families. These facts explain its tremendous rate of spreading. Until now, there is not enough information about long-term effects of infestation and the necessity of control measures. But since the female adults pollute the trunks and main branches with the white waxy wool of their egg sacks they at least reduce the ornamental value. Control methods with native antagonists are under investigation at the moment.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0242274357&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusBiologischen Bundesanstalt Land, Abteilung Natl. Intl. Angelegenheite, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig D-38104, Germany Biologischen Bundesanstalt Land, Institut Pflanzenschutz im Gartenbau, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig D-38104, Germany?ySegebade, R. Schaefer, M.1979jOn the ecology of arthropods in urban environments and surrounding habitats II. Plant galls and leaf mines117-121pZur O?kologie der Arthropodenfauna einer Stadtlandschaft und ihrer Umgebung II. Pflanzengallen und Pflanzenminen528pests diseasesThe distribution of 17 dominant gall-inducing arthropods and 12 leaf miners on woody plants was analysed in the city of Kiel and surrounding habitats. The number of species and the diversity of the fauna in the two landscapes did not differ very much. Pemphigus bursarius, Schizoneura ulmi und Stigmella argentipedella preferred trees in the city. In the city predominated plant parasites that hibernate on their host plant, while species overwintering in the litter on the ground or in the soil were suppressed. Important habitat factors may be mechanical perturbations near the ground (removal of leaf litter, pavement on the ground, trampling, digging of the soil). The number of species declined with decreasing size of the habitat islands (wood - bushes, hedges - individually growing trees or groups of trees on grassland - road trees), the species hibernating in the vegetation layer were favoured. © 1979 Verlag Paul Parey.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001573716&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 12 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusrII. Zoologisches Institut, Abt. O?kologie, Universita?t Go?ttingen, Berliner Straße 28, Go?ttingen, 3400, Germany?}?zSengonca, C. Arnold, C.1999Survey on the distribution of the Horse Chestnut Scale Pulvinaria regalis CANARD (Hom., Coccidae) in Germany in the years 1996 to 1998153-1574Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde-Journal of Pest Science726pests diseasesDecIn the present study, the distribution of the Horse Chestnut Scale insect Pulvinaria regalis CANARD in Germany in the years 1996 to 1998 and tendencies in the variation of infestation levels during the past three years were investigated by a survey. A questionnaire was sent to the offices for green areas and environmental affairs of 121 cities in Germany with a population exceeding 75.000 citizens. Additional observations by the authors were also taken into consideration. A comparison to data from 1995 was conducted. In the year 1998, this arboricultural pest occurred in 34 cities (15 in 1995) and could be found in the areas of the Rhineland and the Ruhr-Valley, from Bonn in the south up to Munster (Westphalia) in the north and from Aachen in the west to Hagen and Dortmund in the east. I? regalis could also be detected in Offenbach and Frankfurt a.M.. It also occurred southward along the rivers Rhine and Neckar in the cities of Mainz, Ludwigshafen, Freiburg and Stuttgart. The most southern point where regalis was detected in July 1998 was Zurich in Switzerland. The first occurrence of the 19 new observed infestations with P. regalis took place in six instances before 1995, eight in 1995, three in 1996, and one each in 1997 and 1998. The investigations about tendencies in the variation of infestation levels revealed a decrease in scale numbers only in the cities where Horse Chestnut Scales have been observed first in Germany. On the other hand, almost every place located further away from these infestation sites showed a population increase of I? regalis. Constant infestation levels over the past three years could be found in only two cities. In most cases lime, maple and horse chestnut trees were the host plants of this scale insect.://000084607000002 1436-5693ISI:000084607000002T}?{#Sengonca, C. Arnold, C. Blaeser, P.2002Infestation, distribution and number of generations of the horse-chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella DESCHKA & DIMIC in the area of Bonn, Germany171-178$Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt1214pests diseasesAugThe horse-chestnut leafminer, Cameraria obridella DESCHKA & DIMIC (Lep., Gracillariidae), was first recorded in Macedonia in 1980 and was introduced from there into Central Europe at the end of 1980's. Since then, leafminer infestation has increased enormously, spreading out over large areas of Central and Western Europe and the Baltic countries. Following introduction into the Rhine region in 1997, the leafminer found itself in an area with a climate different from that of the continental climate of its original region. The moth infestation affected 0-69.7% of the chestnut trees in 1988, 41.3% of which were weakly infested (0-10% of the leaves) while the remaining trees had an infestation rate of more than 60%. In 1999, non-infested trees were no longer observed and 19.3% of the trees showed a minor infestation of 10% of the leaves. The infestation increased considerably in 2000 such that until the end of August more than 75% of the leaves of 72.5% of the trees were dead. Damaged trees were first recorded along the, main streets, autobahns and railroads in 1988. By August, 2000 massively damaged trees with a distinct defoliation were seen throughout the entire city. C. obridella produces three complete generations per year in the Bonn area.://000177706700002 0015-8003ISI:000177706700002}?|/Swift, L. Hunter, P. R. Lees, A. C. Bell, D. J.20077Wildlife trade and the emergence of infectious diseases25-30 Ecohealth41pests diseasesMarMost recent emerging infectious diseases have been zoonotic in origin. It is our contention that one of the factors responsible for such emergence is the trade in wildlife and bushmeat in particular. This article considers the effect of increasing diversity in the species hunted on the probability of global epidemics such as SARS. In particular, we develop a mathematical model of the probability of such an outbreak in terms of the number of species hunted, the number of susceptibles, and the rate of contact. Hence, we postulate that local biodiversity loss and increasing rates of animal trafficking, and trade and transportation of animals to large cities-where there is a greater potential for person-to-person transmission-may increase the probability of such outbreaks dramatically.://000246116500005 1612-9202ISI:000246116500005?}(Thorpe, K. W. Ridgway, R. L. Webb, R. E.fA computerized data management and decision support system for gypsy moth management in suburban parks333-345(Computers and Electronics in Agriculturepests diseasesThe GYpsy Moth Management Decision support SYStem (GYMSYS) was developed to address specific data management and decision support needs for gypsy moth management in urban parks and other wooded public lands. These needs include a map-based user interface, simple and reliable data entry, a means to customize the system to a variety of separate and heterogeneous management units and programs, and the use of readily available and inexpensive hardware and software systems. These needs were addressed by incorporating a map image, selected by the user, into the background of the user interface, making it possible for the user to configure the system separately for each individual management unit, and utilizing Apple Macintosh computers and Hypercard software. A knowledge base for making treatment decisions based on egg mass density and size, host tree susceptibility, and defoliation history was encoded into a production rule base. © 1992.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-37849174394&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 +Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusqInsect Biocontrol Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Bldg. 402, Beltsville, MD 20705, United Statesz}?~8Vanbergen, A. J. Woodcock, B. A. Watt, A. D. Niemela, J.2005NEffect of land-use heterogeneity on carabid communities at the landscape scale3-16 Ecography281pests diseasesFebcCarabid beetle assemblages were studied to assess how diversity and community structure varied along a gradient of land-use. This gradient was composed of six 1 km(2) quadrats with an increasing proportion of agricultural land reflecting the anthropogenic fragmentation and intensification of landscapes. Carabid species richness and abundance was predicted to peak in the most heterogeneous landscape, in accord with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH), and then decline as agricultural intensification increased. It was also predicted that the different landscapes would support beetle communities distinct from each other. The IDH was unsupported-in both years of this study carabid species richness and abundance was greatest in the most intensively managed, agricultural sites. Detrended correspondence analysis revealed a clear separation in beetle community structure between forested and open habitats and between different forest types. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed a significant correlation between beetle community structure and the environment, showing distinct beetle assemblages to be significantly associated with specific edaphic and botanical features of the land-use gradient. This study adds to increasing evidence that landscape-scale patterns in land-use significantly affect beetle community structure producing distinct assemblages.://000227143500001 0906-7590ISI:000227143500001}?FvanRensburg, L. Kruger, G. H. J. Ubbink, B. Scholes, M. C. Peacock, J.1997A phytocentric perspective of Asterolecanium quercicola Bouche infestation on Quercus robur L trees along an urbanization gradient25-31South African Journal of Botany631pests diseasesFebDiurnal courses in gas exchange, photochemical efficiency and water relations were monitored during two late summers in three groups of adult Quercus robur L. trees, planted along an urbanization gradient that correlated positively with the degree of die-back exhibited by the trees. Leaf carbon:nitrogen ratios, proline and polyphenol levels were monitored to explain why the intermediate group of trees were more severely infested (p less than or equal to 0.01) with Asterolecanium quercicola (Bouche). All three groups of trees showed a significant correlation of net photosynthesis (A) with photon flux density (PPFD), but A correlated more positively with the pre-dawn leaf water potential psi(pd) Of the moderately (trees of group b, i.e. at the edge of town) and severely (trees of group c, i.e. urban) water-stressed trees. A of the rural trees and stomatal conductance (g) of the three groups of trees showed little correlation psi(pd) values. Possibly due to the long-term effect of stress, g, as reflected by changes in the transpiration rate (a, showed a significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01) higher sensitivity to relative ambient humidity (RH) in the trees of groups b and c. Photochemically, a close coupling was found to exist between A, psi(pd), RH, the time needed to reach the maximum fluorescence level, i.e. FTm, and S, i.e. the complementary area normalized to the variable fluorescence, indicating that the trees were also affected at this level of organization. Proline accumulation occurred in the trees of group c but not in the trees of group b, as opposed to the polyphenolic concentrations which were significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) higher in the trees of group b than in the trees of group c. A possible explanation for the higher infestation of A. quercicola on the trees in group b is given in terms of their host specificity and changes in these trees' nitrogen levels.://A1997WW00100004 0254-6299ISI:A1997WW00100004}?.Vilisics, F. Elek, Z. Lovei, G. L. Hornung, E.2007WComposition of terrestrial isopod assemblages along an urbanisation gradient in Denmark45-53 Pedobiologia511pests diseasesThe effects of urbanisation on isopods were studied in Soro, Zealand, Denmark in 2004. We sampled woodlice using pitfall. traps in a natural beech forest, a suburban beech forest remnant and forest islands of the original habitat in a public park. A total of 31848 individuals comprising six species were collected. Two additional, small-bodied species were excluded from analyses due to their Low number in the traps. Three species (Porcellio scaber, Oniscus asellus, Philoscia muscorum) dominated the assemblages accounting for 95.7% of the total specimens. Although, we found no difference among the habitats based on species richness or species composition, they did differ according to the Renyi scalable diversity index. This index was highest in the suburban habitat, followed by the urban forest islands and Lowest in the natural. forest. This was due to the significantly higher total isopod abundance in urban and suburban sites, compared to the forest habitat. The forest woodlice assemblage formed a distinct group in the hierarchical cluster analysis while the assemblages of suburban and urban sites did not separate into distinct groups. We conclude that the effect of urbanisation on woodlice assemblages manifests itself through the abundance and the relative distribution of isopod species, which are both appropriately represented by the scalable diversity index approach. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.://000245917500005 0031-4056ISI:0002459175000054}??Vinciguerra, V. Napoli, A. Bistoni, A. Petrucci, G. Sgherzi, R.2007iWood decay characterization of a naturally infected London plane-tree in urban environment using Py-GC/MS228-231+Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis781pests diseasesJanPyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) using a vertical furnace pyrolyzer was applied to the characterization of internal wood degradation in Platanus acerifolia. Wood disks from approximately 92-year-old tree, previously cut down and showing a large infection caused by wood-rotting fungi, were analysed to determine lignin pyrolysis products composition and syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio. Similar phenolic compounds were found in the sound and extensively degraded wood, as well as in wood samples collected in R-zone, which separate sound and decayed wood. Significant variation of S/G ratio versus wood degradation, instead, was observed. The values showed a decrease of 27.1% from sound to decayed wood revealing a structural fungal degradation of lignin. Furthermore, a less extensive drop (13.7%) of S/G ratio in the R-zone, in comparison with the sound wood, was observed. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the relative peak areas of the 23 identified pyrolysis products. The differentiation between sound and decayed wood was observed in the plot of the two first components as well as the correlation between pyrolysis products was discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000243555100028 0165-2370ISI:000243555100028?Von Lehmann, M.1996[Leaf destroying pests at trees on avenues in the Land Brandenburg in the years 1993 to 199520-27iBlattfressende Geho?lzscha?dlinge am straßenbegleitgru?n im land brandenburg in den Jahren 1993 bis 1995481pests diseasesXIn the Land Brandenburg, German Federal Republic, the damage of leaf destroying insects at trees out of forestries concentrate on avenues and ornamental trees and shrubs in the cities. Since several years the mentioned populations of trees have been attacked by at least 16 dominant species up to a total defoliation. In the first place graduations of these pests were produced by meteorological factors. There are problems of evaluation, observation and organizing of controlling actions exceed the special tasks of plant protection and touching the construction and cultivation of the arrangements. The pest populations show particularly decreasing, in several species increasing or expanding trends. Therefore, the observation and forecast of infestation resp. damage will stay a task to the official body of plant protection during the following years.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-4243114048&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusyLandesamt fu?r Erna?hrung, Landschaft und Flurneuordnung, Pflanzenschutzdienst, Ringstrabe 1010, D-15236 Frankfurt (Oder)}?@Wikler, K. Gordon, T. R. Clark, S. L. Wingfield, M. J. Britz, H.2000~Potential for outcrossing in an apparently asexual population of Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker disease 1085-1090 Mycologia926pests diseasesNov-Dec<Fusarium circinatum (teleomorph = Gibberella circinata) is responsible for the current epidemic affecting pine trees in native and urban forests along California's central coast. Only eight vegetative compatibility groups have been recovered from samples collected throughout the pathogen's range in California. This low level of diversity is suggestive of an asexually propagating population. However, crosses conducted in the laboratory on carrot agar;as well as on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) twigs, reveal that California strains of the fungus are capable of undergoing sexual reproduction. Outcrossing was confirmed by demonstrating vegetative incompatibility between the progeny and their parents. These results indicate that sexual reproduction is possible within the California population of the pitch canker pathogen.://000165469100010 0027-5514ISI:000165469100010}?%Williams, D. W. Lee, H. P. Kim, I. K.2004xDistribution and abundance of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) in natural Acer stands in South Korea540-545Environmental Entomology333pests diseases street treesJunPAnoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Asian longhorned beetle) was found attacking street trees in New York City and Chicago in the 1990s, after its accidental introduction from East Asia, and is currently the subject of a major eradication campaign by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The borer has been a destructive outbreak pest in poplar plantations in China for over 20 yr, but it has been collected only rarely in nearby South Korea. To learn more about the species in natural forest stands, we surveyed nine montane locations across South Korea in 2000 and 2001. The primary hosts of Korean A. glabripennis are Acer mono and A, truncatum, which grow in riparian habitats and rocky ravines. We surveyed two locations in Mt. Sorak National Park intensively, mapping all host trees. Less than 10% of the trees at each site exhibited evidence of beetle damage, and few adult beetles were observed. We hypothesize that the varying dynamics of A. glabripennis populations across its geographical range may be explained by considering it as an "edge specialist," which evolved in riparian habitats.://000222317900010 0046-225XISI:000222317900010}?Williamson, R. C.2004Evaluation of a nonconventional insecticide and appropriate application timing for destruction of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) egg masses 1671-1674Journal of Economic Entomology975pests diseasesOctTwo field studies were conducted in 2001-2002 and 2003 to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriate application timing of Golden Pest Spray Oil (GPSO) for destruction of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), egg masses in Wisconsin. GPSO is a commercially available, registered pesticide that is predominantly comprised of a soybean-oil base (93%); its primary mode of action is by means of suffocation. Because gypsy moth spends the majority (>75%) of its life cycle in the egg stage (August-April), the potential utility of this product by arborists, city foresters, landscapers, and homeowners is high, especially because GPSO, is a United States Environmental Protection Agency registered, nonconventional pesticide that is considered relatively nontoxic. When GPSO was applied at a 1:1 ratio with water, >96% control of gypsy moth egg masses was achieved, regardless of application timing (October, 3 d before egg hatch).://000224653200025 0022-0493ISI:000224653200025}?>Zabel, A. Manojlovic, B. Rajkovic, S. Stankovic, S. Kostic, M.2002Effect of neem extract on Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae)19-254Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde-Journal of Pest Science751pests diseasesFebvHigh antifeedancy and low toxicity of the plant preparation Neem (azadirachtin), on the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. larvae were proved under laboratory conditions. A high index of Neem antifeedancy was confirmed in all tested concentrations. Under laboratory conditions the Neem had satisfying antifeedancy on Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say third instar larvae too. Field experiments also proved that the foliage protective effect of Neem was very significant. Experiments showed that some antifeedants or repellents, such as Neem, should control olygophagous (L. decemlineata, Coleoptera) insects as well as very polyphagous insects such as L. dispar (Lepidoptera). As a biological, plant-derived preparation, Neem could be suitable for integrated pest management (IPM) programs, especially in small orchards, parks, and tree rows in urban environments and on small private gardens.://000174243000005 1436-5693ISI:000174243000005 (? Annesi, T. Coppola, R. Motta, E.2003ODecay and canker caused by Inonotus rickii spreading on more urban tree species405-412Forest Pathology336pests diseases pests diseasesInonotus rickii was detected for the first time causing cankers and decay in Acer negundo and Celtis australis in Italy. In a boxelder boulevard, declining trees showed sparse foliage, exudations and cracks in the bark; in some cases, chlamydospore masses were present. Five isolates were collected and compared by growth tests in vitro and electrophoretic analyses; three isolates from the same boulevard showed very similar physiological characters. The increasing importance of the pathogen in urban areas is underlined and discussed.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346967015&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Barnard, E.L., Inonotus rickii (anamorph: Ptychogaster cubensis): A wood-decaying fungus of importance to Florida hardwoods (1993) Plant Pathology Circ. No. 357, , Florida Dept. Agric. and Consumer Service, Division of Plant Industry; Bradford, M.M., A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding (1976) Anal. Biochem., 72, pp. 249-254; Butin, H., (1995) Tree Diseases and Disorders, , Oxford: Oxford University Press; Davidson, R.W., Campbell, W.A., Weber, G.F., Ptychogaster cubensis, a wood-decaying fungus of southern oaks and waxmyrtle (1942) Mycologia, 34, pp. 142-153; Deschamps, J.R., Wright, J.E., Micosis de importancia forestal en el Cono Sur de Ame?rica (2000) Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid, 25, pp. 127-244; Intini, M., Contri?buto alla conoscenza dei funghi lignicoli italiani: Inonotus rickii (Pat.) (1988) Reid. Micol. Ital., 20, pp. 49-53; Intini, M., First report of Inonotus rickii causing canker rot on boxelder in Europe (2002) Plant Dis., 86, p. 922; Jaquenoud, M., Inonotus rickii, un polypore nouveau pour la flore europe?enne (1985) Mycol. Helv., 1, pp. 371-391; Kotlaba, F., Pouzar, Z., Two new localities of Inonotus rickii in Europe (1994) Czech Mycol., 47, pp. 159-161; Miller, J.W., Plant Pathology Section. Ornamental, woody plants and palms (1996) Tri-ology, 35 (4). , http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/; Nakasone, K.K., Diversity of lignicolous basidiomycetes in coarse woody debris (1993) Biodiversity and Coarse Woody Debris in Southern Forests, pp. 35-42. , Ed. by McMim, J. W.; Crossley, D. A. Jr. Athens, GA: Southern Research Station, Forestry Science Laboratory; Olsen, M., Disease Reports (1999) Plant Pathol. Newslett., 2 (2). , http://www.ag.arizona.edu/PLP/plpext/; Stalpers, J.A., Identification of wood-inhabiting Aphyllophorales in pure culture (1978) Stud. Mycol., 16, pp. 1-248. , Baarn; Tattar, T.A., (1989) Diseases of Shade Trees, , San Diego, CA: Academic Press; Walther, G., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T.J.C., Fromentin, J.M., Bairlein, F., Ecological responses to recent climate change (2002) Nature, 416, pp. 389-395; Wendel, J.F., Weeden, N.F., Visualization and interpretation of plant isozymes (1990) Isozyme in Plant Biology, pp. 5-45. , Ed. by Soltis, D. E.; Soltis, P. S. London: Chapman and HallMIst. Sperim. per la Patol. Vegetale, Via C. G. Bertero, 22, 00156 Rome, Italy?0Biasini, G. Ferretti, F. Gherardi, L. Maresi, G.1996 Branching out42-43 GIS Europe55pests diseases pests diseasesIn this article, we show how we used GPS and GIS technology to monitor trees in an urban park and how, by logging details on health and conditions of growth, we were able to assess their vulnerability to damage and disease. This mapping project was part of a larger project with the ultimate aim of establishing a GIS-based system for park management in the region of Emilia Romagna.?Coffelt, M. A. Schultz, P. B.1990Development of an aesthetic injury level to decrease pesticide use against orangestriped oakworm (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in an urban pest management project 2044-2049Journal of Economic Entomology835pests diseases pests diseasesAnisota senatoria has become a major pest of urban oak plantings along city streets in Norfolk, Virginia, since 1981. Insecticidal sprays were applied resulting in needless pesticide use: >50% of citizen requests for pesticide application in 1987 and 1988 were for trees with <5% defoliation. Justification for an urban pest management program was based on the economic value of urban oak trees and the large pesticide volume sprayed for control (55 172 liters in 1986). Monitoring and establishing an aesthetic injury level of 25% defoliation in 1988 resulted in a decrease in pesticide volume of 80% and a real cost savings of 55% over the previous year. -from Authors]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0025526649&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 FCited By (since 1996): 11 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: ScopusDept. of Entomology, Virginia Poly. Inst. & State Univ., Hampton Roads Agricultural Experiment Station, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23455, USA?Costello, L. R. Berry, A. M.19917The California Tree Failure Report Program: an overview250-256Journal of Arboriculture179)pests diseases tree health tree mortalityFThe California Tree Failure Report Program was established in 1987 to collect quantitative information about urban tree failures. This information is used to develop "failure profiles' for genera and species to more accurately assess failure probability in standing trees. Over 100 tree care professionals are cooperating in this effort by systematically inspecting fallen trees, or tree parts, and reporting results for entry into a data-base program. After 3 yr, we have collected 500 reports and are beginning to identify failure occurrences and trends for certain taxa. -Authors]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026272953&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus I?Digweed, S. C.1998wSeasonal activity of the birch skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), in Alberta579-582Canadian Entomologist1305pests diseases pests diseasesThe birch skeletonizer Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers was univoltine in central Alberta in 1992 and 1993. Adults occurred from early June until the end of July, and larvae were present from early July on, co-occurring with larvae of the ambermarked birch leafminer, Profenusa thomsoni (Konow). Larval B. canadensisella densities were higher in 1992 than in 1993, and were higher on rural trees at George Lake than on urban ones in Edmonton.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031744705&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Blais, J.R., Pilon, J.G., Influence of temperature and moisture on the survival of cocoons, and on adult emergence of Bucculatrix canadensisella (1968) The Canadian Entomologist, 100, pp. 742-749; Brandt, J.P., Forest insect and disease conditions in west-central Canada in 1993 and predictions for 1994 (1994) Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forestry Centre Information Report, NOR-X-335; Cerezke, H.F., Brandt, J.P., Forest insect and disease conditions in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories in 1992 (1993) Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forestry Centre Information Report, NOR-X-332; Cerezke, H.F., Gates, H.S., Forest insect and disease conditions in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories in 1991 (1992) Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forestry Centre Information Report, NOR-X-325; Digweed, S.C., (1995) Effects of Natural Enemies, Competition, and Host Plant Quality on Introduced Birch Leafminers (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), , M.Sc. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta; Diaweed, S.C., Spence, J.R., Langor, D.W., Exotic birch-leafmining sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in Alberta: Distributions, seasonal activities, and the potential for competition (1997) The Canadian Entomologist, 129, pp. 319-333; Friend, R.B., The biology of the birch leaf skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers (1927) Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 288, pp. 395-486; Hiratsuka, Y., Langor, D.W., Crane, P.E., A field guide to forest insects and diseases of the prairie provinces (1995) Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forestry Centre Special Report, 3; Ives, W.G.H., Wong, H.R., Tree and shrub insects of the prairie provinces (1988) Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forestry Centre Information Report, NOR-X-292; Kalcounis, M.C., Csada, R.D., Brigham, R.M., Axle grease as an alternative adhesive for use on sticky traps (1992) The Canadian Entomologist, 124, pp. 561-562; (1988) SAS/STAT User's Guide, Release 6.03 Edition, , SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C; Zar, J.H., (1984) Biostatistical Analysis. 2nd Ed., , Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.JDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta. T6G 2E9, Canada 10021 - 143 Street, Edmonton, Alta. T5N 2R7, Canadau}?Eckberg, T. B. Cranshaw, W. S.1994Occurrence of the Oak Rough Bulletgall Wasp, Disholcaspis-Quercusmamma (Walsh) (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae), as a Street Tree Pest in Colorado290-293+Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society673pests diseases street treesJul The oak rough bulletgall wasp, Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Walsh) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), has become an increasingly important shade tree pest in Colorado with the expanded planting of its hosts, bur oak and swamp white oak. The insect produces woody galls on the twigs of the plant that are disfiguring and also produce honeydew that is attractive to nuisance bees and wasps. Emergence of the wasp from the galls began 20 October in 1992, but not until 29 November in 1993. Although oviposition occurs shortly after emergence, visible galling does not appear until the following July. The eurytomid Sycophila dubia (Walsh) was the only parasitoid observed to be associated with the insect, with parasitism rates between 14.5 and 68.1 percent recorded at three Fort Collins study sites. Diameter of normal, nonparasitized galls averaged 11.1 mm, significantly larger than for parasitized galls (9.1 mm). Great differences in amount of annual gall production occur among trees, suggesting that resistance to galling may be widespread.://A1994QB25700010 0022-8567ISI:A1994QB25700010?/Favre, C. L. Sherald, J. L. Schneeberger, N. F.19938Gypsy moth management in Rock Creek Park, Washington, DC160-167Journal of Arboriculture193(pests diseases tree mortality tree deathAn integrated pest management plan was adopted in 1983 to manage Lymantria dispar in this unique urban park, designed to minimize defoliation and tree mortality while avoiding the adverse effect of management tactics on non-target species. Mating disruption and parasite releases, tactics designed for use in isolated, low density populations, were used initially. As the population increased, the biological pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis and the gypsy moth specific nucleopolyhedrosis virus were applied to areas of heavy infestation. Defoliation never occurred in the Park and further treatments have not been necessary since 1989. -from Authors]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027801215&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus?NGordon, T. R. Wikler, K. R. Clark, S. L. Okamoto, D. Storer, A. J. Bonello, P.1998pResistance to pitch canker disease, caused by Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini, in Monterey pine (Pinus radiata)706-711Plant Pathology476pests diseases pests diseases#Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini causes pitch canker, resulting in branch dieback and stem cankers, in many species of pine. Monterey pine has suffered extensive damage from pitch canker in both urban and native forests in California. The extent of lesion development differed significantly among Monterey pine individuals subjected to mechanical inoculations under field and glasshouse conditions. Lesion lengths resulting from inoculations of the same clone at different times or in different locations were highly correlated. The eight strains of F. s. pini known to occur in California did not interact differentially with the Monterey pine clones tested. Trees with limited lesion development did not sustain girdling lesions or branch dieback and hence may be considered resistant to pitch canker.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032408826&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 25 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Barrows-Broaddus, J.B., Dwinell, L.D., Variation in susceptibility to the pitch canker fungus among half-sib and full sib families of Virginia pine (1984) Phytopathology, 74, pp. 438-444; Blakeslee, G.M., Rockwood, D.L., Variation in resistance of slash pine to pitch canker caused by Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans (1978) Phytopathology News, 12, pp. 207-208; Correll, J.C., Gordon, T.R., McCain, A.H., Examination of genetic diversity in California and Florida populations of the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini (1992) Phytopathology, 82, pp. 415-420; Correll, J.C., Gordon, T.R., McCain, A.H., Fox, J.W., Koehler, C.S., Schultz, M.E., Wood, D.L., Pitch canker disease in California: Pathogenicity, distribution and canker development on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) (1991) Plant Disease, 75, pp. 676-682; Fox, J.W., Wood, D.L., Koehler, C.S., O'Keefe, S.T., Engraver beetles (Scolytidae: Ips species) as vectors of the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium subglutinans (1991) Canadian Entomologist, 123, pp. 1355-1367; Gordon, T.R., Storer, A.J., Okamoto, D., The population structure of the pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, in California (1996) Mycological Research, 100, pp. 850-854; Gordon, T.R., Storer, A.J., Okamoto, D., Wood, D.L., Relative susceptibility of five landscape pines to pitch canker, caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini (1998) HortScience, 33, pp. 868-871; Hoover, K., Wood, D.L., Storer, A.J., Fox, J.W., Bros, W.E., Transmission of the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini, to Monterey pine, Pinus radiata, by cone- And twig-infesting beetles (1996) Canadian Entomologist, 128, pp. 981-994; McCain, A.H., Koehler, C.S., Tjosvold, S.A., Pitch canker threatens California pines (1987) California Agriculture, 41, pp. 22-23; McDonald, M.J., (1994) Temperature Effects on Fusarium Subglutinans F.sp. Pini Infection on Juvenile Pinus Radiata (Monterey Pine) and Influence on Growth of Fusarium Subglutinans F.sp. Pini Isolates from California and Florida, , San Jose, California, USA: San Jose State University, MS thesis; Old, K.M., Libby, W.J., Russell, J.H., Eldridge, K.G., Genetic variability in susceptibility of Pinus radiata to western gall rust (1986) Silvae Genetica, 35, pp. 145-149; Schultz, M.E., Gordon, T.R., McCain, A.H., Resistance of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) to pitch canker caused by Fusarium subglutinans (1990) Phytopathology, 80, p. 977; Sokal, R.R., Rohlf, F.J., (1995) Biometry, , New York, NY, USA: W.H. Freeman and Co; Viljoen, A., Marasas, W.F.O., Wingfield, M.J., Viljoen, C.D., Characterization of Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini causing root disease of Pinus patula seedlings in South Africa (1997) Mycological Research, 101, pp. 437-445; Vogler, D.R., (1991) Genetic Interactions in the Radiata Pine-Western Gall Rust Pathosystem, , Berkeley, California, USA: University of California, PhD thesisDepartment of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United StatesY?GGrabenweger, G. Koch, T. Balder, H. Hopp, H. Ja?ckel, B. Schmolling, S.2005bPossibilities to control the horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) in urban environments633-640?Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences.704pests diseases pests diseasesThe continuous epidemic infestation of horse chestnuts by C. ohridella is a serious aesthetic and economic problem in urban environments. The aim of the presented studies was therefore to develop control measures which meet the special needs of urban plant protection. Removal of infested leaves in autumn and appropriate disposal of the leaflitter is the only practicable measure to reduce infestation levels so far. Another two methods, which are currently in an experimental stage, had an impact on the leafminer populations. A gelformulated combination of the C. ohridella-pheromone with a contact insecticide as attract-and-kill-system proved to be efficient at low population levels. Easily applicable and safe banks of systemic insecticides turned out to be effective in killing preimaginal stages of the leafminer on young trees. The complex of parasitoids attacking C. ohridella is comparable to that of other leafminers. Nevertheless, parasitism rates are very low at present and far away from having any controlling effect on the pest insect.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745794523&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: ScopusWUniversity of Applied Sciences Berlin, Luxemburger Strasse 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany. }?'Hanks, L. M. Millar, J. G. Paine, T. D.1998\Dispersal of the eucalyptus longhorned borer (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) in urban landscapes 1418-1424Environmental Entomology276pests diseases pests diseasesDecWe conducted 2 mark-recapture experiments in urban landscapes to examine the dispersal behavior of the eucalyptus longhorned borer, Phoracantha semipunctata (F.), a crepuscular beetle whose larvae bore into woody tissues of stressed or weakened eucalypts and fallen branches. Temporal changes in attractiveness of trees to beetles resulted in a correlation between beetle abundance and sample date, a mark-recapture study revealed that rates of beetle recapture declined with increasing air temperature, suggesting that beetles were less Likely to disperse long distances on cool evenings. Dispersal behavior was not influenced by body size of either sex; however, larger males were more likely to gain mates than were smaller males. Estimated population size averaged approximate to 328 beetles per night. In another mark-recapture experiment. P. semipunctata were captured on 6 piles of eucalypt logs, 3 positioned inside a eucalypt grove and 3 outside. Males captured on the outside log piles were larger than those captured inside, suggesting that larger males were more likely to disperse longer distances than smaller males. Low 24-h recapture rates (<35%) of adult P. semipunctata in both experiments suggested that P. semipunctata dispersed actively in urban landscapes. These beetles may show little site fidelity because they must alternately search for vigorous eucalypts in newer on which they feed and for stressed larval hosts that are unpredictably distributed in time and space.://000078027000016 0046-225XISI:000078027000016?4Hayes, J. L. Meeker, J. R. Foltz, J. L. Strom, B. L.1996ZSuppression of bark beetles and protection of pines in the urban environment: A case study67-74Journal of Arboriculture222pests diseases pests diseasesSouthern pine beetles (SPB), and associated bark beetles, have long been recognized as major pests of southern forests. Tactics used for controlling infestations in conventional forest settings have not proven effective at achieving area-wide control, nor are they suitable for the control of infestations in high-value stands such as homesites or wildlife habitat areas. Limited options exist for protecting high-risk uninfested pines of urban forests and often pose undesirable risks. One of the most promising areas in bark beetle research currently being experimentally tested on a large-scale is the use of deterrent behavioral chemicals (semiochemicals), produced by the insects or their host trees, as biopesticides to disrupt or inhibit infestations. In addition to traditional suppression tactics instituted in an unprecedented SPB outbreak in Gainesville, Florida, a semiochemical, 4-allylanisole (4-AA), was successfully tested as a protectant of pines in residential areas. 4-AA is a host-produced compound with repellent properties to many species of conifer-feeding bark beetles. The "freak" SPB outbreak in this urban environment and successful actions taken to mitigate damage are discussed.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030475870&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 7 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Billings, R.F., Doggett, C., An aerial observer's guide to recognizing and reporting southern pine beetle spots (1980) U.S.D.A. Forest Service Combined Forest Pest Research and Development Program. Handbook No. 560, 19p; Billings, R., Goyer, R., New approaches to control southern pine beetle (1987) Forest Farmer, 46 (9), pp. 22-23; Brady, U.E., Berisford, C.W., Hall, T.L., Hamilton, J.S., Efficacy and persistence of chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and lindane for preventive and remedial control of the southern pine beetle (1980) J. Econ. Entomol., 73, pp. 639-642; Cameron, R.S., Southern pine bark beetles in the urban environment (1987) J. Arboric., 13 (6), pp. 145-151; Chellman, W.C., Wilkinson, R.C., Recent history of southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Florida (1975) Florida Entomologist, 58 (1), p. 22; Chellman, W.C., Wilkinson, R.C., Southern pine beetle outbreaks on Florida since 1974 (1980) Florida Entomologist, 63 (4), p. 515; Hastings, F.L., Coster, J.E., (1981) Field and Laboratory Evaluations of Insecticides for Southern Pine Beetle Control, , USDA-FS, SE-GTR-21, Asheville, NC; Hayes, J.L., Ingram, L.L., Stromm, B.L., Roton, L.M., Boyette, M.W., Walsh, M.T., Identification of a host compound and its practical applications: 4-allylanisole as a bark beetle repellent (1994) Southern Chemical Sciences Meeting Proceedings, , J. Vozzo (ed.) Starkville, MS, SOFES-GTR; Hayes, J.L., Strom, B.L., Roton, L., Ingram Jr., L.L., Repellent properties of a novel host compound to southern pine beetle (1994) J. Chem. Ecol., 20, pp. 1595-1615; Hayes, J.L., Strom, B.L., 4-allylanisole as an inhibitor of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) aggregation (1994) J. Econ. Entomol., 87 (6), pp. 1548-1556; Hayes, Strom, Roton, Ingram, (1995) A Repellent of Bark Beetles for Protection of Conifers, , Patent No. 5,403,863: issued 4 April; Payne, T.L., Billings, R.F., Evaluation of (S)-verbenone applications for suppressing southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) infestations (1989) J. Econ. Entomol., 82, pp. 1702-1708; Price, T.S., Doggett, C., Pye, J.M., Holmes, T.P., (1992) A History of Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks in the Southeastern United States, , Georgia Forestry Commission; (1987) Final Environmental Impact Statement for Suppression of the Southern Pine Beetle, 1, pp. 1-57. , Forest Service, Southern Region, 1720 Peachtree Rd., NW, Atlanta, GA chapt 2; Werner, R.A., Holsten, E.H., Current status of research with the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (1995) Application of Semiochemicals for Management of Bark Beetle Infestations - Proceedings of an Informal Conference, pp. 23-29. , UDSA-FS, INT-GTR-318; Zhong, H., Hastings, F.L., Hain, F.P., Werner, R.A., Toxicity of carbaryl toward the southern pine beetle in filter paper, bark and cut bolt bioassays (1994) J. Entomol. Sci., 29 (2), pp. 247-253Florida Division of Forestry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32614-7100, United States Dept. of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, United States Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360, United States}F? Hodge, S. J.1991iResearch for practical arboriculture. Proceedings of a seminar held at the University of York, April 1990Forestry Commission Bulletin97pests diseases tree healthRecords the proceedings of a seminar organised jointly by the Arboricultural Association and the UK Forestry Commission. Twenty-six papers (14 abstracted separately) are presented under the headings: setting the scene, amenity tree establishment, trees in towns, tree stability, tree health, disorders of amenity trees, arboriculture safety, and concluding remarks. Topics include urban tree care and problems affecting both urban and non-urban trees such as storm damage, dieback and fungal diseases. -after Editor]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026295874&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus?Hopkin, A. A. Howse, G. M.1998eA survey to evaluate crown condition of forest, roadside, and urban maple trees in Ontario, 1987-1995141-145$Northern Journal of Applied Forestry153)pests diseases pests diseases urban soilsSurveys of sugar maple trees, conducted in Ontario between 1987 and 1995, showed a general improvement in crown condition after 1990. Plots on the shallow soils of the Precambrian shield in central Ontario showed the highest levels of crown dieback in all years. This area was also defoliated at moderate-to-severe levels in 1988. Dieback levels on undefoliated plots were high in 1987-1988, but plots improved after 1988. Defoliated plots showed no improvement, and dieback remained high through 1995. Crown dieback was lower in forest and urban situations than at roadside plots. Roadside plots showed high levels of dieback and should be considered poor indicators of forest condition. Pest damage was recorded on all plot types. Sugar maple in both urban and roadside locations had a higher incidence of stem defects, stem canker, and stem insect damage than trees in forest plots. Root rots were most prevalent at roadside locations. Stem cankers, stem defects, and root rot were most common in the northern forest plots.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001437683&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 `Cited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Allen, D.C., Barnett, C.J., Millers, I., Lachante, D., Temporal change (1988-1990) in sugar maple health, and factors associated with crown condition (1992) Can. J. For. Res., 22, pp. 1776-1784; (1989) Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in Canada 1988, 105p. , For. Can., Petawawa Nat. For. Inst., Chalk River, Ontario; (1992) Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in Canada 1989, 117p. , For. Can., Petawawa Nat. For. Inst., Chalk River, Ontario; Arp, P.A., Oja, T., Marsh, M., Critical S and N loads and their exceedences for upland forests in southern Ontario (1996) Can. J. For. Res., 26, pp. 969-1709; Basham, J.T., Hardwood management in southern Ontario. How extensive and important are stain and rot in living trees? (1973) Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Inf. Rep., O-X-186, 15p. , Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv; Bauce, E., Lachance, D., Archambault, L., Sugar maple crown dieback in southern Quebec: Role of forest tent caterpillar and Bruce spanworm (1990) Maple Decline, Causes and Possible Solutions, 290p. , P. 39-47 Camire, C., et al. (eds.). Faculty of For., Univ. of Laval, Sainte-Foy, Quebec; Farrar, J.L., (1995) Trees in Canada, 502p. , Natur. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa, Ontario; Griffin, H.D., Maple dieback in Ontario (1965) For. Chron., 41, pp. 295-300; Gross, H.L., Dieback and growth loss of sugar maple associated with defoliation by the forest tent caterpillar (1991) For. Chron., 67, pp. 33-42; Hauer, R.J., Miller, R.W., Ouimet, D.M., Street tree decline and construction damage (1994) J. Arboric., 20, pp. 94-97; Holmes, F.W., Salt injury to trees (1961) Phytopathology, 51, pp. 712-718; Houston, D.R., Stress related to disease (1984) J. Arboric., 8, pp. 137-149; Houston, D.R., Dieback and decline of urban trees (1985) J. Arboric., 11, pp. 65-69; Lacasse, N.L., Rich, A.E., Maple decline in New Hampshire (1964) Phytopathology, 54, pp. 1071-1075; Lachance, D., Hopkin, A.A., Pendrel, B., Hall, J.P., Health of sugar maple in Canada. Results from the North American Maple Project, 1988-1993 (1995) Ottawa, Ontario. Inf. Rep., ST-X-10, 27p. , Natur. Resour. Canada. Can. Fore. Serv; Mcilveen, W.D., Rutherford, S.T., Linzon, S.N., A historical perspective of sugar maple decline within Ontario (1986) Ont. Min. Environ. Rep. ARB-141-86-Phtyo., 40p. , Toronto, Ontario; Mclaughlin, D.L., Corrigan, D.E., Mcilveen, W.D., Etiology of sugar maple decline at selected sites in Ontario (1984-1990) (1992) Ont. Min. Environ. Rep. No. ARB-052-92-PHYTO., 153p. , Toronto, Ontario; Millers, I., Shriner, D.S., Rizzo, D., History of hardwood decline in the eastern United States (1989) USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep., NE-126, 75p; Millers, I., Lachance, D., Burkman, W.G., Allen, D.C., North American sugar maple decline project: Organization and field methods (1991) USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep., NE-154, 28p; Neter, J., Wasserman, W., Kutner, M.H., (1985) Applied Linear Statistical Models. Ed. 2, , D. Irwin Inc., Homewood, IL; Rich, S., Walton, G.S., Decline of curbside sugar maples in Connecticut (1979) J. Arboric., 5, pp. 265-268; Rowe, J.S., (1972) Forest Regions of Canada, 172p. , Dep. of Environ., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa, Ontario. Publ. No. 1300; Ryan, D., Allen, O., Mclaughlin, D., Gordon, A., Interpretation of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) ring chronologies from central and southern Ontario using a mixed linear model (1994) Can. J. For. Res., 24, pp. 568-575; Walker, S.L., Auclair, A.N., Martin, H., (1990) History of Crown Dieback and Deterioration Symptoms of Hardwoods in Eastern Canada. Part 1, 62p. , Atmos. Environ. Serv., Downsview, OntarioOCanadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. P6A 5M7, Canadab}?1Jones, M. E. Paine, T. D. Fenn, M. E. Poth, M. A.2004[Influence of ozone and nitrogen deposition on bark beetle activity under drought conditions67-76Forest Ecology and Management2001-3)pests diseases tree mortality tree deathOctFour years of severe drought from 1999 through 2003 led to unprecedented bark beetle activity in ponderosa and Jeffrey pine in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains of southern California. Pines in the San Bernardino Mountains also were heavily impacted by ozone and nitrogenous pollutants originating from urban and agricultural areas in the Los Angeles basin. We studied bark beetle activity and bark beetle associated tree mortality in pines at two drought-impacted sites in the San Bernardino Mountains, one receiving high levels of atmospheric pollutants, and one with more moderate atmospheric input. We also investigated the effects of nitrogen addition treatments of 0, 50 and 150 kg N ha-(1) year(-1) at each site. Tree mortality and beetle activity were significantly higher at the high pollution site. Differences in beetle activity between sites were significantly associated with ozone injury to pines, while differences in tree mortality between sites were significantly associated with both ozone injury and fertilization level. Tree mortality was 9% higher and beetle activity 50% higher for unfertilized trees at the high pollution site compared to the low pollution site. Tree mortality increased 8% and beetle activity increased 20% under the highest rates of nitrogen additions at the low pollution site. The strong response in beetle activity to nitrogen additions at the low pollution site suggests that atmospheric nitrogen deposition increased tree susceptibility to beetle attack at the high deposition site. While drought conditions throughout the region were a major factor in decreased tree resistance, it appears that both ozone exposure and atmospheric nitrogen deposition further increased pine susceptibility to beetle attack. (C) 2004, Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000224682400006 0378-1127ISI:000224682400006Z? Manion, P. D.1991%Tree disease concepts. Second editionCanadaPearson Education4pests diseases tree mortality tree death tree health(Emphasises the biological understanding, ecological considerations, and interactions of diseases of forest and urban trees, looking at management practices for a selection of diseases. An introductory chapter on tree pathology is followed by considerations of soil conditions affecting tree health; winter damage; diseases caused by air pollution; nematodes; viruses, bacteria; fungi - characteristics, symbionts (mycorrhizae), foliage diseases, rusts, cankers, vascular wilt diseases, wood decay, wood stain and root diseases; parasitic flowering plants; decline diseases of complex biotic and abiotic origin; epidemics; disease control through genetic resistance; nursery seedling diseases; and pathological considerations of urban tree management and of intensively-managed forest plantations. -P.J.Jarvis]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0026307823&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ,Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus ? Miller, F. D.1997~Effects and control of periodical cicada Magicicada septendecim and Magicicada cassinioviposition injury on urban forest trees225-231Journal of Arboriculture236pests diseases pests diseasesThe long-term effect of oviposition by the female periodical cicadas, Magicicada septendecim and M. cassini (Homoptera: Cicadidae) was examined on shade trees at two urban forest sites in northeastern Illinois following the 1991-1993 growing seasons. Minimum branch diameter appears to be a critical factor in ovipositional activity. Plants with stout branching habits do not appear to be suitable for oviposition. Percent canopy flagging, as a function of the number of wounds per branch, may not be an accurate measurement of ovipositional damage. Young trees with stem diameters or main scaffold branches with diameters between 5 and 10 mm may experience significant damage to the main trunk resulting in breakage and significant growth loss. Larger plant material does not appear to be significantly affected by ovipositional damage, which results only in a minor natural pruning event. Chemical control for the prevention of ovipositional wound damage by the female periodical cicada does not appear to be a practical and effective pest management option. Even severe and heavy ovipositional damage does not appear to predispose urban forest trees to attack by secondary insects or pathogens.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031395501&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 4 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Cutright, C.R., Parks, T.H., Combating the periodical cicada with insecticides (1949) J. of Econ. Entomol., 42, pp. 359-362; Dybas, H., It's the year of the cicada in these parts (1973) Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 44 (5), pp. 1-8; Forsythe H.Y., Jr., Screening insecticides for control of the adult periodical cicada (1966) J. of Econ. Entomol., 39, pp. 1413-1416; Graham, C., Cochran, A.B., The periodical cicada in Maryland in 1953 (1954) J. Econ. Entomol., 47, pp. 242-244; Graham, C., Knestensen, E.R., A residual spray for control of the periodical cicada (1957) J. of Econ. Entomol., 50, pp. 713-715; Hamilton, D.W., Notes on the activity and control of the periodical cicada, 1945 and 1950 (1953) J. Econ. Entomol., 46, p. 385; Hogmire, H.W., Baugher, T.A., Crim, V.L., Walter, S.I., Effects and control of periodical (Homoptera:Cicadidae) oviposition injury on nonbearing apple trees (1990) J. Econ. Entomol., 83, pp. 2401-2404; Marlatt, C.L., The periodical cicada (1907) Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent., 71. , 181 pp; Skeels, H.C., Trees injured by the seventeen-year cicada (1907) The American Botanist, 12, pp. 9-17; Smith, S.F.F., Linderman, R.G., Damage to ornamental trees and shrubs resulting from oviposition by periodical cicada (1974) Environ. Entomol., 3, pp. 725-732; Stannard L.J., Jr., The distribution of periodical cicadas in Illinois (1975) Biological Notes #91, 91. , Illinois Natural History Survey. 12 pp; Weires, R.W., Straub, R.W., Control of the periodical cicada1 in eastern New York during 19792 (1979) J. Econ. Entomol., 73, pp. 515-519lUniversity of Illinois, Countryside Extension Center, 6438 Joliet Road, Countryside, IL 60525, United States}?Mussey, G. J. Potter, D. A.1997dPhenological correlations between flowering plants and activity of urban landscape pests in Kentucky 1615-1627Journal of Economic Entomology906pests diseases pests diseasesDecSeasonal appearance of 33 insect pests of urban landscapes together with flowering phenology of 34 species of common woody ornamental plants were systematically monitored for 3 yr in central Kentucky. Base temperatures and degree-day requirements corresponding to these events also were determined. Phenological sequences of plant flowering and insect activity were highly consistent between years. For example, crawlers of the oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), hatched Ist in each year, followed by those of pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch); euonymus scale, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock); juniper scale, Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche); calico scale, Eulecanium cerasorum (Cockerell); walnut scale, Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock); a cottony maple leaf scale. Pulvinaria acericola (Walsh & Riley); and obscure scale, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock). Similar consistency occurred with clearwing borers (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), leafminers, and other pests. Plant phenology was generally a better predictor of insect activity than was calender date. Comparison of the temporal deviation between plant-insect correlations in Kentucky and Michigan suggests that some phenological predictors are consistent across geographic regions, whereas others are not. A phenology calender was developed that facilitates prediction of pest activity and timing of control actions by horticultural professionals and lay persons.://000071728600029 0022-0493ISI:000071728600029?Nowak, D. J. McBride, J. R.1992JDifferences in Monterey pine pest populations in urban and natural forests133-144Forest Ecology & Management501-2street trees pests diseases$Pinus radiata planted along streets within Carmel, California and its immediate vicinity, and naturally grown trees within adjacent native stands, were sampled with regard to intensity of visual stress characteristics, western dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium campylopodum f. typicum and western gall rust Peridermium harknessii infection, and frequency of sequoia pitch moth Synathedon sequoiae and red turpentine beetle Dendroctonus valens attacks. The street trees were stratified into one highly urban zone, two urban zones, and one suburban zone. Dwarf mistletoe infections generally were more common in the forest stand than on street trees in the highly urban and urban zones for trees <50cm dbh and were positively correlated with stand density. Pitchmoth attacks were more common in all street tree zones than the natural forest, and were positively correlated with amount of pruning and wounding, and negatively correlated with amount of crown closure and stress. Red turpentine beetle attacks were positively correlated with stress and diameter, and may follow pitch moth attacks. More beetle attacks occurred in the two urban zones than in the natural forest, probably due to significantly more large trees in these zones, and more pruning and wounding in the street tree setting than in the forest. -Authors]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027063291&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus@USDA Forest Service, 5801 N.Pulaski Rd, Bldg C, Chicago, IL, USA? Pilotti, M. Ponzio, V. Motta, E.2002KDisorders of Platanus x acerifolia in Italy associated with Fusarium solani249-264Forest Pathology324-5pests diseases pests diseasesIOpen perennial cankers with swollen borders were observed on branches and trunks of Platanus x acerifolia trees in the urban environment of Rome. On several other plane trees, swellings without splitting, sometimes associated with witches' brooms, were also recorded. A general decline occurred on those trees in which these symptoms were particularly severe. On sectioning, the xylem of symptomatic stems showed discoloured areas with a yellow to reddish reaction zone. There was also some decay which seemed to result, over a period of time, in the formation of large cavities. Isolations from the discoloured wood of 34 trees affected by open cankers or swellings revealed the presence of several fungi, but a close association was only found with Fusarium solani. On the basis of cultural characteristics, two types of F. solani were recognized. When isolates from open cankers were inoculated on P. x acerifolia seedlings, the xylem was discoloured and little swellings were formed in the bark. The nature of the symptoms in mature trees and the possible role of Fusarium solani is discussed.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036058764&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 2 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Anselmi, N., Govi, G., (1996) Carie soffice o molle, pp. 195-205. , Bologna, Italy: Patologia Del Legno, Edagricole; Arnett, D.J., Witcher, W., Histochemical studies of yellow poplar infected with Fusarium solani (1974) Phytopathology, 64, pp. 414-418; Belisario, A., Forti, E., Corazza, L., Marciume basale del noce comune associato a F. solani (1999) Petria, 9, pp. 277-282; Berbee, J.G., Development of Fusarium canker of black poplar (1962) Phytopathology, 52, p. 724; Boha?r, G., Fusarium solani causing sapstreak in sessile and pedunculate oak (1993) Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline, pp. 39-47. , Ed. by Luisi, N.; Lerario, P.; Vannini, A. Putignano, Italy: Tipolitografia Radio; Boyer, M.G., A Fusarium canker disease of Populus deltoides Marsh (1961) Can. J. Bot., 39, pp. 1195-1204; Catara, A., Polizzi, G., Il 'marciume secco delle radici' degli agrumi: Sintomi, cause e suscettibilita? dei portinnesti (1999) Frutticoltura, 61, pp. 38-41; Chen, W., Swart, W.J., First report of stem canker of English walnut caused by Fusarium solani in South Africa (2000) Plant Dis., 84, p. 592; Deacon, J.W., (1997) Modern Mycology, , Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd; Della Valle, I., Moricca, S., Mugnai, L., Ragazzi, A., Vagniluca, S., The biology of Fusarium eumartii Carp. and its pathogenicity towards Quercus robur L. and Q. cerris L. (1993) Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline, pp. 105-108. , Ed. by Luisi, N.; Lerario, P.; Vannini, A. Putignano, Italy: Tipolitografia Radio; Dochinger, L.S., Seliskar, C.E., Fusarium bark canker of yellow-poplar (1962) Phytopathology, 52, p. 8; Duncan, C.G., Eslyn, W.E., Wood decaying ascomycetes and fungi imperfecti (1966) Mycologia, 58, pp. 642-645; Fisher, N.L., Burgess, L.W., Toussoun, T.A., Nelson, P.E., Carnation leaves as a substrate and for preserving cultures of Fusarium species (1982) Phytopathology, 72, pp. 151-153; Gellini, R., Grossoni, P., Aspetti botanico-forestali del genere Platanus (1978) Informatore Fitopatologico, 28, pp. 45-52; Graham, J.H., Brlansky, R.H., Timmer, L.W., Lee, R.F., Comparison of Citrus tree declines with necrosis of major roots and their association with Fusarium solani (1985) Plant Dis., 69, pp. 1055-1058; Keeling, B.L., A seedling test for resistance to soybean stem canker caused by Diaporthe phaseolarum var. caulivora (1982) Phytopathology, 72, pp. 807-809; Manion, P.D., Lachance, D., (1992) Forest Decline Concept, , St. Paul, MN, USA: The American Phytopathological Society; Moricca, S., Ragazzi, A., Fusarium eumartii: Un nuovo reperto micologico su Quercus robur (1990) Aspetti Fitopatologici Delle Querce, pp. 122-127. , Ed. by Ragazzi, A.; Tiberi, R. Firenze, Italy: Stamperia Granducale; Nalli, R., Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. associato a cancri corticali del platano (1980) Ann. Ist. Sper. Pat. Veg. Roma, 6, pp. 27-30; Nelson, P.E., Toussoun, T.A., Marasas, W.F.O., (1983) Fusarium species, pp. 146-150. , University Park and London: The Pennsylvania State University Press; Nemec, S., Stamper Achor, D., Albrigo, L.G., Microscopy of Fusarium solani-infected rough lemon citrus fibrous roots (1986) Can. J. Bot., 64, pp. 2840-2847; Nemeth, M., (1986) Virus, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia Diseases of Fruit Trees, , Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group; Panconesi, A., Canker stain of plane trees: A serious danger to urban plantings in Europe (1999) J. Plant Path., 81, pp. 3-15; Ragazzi, A., Moricca, S., Della Valle, I., Turco, E., Fusarium eumartii growth in resistant and susceptible oak species (2001) J. Phytopath., 149, pp. 503-507; Schreiber, L.R., Dochinger, L.S., Fusarium canker on paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) (1967) Plant Dis. Rep., 51, pp. 531-532; Sempio, C., Sulla progressiva distruzione delle alberature di platano in alcune zone dell'Italia Centrale (1933) Riv. Pat. Veg., 23, pp. 129-170; Skelly, J.M., Wood, F.A., The occurrence and etiology of an annual canker of sugar maple in Pennsylvania (1966) Can. J. Bot., 44, pp. 1401-1411; Sutherland, J.B., Pometto A.L. III, Crawford, D.L., Lignocellulose degradation by Fusarium species (1983) Can. J. Bot., 61, pp. 1194-1198; Tainter, F.H., Baker, F.A., (1996) Principles of Forest Pathology, , New York, USA: J. Wiley & Sons; Tisserat, N., Stem canker of black walnut caused by F. solani. Kansas (1987) Plant Dis., 71, p. 557; Toole, E.R., Tupelo lesion caused by Fusarium solani (1962) Plant Dis. Rep., 46, pp. 732-733; Toole, E.R., Stem canker on red oaks caused by Fusarium solani (1966) Plant Dis. Rep., 50, pp. 160-161; Vigouroux, A., Main cryptogamic disorders of urban trees. Examples of the plane tree with special emphasis on canker stain (1999) Acta Hort., 496, pp. 93-98; Vujanovic, V., Cogliastro, A., St-Arnaud, M., Neumann, P., Gagnon, D., First report of Fusarium solani canker and wilt symptom on red oak (Quercus rubra) in Quebec (1999) Can. Plant Dis., 83, p. 78; Wood, F.A., Skelly, J.M., The etiology of an annual canker on maple (1964) Phytopathology, 54, pp. 269-272MIst. Sperimentale per la Patol. Veg., Via C.G. Bertero, 22, 00156 Rome, Italy"`?MSeruga, M. Skoric, D. Botti, S. Paltrinieri, S. Juretic, N. Bertaccini, A. F.2003Molecular characterization of a phytoplasma from the aster yellows (16SrI) group naturally infecting Populus nigra L. 'Italica' trees in Croatia113-125Forest Pathology332pests diseases pests diseasesLeaf and branch samples were collected from 10 Populus nigra L. 'Italica' trees found in the Zagreb urban area. One of the P. nigra L. 'Italica' trees exhibited leaf yellowing, overall sparse foliage, stunting and decline. Two methods for the nucleic acid extraction in the phytoplasma detection from P. nigra were compared. A phytoplasma from the aster yellows group (16SrI) was detected by PCR in the symptomatic as well as in four apparently asymptomatic plants. The pathogens are classified, by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the 16S rRNA gene plus the spacer region, as members of a newly described subgroup 16SrI-P. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal and spacer region sequence confirmed their close relationship with the other members of the aster yellows group. However, RFLP analyses of other conserved genes such as tuf, BB88 and ribosomal protein rpL22 gene, clearly confirmed that this is a molecularly distinguishable phytoplasma belonging to a new ribosomal protein subgroup designated rp-O.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038477093&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Atanasoff, D., Stammhexenbessen bei ulmen und anderen ba?umen (1973) Arch. Phytopathol. Pflanzenschutz, 9, pp. 241-243; Berges, R., Cousin, M.-T., Roux, J., Maurer, R., Seemu?ller, E., Detection of phytoplasma infections in declining Populus nigra 'Italica' trees and molecular differentiation of the aster yellows phytoplasmas identified in various Populus species (1997) Eur. J. For. Path., 27, pp. 33-43; Bertaccini, A., Carraro, L., Davies, D., Laimer Da Ca?mara Machado, M., Martini, M., Paltrinieri, S., Seemu?ller, E., Micropropagation of a collection of phytoplasma strains in periwinkle and other host plants (2000) Congress of IOM, ACROS Fukuoka, p. 101. , Japan, July 14-19, 2000. Ed. by Rosengarten, R. Fukuoka, Japan: Ministry of Education, Sciences and Culture of Japan; Botti, S., Bertaccini, A., Variability and functional role of chromosomal sequences in 16SrI-B subgroup phytoplasmas including aster yellows and related strains (2003) J. Appl. Microbiol., 94, pp. 1-8; Cousin, M.-T., Witches' broom: A phytoplasma disease of poplar (1996) Forest Trees and Palm Diseases and Control, pp. 245-262. , Ed. by Maramorosch, K.; Raychaudhuri, S. P. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Company; Daire, X., Boudon-Padieu, E., Berville?, A., Schneider, B., Caudwell, A., Cloned DNA probes for detection of grapevine flavescence dore?e mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) (1992) Ann. Appl. Biol., 121, pp. 95-103; Daire, X., Clair, D., Reinert, W., Boudon-Padieu, E., Detection and differentiation of grapevine yellows phytoplasmas belonging to the elm yellows group and to the stolbur subgroup by PCR amplification of non-ribosomal DNA (1997) Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 103, pp. 507-514; Deng, S., Hiruki, C., Amplification of 16S rRNA genes from culturable and non-culturable mollicutes (1991) Microbiol. Meth., 14, pp. 53-61; Gibb, K.S., Padovan, A.C., Mogen, B.A., Studies on sweet potato little-leaf phytoplasmas detected in sweet potato and other plant species growing in Northern Australia (1995) Phytopathology, 85, pp. 169-174; Gundersen, D.E., Lee, I.-M., Schaff, D.A., Harrison, N.A., Chang, C.J., Davis, R.E., Kingsbury, D.T., Genomic diversity among phytoplasma strains in 16S rRNA group I (aster yellows and related phytoplasmas) and III (X-disease and related phytoplasmas) (1996) Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 46, pp. 64-75; Lee, I.-M., Hammond, R.W., Davis, R.E., Gundersen, D.E., Universal amplification and analysis of pathogen 16S rDNA for classification and identification of mycoplasmalike organism (1993) Phytopathology, 83, pp. 834-842; Lee, I.-M., Gundersen, D.E., Hammond, R.W., Davis, R.E., Use of mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) group-specific oligonucleotide primers for nested-PCR assays to detect mixed MLO-infections in a single host plant (1994) Phytopathology, 84, pp. 559-566; Lee, I.-M., Bertaccini, A., Vibio, M., Gundersen, D.E., Detection of multiple phytoplasmas in perennial fruit trees with decline symptoms in Italy (1995) Phytopathology, 85, pp. 728-735; Lee, I.-M., Gundersen-Rindal, D.E., Davis, R.E., Bartoszyk, I.M., Revised classification scheme of phytoplasmas based on RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences (1998) Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 48, pp. 1153-1169; Lee, I.-M., Davis, R.E., Gundersen-Rindal, D.E., Phytoplasma: Phytopathogenic mollicutes (2000) Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 54, pp. 221-254; Marcone, C., Lee, I.-M., Davis, R.E., Ragozzino, A., Seemu?ller, E., Classification of aster yellows-group phytoplasmas based on combined analyses of rRNA and tuf gene sequences (2000) Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 50, pp. 1703-1713; McCoy, R.E., Caudwell, A., Chang, C.J., Chen, T.A., Chiykowski, L.N., Cousin, M.T., Dale, J.L., Seemu?ller, E., Plant diseases associated with mycoplasma-llke organisms (1989) The Mycoplasmas, 5, pp. 545-640. , Ed. by Whitcomb, R.F.; Tully, J.G. New York: Academic Press; Montano, H.G., Davis, R.E., Dally, E.L., Hogenhout, S., Pimentel, J.P., Brioso, P.S.T., 'Candidatus Phytoplasma brasiliense', a new phytoplasma taxon associated with hibiscus witches' broom disease (2001) Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 51, pp. 1109-1118; Page, R.D.M., Treeview: An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers (1996) Comput. Appl. Bioscie., 12, pp. 357-358; Prince, J.P., Davis, R.E., Wolf, T.K., Lee, I.-M., Mogen, A., Bertaccini, A., Credi, R., Barba, M., Molecular detection of diverse mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) associated with grapevine yellows and their classification with aster yellows, X-disease and elm yellows MLOs (1993) Phytopathology, 83, pp. 1130-1137; Schaff, D.A., Lee, I.-M., Davis, R.E., Sensitive detection and identification of mycoplasmalike organisms by polymerase chain reactions (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 186, pp. 1503-1509; Schneider, B., Seemu?ller, E., Smart, C.D., Kirkpatrick, B.C., Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms or phytoplasmas (1995) Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in Mycoplasmology, 2, pp. 369-380. , Ed. by Razin, S.; Tully, J. G. New York: Academic Press; Schneider, B., Gibb, K.S., Seemu?ller, E., Sequence and RFLP analysis of the elongation factor Tu gene used in differentiation and classification of phytoplasmas (1997) Microbiology, 143, pp. 3381-3389; Seemu?ller, E., Marcone, C., Lauer, U., Ragozzino, A., Goschl, M., Current status of molecular classification of the phytoplasmas (1998) J. Plant Pathol., 80, pp. 3-26; Sharma, A.K., Cousin, M.-T., Mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) associated with the witches' broom disease of poplar (1986) J. Phytopathol., 117, pp. 349-356; S?aric?, A., S?koric?, D., Bertaccini, A., Vibio, M., Murari, E., Molecular detection of phytoplasmas infecting grapevines in Slovenia and Croatia (1997) Proc. 12th Meeting ICVG, pp. 77-78. , Lisbon, Portugal, September 28-October 2, 1997. Ed. by Sequeira, O. A.; Sequiera, J. C. Oeiras, Portugal: Department Plant Pathglogy EAN/INIA/MDRP; S?eruga, M., C?urkovic? Perica, M., S?koric?, D., Kozina, B., Miros?evic?, N., S?aric?, A., Bertaccini, A., Krajac?ic?, M., Geographical distribution of Bois noir phytoplasmas infecting grapevines in Croatia (2000) J. Phytopathol., 148, pp. 239-242; S?koric?, D., S?aric?, A., Vibio, M., Murari, E., Krajac?ic?, M., Bertaccini, A., Molecular identification and seasonal monitoring of phytoplasmas infecting Croatian grapevines (1998) Vitis, 37, pp. 171-175; Thompson, J.D., Gibbson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., Higgins, D.G., The ClustalX windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools (1997) Nucleic Acids Res., 25, pp. 4876-4882; Tully, J.G., International committee on systematic bacteriology, subcommittee on the taxonomy of mollicutes. Minutes of the interim meeting, 1st and 2nd August, 1992, Ames, Iowa (1993) Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 43, pp. 394-397; Wang, K., Hiruki, C., Use of heteroduplex mobility assay for identification and differentiation of phytoplasmas in the aster yellows group and the clover proliferation group (2001) Phytopathology, 91, pp. 546-552Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulic?ev trg 20/2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia DiSTA, Plant Pathology, University of Bologna, via Filippo Re, 8, I-40126 Bologna, ItalyK?BVaughn, C. D. Straka, T. J. Ham, D. L. Hedden, R. L. Thorpe, K. W.1997ICosts associated with urban gypsy moth control by arborists: A case study173-179Journal of Arboriculture235pests diseases pests diseasesThe European gypsy moth, (Lymantria dispar L.) is an introduced forest pest that has significantly impacted hardwood forests and urban environments in the northeastern United States. In urban settings, homeowners allocate significant financial resources to mitigate gypsy moth damage. The objective of this study was to assess the costs of gypsy moth control-related services provided by arborists to homeowners. At present, cost information on this type of service is unavailable to urban resource managers. Urban cost data will allow for comparisons of treatment alternatives between residential and other urban situations. Cost data were obtained from two large commercial tree care companies operating in the northeastern United States. From these data, an average hourly rate of $104.70 was developed for the two companies (excluding materials). This rate was broken down into five major components: (1) labor, (2) overhead, (3) equipment, (4) mobilization, and (5) profit. Labor, overhead, and equipment costs accounted for approximately 48% of the total cost to the customer. Mobilization cost which included travel and setup time accounted for approximately 15%. The materials cost varied depending on the type of treatment chosen. Data reported in this study are limited to hydraulic application.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0005744561&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Abbott, R.E., Miller, K.C., Estimating and pricing tree care jobs (1987) J. Arboric., 13, pp. 118-120; Doane, C.C., McManus, M.L., The gypsy moth. Research toward integrated pest management (1981) USDA Forest Service Tech. Bulletin, 1584. , 757 pp; Dubois, N.R., Lewis, F.B., What is Bacillus thuringiensis? (1981) J. Arboric., 7, pp. 233-240; Dwyer, J.F., McPherson, E.G., Schroeder, H.W., Rowntree, R.A., Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest (1992) J. Arboric., 18, pp. 227-234; Gerardi, M.H., Grimm, J.K., (1979) The History, Biology, Damage, and Control of the Gypsy Moth, , Associated University Presses Inc. Cranbury, NJ. 214 pp; Jacus, P., Smith, V.K., Measuring use and nonuse values for landscape amenities: A contingent behavior analysis of gypsy moth control (1991) Resources for the Future Disc. Pap. QE92-07, , Washington, DC. 48 pp; Katovich, S., Haack, R., Gypsy moth in the northern hardwood forest (1991) Northern Hardwood Notes: USDA Forest Service, , North Central Forest Experiment Station. 6 pp; Liebhold, A.M., MacDonald, W.L., Bergdahl, D., Mastro, V.C., Invasion by exotic forest pests: A threat to forest ecosystems (1995) For. Sci. Monograph 30, 41 (2), pp. 1-49; Moeller, G.H., Marier, R.L., McCay, R.E., White, W.B., Economic analysis of the gypsy moth problem in the Northeast III: Impacts on homeowners and managers of recreational areas (1977) USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-360, , 9 pp; Payne, B.R., White, W.B., McCay, R.E., McNichols, R.R., Economic analysis of the gypsy moth problem in the Northeast II: Applied to residential property (1973) USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-285, , 6 pp; Straka, T.J., Ridgway, R.L., Tichenor R.H., Jr., Hedden, R.L., King, J.A., Cost analysis of a specialized gypsy moth management program for suburban parks (1997) Northern J. Appl. For., 14 (1), pp. 32-39; Gypsy moth management in the United States: A cooperative approach (1995) Final Environmental Impact Statement, 2. , Chapters 1-9Department of Forest Resources, Clemson University, Box 341003, Clemson, SC 29634-1003, United States U.S.D.A., Agricultural Research Service, Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, United States?%Von Balder, H. Ja?ckel, B. Pradel, B.1996IPossibilities and perspectives of biological pest control on street trees79-88XMo?glichkeiten und Perspektiven der biologischen Scha?dlingskontrolle an Straßenba?umen483pests diseases pests diseases2In urban areas street trees are stressed as a result of their stand, leading to different damages, reductions in function and a shorter life. Chemical pesticides for pest and weed control are less in use, integrated concepts including biological methods are not available. Treatments which want to care and to further the local equipment of beneficial organisms in an integrated manner are described. For the future biological methods will be integrated in the sanitation of street trees beginning in nurseries and following in forming stands and in cultivation.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001883451&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 3 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Alt, D., (1990) Du?ngen in der Baumschule, pp. 136S. , Thalacker, Braunschweig; Backhaus, G.F., Rusinger, M., (1995) Integrierter Pflanzenschutz im Gartenbau. Schriftenreihe des BML, Angewandte Wissenschaft, (444), pp. 106S. , Landwirtschaftsverlag, Mu?nster; Balder, H., Meier, U., (1992) Untersuchungen zur Steigerung der Pflanzengesundheit im O?ffentlichen Gru?n. Mittig. BBA, (283), p. 406; Balder, H., Krankheiten und Scha?dlinge an verschiedenen Straßenbaumarten - Mo?glichkeiten einer umweltvertra?glichen Behandlung (1993) Ba?ume im Lebensraum Stadt. Augsburger O?kologische Schriften Nr. 3, 3, pp. 209-221. , Dr. Wißner, Augsburg; Balder, H., Vitalita?t des O?ffentlichen Gru?ns - Ein Ost/Westvergleich und Folgerungen fu?r die Zukunft. Nachrichtenbl (1993) Deut. Pflanzenschutzd., 45, pp. 208-213; Balder, H., Effektive Maßnahmen zur Streßreduktion bei Straßenba?umen (1993) Neue Landschaft, 38, pp. 265-269; Balder, H., (1994) Zur Gesundheit des O?ffentlichen Gru?ns im Urbanen Bereich, , Habilitationsschrift, Universita?t Hannover; Bathon, H., Zur rechtlichen Situation des Nu?tzlingseinsatzes in Deutschland (1995) DGaaE-Nachtrichten, 9 (4), p. 125; Erkennen Sie Qualita?t - Gu?tebestimmungen (1991) Bund Deutscher Baumschulen, , Pinneberg; Butin, H., (1989) Krankheiten der Wald- und Parkba?ume. 2. Aufl., pp. 216S. , Thieme Stuttgart; Dickler, E., Scha?fermeyer, S., General principles, guidelines and Standards for integrated production of pome fruits in Europe (1991) IOBC/WPRS Bull., 14 (3), pp. 67S; Ehsen, B., Alt, D., Untersuchungen zur Na?hrstoffversorgung innersta?dtischer Straßenba?ume (1995) Stadt und Gru?n, 44, pp. 270-274; (1995) Gu?tebestimmungen Fu?r Baumschulpflanzen. Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau, , Bonn; Beurteilung von Baumarten fu?r die Verwendung im sta?dtischen Straßenraum (1995) Stadt und Gru?n, 44, pp. 775-795; Hassan, S.H., Albert, R., Rost, W.M., (1993) Pflanzenschutz mit Nu?tzungen, pp. 187S. , Ulmer Stuttgart; Habermann, P.-M., (1989) Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit Verschiedener Du?ngerformen im Bereich Verkehrsexponierter Baumstandorte, , Dissertation Universita?t Bayreuth; Ho?ster, H.R., (1993) Baumpflege und Baumschutz, pp. 225S. , Ulmer Stuttgart; Jahn, H., (1990) Pilze an Ba?umen. 2. Aufl., pp. 272S. , Patzer Berlin; Kennedy, C.E.J., Southwood, T.R.E., The number of species of insects associated with british trees: A re-analysis (1984) J. Animal. Ecol., 53; Karg, W., Raubmilben, nu?tzliche Regulatoren im Naturhaushalt (1994) Die Neue Brehm-Bu?cherei, 624, pp. 206S. , Westarp Wissenschaften, Magdeburg; Kiewnik, L., U?ber einige Ursachen von Baumscha?den in Sta?dten (1985) Gesunde Pflanzen, 37, pp. 283-289; Krieg, A., Franz, J.M., (1989) Lehrbuch der Biologischen Scha?dlingsbeka?mpfung, pp. 302S. , Parey Berlin; Krieter, M., Bodenaufbau am innersta?dtischen Straßenstandort (1993) Das Gartenamt, 42, pp. 492-499; Leh, H.-O., Auswirkungen innersta?dtischer Streßfaktoren auf Straßenba?ume (1992) Gesunde Pflanzen, 44, pp. 283-291; Longardt, B., Balder, H., Milben als Scha?dlinge und Nu?tzlinge an Straßenba?umen (1991) TASPO-Magazin, 3, pp. 8-10; Mahler, E., Alleepflanzung als Tradition - Straßenba?ume in Berlin (1993) Landschaftsarchitektur, 23, pp. 20-23; Mechtold, B., Meier, U., Der Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln im o?ffentlichen Gru?n (1986) Das Gartenamt, 35, pp. 15-20; Meyer, F.H., (1982) Ba?ume in der Stadt. 2. Aufl., pp. 380S. , Ulmer Stuttgart; Meyer, F.H., Einfluß des Stickstoff-Faktors auf den Mykorrhizabesatz von Fichtensa?mlingen im Humus einer Waldschadensfla?che (1985) AFZ, 40, pp. 208-218; Poehling, H.M., Mo?glichkeiten der biologischen Beka?mpfung von tierischen Scha?dlingen (1992) Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer, 45, pp. 31-48; Scho?nbeck, F., Klingauf, F., Kraus, P., Situation, Aufgaben und Perspektiven des Biologischen Pflanzenschutzes (1988) Gesunde Pflanzen, 40, pp. 86-96; Schwerdtfeger, F., (1981) Die Waldkrankheiten. Ein Lehrbuch der Forstpathologie und des Forstschutzes. 4. Aufl., pp. 486S. , Parey, Berlin; Seehann, G., Holzzersto?rende Pilze an Straßenba?umen in Hamburg (1979) Mitt. Dtsch. Dendrol. Ges., 71, pp. 193-221; Sukopp, H., (1990) Stadto?kologie - Das Beispiel Berlin, pp. 455S. , Schmidt, Berlin; Wawrik, H., Sparmaßnahmen im o?ffentlichen Gru?n (1993) Das Gartenamt, 42, pp. 648-651; Witt, H.-H., Einfluß der Du?ngung auf die Wurzelentwicklung im Einschlag (1990) Taspo Magazin, 4, pp. 13-17UPflanzenschutzamt Berlin Pflanzenschutzamt Berlin, Mohriner Allee 137, D-12347 Berlinc?Williams, D. J.2007wBiology of the spiny ash sawfly, Eupareophora parca (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Blennocampinae), in Edmonton, Alberta269-277Canadian Entomologist1392pests diseases pests diseasesThe spiny ash sawfly, Eupareophora parca (Cresson, 1880), was discovered in Edmonton in 2003 at the Northern Forestry Centre defoliating planted ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). This represents the first record of this species from Alberta. Observations of adult and larval behaviour and life-history variables such as adult flight, number and duration of larval instars, and overwintering were made. The nature and severity of defoliation was monitored in 2003 and 2004, and large increases were detected in the amount of defoliation per site and the number of sites defoliated between years. The precipitous increase in severity and extent of defoliation indicates the possibility that this species could become a significant urban pest in the province. © 2007 Entomological Society of Canada.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548030667&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 | Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Douce, K., Moorehead, D., Bargeron, C., (2006) The Bug wood Network, , www.bugwood.org, online, Available from, accessed 18 December; Douce, K., Moorehead, D., Bargeron, C., (2006) Forestry images, , http://www.forestryimages.org, online, Available from, accessed 18 December; Goulet, H., The insects and arachnids of Canada (1992) Part 20. The genera and subgenera of the sawflies of Canada and Alaska: Hymenoptera; Symphyta, , Agriculture Canada Research Branch Publication 1876; Ives, W.G.H., Wong, H.R., Tree and shrub insects of the Prairie Provinces (1988) Information Report, , NOR-X-292, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta; Johnson, N.F., Musetti, L., (2000) Hymenoptera, , http://iris.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera, on-line database [online, Available from, accessed 18 December; Martin, J., The bionomics of Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) a leaf-mining sawfly on Betula spp (1960) The Canadian Entomologist, 92, pp. 376-384; Norden, G., Johnson, E., Biology of Caliroa quercuscoccineae (Dyar) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in central Kentucky I. Observations on the taxonomy of principal life stages (1983) Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 56, pp. 305-314; Packard, A.S. 1890. Insects injurious to forest and shade trees. United States Department of Agriculture, Fifth Report of the United States Entomological Commission (Bulletin 7, revised)Pohl, G., Saunders, C., Barr, W.B., Wartenbe, M., Fownes, S., Caloptilia fraxinella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), a new pest of ash (Oleaceae: Fraxinus spp.) on the Canadian Prairies (2004) The Canadian Entomologist, 136, pp. 733-736; Price, P., Roininen, H., Ohgushi, T., Adaptive radiation into ecological niches with eruptive dynamics: A comparison of tenthredinid and diprionid sawflies (2005) Journal of Animal Ecology, 74, pp. 397-408; Rose, A.H., and Lindquist, O.H. 1997. Insects of eastern hardwood trees. Revised by Kathryn Nystrom. Forestry Technical Report 29, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa, OntarioSmith, D., Nearctic sawflies. I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) (1969) United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, p. 1397; Watson, W., The larva of Profenusa alumna (MacG.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) (1959) The Canadian Entomologist, 91, pp. 618-625}Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320 122 Street, Edmonton, Alta. T6H 3S5, Canadai?,Wilson, B. A. Luther, J. E. Stuart, T. D. T.19989Spectral Reflectance Characteristics of Dutch Elm Disease200-205"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing242pests diseases pests diseases.Spectral reflectance of elm tree foliage was measured with a spectroradiometer under laboratory conditions to examine reflectance characteristics associated with various stages of Dutch elm disease. Early disease conditions resulted in a rapid increase in green and red reflectance and a decrease in near-infrared reflectance. Late symptoms included a decrease in green and near-infrared reflectance and an increase in short wave infrared reflectance. Recommendations for early detection and monitoring programs for native and urban situations are discussed.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032083559&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 PCited By (since 1996): 6 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Anger, C.D., Mah, S., Ivanco, T.A., Achal, S.B., Price, R., Busler, J.R., Extended Operational Capabilities of the casi (1996) Proceedings, Second International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference, pp. 124-133. , San Francisco, California, June 24-27; (1995) Analytical Spectral Devices Inc. (ASD) Technical Guide, 47p. , Boulder, Colorado; Brockhaus, J.A., Siamak, K., Bruck, R., Campbell, M.V., Characterization of Defoliation Conditions within a Boreal Montane Forest Ecosystem (1993) Geocarto International, 1, pp. 35-42; Carter, G.A., Primary and Secondary Effects of Water Content on the Spectral Response of Leaves (1991) American Journal of Botany, 78 (7), pp. 916-924; (1992) Status of DED in Saskatchewan, Internal Report, 3p. , City of Regina; (1997) Status of DED in Regina, Internal Report, 4p. , City of Regina; CMHC, 1997, Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (Regina) Assessment Division, personal communicationCohen, W.B., Response of Vegetation Indices to Changes in Three Measures of Leaf Water Stress (1991) Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 57 (2), pp. 195-202; DeWulf, R.R., Goossens, R.E., Deroover, B.P., Borry, F.C., Extraction of Forest Stand Parameters from Panchromatic and Multispectral SPOT-1 data (1990) International Journal of Remote Sensing, 11 (9), pp. 1571-1588; Dobson, M.C., Ulaby, F.T., LeToan, T., Beaudoin, A., Kasischke, E.S., Christensen, N., Dependence of Radar Backscatter on Coniferous Forest Biomass (1992) IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 30 (2), pp. 412-415; Ekstrand, S., Assessment of Forest Damage with Landsat TM: Correction for Varying Forest Stand Characteristics (1994) Remote Sensing of Environment, 47, pp. 291-302; Franklin, S.E., Raske, A.G., Satellite Remote Sensing of Spruce Budworm Forest Defoliation in Western Newfoundland (1994) Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 20 (1), pp. 37-48; Franklin, S.E., Waring, R.H., McCreight, R.W., Cohen, W.B., Fiorella, M., Aerial and Satellite Sensor Detection and Classification of Western Spruce Budworm Defoliation in a Subalpine Forest (1995) Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 21 (3), pp. 299-308; Gibbs, J.N., Houston, D.R., Smalley, E.B., Aggressive and Non-Aggressive Strains of Ceratocystis ulmi (1979) North American Phytopathology, 69, pp. 1215-1219; Gong, P., Miller, J.R., Spanner, M., Forest Canopy Closure from Classification and Spectral Unmixing of Scene Components-Multisensor Evaluation of an Open Canopy (1994) IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 32 (5), pp. 1067-1079; Guyot, G., Guyon, D., Riom, J., Factors Affecting the Spectral Response of Forest Canopies: A Review (1989) Geocarto International, 3, pp. 3-18; Hall, R.J., Crown, P.H., Titus, S.J., Volney, W.J.A., Evaluation of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data for Mapping Top Kill Caused by Jack Pine Budworm Defoliation (1995) Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 21 (4), pp. 388-399; Holben, B.N., Tucker, C.J., Fan, C., Spectral Assessment of Soybean Leaf Area and Leaf Biomass (1980) Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 46 (5), pp. 651-656; Jeffrey, C.A., Manitoba Dutch Elm Disease Program Development (1981) Proceedings, Dutch Elm Disease Symposium and Workshop, pp. 121-128. , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Oct. 5-9; Joria, P.E., Ahearn, S.C., A Comparison of the SPOT and Landsat Thematic Mapper Satellite Systems for Detecting Gypsy Moth Defoliation in Michigan (1991) Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 57 (12), pp. 1605-1612. , Dec. 1991; Leckie, D.G., Ostaff, D.P., Teillet, P.M., Fedosjevs, G., Spectral Characteristics of Tree Components of Balsam Fir and Spruce Damaged by Spruce Budworm (1989) Forest Science, 35 (2), pp. 582-600; Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R., Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, , Wiley, 3rd edition; Mah, S., Price, R., Achal, S., Palylyk, C., Ivanco, T., The Acquisition of High Resolution Airborne Hyperspectral Imagery with the casi (1995) Proceedings, 17th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, 6p. , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, June 13-15; Muchoney, D.M., Haack, B.N., Change Detection for Monitoring Forest Defoliation (1994) Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 60 (10), pp. 1243-1251. , Oct., 1994; Ripple, W.J., Spectral reflectance relationships to leaf water stress (1986) Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 52 (10), pp. 1669-1675; (1997) Public Service Announcement (Press Release), 1p; Sherwood, S.C., Betters, D.R., Benefit-Cost Analysis of Municipal Dutch Elm Disease Control Programs in Colorado (1981) Journal of Arboriculture, 7 (11), pp. 291-298; Shigo, A.L., Dutch Elm Disease: A Codit Perspective (1981) Proceedings, Dutch Elm Disease Symposium and Workshop, pp. 121-159. , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Oct. 5-9; Sinclair, W.A., Campana, R.J., Dutch Elm Disease: Perspectives after Sixty Years (1978) Search Agriculture, 8 (5), pp. 1-52; Stevenson, K.J., Takai, S., Structural Studies on Cerato-Ulmin - A Wilting Toxin of Dutch Elm Disease Fungus (1981) Proceedings, Dutch Elm Disease Symposium and Workshop, pp. 178-193. , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Oct. 5-9; Tucker, C.J., Holben, B.N., Elgin, J.H., Relationship of Spectral Data to Grain Yield Variation (1980) Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 46 (5), pp. 657-666; Tucker, C.J., Red and Photographic Infrared Linear Combinations for Monitoring Vegetation (1979) Remote Sensing of Environment, 8, pp. 127-150Dept. of Geography, University of Regina, Regina, Sask. S4S 0A2, Canada Canadian Forest Service, National Resources Canada, P.O. Box 960, Corner Brook, Nfld. A2H 6J3, Canada?Kalu, S. Ma?jsky, J. Hrbaty, J.1996PChiggers (Acarina, Trombiculidae) in forest and wind-break of the Danubian plain135-141Biologia512]Acarina Chiggers Humid forest Parasites Small mammals Trombiculidae Wind-break pests diseases<During 1976-1977 the chiggers (Trombiculidae) both in the lowland humid forest (Saliceto-Populetum) and wind-break (Populetum of semi-blown type) near the city of Bratislava (SW Slovakia) were investigated. FVom these habitats altogether 1,976 individuals of small mammals belonging to 11 species of Microtidae, Muridae, and Insectivora were obtained. These mammals were attacked by a total of 23,145 chigger individuals of four species: Hirsutiella zachvatkini, Neotrombicula vulgaris, Neotrombicula autumnalis and Hoffmannina danieli. The most numerous hosts in the forest and the wind-break were bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and voles (Microtus arvaus), respectively. Nearly 99% of chiggers attacked hosts of the Microtidae family. The number of chiggers in the forest was 10-times higher than that in the wind-break.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3043005804&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 DCited By (since 1996): 1 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: ScopusInstitute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Du?bravska? cesta 9, SK-842 06 Bratislava, Slovakia Slovak Environment Agency, Hviezdoslavova, 1, SK-912 50 Trenc?in, Slovakia Environment Agency, Sturova 2, SK-900 02 Modra, Slovakia/O?(Fettig, C. J. Fidgen, J. G. Salom, S. M.2005sA review of sampling procedures available for IPM decision-making of forest and shade tree insects in North America38-47Journal of Arboriculture311Action thresholds Forest insects Sampling programs Sampling techniques Sequential sampling Shade tree insects Urban forestry pests diseases pests diseasesIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) programs attempt to reduce insect associated losses to acceptable levels using multiple techniques that are effective, economically viable, and ecologically compatible. Sampling is the cornerstone of any IPM program, and significant effort has been devoted to the development, theory, and application of sampling methods. Relatively few IPM programs exist for managing forest and shade tree pests despite the availability of sampling procedures that are potentially useful for control decision-making. The majority of these sampling procedures are published on defoliating insects (58% of all publications). The most commonly referenced defoliators are the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.); Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough); spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens); and western spruce budworm, C. occidentalis Freeman. These four species alone account for 35% of all sampling publications relevant to IPM programs. The second largest group is bud, shoot, and root insects (16%) followed closely by wood- and bark-boring insects (11%). The piercing-sucking feeding group (10%) and seed and cone insects (5%) have relatively few sampling procedures available. Ninety-two percent of the species represented are predominately forest pests, with the order Lepidoptera and family Tortricidae most commonly reported. A significant opportunity exists for developing similar tools to aid in control decision-making for a large number of other pests. Current trends suggest that efforts should concentrate on species important to the urban forest and intensively managed forest plantations. © 2005 International Society of Arboriculture.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-12144261461&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 %Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Armstrong, J.A., Ives, W.G.H., (1995) Forest Insect Pests in Canada, , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Science and Sustainable Development Directorate; Asaro, C., Berisford, C.W., Predicting infestation levels of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using pheromone traps (2001) Environ. Entomol., 30, pp. 776-784; Asaro, C., Fettig, C.J., McCravy, K.W., Nowak, J.T., Berisford, C.W., The Nantucket pine tip moth: A literature review with management implications (2003) J. Entomol. Sci., 38, pp. 1-40; Barbosa, P., Wagner, M.R., (1989) Introduction to Forest and Shade Tree Insects, , Academic Press, San Diego, CA; Billings, R.F., Forecasting southern pine beetle infestation trends with pheromone traps (1988) Integrated Control of Scolytid Bark Beetles, pp. 295-306. , Payne, T.L., and H. Saarenmaa (Eds.). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA; Binns, M.R., Bostanian, N.J., Robustness in empirically based binomial decision rules for integrated pest management (1990) J. Econ. Entomol., 83, pp. 420-427; Binns, M.R., Nyrop, J.P., Sampling insect populations for the purpose of IPM decision-making (1992) Ann. Rev. Entomol., 37, pp. 427-453; Brewer, M.J., Legg, D.E., Kaltenbach, J.E., Comparison of three sequential sampling plans using binomial counts to classify insect infestation with respect to decision thresholds (1994) Environ. Entomol., 23, pp. 812-826; Buhyoff, G.J., Wellman, J.D., Daniel, T.C., Predicting scenic quality for mountain pine beetle and western spruce budworm, damaged forest vistas (1982) For. Sci., 28, pp. 827-838; Cameron, R.S., Towards Integrated Pest Management in Southern Pine Seed Orchards, with Emphasis on the Biology of Tetyra bipunctata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and the Pheromone of Dioryctria clariorlas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1981), Texas Forest Service Publication 126Coffelt, M.A., Schultz, P.B., Development of an aesthetic injury level to decrease pesticide use against orangestriped oakworm (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in an urban pest management project (1990) J. Econ. Entomol., 83, pp. 2044-2049; Coulson, R.N., Population dynamics of bark beetles (1979) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 24, pp. 417-447; Coulson, R.N., Population dynamics (1980) The Southern Pine Beetle, p. 267. , Thatcher, R. C., J.L. Searcy, J.E. Costner, and G.D. Hertel (Eds.). General Technical Bulletin 1631. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC; Coulson, R.N., Witter, J.A., (1984) Forest Entomology: Ecology and Management, p. 669. , John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY; Coyle, D.R., Nowak, J.T., Fettig, C.J., Irrigation and fertilization effects on Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) damage in an intensively managed pine plantation (2003) J. Entomol. Sci., 38, pp. 621-630; Dent, D., (1991) Insect Pest Management, , CAB International, Wallingford, UK; Dwyer, J.F., Nowak, D.J., Noble, M.H., Sustaining urban forests (2003) J. Arboric., 29, pp. 49-55; Fettig, C.J., Salom, S.M., Comparisons of two trapping methods for Hylobius pales (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Virginia (1998) Environ. Entomol., 27, pp. 572-577; Fettig, C.J., Berisford, C.W., Nantucket pine tip moth phenology in eastern North Carolina and Virginia: Implications for effective timing of insecticide applications (1999) South. J. Appl. For., 23, pp. 30-38; Fettig, C.J., Berisford, C.W., Use of historical temperature data for timing insecticide applications of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Evaluation of damage and volume increment (2002) J. Agric. For. Entomol., 4, pp. 1-5; Fettig, C.J., Berisford, C.W., Dalusky, M.J., Revision of a timing model for chemical control of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the southeastern coastal plain (1998) J. Entomol. Sci., 33, pp. 336-342; Fettig, C.J., Dalusky, M.J., Berisford, C.W., Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Phenology and Timing of Insecticide Spray Applications in Seven Southeastern States (2000), p. 21. , Research Paper SRS-18. USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Asheville, NCFettig, C.J., McCravy, K.W., Berisford, C.W., Effects of Nantucket pine tip moth insecticide spray schedules on loblolly pine seedlings (2000) South. J. Appl. For., 24, pp. 106-111; Fettig, C.J., Fidgen, J.G., McClellan, Q.C., Salom, S.M., (2001) Sampling Methods for Forest and Shade Tree Insects of North America, p. 273. , FHTET-2001-01. USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, WV; Fettig, C.J., Nowak, J.T., Grosman, D.M., Berisford, C.W., Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Phenology and Timing of Insecticide Applications in the Western Gulf Region (2003), p. 13. , Research Paper SRS-32. USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Asheville, NCFowler, G.W., Lynch, A.M., Sampling plans in insect pest management based on Wald's sequential probability ratio test (1987) Environ. Entomol., 16, pp. 345-354; Fox, G., Beke, J., Hopkin, T., McKenney, D., A framework for the use of economic thresholds in forest pest management (1997) For. Chron., 73, pp. 331-339; Hodson, A.C., Distribution and abundance of the northern walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata (1972) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 65, pp. 876-882; Hood, W.M., Hedden, R.L., Berisford, C.W., Hazard rating forest sites for pine tip moth, Rhyacionia spp., in the upper Piedmont plateau (1986) For. Sci., 34, pp. 1083-1093; Kuno, E., Sampling and analysis of insect populations (1991) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 36, pp. 285-304; Lawson, A.B., Dahlsten, D.L., Implementation of a citywide monitoring program to base treatment decisions on elm leaf beetle abundance (2003) J. Arboric., 29, pp. 34-41; Legg, D.E., Nowierski, R.M., Feng, M.G., Peairs, F.B., Hein, G.L., Elberson, L.R., Johnson, J.B., Binomial sequential sampling plans and decisions support algorithms for managing the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in small grains (1994) J. Econ. Entomol., 87, pp. 1513-1533; Liebhold, A., Thorpe, K., Ghent, J., Lyons, D.B., (1994) Gypsy Moth Egg Mass Sampling for Decision-Making: A User's Guide, , NA-TP-04-94. USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, WV; McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., Peper, P.J., Xiao, Q., Benefit-cost analysis of Modesto's municipal urban forest (1999) J. Arboric., 25, pp. 235-248; Morris, R.F., The development of sampling techniques for forest insect defoliators with particular reference to the spruce budworm (1955) Can. J. Zool., 33, p. 225; Nowak, D.J., Pasek, J., Sequeira, R.A., Crane, D.R., Masto, V.C., Potential effects of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on urban trees in the United States (2001) J. Econ. Entomol., 94, pp. 116-122; Nyrop, J.P., Binns, M.R., Quantitative Methods for Designing and Analyzing Sampling Programs for Use in Pest Management (1992), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLPedigo, L.P., (1989) Entomology and Pest Management, p. 646. , Macmillan, New York, NY; Pedigo, L.P., Introduction to sampling arthropod populations (1994) Handbook of Sampling Methods for Arthropods in Agriculture, , Pedigo, L.P., and G.D. Buntin (Eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; Pedigo, L.P., Buntin, G.D., (1994) Handbook of Sampling Methods for Arthropods in Agriculture, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; Pedigo, L.P., Hutchins, S.H., Higley, L.G., Economic injury levels in theory and practice (1986) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 31, pp. 341-368; Power, J.M., Stone, M., Daniel, T.C., (2001) Proceedings: Decision Support - 2001, 1. , 17th Annual Geographic Information Seminar and the Resource Technology Symposium. September 12-16, 1994, Toronto, ON; Raupp, M.J., Koehler, C.S., Davidson, J.A., Advances in implementing integrated pest management for woody landscape plants (1992) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 37, pp. 561-585; Rawat, J.K., Belli, K.L., Smith, S.M., Nautiyal, J.C., A pest and timber management model: Jack pine budworm and jack pine (1987) Can. J. Agric. Econ., 35, pp. 441-461; Readshaw, J.L., A theory of phasmatid outbreak release (1965) Aust. J. Zool., 13, pp. 475-490; Rieske, L.K., Raffa, K.F., Potential use of baited pitfall traps in monitoring pine root weevil, Hylobius pales, Pachylobius picivorus, and Hylobius radicis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations and infestation levels (1993) J. Econ. Entomol., 86, pp. 475-485; Royama, T., (1992) Analytical Population Dynamics, , Chapman & Hall, Hong Kong, China; Sidebottom, J.R., (1995) Rust Mites in Christmas Trees, , CTN-029. North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh, NC; Southwood, T.R.E., (1978) Ecological Methods With Particular Reference to the Study of Insects Populations, , Chapman & Hall, New York, NY; Sterner, T.E., Davidson, A.G., (1982) Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in Canada, 1981, , Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa, ON; Strickland, A.H., Sampling crop pests and their hosts (1961) Annu. Rev. 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Sci., 1, pp. 68-79Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1107 Kennedy Place, Davis, CA 95616, United States Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytech. Inst./State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States?Ferracini, C. Alma, A.2007rEvaluation of the community of native eulophid parasitoids on Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic in urban areas 1147-1153Environmental Entomology365mAesculus hippocastanum Biodiversity Broadleaf trees Chalcidoidea Gracillariidae pests diseases pests diseasesXThe parasitoid complex associated with the exotic leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), which attacks horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.), was studied in the urban environment of Turin (northern Italy). The studies were carried out over 5 yr after the first detection of the pest in our region in 1999. To evaluate parasitism, 438,029 leaf mines were examined over the 5-yr period, of which 29,033 were found to be parasitized (6.6%). Also, ornamental broadleaf trees attacked by other native gracillariid leafminers and located in the proximity of the target horse chestnut trees were sampled. A total of 11 parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were recorded on C. ohridella, and the most common species were Minotetrastichus frontalis (Nes), Closterocerus trifasciatus Westwood, and Pnigalio agraules (Walker). The first species accounted for >77.5% of all parasitoids collected. Cirrospilus talitzkii Bouc?ek was found for the first time in 2005. The high population level of the pest and the low parasitism rate show that the parasitoid complex is currently inadequate to contain C. ohridella populations effectively. The most frequent parasitoids of the moth were also found on the most common broadleaf trees in the studied area, showing how native leafminer parasitoid species are able to switch to other hosts. These results show that both native and broadleaf plants species may potentially provide an important reservoir of parasitic wasps to help protect a simple biotope, such as the urban environment, from pests. © 2007 Entomological Society of America.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35649003925&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Askew, R.R., Shaw, M.R., An account of the Chalcidoidea parasitising leaf mining insects of deciduous trees in Britain (1974) Biol. J. Linn. Soc, 6, pp. 289-335; Askew, R.R., Shaw, M.R., Mortality factors affecting the leaf-mining stages of Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on oak and birch. 2. Biology of the parasite species (1979) Zool. J. Linn. Soc, 67, pp. 51-64; Butin, H., and E. Fu?hrer. 1994. Die Kastanien-Miniermotte (Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic), ein neuer Scha?dling an Aesculus hippocastanum. NachrBl. Dt. Pfl. 46: 89-91Cornell, H.V., Hawkins, B.A., Accumulation of native parasitoids species on introduced herbivores: A comparison of hosts as natives and hosts as invaders (1993) Am. Nat, 141, pp. 847-865; Del Bene, G., Gargani, E., Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (Lep. Gracillariidae) and its natural enemies in Tuscany (2003) Redia, 86, pp. 115-127; Deschka, G., Dimic, N., Cameraria ohridella n. sp. aus Mazedonien, Jugoslawien (Lepidoptera, Lithocolletidae) (1986) Acta Entomol. Jugosl, 22, pp. 11-23; Freise, J. F., and W. Heitland. 2001. Neue Aspekte zur Biologie und O?kologie der Roßkastanien-Miniermotte, Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (1986) (Lep., Gracillariidae), einem neuartigen Scha?dling an Aesculus hippocastanum Mitt. Deutsch. Ges. Allg. Angew. Entomol. 13: 135-139Freise, J. F., W. Heitland, and I. Tosevski. 2002. Parasitism of the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (Lep., Gracillariidae), in Serbia and Macedonia. Anz. Schad. 75: 152-157Grabenweger, G., Poor control of the horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), by native European parasitoids: a synchronisation problem (2004) Eur. J. Entomol, 101, pp. 189-192; Grabenweger, G., Lethmayer, C., Occurence and phenology of parasitic Chalcidoidea on the horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (Lep., Gracillariidae) (1999) J. Appl. Entomol, 123, pp. 257-260; Grabenweger, G., Kehrli, P., Schlick-Steiner, B., Steiner, F., Stolz, M., Bacher, S., Predator complex of the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella: Identification and impact assessment (2005) J. Appl. Entomol, 129, pp. 353-362; Grabenweger, G., Stolz, M., Augustin, S., Guichard, S., Avtzis, N., Bacher, S., Kehrli, P., Volter, L., Reasons for and effects of changes in the parasitoid complex of the horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera Gracillariidae) (2005) International symposium: Introduction and spread of invasive species, , 9-11 June, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; James, R., (1968) Ecological studies on a birch leaf miner, , PhD thesis, University of Wales; Kehrli, P., Lehmann, M., Bacher, S., Mass-emergence devices: A biocontrol tecnique for conservation and augmentation of parasitoids (2005) Biol. Control, 32, pp. 191-199; Kla?ra, B., Thuro?czy, C., Ripka, G., Parasitoids of Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Hungary (2001) International symposium: Parasitic Hymenoptera: taxonomy and biological control, 14-17 May 2001, Koszeg, , Hungary; Lupi, D., A 3 year field survey of the natural enemies of the horse-chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella in Lombardy, Italy (2005) Biocontrol, 50, pp. 113-126; Marchesini, E., Pasini, M., Galbero, G., Parassitoidi della minatrice fogliare degli ippocastani (2002) Inftore Agric, 27, pp. 75-77; Miller, P.F., The biology of some Phyllonorycter species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) mining leaves of oak and beech (1973) J. Nat. Hist, 7, pp. 391-409; Pagliano, G., Navone, P., Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea (1995) Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana, 97. , A. Minelli, S. Ruffo, and S. La Posta eds, Calderini, Bologna, Italy; Radeghieri, P., Santi, F., Maini, S., New record species for the Italian fauna: Cirrospilus talitzkii (Hymenoptera Eulophidae), a new parasitoid of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera Gracillariidae) (preliminary note) (2002) Bull. Insectol, 55, pp. 63-64; Reider Saly, K., Cs. Thuro?czy, E?. Urfi Fogarasi, and G. Ripka. 1999. Survey of hymenopterous pupal parasitoids of horse chestnut leafminer [Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)] in Hungary in 1996-1998. Higher School of Agriculture-Plovdiv, Scientific Works, XLIV, book 2, 1999. Scientific Practical Conference Ecological Problems of Agriculture Agroeco '99, 121-128Rott, A.S., Godfray, H.C.J., The structure of a leafminer-parasitoid community (2000) J. Anim. Ecol, 69, pp. 274-289; Stojanovic?, A., Markovic?, C., Parasitoid complex of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Serbia (2004) Phytoparasitica, 32, pp. 132-140; Thalmann, C., Freise, J., Heitland, W., Bacher, S., Effects of defoliation by horse chestnut leafminer (Cameraria ohridella) on reproduction in Aesculus hippocastanum (2003) Trees, 17, pp. 383-388; Urbaneja, A., Lla?cer, E., Toma?s, O., Garrido, A., Jacas, J.-A., Indigenous natural enemies associated with Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Eastern Spain (2000) Biol. Control, 18, pp. 199-207; Vercher, R., Costa-Comelles, J., Marzal, C., Garci?a- Mari?, F., Recruitment of native parasitoid species by the invading leafminer Phyllocnistis citretta (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on citrus in Spain (2005) Environ. Entomol, 34, pp. 1129-1138Di.Va.P.R.A., Entomologia e Zoologia Applicate all'Ambiente Carlo Vidano, University of Turin, via L. da Vinci, 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy ?-Gilbert, M. Svatos, A. Lehmann, M. Bacher, S.2003tSpatial patterns and infestation processes in the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella: A tale of two cities25-37'Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata1071Aesculus hippocastanum Biological invasion Cameraria ohridella Dispersal Gracillariidae Lepidoptera Sex pheromone Source-sink dynamics Spatial dynamics Trapping Urban ecology pests diseases pests diseasesSpatial patterns of the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) population density was analysed in the cities of Bern and Brussels in order to explore its spatial population dynamics. The surveys were carried out in Bern in 1998 and 2000 and in Brussels in 2001 to assess population density in relation to local characteristics. In Brussels, population density was also measured using pheromone traps distributed over the city and collected twice per moth generation. A quantitative relationship was found between local population density (measured by pheromone traps and survey observations) and the amount of leaves left on the ground the previous fall. Several other factors were related to observed infestation levels: the occurrence of the pathogen Guignardia aesculi was inversely related to infestation by C. ohridella in Bern in 1998 and 2000, the number of horse chestnut trees within 800 m distance was positively related to infestation level in Bern in 2000, and the proportion of green areas within 100 m and the number of other horse chestnut trees within 2000 m were positively related to infestation levels in the 2001 Brussels survey. The pattern of infestation levels as a function of distance to potential population reservoirs suggested that C. ohridella re-invades areas where overwintering leaves have been cleaned from refuge areas such as parks or urban forests. Our results indicate that the removal of leaves is a feasible first aid control measure to reduce moth population densities. However, leaf removal may not reduce moth densities when done improperly. In places where proper leaf removal is not feasible, other control measures are needed. © 2003 The Netherlands Entomological Society.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2342605047&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 Cited By (since 1996): 17 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Clifford, P., Richardson, S., He?mon, D., Assessing the significance of the correlation between two spatial processes (1989) Biometrics, 4, pp. 123-145; DePaul, F.T., Sheih, C.M., Measurements of wind velocities in a street canyon (1986) Atmospheric Environment, 20, pp. 455-460; Dutilleul, P., Modifying the t-test for assessing the correlation between two spatial processes (1993) Biometrics, 49, pp. 305-314; Friedli, J., Bacher, S., Mutualistic interaction between a weevil and a rust fungus, two parasites of the weed Cirsium arvense (2001) Oecologia, 129, pp. 571-576; Gilbert, M., Fielding, N., Evans, H.F., Gre?goire, J.-C., Spatial patterns of invading Dendroctonus micans (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) populations in the United Kingdom (2003) Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33; Gilbert, M., Gre?goire, J.-C., Visual, semi-quantitative assessments allow accurate estimates of leafminer population densities: An example comparing image processing and visual evaluation of damage by the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella (2003) Journal of Applied Entomology, , in press; Grabenweger, G., Lethmayer, C., Occurrence and phenology of parasitic Chalcidoidea on the horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lep., Gracillariidae) (1999) Journal of Applied Entomology, 123, pp. 257-260; Hatcher, P.E., Three-way interactions between plant pathogenic fungi, herbivorous insects and their host plants (1995) Biological Reviews, 70, pp. 639-694; Holmes, E.E., Lewis, M.A., Banks, J.E., Veit, R.R., Partial differential equations in ecology: Spatial interactions and population dynamics (1994) Ecology, 75, pp. 17-29; Holzschuh, C., Where does the horse-chestnut leaf miner really come from? 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(Lep., Gracillariidae) (1999) Anzeiger fu?r Schadlingskunde, 72, pp. 95-99; Speight, M.R., Hails, R.S., Gilbert, M., Foggo, A., Horse Chestnut scale (Pulvinaria regalis) (Homoptera: Coccidae) and urban host tree environment (1998) Ecology, 79, pp. 1503-1513; Stacey, P.B., Johnson, V.A., Taper, Migration within metapopulations: The impact upon local dynamics (1997) Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution, pp. 267-289. , ed. by I Hanski & ME Gilpin, Academic Press, San Diego, CA; Svatos?, A., Kalinova?, B., Hoskovec, M., Hovorka, O., Hrdy?, I., Identification of a new lepidopteran sex pheromone in picogram quantities using an antennal biodetector: (8E,10Z)-Tetradeca-8,10-dienal from Cameraria ohridella (1999) Tetrahedron Letters, 40, pp. 7011-7014; Taylor, L.R., Aggregation, the variance and the mean (1961) Nature, 89, pp. 732-735; Thalmann, C., Freise, J., Heitland, W., Bacher, S., Effects of defoliation by horse chestnut leafminer (Cameraria ohridella) on reproduction in Aesculus hippocastanum (2003) Trees, Structure and Function, , doi:10.1007/s00468-003-0249-z; Tomiczek, C., Krehan, H., The horsechestnut leafmining moth (Cameraria ohridella): A new pest in central Europe (1998) Journal of Arboriculture, 24, pp. 144-148TLaboratoire de Biologie Animale et Cellulaire, Universite? Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo na?m. 2, Praha, Czech Republic Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Winzerlaer Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany Institute of Zoology, Division of Synecology, University of Bern, Baltzerstr. 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland Laboratoire de Biologie Animale et Cellulaire, Universite? Libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium? Tomalak, M.2004Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes to soil-dwelling developmental stages of the tree leaf beetles Altica quercetorum and Agelastica alni125-133'Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata1102Agelastica alni Altica quercetorum Biological control Chrysomelidae Entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis megidis Leaf beetles Steinernema feltiae Urban tree pests diseases urban soils economic issuesThe infectivity and biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against two common urban tree leaf beetles (Altica quercetorum and Agelastica alni) pupating in the soil were examined under laboratory and semi-field conditions. In the laboratory experiments, pre-pupae and pupae of both insect species were shown to be highly susceptible to nematode infection when challenged in soil pre-treated with the parasites' infective juveniles. In general, Heterorhabditis megidis was more effective than Steinernema feltiae. However, significant differences were observed between individual isolates within the latter species. Nematodes developed and reproduced in cadavers of both insect species. A semi-field experiment studying the biocontrol potential of selected nematode strains, conducted under the canopy of urban trees, confirmed the preliminary laboratory findings and revealed that H. megidis could eliminate most of the insects pupating in the soil, when applied at a relatively low dose of 105 IJs m-2. The potential of entomopathogenic nematodes as environmentally safe, effective, and economically viable agents for the biological control of tree leaf beetles in urban green areas is discussed.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1142293807&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 PExport Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Bedding, R.A., Low cost in vitro mass production of Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis species (Nematoda) for field control of insect pests (1981) Nematologica, 27, pp. 109-114; Bedding, R.A., Akhurst, R.J., A simple technique for the detection of insect parasitic nematodes in soil (1975) Nematologica, 21, pp. 109-110; Choo, H.Y., Kaya, H.K., Lee, S.M., Kim, T.O., Kim, J.B., Laboratory evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against some forest insect pests (1991) Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 30, pp. 227-232; Dutky, S.R., Thompson, J.V., Cantwell, G.E., A technique for the mass propagation of the DD-136 nematode (1964) Journal of Insect Pathology, 6, pp. 417-422; Franco Diaz, G., Procedimiento combi de biocontrol con nematodos entomopatgenos y parasitos protozoos contra la plaga del roble (1994) Cuadernos de Fitopatologia, 11, pp. 81-83; Gaugler, R., Campbell, J.F., Selvan, S., Lewis, E.E., Large-scale inoculative releases of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema glaseri: Assessment 50 years later (1992) Biological Control, 2, pp. 181-187; Gaugler, R., McGuire, T., Campbell, J., Genetic variability among strains of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (1989) Journal of Nematology, 21, pp. 247-253; Georgis, R., Hague, N.G.M., Field evaluation of Steinernema feltiae against the web-spinning larch sawfly Cephalcia lariciphila (1988) Journal of Nematology, 20, pp. 317-320; Grewal, P.S., Tomalak, M., Keil, C.B.O., Gaugler, R., Evaluation of a genetically selected strain of Steinernema feltiae against the mushroom sciarid Lycoriella mali (1993) Annals of Applied Biology, 123, pp. 695-702; Griffin, C.T., Downes, M.J., Selection of Heterorhabditis sp. for improved infectivity at low temperatures (1994) Genetics of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Bacterium Complexes, , (ed. by AM Burnell, RU Ehlers & JP Masson). 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Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg; Smits, P.H., Wiegers, G.L., Vlug, H.J., Selection of insect parasitic nematodes for biological control of the garden chafer, Phylloperta horticola (1994) Entomologia Experimental et Applicata, 70, pp. 77-82; Thurston, G.S., Biological control of elm leaf beetle (1998) Journal of Arboriculture, 24, pp. 154-159; Thurston, G.S., Yule, W.N., Dunphy, G.B., Explanations for the low susceptibility of Leptinotarsa decemlineata to Steinernema carpocapsae (1994) Biological Control, 4, pp. 53-58; Tomalak, M., Selective breeding of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) for improved efficacy in control of a mushroom fly, Lycoriella solani Winnertz (Diptera: Sciaridae) (1994) Biocontrol, Science and Technology, 4, pp. 187-198; Tomalak, M., Potential new targets for entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control of urban pests (2002) Nematology, 4, p. 199; Tomalak, M., Biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against winter moths (Operophtera brumata and O. fagata) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) infesting urban trees (2003) Biocontrol Science and Technology, 13, pp. 517-527; Urban, J., Skodlivy vyskyt drepcika duboveho (Altica quercetorum quercetorum Foudras) v Ceske Republice (1996) Acta Universitatia Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensia, 44, pp. 51-63; Wright, R.J., Agudelo-Silva, F., Georgis, R., Soil applications of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes for control of Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (1987) Journal of Nematology, 19, pp. 201-206; Wright, R.J., Witkowski, J.F., Echtenkamp, G., Georgis, R., Efficacy and persistence of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) applied through a center-pivot irrigation system against larval corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1993) Journal of Economic Entomology, 86, pp. 1348-1354Dept. of Biol. Contr. and Quarantine, Institute of Plant Protection, Miczurina, Poznan, Poland Dept. of Biol. Contr. and Quarantine, Institute of Plant Protection, Miczurina 20, 60-318 Poznan, Poland ?Levia Jr, D. F. Frost, E. E.2003A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems1-29Journal of Hydrology2741-4mAgricultural hydrology Canopy structure Forest hydrology Nutrient cycling Stemflow pests diseases urban soilsStemflow is a spatially localized point input of precipitation and solutes at the plant stem and is of hydrological and ecological significance in forested and agricultural ecosystems. The purpose of this review is to: (1) critically evaluate our current understanding of stemflow; (2) identify gaps in our present knowledge of stemflow; and (3) stimulate further research in areas where present knowledge is weak. The review begins by analyzing stemflow drainage and nutrient inputs under diverse vegetal cover. Stemflow inputs are then examined as a function of meteorological conditions, seasonality, interspecific and intraspecific differences among and within species, canopy structure, spatiality, and atmospheric pollutants in urban environments. Stemflow modeling studies are also reviewed and evaluated. Stemflow yield and chemistry are the result of the interaction of the many complex variables listed. By analyzing each separately, it may be possible to isolate their individual affects on stemflow production and chemistry. A comprehensive understanding of each influencing factor would enable the accurate modeling of stemflow water and nutrient inputs into agricultural and forest soils which may result in the optimization of timber and crop harvests. Some areas where present knowledge is particularly weak are: (1) stemflow production and nutrient transfers in northern boreal forests (aspen, birch, conifers) and desert cacti; (2) chemical enrichment of stemflow from live trees charred by forest fires; (3) stemflow yield and nutrient inputs during the winter season; (4.) intraspecific variation in stemflow production and chemistry; (5) stemflow chemistry from standing dead trees; (6) influence of canopy structure on stemflow chemistry; (7) understory stemflow generation and nutrient transfer; and (8) stemflow enrichment associated with insect infestations. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.]http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037376228&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 ECited By (since 1996): 33 Export Date: 25 January 2008 Source: Scopus_Department of Geography, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-4514, United States5?%Sydnor, T. D. Bumgardner, M. Todd, A.2007dThe potential economic impacts of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) on Ohio, U.S., communities48-54 Arboriculture and Urban Forestry331aAgrilus planipennis Economic impact Emerald ash borer Fraxinus Green ash White ash pests diseasesgA survey of 200 communities with individuals such as urban foresters who have assigned responsibilities for their urban tree resource was conducted to provide baseline data on ash density within Ohio communities. Sixty-seven communities responded, including the five largest cities in Ohio. Data represent 25% of the population of Ohio and, 33% of communities surveyed. Losses in landscape value for ash trees within community boundaries were estimated to be between $0.8 (median-based) and $3.4 billion (mean-based) assuming the complete loss of ash resulting from the emerald ash borer (EAB), a recently introduced exotic pest of native ash species in the United States. Tree removal costs would be somewhat smaller and range between $0.7 and $2.9 billion based on reported medians and means, respectively. Tree replacement costs in Ohio communities, including streets, parks, and private properties, would range between $0.3 and $1.3 billion. In aggregate, the total losses for Ohio communities, including ash landscape losses, tree removal and replacements, are estimated to range between $1.8 and $7.6 billion for a single insect pest in a single state. The potential total costs in Ohio are estimated to be between $157,000 and $665,000 per 1000 residents. Communities can use these figures to begin developing contingency plans. © 2007 International Society of Arboriculture.O Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: (2005) Ohio Is the Tree City USA National Leader for the 24th Consecutive Year!, , http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/forestry/Urban/OhioTCUSA.html, Anonymous. (accessed 1/12/06); Akiyama, K., Ohmomo, S., (2000) The Buprestid Beetles of the World. Iconographic Series of Insects 4, , Gekkan-Mushi Co. Ltd; (2000) Guide for Plant Appraisal, , Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers. 9th Ed. International Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, IL; D'Amato, N.E., Sydnor, T.D., Struve, D., Urban foresters identify Ohio's tree needs (2002) Journal of Arboriculture, 28, pp. 291-301; Herms, D.A., Strategies for deployment of insect resistant ornamental plants (2002) Mechanisms and Deployment of Resistance in Trees to Insects, pp. 217-237. , In Wagner, M.R., Clancy, K.M., Lieutier, F., and Paine, T.D., Eds. Kluwer Academic Publishing. Dordrecht, The Netherlands; Herms, D.A., McCullough, D.G., Smitley, D.R., Under attack: The current status of the emerald ash borer infestation and the program to eradicate it (2004) American Nurseryman, 200, pp. 20-27; Herms, D.A., Smitley, D., Bonello, P., McCullough, D., Evaluation of resistance of Asian and North American ashes to emerald ash borer (2005) Proceedings, XV USDA Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and Other Invasive Species 2004, p. 43. , In: K. Gottschalk, ed. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-332., 98 p; Landers, J., Emerald Ash Borer and Controversy Spreads in and around Michigan (2005) Tree Care Industry, 26, pp. 66-70; Sydnor, T.D., Gooding, R., Bishop, B., (2002) Guide to Plant Appraisal of Trees and Other Plants in Ohio, , 6th Ed. Ohio Chapter, International Society of Arboriculture. Columbus OH; (2005), http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html, United States Census Bureau. Ohio QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (accessed 1/12/06)Emerald Ash Borer; quarantine and regulations (2003) Federal Register, 66, pp. 59082-59091. , United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS); (2002), http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/fia/states/oh/index.html, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Inventory and Analysis (USDA-FS). (accessed 1/12/06)UR - http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846395845&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0=Department of Urban Forestry, School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, United States USDA Forest Service, 359 Main Road, Delaware, OH 43015, United States Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, Columbus, OH 43210, United States8?Poland, T. M. McCullough, D. G.2006^Emerald ash borer: Invasion of the urban forest and the threat to North America's ash resource118-124Journal of Forestry1043KAgrilus sp. Fraxinus Invasive pest Quarantine pests diseases pests diseasesThe emerald ash borer (EAB), a phloem-feeding beetle native to Asia, was discovered killing ash trees in southeastern Michigan and Windsor, Ontario, in 2002. Like several other invasive forest pests, the EAB likely was introduced and became established in a highly urbanized setting, facilitated by international trade and abundant hosts. Up to 15 million ash trees in urban and forested settings have been killed by the EAB. Quarantines in the United States and Canada restrict the movement of ash trees, logs, and firewood to prevent new introductions. Research studies are underway to assist managers leading eradication and containment efforts. Long-term efforts will be needed to protect ash in urban and forested settings across North America.^http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646842561&partnerID=40&rel=R7.0.0 H3Cited By (since 1996): 13 Export Date: 14 December 2007 Source: Scopus References: Agius, A.C., McCullough, D.M., Cappaert, D.A., Host range and preference of the emerald ash borer in North America: Preliminary results (2005) Emerald Ash Borer Research and Technology Development Meeting, pp. 28-29. , Mastro, V., and R. Reardon (comps.). FHTET-2004-15, USDA For. Serv., Morgantown, WV; Bauer, L.S., Haack, R.A., Miller, D.L., Petrice, T.R., Liu, H., Emerald ash borer life cycle (2004) Emerald Ash Borer Research and Technology Development Meeting, p. 8. , Mastro, V., and R. Reardon (comps.). FHTET-2004-02, USDA For. 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